73:
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772:, for he was killed in Erdelw" (Transylvania). Kristó says that the chronicle preserves the memory of Álmos's sacrifice because of the catastrophic defeat of his people by the Pechenegs. If this is true, his ritual murder proves that Álmos was the sacred leader of the Hungarian tribal federation. Róna-Tas refutes this and says that if the chronicle's report is reliable, Álmos became the victim of a political murder committed or initiated by his own son. Preferring the narration of the
468:, from whom he sired a son, who was named Álmos. But he is called Álmos from a divine event, because when she was pregnant a divine vision appeared to his mother in a dream in the form of a falcon that, as if coming to her, impregnated her and made known to her that from her womb a torrent would come forth and from her loins glorious kings be generated, but that they would not increase in their land. Because, therefore, a dream is called "álom" in the
448:Álmos, born to a Hungarian prince and Emese, "the mother of all ethnic Hungarians", led his people to the conquest of the Carpathian Basin after they were attacked by the Turkic Pechenegs. He was chosen as leader of the Magyars by the latter's chieftains, who had initially appointed Lebed as their permanent leader. The ethnic Hungarians became known after Álmos' tribe, which proved the strongest of the seven Hungarian tribes.
438:. The Magyars' historical social structure itself is said to be of Turkic origin. The words "Hungarian" and "Hun", too, are considered of Turkic origin. Many Hungarian names, and also animal and plant names, are of Turkic origin, and the majority of Hungarian tribal names were of Turkic origin. However, the Magyars are not a Turkic people. According to the Turkic theory, the name meant "the bought one" in Turkic.
710:
422:ӯлем (ūlem, "dream"). Even Kristó granted that the etymology of Álmos' name "is possible in the way described by the anonymous notary, that is, the name Álmos could be derived from the Hungarian word álom (almu) 'dream'. " More skeptical authors have still remarked that "The etymology relating the name to the Hungarian common noun álom 'dream' cannot be rejected as readily ."
600:, we may appoint you prince of your nation, and you may be obedient to our word and our command." But he, in reply, made answer to the chagan: "Your regard and purpose for me I highly esteem and express to you suitable thanks, but since I am not strong enough for this rule, I cannot obey you; on the other hand, however, there is a voivode other than me, called
406:, which is perhaps the most cited origin for the name. In modern Hungarian, the name means "sleepy", "drowsy"; however, the given name Álmos likely derives from álom, as mentioned, "dream", itself the root of álmos, "drowsy". Derivation from a word meaning "dream" would better fit the legend surrounding his birth, narrating his mother's dream. The word
560:
legend connected to Álmos's birth proves his role as the forefather of his dynasty. These historians say that the emperor's account is based on a report by one of Árpád's descendants named
Termacsu, who emphasized by this report of Árpád's election that only those descending from Árpád were suitable
352:
was often depicted as the sun—) flew down from the sky and lit on her hand, thus predicting the birth of a child and of the royal dynasty. This is due to the fact that falcons were associated with fertility. Falcons "populate many legends of the foundation of dynasties and empires"; they are popular
647:
Kristó says that Álmos stood at the head of the
Hungarian tribal confederation from around 850. Porphyrogenitus's narration says that he initially accepted the khagan's suzerainty. The Hungarians apparently achieved their independence around 860, since the earliest reports on their plundering raids
429:
origin. However, Spinei himself responded to the suggestion of a Turkic origin of the individual based on the Turkic etymology of his name by saying that a name's etymology does not always reflect its bearer's ethnicity. 10% of words in modern
Hungarian are of Turkic origin, who made a consistent
1120:
in 862 were enemies "hitherto unknown" to the local population. Likewise, Regino of Prüm wrote that the
Magyars had been "unheard of in the previous centuries because they were not named". in the sources. Both remarks evince that late 9th-century authors had no knowledge of the Magyars' origins.
500:
as their "leader and master". Anonymus adds that to ratify Álmos's election, the seven chiefs "swore an oath, confirmed in pagan manner with their own blood spilled in a single vessel". Anonymus says that they also adopted the basic principles of the government, including the hereditary right of
788:
No source preserved the name of Álmos's wife. Anonymus writes that she was "the daughter of a certain most noble prince". Álmos's only child known by name was Árpád, who succeeded Álmos after his death. The following is a family tree presenting Álmos's closest relatives:
550:, to the proposed new position. The khagan accepted Levedi's offer. Upon his initiative, the Hungarians elected their first prince, but they preferred Árpád to his father. The work of Constantine VII, who referred to Magyars as Turks,
627:
his father, for he was of superior parts and greatly admired for wisdom and counsel and valour, and capable of this rule; and so they made him prince according to the custom, or 'zakanon', of the
Chazars, by lifting him upon a
336:. The legend says that Álmos's mother, already pregnant with him, dreamed of a bird of prey "which had the likeness of a hawk" impregnating her. This story has close analogies in the nomadic, steppe environment. Notably, in
509:), which reflects its authors' political philosophy rather than actual events, was "often presented by Hungarian historians as the very first manifestation of modern parliamentary thinking in Europe" up until 1945.
