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206:). Mating requires the encounter of two haploid nuclei of compatible mating types. These nuclei do not immediately fuse, and remain haploid in a n+n state until the very onset of meiosis: this phenomenon is called delayed karyogamy. Heterokaryosis can lead to individuals that have different nuclei in different parts of their mycelium, although in ascomycetes, particularly in "
251:. Both of these diseases result in problems in mucopolysaccharide metabolism. However, a heterokaryon of nuclei from both of these diseases exhibits normal mucopolysaccharide metabolism, proving that the two syndromes affect different proteins and so can correct each other in the heterokaryon.
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itself becomes vague since the rule of “one genome = one individual” does not apply any more. Genetic heterogeneity within an individual is indeed usually considered to be detrimental, as selfish variants may be selected for and disrupt the integrity of the individual level.
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individuals. When genetically divergent nuclei come together in the plasmodium form, cheaters have been shown to emerge. However, genetic homogeneity among fusing amoeboid serves to maintain the multicellular plasmodium.
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Kuzdzal-Fick, J. J., S. A. Fox, J. E. Strassmann, and D. C. Queller. 2011. High
Relatedness is Necessary and Sufficient to Maintain Multicellularity in Dictyostelium.
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heterokaryon can produce further haploid buds, or cell nuclei can fuse and produce a diploid cell, which can then undergo mitosis.
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during sexual reproduction, or artificially as formed by the experimental fusion of two genetically different cells, as e.g., in
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Glass, N. L. and I. Kaneko. 2003. Fatal attraction: Nonself recognition and heterokaryon incompatibility in filamentous fungi.
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Roper, M., C. Ellison, J. W. Taylor, and N. L. Glass. 2011. Nuclear and Genome
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299:"Two genomes are better than one: History, genetics, and biotechnological applications of fungal heterokaryons"
227:. This happens because the nuclei in the 'plasmodium' form are the products of many pairwise fusions between
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124:, a genetic model organism. The heterokaryon stage is produced from the fusion of two haploid cells. This
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Maynard-Smith, J. and E. Szathmary. 1995. The major transitions in evolution. Oxford
University Press
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210:", nuclei have been shown to flow and mix throughout the mycelium. In heterokaryons, the notion of
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Heterokaryosis is most common in fungi, but also occurs in
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Heterokaryosis is also common upon mating, as in
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