4088:
1120:, an effect that can be counteracted by also consuming a multivitamin with relatively high amounts of the B-vitamins, but multiple European trials of the most popular B-vitamin cocktails, trial showing 30% average reduction in homocysteine, while not showing problems have also not shown any benefit in reducing cardiovascular event rates. A 2011 extended-release niacin (Niaspan) study was halted early because patients adding niacin to their statin treatment showed no increase in heart health, but did experience an increase in the risk of stroke.
394:
316:(LCAT) converts the free cholesterol into cholesteryl ester (a more hydrophobic form of cholesterol), which is then sequestered into the core of the lipoprotein particle, eventually causing the newly synthesized HDL to assume a spherical shape. HDL particles increase in size as they circulate through the blood and incorporate more cholesterol and phospholipid molecules from cells and other lipoproteins, such as by interaction with the
718:
4391:
167:
259:
1116:", do not, however, contain free nicotinic acid and are therefore ineffective at raising HDL, while products sold as "sustained-release" may contain free nicotinic acid, but "some brands are hepatotoxic"; therefore the recommended form of niacin for raising HDL is the cheapest, immediate-release preparation. Both fibrates and niacin increase artery toxic
2867:
HMG CoA Reductase is an important enzyme in lipid and cholesterol metabolism, but it is not the only one. The statins act by inhibiting, temporarily, the enzyme, in a dose response relationship whereas the magnesium ion (Mg2+) is an important part of a complex control and regulation of this important
574:
Clinical laboratories formerly measured HDL cholesterol by separating other lipoprotein fractions using either ultracentrifugation or chemical precipitation with divalent ions such as Mg, then coupling the products of a cholesterol oxidase reaction to an indicator reaction. The reference method still
531:
heart disease. Studies confirm the fact that HDL has a buffering role in balancing the effects of the hypercoagulable state in type 2 diabetics and decreases the high risk of cardiovascular complications in these patients. Also, the results obtained in this study revealed that there was a significant
61:
Lipoproteins are divided into five subgroups, by density/size (an inverse relationship), which also correlates with function and incidence of cardiovascular events. Unlike the larger lipoprotein particles, which deliver fat molecules to cells, HDL particles remove fat molecules from cells. The lipids
303:
The liver synthesizes these lipoproteins as complexes of apolipoproteins and phospholipid, which resemble cholesterol-free flattened spherical lipoprotein particles, whose NMR structure was published; the complexes are capable of picking up cholesterol, carried internally, from cells by interaction
909:
The lowest incidence of atherosclerotic events over time occurs within those with both the highest concentrations of total HDL particles (the top quarter, >75%) and the highest concentrations of large HDL particles. Multiple additional measures, including LDL particle concentrations, small LDL
494:
It has been postulated that the concentration of large HDL particles more accurately reflects protective action, as opposed to the concentration of total HDL particles. This ratio of large HDL to total HDL particles varies widely and is measured only by more sophisticated lipoprotein assays using
1107:
Pharmacologic (1- to 3-gram/day) niacin doses increase HDL levels by 10β30%, making it the most powerful agent to increase HDL-cholesterol. A randomized clinical trial demonstrated that treatment with niacin can significantly reduce atherosclerosis progression and cardiovascular events. Niacin
675:
As technology has reduced costs and clinical trials have continued to demonstrate the importance of HDL, methods for directly measuring HDL concentrations and size (which indicates function) at lower costs have become more widely available and increasingly regarded as important for assessing
134:, and transport it back to the liver for excretion or re-utilization; thus the cholesterol carried within HDL particles (HDL-C) is sometimes called "good cholesterol" (despite being the same as cholesterol in LDL particles). Those with higher levels of HDL-C tend to have fewer problems with
3652:
Chapman MJ, Assmann G, Fruchart JC, Shepherd J, Sirtori C, European
Consensus Panel on HDL-C (Aug 2004). "Raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with reduction of cardiovascular risk: the role of nicotinic acidβa position paper developed by the European Consensus Panel on HDL-C".
101:
accumulation, and thus help prevent or even regress atherosclerosis. Higher HDL-C may not necessarily be protective against cardiovascular disease and may even be harmful in extremely high quantities, with an increased cardiovascular risk, especially in hypertensive patients.
587:
can also be used. Subfractions (HDL-2C, HDL-3C) can be measured, but clinical significance of these subfractions has not been determined. The measurement of apo-A reactive capacity can be used to measure HDL cholesterol but is thought to be less accurate.
773:
The HDL particle concentrations are typically categorized by event rate percentiles based on the people participating and being tracked in the MESA trial, a medical research study sponsored by the United States
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
138:, while those with low HDL-C cholesterol levels (especially less than 40 mg/dL or about 1 mmol/L) have increased rates for heart disease. Higher native HDL levels are correlated with lowered risk of cardiovascular disease in healthy people.
922:
While higher HDL levels are correlated with lower risk of cardiovascular diseases, no medication used to increase HDL has been proven to improve health. As of 2017, numerous lifestyle changes and drugs to increase HDL levels were under study.
122:/HDL particles. In healthy individuals, about 30% of blood cholesterol, along with other fats, is carried by HDL. This is often contrasted with the amount of cholesterol estimated to be carried within low-density lipoprotein particles,
444:. All these properties may contribute to the ability of HDL to protect from atherosclerosis, and it is not yet known which are the most important. In addition, a small subfraction of HDL lends protection against the protozoan parasite
558:
showed that, for a given level of LDL, the risk of heart disease increases 10-fold as the HDL varies from high to low. On the converse, however, for a fixed level of HDL, the risk increases 3-fold as LDL varies from low to high.
1404:
1152:
has shown a positive effect on HDL-C and an antiatherogenic where LDL is an issue. However, research on the drug has been discontinued after it was discovered to cause rapid cancer development in several organs in rats.
3776:
486:
and carried to the damaged tissue incorporated into HDL particles. At the inflammation site, it attracts and activates leukocytes. In chronic inflammations, its deposition in the tissues manifests itself as
3630:
3600:
2266:"Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) Executive Summary"
692:
have been utilized since before 1950 to enumerate the concentration of HDL particles and sort them by size with a specific volume of blood plasma. Larger HDL particles are carrying more cholesterol.