519:
states that instead of Álmos, his son Árpád was the first supreme head of the
Hungarian tribes, and that Árpád's election was initiated by the Khazar khagan. The emperor says the khagan sent an envoy to the
1642:
Llewellyn's
Complete Book of Names for Pagans, Wiccans, Witches, Druids, Heathens, Mages, Shamans & Independent Thinkers of All Sorts who are Curious about Names from Every Place and Every Time
1817:
A MAGYAROK TÜRK MEGNEVEZÉSE BÍBORBANSZÜLETETT KONSTANTINOS DE ADMINISTRANDOIMPERIO CÍMÛ MUNKÁJÁBAN - Takács Zoltán Bálint, SAVARIAA VAS MEGYEI MÚZEUMOK ÉRTESÍTÕJE28 SZOMBATHELY, 2004, pp. 317–333
430:
genetic and cultural contribution to the
Magyars. In the 19th century, a Turkic, rather than Uralic origin for Hungarian was proposed, due to the large and varied layer of loans and all the
501:Álmos's offsprings to his office and the right of his electors' descendant to have a seat in the prince's council. According to author Pál Engel, this report of the "treaty by blood" (
2186:(Volume 1 of History of Transylvania ed.). New York: Social Science Monographs, University of Michigan, Columbia University Press, East European Monographs. pp. 415–416.
1729:(Volume 1 of History of Transylvania ed.). New York: Social Science Monographs, University of Michigan, Columbia University Press, East European Monographs. pp. 415–416.
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1901:
Looking for the roots of
Hungarian nation, nineteenth-century romantic-nationalist authors selected the figure of Emese, declaring her the mother of all ethnic Hungarians.
395:—himself the son of Ügyek—was Álmos's father. Kristó says that both names may have been the chroniclers' inventions, since Ügyek's name derives from the ancient Hungarian
399:("saint, holy") word, and Előd's name simply refers to an ancestor. Anonymus writes that Ügyek married Emese in 819. If this date is correct, Álmos was born around 820.
780:, Victor Spinei states that Álmos was not murdered in Transylvania since Anonymus writes that the Hungarians bypassed this region when invading the Carpathian Basin.
666:, also joined with the Hungarians in the 860s or 870s. Spinei says that the memory of their arrival was preserved by Anonymus, who mentions "the seven dukes of the
546:
to lead the
Hungarian tribes to represent the khagan's interests. Although Levedi refused the khagan's offer, he proposed one of his peers, Álmos or Álmos's son
756:, the Hungarians invaded the Carpathian Basin under Álmos, who "appointed his son, Árpád, as leader and master" of the Hungarian tribal federation at Ungvár (
472:
and his birth was predicted in a dream, so he was called Álmos. Or he is thus called Álmos, that is holy, because holy kings and dukes were born of his line.
1367:"The Secret History of the Mongols based (An Adaptation of the Yuan Ch'ao Pi Shih, Based Primarily on the English Translation by Francis Woodman Cleaves)"
714:
704:
574:
272:
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612:, be made prince, and be obedient to your word." That chagan was pleased at this saying, and gave some of his men to go with him, and sent them to the
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Linguist Bela Kalman wrote that: "The name Álmos, however, is not of Turkic origin, but the Hungarian secondary formation of the Hungarian word of
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to lead the Hungarians; other children of Álmos were excluded. András Róna-Tas says that Constantine Porphyrogenitus preserved the memory of a
379:, may have been invented by Anonymus. On the other hand, Anonymous referred to Álmos's wife as "The daughter of a certain most noble prince of
3527:
2745:
2707:
2598:
2542:
2159:
2551:(Greek text edited by Gyula Moravcsik, English translation by Romillyi J. H. Jenkins) (1967). Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies.
2533:(Edited, Translated and Annotated by Martyn Rady and László Veszprémy) (2010). In: Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, László; Bak, János M. (2010);
261:'s suzerainty in the first decade of his reign, but the Hungarians acted independently of the Khazars from around 860. The 14th-century
72:
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in the traditions and symbolism of the steppe people, and are not exclusive or originary of any specific ethnic group living therein.
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Gyula Kristó and many other historians refute Porphyrogenitus's report of the omission of Álmos in favor of his son, saying that the
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228:(c. 820 – c. 895), was—according to the uniform account of Hungarian chronicles—the first head of the "loose federation" of the
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383:." The name of Álmos's father is uncertain because the Hungarian chronicles preserved it in two variants. Anonymus states that
749:. The Hungarians were forced to leave the Pontic steppes and to cross the Carpathians in search of a new homeland around 895.
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581:'s and other Muslim authors' books—mentions the existence of these two high offices among the Hungarians. He describes the
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573:, who had his own son Árpád elected as sacred ruler in his opponent's place. A late-9th-century Central Asian scholar,
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1982:
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597:: "We have invited you upon this account, in order that, since you are noble and wise and valorous and first among the
251:
2593:(Translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor) (1953). Medieval Academy of America.
