1829:
426:(1787–1832) learnt Icelandic in his youth and it became his favorite language. He compiled the first real Icelandic grammar, which was a huge step forward in comparison with earlier attempts. He refused to accept the differences between Old and Modern Icelandic and was afraid that a too great difference between the two would decrease the interest in the land and its culture. This attitude promoted language archaisation. On Rask's initiative the
403:(Icelandic Art-Learning Society) was founded in Copenhagen with Jón Eiríksson, administrative director at the Danish Ministry of Finance, as its president. The society published annual writings from 1781 to 1796, which dealt with practical subjects like trade and business, but also with varied scientific topics about which little had been read until then. This brought along a flood of new Icelandic
35:
200:
355:. She sends her children to look for good and pure Icelandic that can cure her, but uncontaminated language is nowhere to be found, and she dies. At the end of the poem he urges his compatriots to defend their language and reminds them of the great esteem in which Icelandic is held abroad and how well it has been preserved by their forefathers.
613:(Icelandic Language Committee) to "guide government agencies and the general public in matters of language on a scholarly basis". But this group only had three members and simply could not keep up with the task it was given, even after the addition of two more members in 1980. To remedy this situation, in 1984 the
569:
When sovereignty was achieved in 1918, government regulation of language matters began. Initially, as with some other preservation attempts noted above, the focus was on orthography, but regulation of language matters grew steadily and became more formalised. Early in the 20th century, the third
642:, a street near the University, and previously the site of the American Embassy's cultural center, the Institute today is headed by Ari Páll Kristinsson and has only four employees who give advice on language and usage matters to public authorities and the
1321:
language) in school is compulsory. Danish was taught because
Iceland was a dominion of Denmark until 1918 (with the same king until 1944); this study is still compulsory to maintain ties with Scandinavia. English is learned as the main
1346:
has also been offered in many gymnasia. Other languages are sometimes added as an option but usually as part of a language-heavy course of study at the cost of the natural sciences. Students who have lived in another
446:(1821–27), which contains much new genuine Icelandic terminology. It was an opportunity to demonstrate the validity of Rasmus Rask's vision that the Icelandic language had, more than most languages, an "endless
570:
element in
Icelandic preservation, ordinary speakers, especially those in modernising sectors, also began to contribute to language preservation efforts. For instance, in 1918 the Association of Engineers (
1365:, around 1992 aimed at removing loan words from the modern Icelandic language and creating new terms for all historical loan words. It was named "High Icelandic" or "Hyper-Icelandic" (
690:), and to develop its vocabulary, so that the language can be used to speak about any topic—no matter how technical—which, in turn, contributes to keeping the language up-to-date.
594:
1910:
710:
as a whole. When introducing words for new or modern concepts, it is common to revitalise old words that have fallen into disuse but have a similar meaning or are in the same
655:
179:
499:, 1842) became exemplary for later translations of scientific literature. Many of the neologisms he coined have become an integral part of present-day Icelandic terminology:
52:
438:, was founded. Its goal was "to preserve the Icelandic language and literature and therewith the culture and the honour of the land". An important publication was
303:
to denote their native tongue. A serious effort to preserve the now quite distinct
Icelandic from the "corrupting" influences of foreign words, especially by the
1695:
1637:
1775:
339:(1726–68). Between 1752 and 1757 he accompanied his friend Bjarni Pálsson on an expedition through Iceland. In his report, he described the situation of the
770:
words are very frequent in the
Icelandic language. This system also makes it easier for new words to fit in with existing Icelandic grammatical rules: the
934:
in the east of
Iceland. It was little used until the 1940s, but has since become highly common, as a lexeme and as an element in new formations, such as
629:). The Council was enlarged to 15 members in 1990, appointed by and from a number of sectors. Thus, the Council paralleled its counterparts elsewhere in
1563:(lit. "of perfection, related to mastering and improving"), meaning "technical, technological", another phonosemantic match of the international word
1982:
362:
literature and this was noticeable in his writings. This interest in the old language brought him into contact with other
Icelandic students in
1679:
812:
are still entering the language. Some of these loanwords have been adapted and moulded to fit in with
Icelandic grammatical rules, including
99:
372:(1720–72). This was the beginning of the use of Old Icelandic as a key feature in the Icelandic national awakening. Eggert wrote the first
71:
1748:
422:. This opened the eyes of Icelanders with regard to their cultural importance and increased their self-confidence. The Danish linguist
78:
1647:
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country, or for whatever reason have some understanding of another
Scandinavian language, can study that language instead of Danish.