2390:"Effect on cardiovascular risk of high density lipoprotein targeted drug treatments niacin, fibrates, and CETP inhibitors: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials including 117,411 patients"
424:
HDL carries many lipid and protein species, several of which have very low concentrations but are biologically very active. For example, HDL and its protein and lipid constituents help to inhibit
1868:
Rahilly-Tierney CR, Spiro A, Vokonas P, Gaziano JM (Apr 2011). "Relation between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and survival to age 85 years in men (from the VA normative aging study)".
3875:"Sirtuin 1 Mediates the Actions of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Ξ΄ on the Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein-Triggered Migration and Proliferation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells"
1032:
in unadjusted analyses, past and current cannabis use was not associated with higher HDL-C levels. A study performed in 4635 patients demonstrated no effect on the HDL-C levels (P=0.78) .
1813:"Primary Low Level of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Risks of Coronary Heart Disease, Cardiovascular Disease, and Death: Results From the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis"
3024:
2981:"Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials"
2880:
Hermansen K, Dinesen B, Hoie LH, Morgenstern E, Gruenwald J (2003). "Effects of soy and other natural products on LDL:HDL ratio and other lipid parameters: a literature review".
2522:"Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials"
519:
Five subfractions of HDL have been identified. From largest (and most effective in cholesterol removal) to smallest (and least effective), the types are 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, and 3c.
177:
2957:
4310:
4290:
3772:
2170:
Superko HR, Pendyala L, Williams PT, Momary KM, King SB 3rd, Garrett BC (2012). "High-density lipoprotein subclasses and their relationship to cardiovascular disease".
914:
and standard cholesterol lipid measurements (for comparison of the plasma data with the estimation methods discussed above) are routinely provided in clinical testing.
3994:
1905:"Diabetes, plasma insulin, and cardiovascular disease: subgroup analysis from the Department of Veterans Affairs high-density lipoprotein intervention trial (VA-HIT)"
2233:
4338:
3245:"Variations in total phospholipids and high-density lipoprotein phospholipids in plasma from a general population: reference intervals and influence of xenobiotics"
1667:
Huang CX, Zhang YL (2013). "The target of regulating the ATP-binding cassette A1 protein (ABCA1): promoting ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux in different cells".
4087:
1141:
has been shown to increase HDL-C. However, the best evidence to date suggests it has no benefit for primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
3729:
Meyers CD, Carr MC, Park S, Brunzell JD (Dec 2003). "Varying cost and free nicotinic acid content in over-the-counter niacin preparations for dyslipidemia".
3428:
Choi, Seul Min; Lee, Byung-Mu (2 November 2015). "Comparative safety evaluation of selective androgen receptor modulators and anabolic androgenic steroids".
351:(SR-BI), which mediate the selective uptake of cholesterol from HDL. In humans, probably the most relevant pathway is the indirect one, which is mediated by
1145:
2299:
ASHWOOD, E. R., BURTIS, C. A., & BRUNS, D. E. (2008). Tietz fundamentals of clinical chemistry. (6th ed., p. 415). St. Louis, MO: Saunders
Elsevier.
1994:"National Reference System for Cholesterol β Cholesterol Reference Method Laboratory Network β HDL Cholesterol Certification Protocol for Manufacturers"
527:
Men tend to have noticeably lower HDL concentrations, with smaller size and lower cholesterol content, than women. Men also have a greater incidence of
53:). HDL particles enlarge while circulating in the blood, aggregating more fat molecules and transporting up to hundreds of fat molecules per particle.
451:. This HDL subfraction, termed trypanosome lytic factor (TLF), contains specialized proteins that, while very active, are unique to the TLF molecule.
4200:
4233:
3047:
2927:
3797:
2131:"A simple and precise method for measuring HDL-cholesterol subfractions by a single precipitation followed by homogenous HDL-cholesterol assay"
1751:
Kwiterovich PO (Dec 2000). "The metabolic pathways of high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides: a current review".
1579:
1299:
Kontush A, Lindahl M, Lhomme M, Calabresi L, Chapman MJ, Davidson WS (2015). "Structure of HDL: particle subclasses and molecular components".
1048:
605:
584:
2000:
1811:
Ahmed, Haitham M.; Miller, Michael; Nasir, Khurram; McEvoy, John W.; Herrington, David; Blumenthal, Roger S.; Blaha, Michael J. (2016-05-15).
49:) around the body within the water outside cells. They are typically composed of 80β100 proteins per particle (organized by one, two or three
3059:
1610:
1318:
1275:
575:
uses a combination of these techniques. Most laboratories now use automated homogeneous analytical methods in which lipoproteins containing
4265:
3987:
313:
2276:
2207:
2499:
3020:
1625:
Bibow S; et al. (2017), "Solution structure of discoidal high-density lipoprotein particles with a shortened apolipoprotein A-I",
238:
153:. This is now preferred to LDL-C as a secondary marker as it has been shown to be a better predictor and it is more easily calculated.
1787:"HDL, HDL2, and HDL3 subfractions, and the risk of acute myocardial infarction. A prospective population study in eastern Finnish men"
1023:
2078:
1477:
Trimarco V, Izzo R, Morisco C, Mone P, Maria
Virginia M, Falco A, Pacella D, Gallo P, Lembo M, Santulli G, Trimarco B (August 2022).
741:
728:
210:
4228:
1557:
1396:
1172:
760:
2734:
Hausenloy DJ, Yellon DM (Jun 2008). "Targeting residual cardiovascular risk: raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels".
1040:
4348:
4051:
2949:
1187:
97:. HDL particles are commonly referred to as "good cholesterol", because they transport fat molecules out of artery walls, reduce
217:
3980:
3946:
3915:
3816:
2172:
1085:
2819:
2026:
3472:
3081:"Moderate alcohol consumption lowers risk factors for cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women fed a controlled diet"
2868:
pathway. Both lower LDL-C, some statins can raise HDL-C and lower triglycerides, but Mg supplements do both quite reliably.