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Köpeczi, Béla; Makkai, László; Mócsy, András; Kiralý, Béla K.; Kovrig, Bennett; Szász, Zoltán; Barta, Gábor (2001).
1725:
Köpeczi, Béla; Makkai, László; Mócsy, András; Kiralý, Béla K.; Kovrig, Bennett; Szász, Zoltán; Barta, Gábor (2001).
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though considered essentially reliable in its core by Western scholars, is often confusing and filled with legends.
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kindred". He also wrote that Attila the Hun carried a banner which bore "the image of the bird the Hungarians call
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says that this fortress had been named after Álmos, but this theory has not been widely accepted by historians.
375:, a daughter of "Prince Eunedubelian". Kristó wrote that her name, containing the old Hungarian word for mother
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2721:. Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies) and Museum of Brăila Istros Publishing House.
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The majority of the Hungarian tribe names were of Turkic origin and signified, in many cases, a certain rank.
456:, who, as we said above, being of the family of King Magog became a long time later the most noble prince of
3199:
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2565:(Edited and translated by László Veszprémy and Frank Schaer with a study by Jenő Szűcs) (1999). CEU Press.
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The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth century
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304:— who wrote his "historical romance" around 1200 or 1210 — stated that Álmos descended "from the line" of
2151:
History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: The So-called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia
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Romanians and Hungarians from the 9th to the 14th Century The Genesis of the Transylvanian Medieval State
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658:'s realm in 862. Three tribes seceding from the Khazar Khaganate, together known by Porphyrogenitus as
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were occasionally hired by neighboring powers to intervene in their wars. For instance, they invaded
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The Great Migrations in the East and South East of Europe from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Century
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328:. A bird has an important role in the legend about Álmos's birth, which was preserved by both the
166:
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Chronica de Gestis Hungarorum (Edited by Dezső Dercsényi) (1970). Corvina, Taplinger Publishing.
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as their military commander. Historians still debate which of the two offices was held by Álmos.
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to leave their dwelling places near the Khazar Khaganate and to settle in a new territory called
502:
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reminded the Western European and Byzantine scholars of earlier historians' descriptions of the
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wrote that this story initially narrated the origin of Álmos's family from a totemic ancestor.
346:'s mother-in-law had a dream that a white falcon ("holding the Sun and the Moon its claws"—the
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Piroska and the Pantokrator Dynastic Memory, Healing and Salvation in Komnenian Constantinople
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Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History
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677:', ending with the victory of the Hungarians, who were commanded by Álmos. The Russian
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Anonymus makes a connection between the name of Álmos and the Hungarian word for dream
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In Search of a New Homeland: The Prehistory of the Hungarian People and the Conquest
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or Huns, which gave rise to their identification with those peoples. For instance,
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refers to a "Hungarian hill" at Kiev in connection with the town's occupation by
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764:). Thereafter Anonymous does not mention Álmos. In a contrasting report, the
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Holy Rulers and Blessed Princesses Dynastic Cults in Medieval Central Europe
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Historians András Róna-Tas, and Victor Spinei argued that his name is of
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Women Out of Place The Gender of Agency and the Race of Nationality
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Women Out of Place The Gender of Agency and the Race of Nationality
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528:(heads of the Hungarian tribes) after they had been forced by the
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The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526
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1690:. Molnar & Kelemen Oriental Publishers. 2000. p. 101.
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Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians
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Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians
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Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians
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Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians
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Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians
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Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians
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Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians
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Transylvania in the medieval Hungarian kingdom (896-1526)
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Transylvania in the medieval Hungarian kingdom (896-1526)
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The Hungarians who lived in the westernmost parts of the
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in 882. The same chronicle mentions "a castle of Ol'ma"
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Anonymus writes of a war between the Hungarians and the
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In a sharply contrasting narrative from around 950, the
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root, from *adema ("sleeping, dream"). Cognates include
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The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary
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670:" who "subjected themselves to Prince Álmos" at Kiev.
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Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio
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Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio
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Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio
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in 892. Their intervention in a conflict between the
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The Hungarians A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat
615:, and after they had talked the matter over with the
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The World of Names A Study in Hungarian Onomatology
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listed the Hungarians among the "Scythian nations".
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445:origin álom, meaning that which is dreamt about."
2635:A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival
2071:Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians
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648:in Central Europe were recorded thereafter. The
538:. The khagan was planning to appoint one of the
298:An anonymous notary during the reign of Béla III
2702:. Translated by Bodoczky, Nicholas. CEU Press.
591:
496:, was freely elected by the heads of the seven
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2591:The Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text
27:For the later duke and prince of Croatia, see
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452:In the 819th year of Our Lord's incarnation,
250:is subject to scholarly debate. According to
242:) of the Hungarians or their military leader
8:
1777:Pop, Ioan Aurel; Csorvási, Veronica (1996).