1657:
118:
232:), which undertook to design an alphabet for the language and proposed separate (non-Latin) letters for the distinctive Icelandic
1768:
85:
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passed legislation which ratified the five person membership and also established a permanently functioning secretariat, the
56:
1613:
67:
1930:
1437:
1395:
791:
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463:(published from 1835 to 1839 and from 1844 to 1847). The magazine was published in Copenhagen by four young Icelanders:
351:, in which he personifies his mother tongue as a woman, who has fallen mortally ill through an infection with too many
1987:
1761:
1703:
1634:
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1992:
1935:
674:. The main focus of linguistic purism in Icelandic is to maintain the structure of the language (for instance as a
472:
427:
221:
45:
1961:
1920:
558:
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468:
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590:) began publishing lists of new words, marking the beginning of formal government sponsorship of neologisms.
1956:
1848:
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92:
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654:) and answer questions from the general population. In September 2006, the Institute was merged into the
476:
1808:
381:
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392:, the first privately owned printing shop in Iceland, followed Eggert's rules to a significant extent.
1879:
1869:
1818:
803:
459:
1828:
1884:
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703:
1635:
A 2003 section about High
Icelandic on the Icelandic news programme 'Ísland í dag' (Iceland today)
253:
1784:
1331:
1327:
1042:
771:
340:
289:
288:, Icelandic had developed several characteristics that distinguished it from the dialects of the
241:
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143:
479:. The most important of these four was Jónas Hallgrímsson, who also translated literary work of
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are also usually required to choose a third foreign language. Traditionally that was either
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Kristján Árnason; Sigrún Helgadóttir (1991). "Terminology and
Icelandic Language Policy".
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with intensive trade and capital flows to and from the outside world. Students entering a
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Day-to-day operations are the province of the Institute. Occupying a suite of offices on
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rules. The influence of the book was considerable, and Ólafur Olavius, originator of the
1894:
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Behovet och nyttan av terminologiskt arbete på 90-talet. Nordterm 5. Nordterm-symposium
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By the 16th century, the language was so differentiated from the languages spoken in
220:' pre-occupation with their mother tongue date back to the mid-12th century with the
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merchants who dominated Iceland's trade, began in the early 17th century thanks to
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roots. The effort began in the early 19th century, at the dawn of the Icelandic
34:
1595:
1473:
Sapir, Yair and Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2008), "Icelandic: Phonosemantic Matching"
1447:. Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture. 27 November 2001. Archived from
1258:
762:"). Thus speakers of Icelandic can easily deconstruct many words to find their
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848:(2008) demonstrate how Icelandic "camouflages" many English words by means of
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17:
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Globally Speaking: Motives for Adopting English Vocabulary in Other Languages
1448:
1261:" (same meaning as in English, as a noun), which in Icelandic has the plural
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155:
147:
1645:
2004 article about High Icelandic in Birtingur, the local paper of Akranes.
1506:, in this case in Modern Standard Chinese — see p. 36 of the same article.
778:
of the compound word can easily be extracted from its derivatives, as can
958:("technician"). Other phonosemantic matches discussed in the article are
838:
809:
787:
698:
Organisations and individuals in many specialist areas together with the
352:
139:
1483:, Clevedon-Buffalo-Toronto: Multilingual Matters, pp. 19-43 (Chapter 2).
1306:
759:
747:
722:, an old word for "long thread", was brought back with a new meaning: "
707:
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411:
277:. In particular, the prose of the sagas of the Icelanders and Snorri's
233:
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districts from where many had migrated to Iceland centuries earlier.
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182:, the Icelandic Language Council, the Icelandic Language Fund and an
1297:
Linguistic purification does not imply limitations to or neglect of
643:
1269:, formed analogously to native Icelandic words such as the poetic
1251:
1157:
1720:
Halldór Halldórsson (1979). "Icelandic Purism and its History".
1567:, in this case in Modern Arabic — see p. 38 of the same article.
914:, but is a phonosemantic match of the Danish (or international)
863:
582:. In 1951, a Dictionary Committee of the University of Iceland (
1757:
922:
with the same meaning. This neologism was coined in 1912 by Dr
1700:
A section on the Icelandic news 'Ísland í dag' (Iceland today)
782:. In recent years, the government has promoted an interest in
28:
170:
words. It is widely upheld in Iceland and it is the dominant
1542:
See pp. 37–38 of Sapir and Zuckermann (2008) above; compare
1492:
See pp. 28–29 of Sapir and Zuckermann (2008 above; compare
561:, published the first Danish–Icelandic dictionary in 1851.