4238:
4220:
3202:
Clevidence BA, Reichman ME, Judd JT, Muesing RA, Schatzkin A, Schaefer EJ, Li Z, Jenner J, Brown CC, Sunkin M (Feb 1995).
2240:
1790:
1052:
580:
417:
224:
4381:
1215:
4037:
2525:
2328:
Jeyarajah EJ, Cromwell WC, Otvos JD (2006). "Lipoprotein particle analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy".
1036:
2547:
185:
1162:
1074:. Fibrates have not been proven to have an effect on overall deaths from all causes, despite their effects on lipids.
539:
Epidemiological studies have shown that high concentrations of HDL (over 60 mg/dL) have protective value against
533:
688:
Since the HDL particles have a net negative charge and vary by density & size, ultracentrifugation combined with
206:
1400:
881:
Those with moderately high Large HDL particle concentrations & moderate rates of cardiovascular disease events
870:
Those with highest (Optimal) Large HDL particle concentrations & lowest rates of cardiovascular disease events
815:
Those with moderately high total HDL particle concentrations & moderate rates of cardiovascular disease events
804:
Those with highest (Optimal) total HDL particle concentrations & lowest rates of cardiovascular disease events
701:
597:
504:
196:
181:
3834:"Effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha/delta agonists on HDL-cholesterol in vervet monkeys"
2696:
Spate-Douglas T, Keyser RE (Jun 1999). "Exercise intensity: its effect on the high-density lipoprotein profile".
2443:
2310:
4411:
1944:
Barter P, Gotto AM, LaRosa JC, Maroni J, Szarek M, Grundy SM, Kastelein JJ, Bittner V, Fruchart JC (Sep 2007).
1127:
is effective against high levels of LDL cholesterol, most have little or no effect in raising HDL cholesterol.
547:. Low concentrations of HDL (below 40 mg/dL for men, below 50 mg/dL for women) increase the risk for
455:
4056:
3627:"Raising HDL-Cholesterol and Reducing Cardiovascular Risk: An Expert Interview With H. Bryan Brewer, Jr, MD"
3548:
Soudijn W, van
Wijngaarden I, Ijzerman AP (May 2007). "Nicotinic acid receptor subtypes and their ligands".
1063:
360:
135:
123:
111:
296:, has been documented to be far more effective in both protecting against and regressing arterial disease,
1167:
931:
609:
555:
540:
86:
3163:"Moderate doses of alcoholic beverages with dinner and postprandial high density lipoprotein composition"
2367:
2027:"Evolution of methods for measurement of HDL-cholesterol: from ultracentrifugation to homogeneous assays"
903:
Those with lowest Large HDL particle concentrations & Highest rates of cardiovascular disease events
892:
Those with lower Large HDL particle concentrations & Borderline-High rates of cardiovascular disease
837:
Those with lowest total HDL particle concentrations & Highest rates of cardiovascular disease events
826:
Those with lower total HDL particle concentrations & Borderline-High rates of cardiovascular disease
4421:
4248:
3955:
3924:
1479:"High HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Cholesterol Increases Cardiovascular Risk in Hypertensive Patients"
1113:
544:
400:
Several steps in the metabolism of HDL can participate in the transport of cholesterol from lipid-laden
2923:
231:
3801:
947:
463:
1993:
1587:
371:
so that, finally, small HDL particles are left, which restart the uptake of cholesterol from cells.
4416:
4077:
983:
2546:
Ma Y, Li Y, Chiriboga DE, Olendzki BC, Hebert JR, Li W, Leung K, Hafner AR, Ockene IS (Apr 2006).
4210:
3773:"Study: Boosting Good Cholesterol With Niacin Did Not Cut Heart Risks : Shots β Health News"
3754:
3678:
3573:
3453:
2905:
2847:
2759:
1975:
1650:
1077:
1071:
911:
446:
386:. Delivery of HDL cholesterol to adrenals, ovaries, and testes is important for the synthesis of
3204:"Effects of alcohol consumption on lipoproteins of premenopausal women. A controlled diet study"
2779:"Avocado consumption and risk factors for heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
2265:
2211:
1903:
Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, Nelson DB, Elam MB, Schaefer EJ, Faas FH, Anderson JW (2002).
17:
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3746:
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3445:
3410:
3359:
3315:
3266:
3225:
3184:
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3102:
3065:
3055:
3002:
2897:
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2800:
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2713:
2678:
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2577:
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2419:
2345:
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2100:
2048:
1967:
1926:
1885:
1850:
1832:
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1733:
1684:
1642:
1606:
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1508:
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1097:
1044:
1019:
927:
289:
285:
119:
82:
50:
3742:
2657:"Separate effects of reduced carbohydrate intake and weight loss on atherogenic dyslipidemia"
4179:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4129:
3886:
3845:
3738:
3709:
3662:
3557:
3522:
3437:
3400:
3390:
3349:
3305:
3297:
3256:
3215:
3174:
3133:
3092:
2992:
2889:
2831:
2790:
2743:
2705:
2668:
2627:
2619:
2567:
2559:
2462:
2452:
2409:
2401:
2337:
2181:
2142:
2090:
2038:
1957:
1916:
1877:
1840:
1824:
1760:
1723:
1715:
1676:
1634:
1539:
1498:
1490:
1449:
1439:
1365:
1355:
1304:
1263:
1051:
can also lower HDL. As there is some evidence that the HDL reduction is caused by increased
953:
576:
500:
118:
are commonly performed for the surrogate value, HDL-C, i.e. the cholesterol associated with
94:
4325:
4300:
393:
126:, and called LDL-C. HDL particles remove fats and cholesterol from cells, including within
4174:
3972:
3820:
3179:
3162:
3079:
Baer DJ, Judd JT, Clevidence BA, Muesing RA, Campbell WS, Brown ED, Taylor PR (Mar 2002).
2108:
1029:
993:
689:
677:
548:
528:
496:
459:
405:
387:
332:
297:
78:
77:
Increasing concentrations of HDL particles are associated with decreasing accumulation of
3832:
Wallace JM, Schwarz M, Coward P, Houze J, Sawyer JK, Kelley KL, Chai A, Rudel LL (2005).