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2563:Simon of Kéza: The Deeds of the Hungarians
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1312:Simon of Kéza: The Deeds of the Hungarians
1300:Simon of Kéza: The Deeds of the Hungarians
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705:Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin
464:the daughter of Duke Eunedubelian, called
273:Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin
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1437:, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. p. 10
577:—whose works were partially preserved in
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585:as the Hungarians' sacred ruler and the
367:, Álmos was born to the Scythian leader
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741:caused a joint counter-invasion by the
606:; let one of these, rather, either that
2683:] (in Hungarian). I.P.C. Könyvek.
2656:Hungarian History in the Ninth Century
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1978:Dictionary of World Biography Volume 2
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1524:Hungarian History in the Ninth Century
1469:. Szegedi Középkorász Muhely. p. 78-79
1467:Hungarian History in the Ninth Century
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1844:Kalman, Bela; Virágos, Zsolt (1978).
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3501:Debatable or disputed rulers are in
2675:Kristó, Gyula; Makk, Ferenc (1996).
2577:The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle:
1750:Gy Ránki, György Ránki, ed. (1984).
232:from around 850. Whether he was the
2445:The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle
1526:. Szegedi Középkorász Muhely. p. 79
1341:The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle
387:was his name, but the 14th-century
308:. A late-13th-century chronicler,
25:
2633:Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (1995).
2045:Central European University Press
768:says that Álmos "could not enter
432:influences absorbed by Hungarians
339:The Secret History of the Mongols
267:narrates that he was murdered in
3151:
1954:. Anton N. Nyerges. p. 73.
1875:Brackette Williams, ed. (2013).
1756:. Akadémiai K VIII. p. 10.
1753:Hungarian History--world History
1568:Brackette Williams, ed. (2013).
43:Kende or gyula of the Hungarians
1975:Northern Magill, Frank (1998).
517:Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus
312:, wrote that Álmos was "of the
3533:9th-century monarchs in Europe
2820:Grand Prince of the Hungarians
2660:. Szegedi Középkorász Műhely.
654:mentions their incursion into
89:Grand Prince of the Hungarians
1:
2077:. Translated by Rady, Martyn.
1951:Gyula Juhasz The Beard Sunner
1789:Centrul de Studii Transilvane
3528:9th-century Hungarian people
2681:Rulers of the House of Árpád
2148:Henry Hoyle Howorth (2008).
1916:Epics of the Hungarian Plain
624:should be prince rather than
356:Historians Gyula Kristó and
1983:Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers
1411:Contents - Mythical falcons
691:standing on the same hill.
635:Constantine Porphyrogenitus
434:after several centuries of
252:Constantine Porphyrogenitus
3579:
3452:House of Habsburg-Lorraine
3149:
2618:. I.B. Tauris Publishers.
2154:. Cosimo, Inc. p. 3.
1948:Nyerges, Anton N. (1980).
1611:Princeton University Press
1501:. Corvina Kiadó. pp. 37-38
1116:, the Magyars who invaded
702:
282:
33:
26:
3499:
2875:
2826:
2817:
2808:
2803:
2776:
2698:Róna-Tas, András (1999).
2535:Anonymus and Master Roger
2354:Russian Primary Chronicle
2037:Klaniczay, Gábor (2002).
2006:Klaniczay, Gábor (2002).
1785:Fundația Culturală Română
1007:
1005:
952:
950:
899:
897:
866:
842:
840:
832:
830:
603:, and he has a son called
565:organized against Levedi
70:
53:
3558:Magyar tribal chieftains
2740:. Koninklijke Brill NV.
1558:(ch. 3), pp. 12–13.
640:De Administrando Imperio
271:at the beginning of the
34:Not to be confused with
3200:Capetian House of Anjou
2736:Spinei, Victor (2009).
2717:Spinei, Victor (2003).
2356:(years 880-882), p. 61.
2068:Anonymus. "Chapter 3".
1536:Anonymus. "chapter 3".
1447:The Annals of St-Bertin
575:Abu Abdallah al-Jayhani
3222:(1382–1385; 1386–1395)
3008:(1038–1041; 1044–1046)
2677:Az Árpád-ház uralkodói
2652:Kristó, Gyula (1996).
2637:. Palgrave Macmillan.
2498:Kristó & Makk 1996
2433:Kristó & Makk 1996
2233:Kristó & Makk 1996
2136:Kristó & Makk 1996
2105:Kristó & Makk 1996
2088:Kristó & Makk 1996
1647:Llewellyn Publications
1603:Lendvai, Paul (2021).
1522:Kristó, Gyula (1996).
1497:Fodor, István (1975).
1465:Kristó, Gyula (1996).
1353:Kristó & Makk 1996
1329:Kristó & Makk 1996
1225:Kristó & Makk 1996
735:First Bulgarian Empire
731:Arnulf of East Francia
718:
645:
506:
485:
342:, it is reported that
77:Álmos depicted in the
2824:c. 850 – c. 895
2500:, p. Appendix 1.
