113:
993:
145:
1894:
565:
2197:
418:
382:. Hibbertopterids fed using a method referred to as sweep-feeding, in which the animal would rake through the soft sediment of their substrate with specialised blades on their forward-facing appendages to capture small invertebrates. Though this method of feeding was present in other mycteropoids and in
512:
eurypterids, they lack swimming paddles. Out of their six pairs of limbs, the second, third and fourth pairs were forward-facing and specialised for gathering food. The leg segments of these limbs were covered with long spines and their ends were covered with sensory organs. The fourth pair of limbs,
1020:
have fixed spines on appendages II-IV which could have been used as dragnets to rake through the sediments and thus entangling anything in their way. Mycteropoidea show even more extreme adaptations towards a sweep-feeding lifestyle. These adaptations are taken to an even further extreme within the
1030:
are reduced, leading to part of the food masticatory process being assumed by the laden (plates overlaying the coxae). Some of its species have even further adaptations towards sweep-feeding than other mycteropoids, with its blades modified into comb-like rachis that could entrap smaller prey or
357:
were large, broad and heavy animals unlike virtually every other group of eurypterids, which are commonly streamlined and lightweight. Their bizarre morphology is so unusual that they in the past have been thought to represent an entirely distinct order of
1250:
377:
Although eurypterids are commonly known as "sea scorpions", hibbertopterids inhabited freshwater swamps and rivers and were unable to swim since they lacked swimming paddles, a feature they shared with their entire suborder, the
619:
The morphology of the hibbertopterids was so unusual that they have been thought to be an order separate to
Eurypterida. Recent work however confirms them to be derived members of the suborder Stylonurina, closely related to
1004:
The hibbertopterids were derived sweep-feeders, inhabiting freshwater swamps and rivers and feeding by raking through the soft sediment with blades on their anterior appendages to capture small invertebrates.
555:
of hibbertopterids is thinner than what is expected of arthropods of their size, though this might be explained by the possibility that only an outer exocuticular region has been preserved in their fossils.
508:
Compared to other eurypterids, hibbertopterids were highly unusual. Their broad and heavy bodies go against the general eurypterid trend of being streamlined and lightweight and like all other
409:, at 230–260 centimetres (7.5–8.5 ft), hibbertopterids were far bulkier than any of the largest eurypterine eurypterids and as such likely represent the overall heaviest animals in the order.
1166:
Tetlie, O. E. (2008). "Hallipterus excelsior, a
Stylonurid (Chelicerata: Eurypterida) from the Late Devonian Catskill Delta Complex, and Its Phylogenetic Position in the Hardieopteridae".
1210:"Redescription of Drepanopterus pentlandicus Laurie, 1892, the earliest known mycteropoid (Chelicerata: Eurypterida) from the early Silurian (Llandovery) of the Pentland Hills, Scotland"
1016:. In both superfamilies, the adaptations to this lifestyle involves modifications to the spines on their anterior prosomal appendages for raking through the substrate of their habitats.
637:
makes it clear that both genera represent hibbertopterid eurypterids, but the incomplete nature of all fossil specimens referred to them make any further study of the precise
1454:
464:(the abdomen) and that the fourth pair of appendages were covered in spines. The prosoma of the hibbertopterids possessed lobes that were positioned posterolaterally (
501:
suborder. That hibbertopterids were so broad and compact probably means they were the overall heaviest eurypterids, surpassing longer forms, such as the light-weight
2260:
513:
although also used in feeding, was also used for locomotion, as were pairs five and six. As such, hibbertopterids would have been hexapods (walking on six legs).
649:(containing only one immediately subordinate taxon), though the highly incomplete nature of their remains again makes that hypothesis impossible to confirm.
578:
The hibbertopterids are classified as part of the superfamily
Mycteropoidea within the eurypterid suborder Stylonurina. The family includes the three genera
2247:
2329:
112:
371:
1973:
1963:
1485:
1270:
1021:
Hibbertopteridae, with appendage IV possessing a blade alongside the appendages II-III (which also have blades in other hibbertopteroids).