284:
By 1300, after the Icelanders had joined in union with the
557:(1808–91), professor in Old Scandinavian languages at the
942:("electronics") literally meaning "electrical technics",
1326:, especially in view of the internationalization of the
281:
are clear signs of appreciation of the native language.
162:, aiming at replacing older loanwords, especially from
808:
However intensive the linguistic purification effort,
457:
movement is inextricably connected with the magazine
154:
roots and, when the aforementioned is not possible,
1949:
1903:
1862:
1836:
1791:
866:", is a phonosemantic match of the English acronym
830:("a car") comes from the word "automobile" via the
343:as lamentable. This inspired him to write the poem
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
786:, including efforts to produce Icelandic language
240:a language of their own. Also significant was the
1749:Neologisms and loanwords in Icelandic and Faroese
666:The Icelandic language is a basic element of the
442:Almenn jarðarfræða og landaskipun eður geographia
407:, generated from purely Icelandic lexical stock.
236:. It was, in a way, an attempt to give the young
878:("to destroy") and the Icelandic nominal suffix
1525:
1517:
1375:
1367:
1361:A minor movement started by Jozef Braekmans of
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1257:An example of adaptation of a foreign word is "
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1911:Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies
1655:2007 article about High Icelandic Fréttablaðið
1523:competes with another, wholly Icelandic word,
738:") can be formed from old words (in this case
678:language compared to some other West European
656:Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies
180:Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies
1769:
726:". Alternatively, new compound words such as
8:
1673:Article about Braekmans neologistic work in
1557:
1549:
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916:
836:
1309:is heavily emphasized, and the learning of
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1578:"Discussion on language site Language Hat"
906:("tool") combined with the nominal suffix
852:. For example, the Icelandic-looking word
595:Ministry of Education, Science and Culture
366:, where he joined a secret society called
1381:). The movement has not gained traction.
896:("technology", "technique") derives from
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
198:
1438:"Icelandic: at once ancient and modern"
1406:
395:Eleven years after Eggert's death, the
323:The first real instigator of Icelandic
1618:High Icelandic Language Centre website
418:brought with it a greater interest in
358:Eggert Ólafsson was very well-read in
247:, which started at an early date with
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
593:In 1965, a ministerial decree of the
7:
1416:, Daisy J. Neijmann, 2001, Routledge
870:, using the existing Icelandic verb
166:, and it continues today, targeting
57:adding citations to reliable sources
1544:
487:. His translation of a textbook on
1533:. The question is not settled yet.
706:, which diversifies the Icelandic
25:
1502:, another phonosemantic match of
578:) began a systematic approach to
1827:
1614:"High Icelandic Language Centre"
886:. Similarly, the Icelandic word
299:that Icelanders coined the term
68:"Linguistic purism in Icelandic"
33:
174:. It is fully supported by the
44:needs additional citations for
1983:Linguistic purism in Icelandic
1498:
1493:
702:propose and use new technical
378:Réttritabók Eggerts Ólafssonar
132:Linguistic purism in Icelandic
1:
453:During the 19th century, the
434:Hið íslenska bókmenntafélagið
1931:Icelandic Language Institute
1396:Icelandic Language Institute
700:Icelandic Language Institute
627:Icelandic Language Institute
1677:(edition: January 30, 1999)
1475:, in Judith Rosenhouse and
2009:
1936:Icelandic Naming Committee
1921:Icelandic Language Council
801:
428:Icelandic Literary Society
399:Íslenska lærdómslistafélag
347:Sótt og dauði íslenskunnar
263:(book of colonization) to
222:First Grammatical Treatise
1962:List of Icelandic writers
1825:
1299:foreign language learning
1293:Foreign language learning
820:. For example, the word
714:. For example, the word
586:Orðabókarnefnd Háskólans
559:University of Copenhagen
450:generating capability".
228:Fyrsta málfræðiritgerðin
1957:Icelandic Sign Language
1926:Icelandic Language Fund
850:phono-semantic matching
680:Indo-European languages
380:) in which he proposed
319:18th and 19th centuries
257:and ranged through the
216:The first signs of the
1916:Icelandic Language Day
1863:History and literature
1682:July 16, 2012, at the
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1550:
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1342:, but in recent years
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1904:Promotion and purism
1414:Colloquial Icelandic
804:Icelandic vocabulary
644:broadcasting service
601:Menntamálaráðuneytið
565:20th century onwards
473:Brynjólfur Pétursson
176:Icelandic government
146:by instead creating
53:improve this article
792:computer interfaces
574:Verkfræðingafélagið
1988:Icelandic language
1785:Icelandic language
1660:2008-03-26 at the
1650:2004-10-13 at the
1640:2008-02-20 at the
1328:economy of Iceland
950:("technical") and
834:shortened version
605:) established the
469:Jónas Hallgrímsson
341:Icelandic language
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144:Icelandic language
142:from entering the
1993:Linguistic purism
1970:
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1941:Linguistic purism
1600:is.islenska posts
1391:Linguistic purism
1303:foreign languages
668:national identity
455:linguistic purism
325:linguistic purism
313:Arngrímur Jónsson
195:Early innovations
172:language ideology
160:national movement
134:is the policy of
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16:(Redirected from
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1844:Patronymic names
1831:
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1741:
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1730:
1715:
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1710:
1709:
1706:on 2008-02-20.