1913:Arany, Janos (2016).
1639:Sheard, K.M. (2011).
1511:The Taktika of Leo VI
778:Illuminated Chronicle
776:to the report by the
766:Illuminated Chronicle
715:Hungarian land-taking
712:
703:Further information:
389:Illuminated Chronicle
334:Illuminated Chronicle
320:", probably either a
283:Further information:
264:Illuminated Chronicle
80:Illuminated Chronicle
3523:Hungarian prehistory
3181:House of Wittelsbach
1925:Contents - Section 3
1883:Taylor & Francis
1576:Taylor & Francis
1113:Annals of St. Bertin
651:Annals of St. Bertin
492:Álmos, according to
98:c. 850 – c. 895
3237:House of Luxembourg
2869:Monarchs of Hungary
2614:Engel, Pál (2001).
1485:(year 889), p. 202.
1433:Engel, Pál (2001).
3543:Hungarian monarchs
3319:House of Jagiellon
3281:House of Jagiellon
2483:, note 9 on p. 15.
2247:, p. 104-105.
1887:Contents - Part II
1687:Shaman Volumes 8-9
1580:Contents - Part II
1449:(year 862), p. 102
1314:(ch. 1.10), p. 43.
1302:(ch. 2.27), p. 81.
1057:Hungarian monarchs
719:
594:The chagan said to
470:Hungarian language
460:, took to wife in
254:, he accepted the
201:Hungarian paganism
3510:
3509:
3417:
3369:House of Habsburg
3256:House of Habsburg
3147:
3146:
3090:
3082:
2836:
2835:
2827:Succeeded by
2764:Marek, Miroslav.
2747:978-90-04-17536-5
2709:978-963-9116-48-1
2607:Secondary sources
2599:978-0-915651-32-0
2543:978-963-9776-95-1
2404:, pp. 52–55.
2392:, pp. 39–40.
2380:, pp. 51–52.
2288:(ch. 40), p. 175.
2259:(ch. 38), p. 173.
2161:978-1-60520-134-4
2119:(ch. 38), p. 171.
1483:of Regino of Prüm
1374:North Point Press
1355:, pp. 10–11.
1110:According to the
1078:
1077:
752:According to the
729:in alliance with
680:Primary Chronicle
514:Byzantine Emperor
412:Proto-Finno-Ugric
363:According to the
217:[ˈaːlmoʃ]
206:
205:
18:High Prince Álmos
16:(Redirected from
3570:
3412:
3344:House of Zápolya
3300:House of Hunyadi
3162:House of Přemysl
3155:
3085:
3077:
2891:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2839:
2809:Preceded by
2799:
2792:
2774:
2769:
2751:
2732:
2713:
2694:
2671:
2659:
2648:
2629:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2447:(ch. 28), p. 98.
2442:
2436:
2430:
2417:
2416:(ch. 13), p. 37.
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2330:
2324:
2313:
2312:(ch. 10), p. 29.
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2213:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1921:Publio Kiadó Kft
1910:
1904:
1903:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1820:
1815:
1806:
1805:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1661:
1660:
1636:
1625:
1624:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1539:Gesta Hungarorum
1533:
1527:
1520:
1514:
1513:(18.41), p. 453.
1508:
1502:
1495:
1486:
1476:
1470:
1463:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1397:Macdonald, Helen
1393:
1378:
1377:
1371:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1343:(ch. 25), p. 98.
1338:
1332:
1326:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1274:
1268:
1245:
1239:
1228:
1222:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1134:
1108:
792:
791:
774:Gesta Hungarorum
754:Gesta Hungarorum
739:Byzantine Empire
693:George Vernadsky
685:Oleg of Novgorod
656:Louis the German
643:
553:
498:Hungarian tribes
494:Gesta Hungarorum
483:
480:Gesta Hungarorum
365:Gesta Hungarorum
330:Gesta Hungarorum
302:Gesta Hungarorum
300:, author of the
230:Hungarian tribes
219:
214:
139:c. 895 (aged 75)
75:
46:
21:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3563:Human sacrifice
3513:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3495:
3446:
3363:
3338:
3313:
3294:
3275:
3250:
3231:
3194:
3175:
3156:
3143:
2988:
2880:
2871:
2866:
2832:
2823:
2815:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2768:. Genealogy.EU.
2763:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2735:
2729:
2716:
2710:
2697:
2691:
2674:
2668:
2651:
2645:
2632:
2626:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2526:
2524:Primary sources
2521:
2516:
2512:(ch. 4), p. 15.
2508:
2504:
2496:
2487:
2479:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2431:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2390:Kirschbaum 1995
2388:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2366:Kirschbaum 1995
2364:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2333:
2325:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2296:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2243:
2239:
2231:
2216:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2047:. p. 146.
2036:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2016:. p. 435.