3338:"The impact of marijuana use on glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance among US adults"
1527:
3120:
van der Gaag MS, van Tol A, Vermunt SH, Scheek LM, Schaafsma G, Hendriks HF (Dec 2001).
2820:"Comparison of mechanism and functional effects of magnesium and statin pharmaceuticals"
4395:
4205:
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3405:
3378:
3310:
3285:
2632:
2607:
2572:
2467:
2438:
2414:
2389:
1845:
1812:
1728:
1703:
1544:
1503:
1478:
1454:
1427:
1370:
1343:
1007:
942:
Certain changes in diet and exercise may have a positive impact on raising HDL levels:
483:
368:
281:
41:. Lipoproteins are complex particles composed of multiple proteins which transport all
3138:
3121:
2709:
1764:
1494:
1010:
increase HDL cholesterol to varying degrees but also raise total and LDL cholesterol.
421:
and is considered as the classical protective function of HDL toward atherosclerosis.
4405:
3526:
1182:
976:
667:
High LDL with low HDL level is an additional risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
475:
471:
293:
71:
67:
3758:
3577:
2909:
2851:
1979:
1654:
4333:
4028:
3959:
3928:
3682:
3513:
Meyers CD, Kamanna VS, Kashyap ML (Dec 2004). "Niacin therapy in atherosclerosis".
3457:
2835:
2563:
1132:
1128:
1117:
1089:
508:
429:
364:
309:
3814:
3441:
2763:
2095:
2079:"Evaluation of precipitation and direct methods for HDL-cholesterol assay by HPLC"
1881:
3354:
3337:
2855:
2056:
2043:
1921:
1904:
1426:
Franczyk B, Rysz J, ΕawiΕski J, Rysz-GΓ³rzyΕska M, Gluba-BrzΓ³zka A (August 2021).
1055:, it is unknown if AR agonists' HDL-lowering effect is pro- or anti-atherogenic.
566:
treatment are exposed to increased risk if their HDL levels are not high enough.
4043:
4032:
4016:
4007:
3492:
3261:
3244:
1946:"HDL cholesterol, very low levels of LDL cholesterol, and cardiovascular events"
1444:
1309:
1267:
1262:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 1377. pp. 1β11.
1177:
987:
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853:
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269:
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63:
38:
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3833:
3714:
3697:
3666:
3592:
2185:
2147:
2130:
1786:
1680:
639:
Low HDL cholesterol, considered correlated for heart disease (heightened risk)
2341:
1207:
1081:
1043:
and others administered orally, can reduce HDL-C by 50 percent or more. Other
661:
High HDL level, optimal condition considered correlated against heart disease
347:
by both direct and indirect pathways. HDL is removed by HDL receptors such as
98:
3626:
3122:"Alcohol consumption stimulates early steps in reverse cholesterol transport"
2997:
2980:
2673:
2656:
2521:
1836:
1719:
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3097:
3080:
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2623:
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969:
425:
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383:
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3945:
Newsholme SJ, Dunsford WS, Brodie T, Brennan C, Brown M, Geiger LE (2009).
3900:
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1971:
1930:
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1772:
1737:
1704:"Trypanosome resistance to human innate immunity: targeting Achilles' heel"
1688:
1646:
1553:
1528:"Cardiology patient page. The "good cholesterol": high-density lipoprotein"
1512:
1463:
1379:
1328:
1285:
272:
particles. It is the densest because it contains the highest proportion of
3914:
Geiger LE, Dunsford WS, Lewis DJ, Brennan C, Liu KC, Newsholme SJ (2009).
3319:
3301:
3270:
3229:
3188:
2795:
2778:
2655:
Krauss RM, Blanche PJ, Rawlings RS, Fernstrom HS, Williams PT (May 2006).
2311:"Importance of HDL from recent clinical trials: how good is the evidence?"
2104:
1360:
3395:
1962:
1945:
1828:
1149:
479:
467:
441:
415:, to the liver for secretion into the bile. This pathway has been termed
408:
359:
against cholesteryl esters of HDL. As the result, VLDLs are processed to
146:
131:
3948:
PS 896 - Mouse carcinogenicity study with GW501516, a PPAR delta agonist
2457:
700:
Concentration and sizes of lipoprotein particles can be estimated using
141:
The remainder of the serum cholesterol after subtracting the HDL is the
3286:"The TromsΓΈ heart study: alcoholic beverages and coronary risk factors"
2893:
1303:. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 224. pp. 3β51.
1067:
963:
583:
enzyme reaction measures cholesterol in the non-blocked HDL particles.
336:
273:
195:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
3917:
PS 895 - Rat carcinogenicity study with GW501516, a PPAR delta agonist
3561:
2405:
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367:
pathway. The triglycerides are not stable in HDL, but are degraded by
4257:
4192:
1138:
1135:, however, have been demonstrated to significantly raise HDL levels.
1124:
563:
348:
344:
277:
268:
With a size ranging from 5 to 17 nm, HDL is the smallest of the
127:
90:
3597:
Raising HDL in
Clinical Practice: Clinical Strategies to Elevate HDL
3161:
Hendriks HF, Veenstra J, van Tol A, Groener JE, Schaafsma G (1998).
1344:"HDL in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: In Search of a Role"
4368:
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4358:
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4315:
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4117:
4112:
4003:
1342:
Casula M, Colpani O, Xie S, Catapano AL, Baragetti A (July 2021).
340:
328:
317:
305:
46:
3873:
Hwang JS, Ham SA, Yoo T, Lee WJ, Paek KS, Lee CH, Seo HG (2016).
4305:
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4285:
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608:
provide a set of guidelines for fasting HDL levels and risk for
375:
356:
352:
321:
3976:
3954:. 48th Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology. Baltimore:
3923:. 48th Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology. Baltimore:
930:
are associated with increased, rather than decreased, risk for
145:. The concentration of these other components, which may cause
3023:. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER).
2777:
Mahmassani HA, Avendano EE, Raman G, Johnson EJ (April 2018).