1696:"Ísland í dag"
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1624:on 2006-04-22.
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249:Ari Þorgilsson
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64:Find sources:
58:
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42:This article
40:
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31:
30:
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1940:
1849:Street names
1734:
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1714:Bibliography
1704:the original
1699:
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1630:
1622:the original
1617:
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1582:Language Hat
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1477:Rotem Kowner
1468:
1456:. Retrieved
1449:the original
1444:
1413:
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1319:Scandinavian
1317:(or another
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1158:radar device
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495:Stjörnufræði
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382:orthographic
377:
376:dictionary (
357:
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272:Heimskringla
268:
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208:Heimskringla
204:
178:through the
136:discouraging
131:
130:
115:
106:
96:
89:
82:
75:
63:
51:Please help
46:verification
43:
26:
1890:Poetic Edda
1809:Orthography
1355:Ultrapurism
1289:("a bow").
1043:fjárfesting
862:, meaning "
764:etymologies
736:meteorology
631:Scandinavia
448:neologistic
424:Rasmus Rask
416:Romanticism
405:terminology
297:Scandinavia
260:Landnámabók
109:August 2021
1977:Categories
1880:Literature
1819:Vocabulary
1458:20 January
1402:References
1369:Háíslenska
1137:páfagaukur
1013:dapurleiki
946:tæknilegur
931:Viðfjörður
846:Zuckermann
814:inflection
802:See also:
790:and other
784:technology
776:declension
730:veðurfræði
682:, such as
672:Icelanders
580:neologisms
364:Copenhagen
218:Icelanders
203:A page of
79:newspapers
1814:Phonology
1565:technical
1377:Háfrónska
1332:gymnasium
1087:korréttur
1033:fjárfesta
810:loanwords
798:Loanwords
766:; indeed
724:telephone
533:telescope
515:hitabelti
489:astronomy
290:Norwegian
242:Icelandic
156:Old Norse
148:new words
140:loanwords
1792:Features
1728:: 76–86.
1680:Archived
1658:Archived
1648:Archived
1638:Archived
1499:aìzībìng
1385:See also
1265:Ísraelar
1117:pallborð
938:raftækni
788:software
768:compound
676:declined
545:parallel
539:samhliða
527:sjónauki
386:phonetic
301:íslenska
234:phonemes
1870:History
1804:Grammar
1799:Braille
1479:(eds),
1344:Spanish
1311:English
1307:Iceland
1259:Ísraeli
1205:stöðlun
1185:staðall
993:brokkál
983:bifrari
760:science
750:", and
748:weather
708:lexicon
684:English
670:of the
662:Purpose
639:Neshagi
615:Althing
521:tropics
509:gravity
460:Fjölnir
412:Denmark
190:History
168:English
93:scholar
1559:tiqani
1528:alnæmi
1349:Nordic
1340:French
1336:German
1315:Danish
1225:togari
1195:staðla
1151:ratsjá
1144:parrot
1077:júgurð
1023:depurð
963:beygla
954:tæknir
918:teknik
832:Danish
772:gender
688:French
485:Ossian
335:) was
309:German
305:Danish
164:Danish
95:
88:
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1885:Sagas
1837:Names
1551:taqni
1545:تقنيّ
1519:eyðni
1452:(PDF)
1441:(PDF)
1252:virus
1245:veira
1175:staða
1165:setur
1070:image
1063:ímynd
1053:heila
1003:dapur
973:bifra
928:from
891:tækni
857:eyðni
754:fræði
742:veður
704:lexis
481:Heine
369:Sakir
150:from
100:JSTOR
86:books
1722:Word
1504:AIDS
1460:2023
1313:and
1284:bogi
1274:gumi
1240:and
1235:uppi
1215:toga
1107:musl
901:tæki
874:eyða
868:AIDS
864:AIDS
825:bíll
816:and
774:and
718:sími
686:and
483:and
475:and
384:and
307:and
138:new
72:news
1494:爱滋病
1373:or
1338:or
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