2005:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1852:Akadémiai Kiadó
1843:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1799:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1638:
1637:
1628:
1621:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1496:
1489:
1477:
1473:
1464:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1395:
1394:
1381:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1277:
1269:
1248:
1244:(ch. 5), p. 17.
1240:
1231:
1223:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1188:Kirschbaum 1995
1186:
1182:
1176:Kirschbaum 1995
1174:
1170:
1162:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1083:
786:
707:
701:
689:(Олъминъ дворъ)
644:
633:
551:
490:
484:
476:
295:
281:
212:
140:
83:
44:
39:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3576:
3574:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3538:House of Árpád
3535:
3530:
3525:
3515:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3487:
3484:Francis Joseph
3481:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3456:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3373:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3358:John Sigismund
3355:
3348:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3330:
3323:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3304:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3285:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3267:
3260:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
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3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3204:
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3193:
3192:
3185:
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3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3166:
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3158:
3157:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3083:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2980:
2970:
2956:
2942:
2926:
2912:
2897:
2895:
2888:
2886:House of Árpád
2882:
2881:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2842:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2825:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2804:Regnal titles
2801:
2800:
2783:House of Árpád
2780:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2760:
2758:
2757:External links
2755:
2753:
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2459:, p. 344.
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2300:, p. 148.
2290:
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2029:
2022:
2014:Reaktion Books
1998:
1991:
1985:. p. 86.
1967:
1960:
1940:
1933:
1905:
1895:
1867:
1860:
1854:. p. 36.
1836:
1834:, p. 166.
1821:
1807:
1797:
1791:. p. 62.
1769:
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1742:
1735:
1717:
1715:, p. 353.
1705:
1703:, p. 227.
1693:
1677:
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1662:
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1649:. p. 49.
1626:
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1613:. p. 16.
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1407:Reaktion Books
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723:Pontic steppes
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621:preferred that
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418:омо (omo) and
306:Attila the Hun
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3407:Ferdinand III
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3327:Vladislaus II
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3108:Ladislaus III
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2995:
2991:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:Grand Princes
2892:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2858:
2856:
2851:
2849:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2831:
2822:
2821:
2813:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2790:
2785:
2784:
2775:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2749:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2728:973-85894-5-2
2724:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2690:963-7930-97-3
2686:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2667:1-4039-6929-9
2663:
2658:
2657:
2650:
2646:
2644:963-482-113-8
2640:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2625:1-86064-061-3
2621:
2617:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2585:0-8008-4015-1
2582:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2571:963-9116-31-9
2568:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2557:0-88402-021-5
2554:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2537:; CEU Press;
2536:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2511:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2474:
2471:, p. 72.
2470:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2457:Róna-Tas 1999
2453:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2438:
2435:, p. 15.
2434:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2371:
2368:, p. 29.
2367:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2347:
2344:, p. 42.
2343:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2329:, p. 51.
2328:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2238:
2235:, p. 14.
2234:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2210:Róna-Tas 1999
2206:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2175:
2163:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2144:
2141:
2138:, p. 13.
2137:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2107:, p. 12.
2106:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2090:, p. 11.
2089:
2084:
2081:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2061:
2056:
2054:9789633862971
2050:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2033:
2030:
2025:
2023:9780521420181
2019:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1992:9781579580414
1988:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1961:9780960095407
1957:
1953:
1952:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1934:9789633810286
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1896:9781135234836
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1861:9789630513999
1857:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1798:9789735770372
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1763:9789630539975
1759:
1755:
1754:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1701:Róna-Tas 1999
1697:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1656:9780738723686
1652:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1620:9780691200279
1616:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1599:
1596:
1591:
1589:9781135234836
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1541:
1540:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1420:9781780236896
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1334:
1331:, p. 10.
1330:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1293:
1290:, p. 54.
1289:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1273:, p. 19.
1272:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1202:, p. 59.
1201:
1200:Róna-Tas 1999
1196:
1193:
1190:, p. 38.
1189:
1184:
1181:
1178:, p. 40.
1177:
1172:
1169:
1166:, p. 33.