711:
601:
160:
42:
2363:
910:
particle concentrations, VLDL concentrations, estimations of
3379:"Approach to the Patient with Extremely Low HDL-Cholesterol"
2239:. American Heart Association. September 2007. Archived from
392:
374:
The cholesterol delivered to the liver is excreted into the
110:
Because of the high cost of directly measuring HDL and LDL (
2388:
Keene D, Price C, Shun-Shin MJ, Francis DP (Jul 18, 2014).
3473:"Is it time to stop treating dyslipidaemia with fibrates?"
3243:
Cuvelier I, Steinmetz J, Mikstacki T, Siest G (May 1985).
2548:"Association between carbohydrate intake and serum lipids"
1580:"HDL and the progression of atherosclerosis: new insights"
3798:"When is treatment indicated for high cholesterol level?"
2608:"Saturated fat, carbohydrate, and cardiovascular disease"
2492:"Raising Your HDL Levels Increasing the GOOD cholesterol"
2077:
Okazaki M, Sasamoto K, Muramatsu T, Hosaki S (Oct 1997).
1066:
to increase the level of HDL cholesterol includes use of
3698:"Reducing risk by raising HDL-cholesterol: the evidence"
2439:"Complexities of plasma apolipoprotein C-III metabolism"
2129:
Hirano T, Nohtomi K, Koba S, Muroi A, Ito Y (May 2008).
1702:
Stephens NA, Kieft R, Macleod A, Hajduk SL (Dec 2012).
736:
192:
3383:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
1096:
secretion through a receptor HM74 otherwise known as
499:(the original method developed in the 1970s) or newer
4379:
2979:
Mensink RP, Zock PL, Kester AD, Katan MB (May 2003).
2950:"Vitamins and Supplements Lifestyle Guide β Flaxseed"
2926:. The Cleveland Clinic Heart and Vascular Institute.
1397:"HDL (Good), LDL (Bad) Cholesterol and Triglycerides"
2606:
Siri-Tarino PW, Sun Q, Hu FB, Krauss RM (Mar 2010).
1428:"Is a High HDL-Cholesterol Level Always Beneficial?"
382:
either directly or indirectly after conversion into
4347:
4247:
4219:
4190:
4095:
4015:
466:and an apolipoprotein, is under the stimulation of
81:within the walls of arteries, reducing the risk of
3377:Rader, Daniel J.; deGoma, Emil M. (October 2012).
3208:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
1084:) increases HDL by selectively inhibiting hepatic
3021:"Trans fat: Avoid this cholesterol double whammy"
2273:National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
562:Even people with very low LDL levels achieved by
3336:Penner EA, Buettner H, Mittleman MA (Jul 2013).
2698:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
363:, which are removed from the circulation by the
1601:M.J. Sorrentino (2011), "Non-HDL-Cholesterol",
1258:Deng S, Xu Y, Zheng L (2022). "HDL Structure".
579:are blocked using antibodies to apo B, then a
191:Please review the contents of the section and
3988:
745:that contextualizes different points of view.
8:
3290:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
2824:Journal of the American College of Nutrition
2729:
2727:
2552:Journal of the American College of Nutrition
2210:. American Heart Association. Archived from
2275:. National Institutes of Health. May 2001.
306:ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1)
27:One of the five major groups of lipoprotein
3995:
3981:
3973:
3085:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2985:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2783:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2661:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2612:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1212:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
708:Optimal total and large HDL concentrations
355:. This protein exchanges triglycerides of
3890:
3849:
3713:
3620:
3618:
3404:
3394:
3353:
3331:
3329:
3309:
3260:
3219:
3178:
3137:
3096:
2996:
2794:
2672:
2631:
2571:
2490:Fogoros, Richard N. (15 September 2009).
2466:
2456:
2413:
2146:
2094:
2042:
2025:Warnick GR, Nauck M, Rifai N (Sep 2001).
1961:
1920:
1844:
1727:
1627:Nature Structural & Molecular Biology
1543:
1502:
1453:
1443:
1369:
1359:
1308:
761:Learn how and when to remove this message
570:Estimating HDL via associated cholesterol
353:cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP)
327:HDL transports cholesterol mostly to the
3743:10.7326/0003-4819-139-12-200312160-00009
3046:Thijssen, M. A.; Mensink, R. P. (2005).
1112:not having side-effects such as "niacin
842:
776:
614:
4386:
1391:
1389:
1253:
1208:"LDL and HDL: Bad and Good Cholesterol"
1199:
3633:from the original on 12 September 2019
3603:from the original on 12 September 2019
3048:"Fatty Acids and Atherosclerotic Risk"
2930:from the original on 17 September 2009
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1218:from the original on 12 September 2017
1049:selective androgen receptor modulators
844:Large (protective) HDL particle Table
3625:Brewer, H. Bryan (27 December 2005).
3180:10.1093/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a008410
2234:"What Do My Cholesterol Levels Mean?"
2006:from the original on 10 November 2013
671:Measuring HDL concentration and sizes
534:activated partial thromboplastin time
532:negative correlation between HDL and
322:phospholipid transport protein (PLTP)
37:) is one of the five major groups of
7:
3655:Current Medical Research and Opinion
3050:. In von Eckardstein, Arnold (ed.).
1669:Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
926:HDL lipoprotein particles that bear
314:lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase
3027:from the original on 6 January 2014
2437:Sacks FM, Zheng C, Cohn JS (2011).
2309:Gotto, Antonio M (September 1999).
1950:The New England Journal of Medicine
1578:Sirtori, Cesare R. (October 2006).
647:1.03β1.55 (men), 1.29β1.55 (women)
3702:European Heart Journal Supplements
3593:"Raising HDL in Clinical Practice"
2818:Rosanoff A, Seelig MS (Oct 2004).
1870:The American Journal of Cardiology
1753:The American Journal of Cardiology
1584:European Heart Journal Supplements
1545:10.1161/01.CIR.0000154555.07002.CA
25:
2502:from the original on 14 July 2006
1495:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.19912
1407:from the original on 28 July 2018
1173:Cholesteryl ester storage disease
636:<1.03 (men), <1.29 (women)
4389:
4086:
3527:10.1097/00041433-200412000-00006
3342:The American Journal of Medicine
2960:from the original on 9 June 2016
1817:American Journal of Epidemiology
1188:Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency
731:to a single trial and its design
716:
676:individual risk for progressive
257:
165:
74:, amounts of each are variable.