456:(which were the posteriormost division of the body) with paired keels and a covering of ornamentation in the shape of scales across their
2319:
1366:
1066:
1925:
1940:
540:
is slightly narrower and is broadest at its midsection, rather than at the part which connects to the rest of the body (as it is in
2184:
1968:
1910:
399:
at 140 centimetres (4.6 feet) representing giant eurypterids in their own right. Though longer eurypterids are known from the
1958:
1948:
1902:
144:
1920:
1915:
2324:
1953:
1930:
997:
131:
598:
were also recognised as valid and distinct hibbertopterid genera, but the modern consensus is that they represent
1586:
1478:
1262:
1105:"Cope's rule and Romer's theory: patterns of diversity and gigantism in eurypterids and Palaeozoic vertebrates"
992:
1893:
1323:
Tollerton, V P (1989). "Morphology, Taxonomy, and
Classification of the Order Eurypterida Burmeister, 1843".
1179:
1325:
122:
2215:
652:
The cladogram below is adapted from
Lamsdell (2012), collapsed to only show the superfamily Mycteropoidea.
641:
relationships within the
Hibbertopteridae difficult. Both genera could even represent further synonyms of
524:, confidently establishing distinguishing features between the three genera is difficult. Distinguishing
2286:
1448:
1291:
Discerning the Diets of Sweep-Feeding
Eurypterids Through Analyses of Mesh-Modified Appendage Armature
460:. More shared features are the presence of tongue-shaped scales on the margins of the tergites of the
2314:
2200:
1471:
1152:
338:
127:
1385:
1342:
1229:
1183:
1085:
1008:
Sweep-feeding strategies evolved independently in two of the four stylonurine superfamilies, the
307:
139:
2291:
370:
age. The hibbertopterids represent the last known living eurypterids, going extinct during the
2273:
1789:
1722:
1714:
1436:
1144:
1126:
599:
552:
2278:
2265:
1266:
2129:
1843:
1835:
1825:
1817:
1797:
1768:
1633:
1426:
1418:
1375:
1334:
1221:
1175:
1134:
1118:
1075:
1031:
other organic food particles. With its coxae being large, it is likely that some species of
1310:
2158:
2004:
1861:
1802:
1758:
1661:
1648:
1409:
1109:
895:
776:
669:
646:
612:, sometimes classified as part of the Hibbertopteridae, has been recovered as part of the
479:
423:
395:
363:
281:
28:
1362:"The systematics and phylogeny of the Stylonurina (Arthropoda: Chelicerata: Eurypterida)"
1062:"The systematics and phylogeny of the Stylonurina (Arthropoda: Chelicerata: Eurypterida)"
564:
477:
has been estimated to have reached lengths of "just" 50 centimetres (19.7 inches), both
2074:
2032:
1990:
1853:
1780:
1740:
1732:
1656:
1431:
1404:
1139:
1026:
936:
919:
570:
493:
suggests a size of 140 centimetres (4.6 feet) and at 180–200 centimetres (5.9–6.6 ft),
485:
366:
age and the last known fossils representing hibbertopterids are known from deposits of
333:
289:
258:
126:, from above (upper drawing) and below (lower drawing) and of the ornamentation of the
2308:
2081:
2053:
2046:
2018:
1997:
1750:
1689:
1679:
1671:
1625:
1615:
1607:
1563:
1527:
1209:
1017:
1013:
1009:
762:
724:
707:
683:
659:
638:
622:
613:
473:
432:
405:
383:
350:
297:
225:
70:
1389:
1346:
1233:
1187:
1104:
1089:
417:
2039:
1871:
1807:
1763:
1638:
502:
449:
367:
32:
1274:
548:
can be distinguished from the others by its distinctive and unique ornamentation.
2238:
2136:
2113:
2011:
1705:
1598:
1536:
1518:
509:
498:
465:
461:
457:
400:
379:
359:
212:
186:
45:
389:
The hibbertopterids were the largest of all stylonurine eurypterids, with both
2102:
2088:
2067:
2060:
2025:
1866:
1554:
1545:
1494:
1380:
1361:
1338:
1290:
1255:
Earth and
Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1225:
1214:
Earth and
Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1080:
1061:
841:
435:
342:
249:
199:
90:
55:
1130:
996:
Reconstruction of undescribed hibbertopterid ("cyrtoctenid") eurypterid from
2179:
2163:
2153:
1512:
824:
800:
608:
346:
176:
156:
95:
39:
1440:
1422:
1148:
1122:
2232:
2122:
2095:
533:
386:, it was at its most advanced stage within the derived Hibbertopteridae.