1165:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1121:However, the
1119:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1104:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1087:Árpád dynasty
1085:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1058:
1040:
1038:
988:
986:
977:
959:
957:
933:
931:
906:
904:
880:
877:
875:
874:
871:
863:
849:
847:
817:
815:
807:
793:
790:
783:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
716:
711:
706:
698:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
681:
676:
671:
669:
665:
663:
657:
653:
652:
642:
641:
636:
630:
629:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
559:
554:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:
531:
527:
525:
518:
515:
510:
508:
504:
499:
495:
487:
482:
481:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
449:
446:
444:
439:
437:
433:
428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
359:
358:Victor Spinei
354:
351:
350:
345:
341:
340:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
310:Simon of Kéza
307:
303:
299:
294:
290:
286:
278:
276:
274:
270:
266:
265:
260:
257:
253:
249:
247:
241:
240:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
210:
202:
199:
195:
192:
189:
185:
182:
178:
175:
171:
168:
165:
163:
159:
156:
153:
151:
147:
143:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
119:
116:
112:
108:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:
86:
82:
81:
74:
69:
66:
65:
61:
57:
52:
47:
41:
37:
30:
19:
3502:
3414:Ferdinand IV
3409:(1637–1657)
3401:Ferdinand II
3289:Vladislaus I
3132:Ladislaus IV
3079:Ladislaus II
3074:(1162–1172)
2976:
2966:
2962:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2818:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2737:
2718:
2699:
2680:
2676:
2655:
2634:
2615:
2590:
2576:
2562:
2548:
2534:
2530:
2509:
2505:
2480:
2476:
2464:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2413:
2409:
2397:
2385:
2373:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2309:
2305:
2293:
2285:
2281:
2256:
2252:
2240:
2183:
2177:
2165:. Retrieved
2150:
2143:
2116:
2112:
2083:
2070:
2063:
2039:
2032:
2008:
2001:
1977:
1970:
1950:
1943:
1915:
1908:
1900:
1877:
1870:
1846:
1839:
1802:
1779:
1772:
1752:
1745:
1726:
1720:
1708:
1696:
1686:
1680:
1641:
1605:
1598:
1570:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1538:
1531:
1523:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1446:
1442:
1434:
1429:
1401:
1365:Kahn, Paul.
1360:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1241:
1227:, p. 9.
1195:
1183:
1171:
1131:Leo the Wise
1123:Magyar raids
1118:East Francia
1111:
1106:
812:Eunedubelian
787:
777:
773:
765:
753:
751:
720:
688:
678:
672:
659:
649:
646:
638:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
592:
586:
582:
570:
566:
562:
557:
555:
539:
533:
521:
511:
507:vérszerződés
493:
491:
478:
451:
447:
440:
436:cohabitation
424:
416:Eastern Mari
403:
401:
396:
388:
376:
364:
362:
355:
347:
344:Genghis Khan
337:
333:
329:
317:
301:
296:
275:around 895.
269:Transylvania
262:
243:
237:
234:sacred ruler
225:
221:
208:
207:
142:Transylvania
78:
54:
40:
29:Prince Álmos
3553:890s deaths
3548:820s births
3492:(1916–1918)
3486:(1848–1916)
3480:(1835–1848)
3478:Ferdinand V
3474:(1792–1835)
3468:(1790–1792)
3462:(1780–1790)
3443:(1740–1780)
3437:(1711–1740)
3435:Charles III
3431:(1705–1711)
3425:(1657–1705)
3416:(1647–1654)
3403:(1619–1637)
3397:(1608–1619)
3395:Matthias II
3391:(1576–1608)
3385:(1564–1576)
3379:(1526–1564)
3377:Ferdinand I
3360:(1540–1570)
3354:(1526–1540)
3335:(1516–1526)
3329:(1490–1516)
3310:(1458–1490)
3291:(1440–1444)
3272:(1440–1457)
3270:Ladislaus V
3266:(1437–1439)
3247:(1387–1437)
3228:(1385–1386)
3216:(1342–1382)
3210:(1308–1342)
3191:(1305–1307)
3172:(1301–1305)
3140:(1290–1301)
3134:(1272–1290)
3128:(1270–1272)
3122:(1235–1270)
3116:(1205–1235)
3110:(1204–1205)
3104:(1196–1204)
3098:(1172–1196)
3089:(1163–1165)
3081:(1162–1163)
3072:Stephen III
3068:(1141–1162)
3062:(1131–1141)
3056:(1116–1131)
3050:(1095–1116)
3044:(1077–1095)
3042:Ladislaus I
3038:(1074–1077)
3032:(1063–1074)
3026:(1060–1063)
3020:(1046–1060)
3014:(1041–1044)
3002:(1000–1038)
2878:Family tree
2469:Spinei 2009
2402:Spinei 2003
2378:Spinei 2003
2342:Spinei 2003
2327:Spinei 2003
2298:Kristó 1996
2274:Kristó 1996
2245:Kristó 1996
1832:Kristó 1996
1713:Spinei 2009
1673:Kristó 1996
1288:Spinei 2003
1164:Spinei 2003
1092:Sacred king
563:coup d'état
443:Finno-Ugric
103:Predecessor
3517:Categories
3490:Charles IV
3466:Leopold II
3383:Maximilian
3308:Matthias I
3226:Charles II
3170:Wenceslaus
3138:Andrew III
3087:Stephen IV
3054:Stephen II
2985:(997–1000)
2979:. 972–997)
2519:References
2193:0880334797
1923:. p.
1885:. p.
1736:0880334797
1578:. p.
1481:Chronicle
1409:. p.
1271:Engel 2001
675:Kievan Rus
609:or his son
477:Anonymus:
462:Dentumoger
391:says that
213:Hungarian:
64:Hungarians
3460:Joseph II
3423:Leopold I
3245:Sigismund
3208:Charles I
3126:Stephen V
3114:Andrew II
3000:Stephen I
1141:Footnotes
1127:Scythians
747:Pechenegs
579:Ibn Rusta
569:by Álmos
530:Pechenegs
503:Hungarian
322:gyrfalcon
144:(debated)
114:Successor
3429:Joseph I
3333:Louis II
3096:Béla III
3018:Andrew I
1399:(2016).