3779:from the original on 2015-03-27
3477:The New Zealand Medical Journal
3471:Benatar JR, Stewart RA (2007).
3052:Atherosclerosis: Diet and Drugs
2528:from the original on 2012-08-14
2370:from the original on 2016-12-15
2282:from the original on 2009-08-02
1793:from the original on 2012-06-18
1560:from the original on 2011-05-29
1059:Pharmaceutical drugs and niacin
1041:17Ξ±-alkylated anabolic steroids
1018:HDL levels can be increased by
18:High-density lipoproteins (HDL)
3054:. Springer. pp. 171β172.
2836:10.1080/07315724.2004.10719389
2564:10.1080/07315724.2006.10719527
2173:Journal of Clinical Lipidology
1603:Hyperlipidemia in Primary Care
1123:In contrast, while the use of
1086:diacylglycerol acyltransferase
193:add the appropriate references
1:
3958:. p. 105. Archived from
3927:. p. 105. Archived from
3515:Current Opinion in Lipidology
3442:10.1517/14740338.2015.1094052
3430:Expert Opinion on Drug Safety
3139:10.1016/S0022-2275(20)31537-6
2710:10.1016/S0003-9993(99)90174-0
1909:Archives of Internal Medicine
1882:10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.12.015
1765:10.1016/S0002-9149(00)01461-2
1108:products sold as "no-flush",
1053:reverse cholesterol transport
633:<40 (men), <50 (women)
434:activation of the endothelium
418:reverse cholesterol transport
3355:10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.03.002
1922:10.1001/archinte.162.22.2597
1605:, Springer, pp. 86β87,
1037:anabolic androgenic steroids
684:Electrophoresis measurements
543:such as ischemic stroke and
3731:Annals of Internal Medicine
2096:10.1093/clinchem/43.10.1885
1445:10.3390/biomedicines9091083
1310:10.1007/978-3-319-09665-0_1
1268:10.1007/978-981-19-1592-5_1
1260:HDL Metabolism and Diseases
1163:Asymmetric dimethylarginine
1080:(nicotinic acid, a form of
644:40β59 (men), 50β59 (women)
511:), developed in the 1990s.
178:reliable medical references
4438:
3851:10.1194/jlr.M500002-JLR200
3667:10.1185/030079904125004402
3550:Medicinal Research Reviews
2186:10.1016/j.jacl.2012.03.001
2148:10.1194/jlr.D700027-JLR200
2044:10.1093/clinchem/47.9.1579
1681:10.2174/138920101131400228
1401:American Heart Association
702:nuclear magnetic resonance
598:American Heart Association
505:nuclear magnetic resonance
292:. A rare genetic variant,
207:"High-density lipoprotein"
4084:
3591:Rader, Daniel J. (2004).
3262:10.1093/clinchem/31.5.763
3126:Journal of Lipid Research
2444:Journal of Lipid Research
2342:10.1016/j.cll.2006.07.006
2135:Journal of Lipid Research
1301:High Density Lipoproteins
778:Total HDL particle Table
184:or relies too heavily on
31:High-density lipoprotein
3715:10.1093/eurheartj/sul037
1720:10.1016/j.pt.2012.09.002
972:supplements raise HDL-C.
4221:Lipid transfer proteins
3221:10.1161/01.ATV.15.2.179
2748:10.1136/hrt.2007.125401
2624:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26285
2315:Atherosclerosis Journal
1064:Pharmacological therapy
680:and treatment methods.
554:Data from the landmark
541:cardiovascular diseases
136:cardiovascular diseases
112:low-density lipoprotein
4249:Cell surface receptors
3892:10.1124/mol.116.104679
3167:Alcohol and Alcoholism
2998:10.1093/ajcn/77.5.1146
2674:10.1093/ajcn/83.5.1025
1708:Trends in Parasitology
1168:Cardiovascular disease
1022:, or mild to moderate
932:coronary heart disease
556:Framingham Heart Study
462:, which is one of the
397:
157:Structure and function
87:cardiovascular disease
83:sudden plaque ruptures
3956:Society of Toxicology
3925:Society of Toxicology
3302:10.1136/jech.40.3.249
3098:10.1093/ajcn/75.3.593
1361:10.3390/cells10081869
1100:and HM74A / GPR109A,
918:Increasing HDL levels
739:by rewriting it in a
545:myocardial infarction
396:
349:scavenger receptor BI
114:) protein particles,
4351:cassette transporter
3819:1 March 2012 at the
3396:10.1210/jc.2012-2185
3284:Brenn T (Sep 1986).
2208:"Cholesterol Levels"
1963:10.1056/NEJMoa064278
1526:Toth PP (Feb 2005).
992:Increased intake of
986:such as fish oil or
948:simple carbohydrates
946:Decreased intake of
852:Large HDL particles
786:Total HDL particles
464:acute-phase proteins
442:platelet aggregation
333:steroidogenic organs
320:transporter and the
280:. Its most abundant
4078:Remnant cholesterol
4010:particle metabolism
3775:. NPR. 2011-05-26.
3696:Drexel, H. (2006).
2924:"The Power of Fish"
2882:Advances in Therapy
2796:10.1093/ajcn/nqx078
2458:10.1194/jlr.E015701
1002:acids from the diet
984:omega-3 fatty acids
845:
779:
143:non-HDL cholesterol
3249:Clinical Chemistry
2894:10.1007/bf02850119
2246:on 3 December 2008
2214:on 8 February 2010
2083:Clinical Chemistry
2031:Clinical Chemistry
1829:10.1093/aje/kwv305
1014:Recreational drugs
912:insulin resistance
843:
777:
592:Recommended ranges
503:methods (See also
447:Trypanosoma brucei
398:
149:, is known as the
4377:
4376:
3562:10.1002/med.20102
3436:(11): 1773β1785.
3389:(10): 3399β3407.
3132:(12): 2077β2083.
3061:978-3-540-22569-0
2406:10.1136/bmj.g4379
1639:10.1038/nsmb.3345
1612:978-1-60327-502-6
1489:(10): 2355β2363.