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
2252:
444:
439:
100:
75:
602:(different developmental stages of the animal throughout its life) of
1506:
1251:"Eurypterids from the Viséan of East Kirkton, West Lothian, Scotland"
453:
166:
2209:
616:(the closest relatives of the hibbertopterids) in recent analyses.
1405:"The true identity of the supposed giant fossil spider Megarachne"
991:
563:
416:
270:
1360:
James C. Lamsdell, Simon J. Braddy & O. Erik Tetlie (2010).
1060:
James C. Lamsdell, Simon J. Braddy & O. Erik Tetlie (2010).
1035:
would also feed on relatively large invertebrates when able to.
2213:
1467:
1463:
489:
represent true giant eurypterids. The largest specimens of
403:
suborder, notably the largest known arthropod of all time,
1403:
Selden, P.A., Corronca, J.A. & Hünicken, M.A (2005).
1180:
10.3374/0079-032X(2008)49[19:HEASCE]2.0.CO;2
1313:. In World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern
1311:
A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives
362:. Fossils of the family first appear in deposits of
2222:
2172:
2146:
2112:
1982:
1939:
1901:
1852:
1834:
1816:
1788:
1777:
1749:
1731:
1713:
1702:
1670:
1647:
1624:
1606:
1595:
1579:
1572:
1295:
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and
Problem Reports
1168:Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History
1309:Dunlop, J. A., Penney, D. & Jekel, D. 2018.
1479:
1103:Lamsdell, James C.; Braddy, Simon J. (2009).
8:
1453:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2210:
1785:
1710:
1603:
1576:
1486:
1472:
1464:
1249:Jeram, Andrew J.; Selden, Paul A. (1993).
111:
20:
1430:
1379:
1138:
1079:
497:was the largest eurypterid in the entire
393:at 180–200 centimetres (5.9–6.6 ft) and
1043:
349:. They were members of the superfamily
331:(the name deriving from the type genus
1446:
1305:
1303:
1000:on substrate of non-marine environment
516:Due to the fragmentary nature of both
1285:
1283:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
442:(heads), hastate (e.g. shaped like a
130:side of the head (enlarged, left) by
7:
1245:
1243:
645:itself, which would make the family
1367:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
1067:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
911:
887:
816:
792:
768:
758:
699:
675:
665:
655:
590:. Up until recently the two genera
536:(exoskeleton covering the head) of
14:
372:Permian–Triassic extinction event
2196:
2195:
1892:
1289:Hughes, Emily Samantha (2019), "
143:
2185:Timeline of eurypterid research
532:is primarily the fact that the
2330:Prehistoric arthropod families
345:, an extinct group of aquatic
1:
937:Hibbertopterus wittebergensis
438:characterised by their broad
120:Drawings of the carapace of
16:Extinct family of arthropods
725:Drepanopterus odontospathus
431:Hibbertopterids were large
2346:
2320:Devonian first appearances
684:Drepanopterus pentlandicus
2193:
1890:
1587:List of eurypterid genera
1501:
1381:10.1080/14772011003603564
1339:10.1017/S0022336000041275
1267:10.1017/S0263593300006118
1226:10.1017/S1755691012000072
1081:10.1080/14772011003603564
998:Waterloo Farm lagerstätte
933:
916:
909:
892:
885:
838:
821:
814:
797:
790:
777:Woodwardopterus scabrosus
773:
766:
756:
721:
704:
697:
680:
673:
663:
341:'s wing") is a family of
313:
306:
276:
269:
255:
248:
140:Scientific classification
138:
119:
110:
23:
1208:Lamsdell, James (2012).
896:Campylocephalus oculatus
264:Kjellesvig-Waering, 1959
243:Kjellesvig-Waering, 1959
1326:Journal of Paleontology
920:Hibbertopterus scouleri
708:Drepanopterus abonensis
629:The features of genera
626:and the Mycteroptidae.