1081:See also
864:or Ügyek
770:Pannonia
758:Uzhhorod
737:and the
632:—
540:voivodes
524:voivodes
475:—
332:and the
279:Ancestry
220:), also
197:Religion
3503:italics
3472:Francis
3389:Rudolph
3214:Louis I
3120:Béla IV
3066:Géza II
3060:Béla II
3048:Coloman
3030:Solomon
2983:Stephen
2959:Taksony
2766:"Arpad"
2167:15 June
762:Ukraine
743:Bulgars
727:Moravia
662:Kabaroi
628:shield.
535:Etelköz
458:Scythia
381:Scythia
62:of the
3264:Albert
3102:Emeric
3036:Géza I
3024:Béla I
3012:Samuel
2969:. 972)
2965:. 955–
2955:. 955)
2951:. 947–
2941:. 947)
2937:. 907–
2930:Zoltán
2925:. 907)
2921:. 895–
2911:. 895)
2907:. 850–
2812:Levedi
2798:c. 895
2794:
2791:c. 820
2778:Álmos
2744:
2725:
2706:
2687:
2664:
2641:
2622:
2597:
2583:
2569:
2555:
2541:
2190:
2158:
2051:
2020:
1989:
1958:
1931:
1893:
1858:
1795:
1760:
1733:
1653:
1617:
1586:
1417:
1402:Falcon
784:Family
668:Cumans
544:Levedi
542:named
427:Turkic
404:(álom)
291:, and
259:khagan
256:Khazar
187:Mother
173:Father
131:c. 820
107:Levedi
3220:Maria
3006:Peter
2993:Kings
2945:Fajsz
2915:Árpád
2901:Álmos
2830:Árpád
2796:Died:
2789:Born:
2679:[
2075:(PDF)
1543:(PDF)
1370:(PDF)
1098:Notes
976:Árpád
922:Álmos
870:Emese
806:Ügyek
713:The "
699:Death
618:, the
587:gyula
583:kende
571:gyula
567:kende
558:turul
548:Árpád
488:Reign
466:Emese
454:Ügyek
420:Mansi
385:Ügyek
373:Emese
369:Ügyek
349:Turul
324:or a
318:turul
314:Turul
293:Ügyek
289:Emese
246:gyula
239:kende
226:Almus
222:Almos
209:Álmos
191:Emese
177:Ügyek
167:Turul
162:House
155:Árpád
150:Issue
118:Árpád
95:Reign
60:gyula
56:Kende
49:Álmos
36:Almış
3352:John
3189:Otto
2973:Géza
2742:ISBN
2723:ISBN
2704:ISBN
2685:ISBN
2662:ISBN
2639:ISBN
2620:ISBN
2595:ISBN
2581:ISBN
2567:ISBN
2553:ISBN
2539:ISBN
2188:ISBN
2169:2013
2156:ISBN
2049:ISBN
2018:ISBN
1987:ISBN
1956:ISBN
1929:ISBN
1891:ISBN
1856:ISBN
1793:ISBN
1758:ISBN
1731:ISBN
1651:ISBN
1615:ISBN
1584:ISBN
1415:ISBN
862:Előd
745:and
410:has
408:álom
393:Előd
377:(em)
371:and
326:hawk
285:Előd
181:Előd
136:Died
128:Born
2814:(?)
1479:The
397:ügy
224:or
179:or
109:(?)
58:or
3519::
2488:^
2421:^
2334:^
2317:^
2264:^
2217:^
2202:^
2124:^
2095:^
2043:.
2012:.
1981:.
1927:.
1919:.
1899:.
1889:.
1881:.
1850:.
1824:^
1810:^
1801:.
1787:;
1783:.
1665:^
1645:.
1629:^
1609:.
1582:.
1574:.
1490:^
1454:^
1413:.
1405:.
1382:^
1372:.
1319:^
1278:^
1249:^
1232:^
1207:^
1148:^
760:,
637::
505::
287:,
3505:.
2977:c
2975:(
2967:c
2963:c
2961:(
2953:c
2949:c
2947:(
2939:c
2935:c
2933:(
2923:c
2919:c
2917:(
2909:c
2905:c
2903:(
2861:e
2854:t
2847:v
2750:.
2731:.
2712:.
2693:.
2670:.
2647:.
2628:.
2601:.
2587:.
2573:.
2559:.
2545:.
2196:.
2171:.
2057:.
2026:.
1995:.
1964:.
1937:.
1864:.
1766:.
1739:.
1659:.
1623:.
1592:.
1545:.
1423:.
1376:.
717:"
664:"
660:"
526:"
522:"
248:)
244:(
236:(
211:(
38:.
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