1320:978-3-319-09664-3
1277:978-981-19-1591-8
1102:niacin receptor 1
1098:niacin receptor 2
1047:agonists such as
1045:androgen receptor
1020:smoking cessation
938:Diet and exercise
928:apolipoprotein C3
907:
906:
841:
840:
771:
770:
763:
725:This article may
665:
664:
650:Medium HDL level
266:
265:
242:
95:vascular diseases
16:(Redirected from
4429:
4394:
4393:
4385:
4090:
4019:particle classes
3997:
3990:
3983:
3974:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3953:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3922:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3894:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3853:
3829:
3823:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3804:on 30 July 2012.
3800:. Archived from
3794:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3737:(12): 996β1002.
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3622:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3491:. Archived from
3468:
3462:
3461:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3408:
3398:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3357:
3333:
3324:
3323:
3313:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3264:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3223:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3182:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3141:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3100:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3064:. Archived from
3043:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3000:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2854:. Archived from
2830:(5): 501Sβ505S.
2815:
2809:
2808:
2798:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2731:
2722:
2721:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2676:
2667:(5): 1025β1031.
2652:
2646:
2645:
2635:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2584:. Archived from
2575:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2470:
2460:
2451:(6): 1067β1070.
2434:
2428:
2427:
2417:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2364:"mesa-nhlbi.org"
2360:
2354:
2353:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2281:
2270:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2245:
2238:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2150:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2107:. Archived from
2098:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2055:. Archived from
2046:
2037:(9): 1579β1596.
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2005:
1998:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1965:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1924:
1915:(22): 2597β604.
1900:
1894:
1893:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1848:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1731:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1586:. Archived from
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1547:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1506:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1457:
1447:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1393:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1363:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1312:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1255:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1204:
994:unsaturated fats
954:Aerobic exercise
849:MESA Percentile
846:
783:MESA Percentile
780:
766:
759:
755:
752:
746:
742:balanced fashion
720:
719:
712:
704:fingerprinting.
696:NMR measurements
678:arterial disease
615:
501:NMR spectroscopy
482:produced in the
388:steroid hormones
261:
260:
252:
249:
243:
241:
200:
169:
168:
161:
62:carried include
21:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4412:Lipid disorders
4402:
4401:
4400:
4388:
4380:
4378:
4373:
4350:
4343:
4243:
4215:
4186:
4097:Apolipoproteins
4091:
4082:
4020:
4011:
4001:
3971:
3970:
3962:
3951:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3931:
3920:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3821:Wayback Machine
3813:
3809:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3782:
3780:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3636:
3634:
3624:
3623:
3616:
3606:
3604:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3498:
3496:
3483:(1261): U2706.
3470:
3469:
3465:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3335:
3334:
3327:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3062:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3030:
3028:
3019:
3018:
3014:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2961:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2933:
2931:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2861:
2859:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2733:
2732:
2725:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2591:
2589:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2531:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2373:
2371:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2114:
2112:
2089:(10): 1885β90.
2076:
2075:
2071:
2062:
2060:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1956:(13): 1301β10.
1943:
1942:
1938:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1823:(10): 875β883.
1810:
1809:
1805:
1796:
1794:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1759:(12A): 5Lβ10L.
1750:
1749:
1745:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1563:
1561:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1321:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1278:
1257:
1256:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1159:
1061:
1039:, particularly
1016:
982:Consumption of
940:
920:
859:Interpretation
793:Interpretation
767:
756:
750:
747:
737:help improve it
734:
721:
717:
710:
698:
690:electrophoresis
686:
673:
628:Interpretation
594:
572:
549:atherosclerotic
529:atherosclerotic
525:
517:
497:electrophoresis
460:serum amyloid A
456:stress response
406:atherosclerotic
298:atherosclerosis
282:apolipoproteins
262:
258:
253:
247:
244:
201:
190:
186:primary sources
170:
166:
159:
108:
79:atherosclerosis
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4435:
4433:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4355:
4353:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4261:
4260:
4253:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4225:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4197:
4195:
4191:Extracellular
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4132:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4101:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4054:
4040:
4035:
4024:
4022:
4021:and subclasses
4013:
4012:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3977:
3969:
3968:
3965:on 2015-05-04.
3937:
3934:on 2015-05-04.
3906:
3885:(5): 522β529.
3865:
3844:(5): 1009β16.
3824:
3807:
3789:
3764:
3721:
3688:
3661:(8): 1253β68.
3644:
3614:
3583:
3540:
3505:
3463:
3420:
3369:
3325:
3296:(3): 249β256.
3276:
3255:(5): 763β766.
3235:
3214:(2): 179β184.
3194:
3173:(4): 403β410.
3153:
3112:
3091:(3): 593β599.
3071:
3068:on 2019-10-25.
3060:
3038:
3012:
2991:(5): 1146β55.
2971:
2941:
2915:
2872:
2810:
2789:(4): 523β536.
2769:
2723:
2688:
2647:
2598:
2558:(2): 155β163.
2538:
2513:
2482:
2429:
2380:
2355:
2330:Clin. Lab. Med
2320:
2301:
2292:
2257:
2225:
2199:
2180:(6): 496β523.
2162:
2121:
2069:
2017:
1985:
1936:
1895:
1860:
1803:
1778:
1743:
1714:(12): 539β45.
1694:
1659:
1617:
1611:
1593:
1590:on 2015-02-01.
1570:
1538:(5): e89βe91.