495:Hibbertopterus scouleri
123:Hibbertopterus scouleri
1423:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0272
1123:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0700
1001:
575:
428:
319:Waterston et al., 1985
2287:Paleobiology Database
1153:Supplemental material
995:
567:
420:
2325:Permian extinctions
842:Megarachne servinei
544:). The fragmentary
374:or shortly before.
1715:Onychopterelloidea
1002:
801:Mycterops mathieui
600:ontogenetic stages
576:
429:
2302:
2301:
2274:Open Tree of Life
2216:Taxon identifiers
2207:
2206:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1836:Adelophthalmoidea
1818:Waeringopteroidea
1790:Carcinosomatoidea
1723:Onychopterellidae
1698:
1697:
984:
983:
975:
974:
966:
965:
957:
956:
948:
947:
871:
870:
862:
861:
853:
852:
745:
744:
736:
735:
468:on both sides).
326:
325:
320:
244:
38:387.7–251.9
2337:
2295:
2294:
2282:
2281:
2269:
2268:
2256:
2255:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2224:Hibbertopteridae
2211:
2199:
2198:
2173:Related articles
2130:Merostomichnites
1896:
1844:Adelophthalmidae
1826:Waeringopteridae
1798:Carcinosomatidae
1786:
1769:Strobilopteridae
1711:
1685:Hibbertopteridae
1634:Parastylonuridae
1604:
1577:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1444:
1434:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1383:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1320:
1314:
1307:
1298:
1287:
1278:
1261:(3-4): 301–308.
1247:
1238:
1237:
1205:
1192:
1191:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1142:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1083:
1057:
912:
888:
882:Hibbertopteridae
825:Hastimima whitei
817:
793:
769:
759:
700:
676:
666:
656:
329:Hibbertopteridae
318:
242:
239:Hibbertopteridae
237:
224:
211:
198:
148:
147:
115:
105:
42:
27:Temporal range:
24:Hibbertopteridae
21:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2290:
2285:
2277:
2272:
2264:
2259:
2251:
2246:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2218:
2208:
2203:
2189:
2168:
2159:Chasmataspidida
2142:
2108:
2005:Campylocephalus
1978:
1935:
1897:
1876:
1862:Hughmilleriidae
1848:
1830:
1812:
1803:Megalograptidae
1779:
1773:
1759:Dolichopteridae
1745:
1733:Moselopteroidea
1727:
1704:
1694:
1680:Drepanopteridae
1666:
1662:Hardieopteridae
1649:Kokomopteroidea
1643:
1620:
1597:
1591:
1568:
1497:
1492:
1462:
1445:
1410:Biology Letters
1402:
1401:
1397:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1308:
1301:
1288:
1281:
1248:
1241:
1207:
1206:
1195:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1110:Biology Letters
1102:
1101:
1097:
1059:
1058:
1045:
1041:
990:
985:
976:
967:
958:
949:
872:
863:
854:
746:
737:
670:Drepanopteridae
631:Campylocephalus
580:Campylocephalus
568:Restoration of
562:
538:Campylocephalus
526:Campylocephalus
518:Campylocephalus
491:Campylocephalus
480:Campylocephalus
424:Campylocephalus
421:Restoration of
415:
396:Campylocephalus
364:Middle Devonian
355:Hibbertopterids
317:
282:Campylocephalus
265:
262:
241:
235:
222:
209:
196:
142:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
37:
36:
29:Middle Devonian
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2343:
2341:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2307:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2283:
2270:
2257:
2244:
2228:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2205:
2204:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2147:Related groups
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2118:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2075:Onychopterella
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2033:Hibbertopterus
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1991:Adelophthalmus
1986:
1984:
1983:Notable genera
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
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1913:
1907:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1854:Pterygotioidea
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1822:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1783:
1781:Diploperculata
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1741:Moselopteridae
1737:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1708:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1676:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1657:Kokomopteridae
1653:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1612:
1610:
1608:Rhenopteroidea
1601:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1583:
1581:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1557:
1548:
1539:
1530:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1468:
1461:
1460:
1395:
1352:
1333:(5): 642–657.
1315:
1299:
1279:
1239:
1193:
1158:
1117:(2): 265–269.