1518:
1469:
1418:
1385:
1334:
1319:
1291:
1276:
1229:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1158:
1155:
1092:synthesis and
1060:
1057:
1015:
1012:
1008:saturated fats
1004:
1003:
996:
990:
980:
973:
967:
961:
956:
951:
939:
936:
919:
916:
905:
904:
901:
898:
894:
893:
890:
887:
883:
882:
879:
876:
872:
871:
868:
865:
861:
860:
857:
850:
839:
838:
835:
832:
828:
827:
824:
821:
817:
816:
813:
810:
806:
805:
802:
799:
795:
794:
791:
784:
769:
768:
724:
722:
715:
709:
706:
697:
694:
685:
682:
672:
669:
663:
662:
659:
656:
652:
651:
648:
645:
641:
640:
637:
634:
630:
629:
626:
619:
593:
590:
571:
568:
524:
521:
516:
513:
484:adrenal cortex
369:hepatic lipase
312:enzyme called
264:
263:
256:
254:
173:
171:
164:
158:
155:
107:
104:
58:
55:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4434:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4383:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4346:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4189:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4089:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4018:
4014:
4009:
4005:
3998:
3993:
3991:
3986:
3984:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3961:
3957:
3950:
3949:
3941:
3938:
3930:
3926:
3919:
3918:
3910:
3907:
3902:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3879:Mol Pharmacol
3876:
3869:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3778:
3774:
3768:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3725:
3722:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3648:
3645:
3632:
3628:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3556:(3): 417β33.
3555:
3551:
3544:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3521:(6): 659β65.
3520:
3516:
3509:
3506:
3495:on 2009-07-06
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3467:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3280:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3039:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2972:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2858:on 2010-08-31
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2742:(6): 706β14.
2741:
2737:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2599:
2588:on 2012-01-15
2587:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2539:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2433:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2381:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2336:(4): 847β70.
2335:
2331:
2324:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2242:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2166:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2141:(5): 1130β6.
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2111:on 2008-07-24
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2059:on 2014-03-13
2058:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2018:
2002:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1876:(8): 1173β7.
1875:
1871:
1864:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1804:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1675:(6): 623β31.
1674:
1670:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1633:(6): 187β93,
1632:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1571:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1419:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1183:Lipid profile
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1001:
997:
995:
991:
989:
985:
981:
978:
977:soluble fiber
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
949:
945:
944:
943:
937:
935:
933:
929:
924:
917:
915:
913:
902:
899:
896:
895:
891:
888:
885:
884:
880:
877:
874:
873:
869:
866:
863:
862:
858:
855:
851:
848:
847:
836:
833:
830:
829:
825:
822:
819:
818:
814:
811:
808:
807:
803:
800:
797:
796:
792:
789:
785:
782:
781:
775:
765:
762:
754:
744:
743:
738:
732:
730:
723:
714:
713:
707:
705:
703:
695:
693:
691:
683:
681:
679:
670:
668:
660:
657:
654:
653:
649:
646:
643:
642:
638:
635:
632:
631:
627:
624:
620:
617:
616:
613:
611:
610:heart disease
607:
603:
599:
591:
589:
586:
582:
578:
569:
567:
565:
560:
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
537:
535:
530:
522:
520:
514:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
492:
490:
485:
481:
477:
476:interleukin 6
473:
472:interleukin 1
469:
465:
461:
457:
452:
450:
448:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
419:
414:
410:
407:
403:
395:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
301:
299:
295:
294:ApoA-1 Milano
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
255:
251:
240:
237:
233:
230:
226:
223:
219:
216:
212:
209: β
208:
204:
203:Find sources:
198:
194:
188:
187:
183:
179:
174:This section
172:
163:
162:
156:
154:
152:
148:
144:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
105:
103:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
75:
73:
72:triglycerides
69:
68:phospholipids
65:
56:
54:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
4422:Lipoproteins
4349:ATP-binding
4072:
4042:delivery of
4027:delivery of
3960:the original
3947:
3940:
3929:the original
3916:
3909:
3882:
3878:
3868:
3841:
3837:
3827:
3810:
3802:the original
3792:
3781:. Retrieved
3767:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3705:
3701:
3691:
3658:
3654:
3647:
3635:. Retrieved
3605:. Retrieved
3596:
3586:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3497:. Retrieved
3493:the original
3480:
3476:
3466:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3386:
3382:
3372:
3348:(7): 583β9.
3345:
3341:
3293:
3289:
3279:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3211:
3207:
3197:
3170:
3166:
3156:
3129:
3125:
3115:
3088:
3084:
3074:
3066:the original
3051:
3041:
3029:. Retrieved
3015:
2988:
2984:
2974:
2962:. Retrieved
2953:
2944:
2932:. Retrieved
2918:
2888:(1): 50β78.
2885:
2881:
2875:
2866:
2860:. Retrieved
2856:the original
2827:
2823:
2813:
2786:
2782:
2772:
2739:
2735:
2704:(6): 691β5.
2701:
2697:
2691:
2664:
2660:
2650:
2618:(3): 502β9.
2615:
2611:
2601:
2590:. Retrieved
2586:the original
2555:
2551:
2541:
2530:. Retrieved
2524:. Ajcn.org.
2516:
2504:. Retrieved
2485:
2448:
2442:
2432:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2372:. Retrieved
2358:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2314:
2304:
2295:
2284:. Retrieved
2272:
2260:
2248:. Retrieved
2241:the original
2228:
2216:. Retrieved
2212:the original
2202:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2113:. Retrieved
2109:the original
2086:
2082:
2072:
2061:. Retrieved
2057:the original
2034:
2030:
2020:
2008:. Retrieved
1988:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1820:
1816:
1806:
1795:. Retrieved
1781:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1602:
1596:
1588:the original
1583:
1573:
1562:. Retrieved
1535:
1531:
1521:
1486:
1483:Hypertension
1482:
1472:
1435:
1432:Biomedicines
1431:
1421:
1409:. Retrieved
1351:
1347:
1337:
1300:
1294:
1259:
1222:11 September
1220:. Retrieved
1211:
1202:
1143:
1137:
1133:pitavastatin
1129:Rosuvastatin
1122:
1118:homocysteine
1109:
1106:
1090:triglyceride
1088:2, reducing
1076:
1062:
1034:
1028:
1017:
1005:
975:Addition of
941:
925:
921:
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2862:2010-12-13
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2532:2015-11-05
2374:2016-12-07
2286:2009-12-03
2115:2009-10-08
2063:2013-11-10
1797:2012-06-11
1564:2011-06-02
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2368:Archived
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2001:Archived
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1931:12456232
1890:21296318
1855:27189327
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1738:23059119
1689:24016265
1655:27875177
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1513:35968698
1464:34572269
1405:Archived
1403:. 2021.
1380:34440638
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1068:fibrates
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