1095:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1033:Hibbertopterus
1027:Hibbertopterus
989:
986:
982:
981:
978:
977:
973:
972:
969:
968:
964:
963:
960:
959:
955:
954:
951:
950:
946:
945:
942:
941:
932:
929:
928:
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924:
915:
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908:
905:
904:
901:
900:
891:
886:
884:
878:
877:
874:
873:
869:
868:
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859:
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855:
851:
850:
847:
846:
837:
834:
833:
830:
829:
820:
815:
813:
810:
809:
806:
805:
796:
791:
789:
786:
785:
782:
781:
772:
767:
765:
757:
755:
752:
751:
748:
747:
743:
742:
739:
738:
734:
733:
730:
729:
720:
717:
716:
713:
712:
703:
698:
696:
693:
692:
689:
688:
679:
674:
672:
664:
662:
654:
643:Hibbertopterus
604:Hibbertopterus
584:Hibbertopterus
571:Hibbertopterus
561:
560:Classification
558:
542:Hibbertopterus
530:Hibbertopterus
486:Hibbertopterus
414:
411:
391:Hibbertopterus
334:Hibbertopterus
324:
323:
322:
321:
311:
310:
304:
303:
302:
301:
293:
290:Hibbertopterus
285:
274:
273:
267:
266:
263:
259:Hibbertopterus
253:
252:
246:
245:
233:
229:
228:
220:
216:
215:
207:
203:
202:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
136:
135:
132:Henry Woodward
117:
116:
108:
107:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
43:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2342:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2202:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2082:Pentecopterus
2079:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2054:Megalograptus
2051:
2049:
2048:
2047:Jaekelopterus
2044:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2019:Drepanopterus
2016:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1998:Brachyopterus
1995:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1974:South America
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1964:North America
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1926:Carboniferous
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1903:Geochronology
1900:
1895:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1751:Eurypteroidea
1748:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1701:
1691:
1690:Mycteroptidae
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1672:Mycteropoidea
1669:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1626:Stylonuroidea
1623:
1617:
1616:Rhenopteridae
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1564:Sclerophorata
1561:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1528:Euchelicerata
1525:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1456:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1099:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1024:The coxae in
1022:
1019:
1015:
1014:Mycteropoidea
1011:
1010:Stylonuroidea
1006:
999:
994:
988:Palaeoecology
987:
980:
979:
971:
970:
962:
961:
953:
952:
944:
943:
940:
939:
938:
931:
930:
927:
926:
923:
922:
921:
914:
913:
907:
906:
903:
902:
899:
898:
897:
890:
889:
883:
880:
879:
876:
875:
867:
866:
858:
857:
849:
848:
845:
844:
843:
836:
835:
832:
831:
828:
827:
826:
819:
818:
812:
811:
808:
807:
804:
803:
802:
795:
794:
788:
787:
784:
783:
780:
779:
778:
771:
770:
764:
763:Mycteroptidae
761:
760:
754:
753:
750:
749:
741:
740:
732:
731:
728:
727:
726:
719:
718:
715:
714:
711:
710:
709:
702:
701:
695:
694:
691:
690:
687:
686:
685:
678:
677:
671:
668:
667:
661:
660:Mycteropoidea
658:
657:
653:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
635:Vernonopterus
632:
627:
625:
624:
623:Drepanopterus
617:
615:
614:Mycteroptidae
611:
610:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
588:Vernonopterus
585:
581:
573:
572:
566:
559:
557:
554:
549:
547:
546:Vernonopterus
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
522:Vernonopterus
519:
514:
511:
506:
505:, in weight.
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
487:
482:
481:
476:
475:
474:Vernonopterus
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
446:
441:
437:
434:
426:
425:
419:
412:
410:
408:
407:
406:Jaekelopterus
402:
398:
397:
392:
387:
385:
381:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
356:
352:
351:Mycteropoidea
348:
344:
340:
336:
335:
330:
316:Cyrtoctenidae
315:
314:
312:
309:
305:
300:
299:
298:Vernonopterus
294:
292:
291:
286:
284:
283:
278:
277:
275:
272:
268:
261:
260:
254:
251:
247:
240:
234:
231:
230:
227:
226:Mycteropoidea
221:
219:Superfamily:
218:
217:
214:
208:
205:
204:
201:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
146:
141:
137:
134:, 1866-1878.
133:
129:
125:
124:
118:
114:
109:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
41:
34:
30:
22:
19:
2223:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2040:Hughmilleria
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1872:Pterygotidae
1808:Mixopteridae
1764:Eurypteridae
1684:
1639:Stylonuridae
1559:
1550:
1541:
1532:
1523:
1449:cite journal
1417:(1): 44–48.
1414:
1408:
1398:
1374:(1): 49–61.
1371:
1365:
1355:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1294:
1258:
1254:
1217:
1213:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1114:
1108:
1098:
1074:(1): 49–61.
1071:
1065:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1018:Stylonuroids
1007:
1003:
935:
934:
918:
917:
894:
893:
881:
840:
839:
823:
822:
799:
798:
775:
774:
723:
722:
706:
705:
682:
681:
651:
642:
639:phylogenetic
634:
630:
628:
621:
618:
607:
606:. The genus
603:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
577:
569:
550:
545:
541:
537:
529:
525:
521:
517:
515:
507:
494:
490:
484:
478:
472:
470:
458:exoskeletons
443:
430:
422:
404:
394:
390:
388:
384:stylonuroids
376:
368:Late Permian
360:chelicerates
354:
332:
328:
327:
296:
288:
280:
257:
238:
121:
33:Late Permian
18:
2315:Stylonurina
2137:Palmichnium
2114:Ichnogenera
2012:Carcinosoma
1706:Eurypterina
1599:Stylonurina
1537:Prosomapoda
1519:Chelicerata
1517:Subphylum:
1495:Eurypterids
596:Dunsopterus
592:Cyrtoctenus
510:stylonurine
503:pterygotids
499:stylonurine
466:posteriorly
462:opisthosoma
436:eurypterids
433:mycteropoid
413:Description
401:eurypterine
380:Stylonurina
343:eurypterids
337:, meaning "
213:Stylonurina
200:Eurypterida
187:Chelicerata
183:Subphylum:
2309:Categories
2103:Stylonurus
2089:Pterygotus
2068:Mixopterus
2061:Megarachne
2026:Eurypterus
1911:Ordovician
1867:Slimonidae
1778:Infraorder
1555:Dekatriata
1546:Planaterga
1513:Arthropoda
1220:: 77–103.
1039:References
551:Preserved
347:arthropods
250:Type genus
206:Suborder:
177:Arthropoda
2239:Q21793993
2180:Metastoma
2164:Xiphosura
2154:Arachnida
1941:Geography
1505:Kingdom:
1275:1755-6929
1174:: 19–99.
1131:1744-9561
647:monotypic
609:Hastimima
471:Although
163:Kingdom:
157:Eukaryota
128:posterior
2233:Wikidata
2201:Category
2123:Arcuites
2096:Slimonia
1921:Devonian
1916:Silurian
1703:Suborder
1596:Suborder
1573:Taxonomy
1511:Phylum:
1507:Animalia
1441:17148124
1390:85398946
1347:46953627
1234:84151264
1188:85862868
1149:19828493
1090:85398946
1012:and the
534:carapace
440:prosomas
308:Synonyms
232:Family:
173:Phylum:
167:Animalia
153:Domain:
2279:4709681
2253:4650346
1969:Oceania
1931:Permian
1432:1629066
1297:. 3890.
1140:2865068
553:cuticle
454:telsons
452:sword)
445:gladius
339:Hibbert
193:Order:
2292:286691
2266:101152
1959:Europe
1949:Africa
1580:Genera
1439:
1429:
1388:
1345:
1273:
1232:
1186:
1147:
1137:
1129:
1088:
271:Genera
2261:IRMNG
1560:Clade
1551:Clade
1542:Clade
1533:Clade
1524:Clade
1386:S2CID
1343:S2CID
1230:S2CID
1184:S2CID
1086:S2CID
528:from
450:Roman
2248:GBIF
1954:Asia
1455:link
1437:PMID
1271:ISSN
1145:PMID
1127:ISSN
633:and
594:and
586:and
520:and
483:and
448:, a
46:PreꞒ
1427:PMC
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1376:doi
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