527:, Károly Szabó, Henrik Marczali and Gyula Pauler) argued that Constantine VII and his court were informed about the Hungarians by Khazar (and possibly Pecheneg) envoys, thus its narration is not reliable regarding Levedi's state of dependence to the Khazars. István Kapitánffy considered that information from roughly contemporary Byzantine envoys was also incorporated into the material about the Hungarians, but Kristó refused this theory. As a result of the research of linguists (e.g. Zoltán Gombocz, Jenő Darkó, Géza Fehér), the 20th-century Hungarian historiography, instead of the previous decades, extended the westward migration of Hungarians to centuries starting from the Volga river. They also claimed that Constantine's information about the Hungarians was originated from the narrations of envoys Bulcsú and Termacsu around 948, overshadowing the text showing exaggerated Khazar influence. In their 2022 monograph, Ádám Bollók and János B. Szabó returned to the 19th-century mainstream. Accordingly, the Hungarians arrived to Levedia only around the 840s or 850s. "Levedia" laid northeast or northwest of the Khazar Empire. The khagan made an attempt to integrate the Hungarians into their federal system. Levedi was accepted as their client and was integrated into their political structure due to his marriage with the Khazar lady. As a result of an invasion, the Hungarians lived in the territory of the Khazars for three years. Under the pressure of the Pechenegs, the Hungarians moved into Etelköz in the 860s or 870s. According to the two historians, Levedi proposed Álmos or Árpád in the court of the khagan, because their family had greater internal legitimacy, and Álmos was elected by the Hungarians themselves. Based on the conflicting reports within the
504:, the Hungarians' status under Khazar rule and their living space in Levedia really only lasted three years, occurred in the 840s. They fled to Etelköz after a Pecheneg attack up to 850. Gyula Pauler then Gyula Németh considered Levedi ruled over the Hungarians for 50–60 years and his resignation took place only around 889, shortly before the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin (895). Károly Czeglédy claimed Levedi allied with the Khazars from 886 to 889 and they fought each other against the Pechenegs. After their defeat, the Hungarians fled to Etelköz. Levedi wanted to avoid the fate of sacrifice after the military failure, thus resigned from his position in favor of Álmos. György Györffy considered that Levedi, as
512:
clearly at a lower level in terms of social status than the khagan, and cannot be considered the head of all
Hungarians. The marriage was clearly initiated by the Khazars. Sándor László Tóth argued the khagan wanted to ensure Levedi's loyalty and the formation of a pro-Khazar Hungarian ruling dynasty with this step. However, the marriage remained childless. Citing steppe nomadic parallels, Sudár considered that perhaps Levedi had no intention of founding a "joint" dynasty with the Khazars, so he could have consciously kept away from having children from his wife. Regarding the second part of the narration, Tóth emphasized that Levedi appears as a subordinate party when the Khazars call him to negotiate to
1590:
is Turkic; pastoral terms are most Turkic in origin, and agricultural terms are 50% r-Turkic. Many
Hungarian names, and also animal and plant names, are of Turkic origin, and tribal names were no exception. Indeed, the majority of tribe names were of Turkic origin. Through the 18th and into the 19th centuries it was debated whether to classify the Hungarian language as Turkic. The historical social structure of the Hungarians itself was of Turkic origin. Likewise, Slavic language also had an influence on Hungarian. In spite of all this, the Magyars are not a Turkic nor a Slavic people.
384:
445:
century. According to him, Constantine placed Árpád as his contemporary because the former's descendants, who informed the emperor, already consciously wanted to magnify the role of their ancestor in the organization of the state. Thus the
Hungarian informants delibaretly misled the emperor and his Byzantine court. Dezső Dümmerth even claimed that Levedi lived in the 7th century. He argued that Constantine obtained the information from a Hungarian legation led by
425:, attributing the system of dual-monarchy to the political situation in Levédia then Etelköz by both historians. Regarding Levedi's resignation from power, Györffy did not consider it plausible that Levedi would voluntarily raise the head of another tribe (Álmos) to power. According to Iván Uhrman, the emperor misunderstood the communication and Levedi only emphasized that Álmos was more suitable for the position due to his fertility. Györffy claimed that
500:) of the Hungarians by the Khazars. Under his leadership, the Hungarians lived in Levedia until around 850, when they were defeated by the Kangars (or Pechenegs). Shortly after they moved to Etelköz. Levedi was summoned before the khagan in order to appoint him a prince but he refused this in favor of Álmos or Árpád. He was succeeded by Álmos in the 850s. Ferenc Makk and Loránd Benkő shared this viewpoint. According to
315:). He then says that the Hungarians (who Constantine erroneously calls Turks throughout) split into two parts: one went to Persia (Περσία) and the other, together with their chieftain Levedi, settled westward. The Khazar khan sent a message to the Hungarians. He required that Levedi be sent to him. Levedi accepted and went to the khan. He asked the chagan why he sent for him, and the latter replied:
321:"Your regard and purpose for me I highly esteem and express to you suitable thanks, but since I am not strong enough for this rule, I cannot obey you; on the other hand, however, there is a voivode other than me, called , and he has a son called ; let one of these, rather, either that or his son , be made prince, and be obedient to your word."
42:
324:
prince. Years later, the
Perchenegs fell on the Hungarians, and drove them out with their prince Árpád. In turn, the Hungarians drove out the inhabitants of great Moravia and settled in their land. Up to the time when Constantine is writing, he says, they weren't attacked again by their enemies the Perchenegs anymore.
1589:
Regardless of its origin, scholars have warned against taking a name's etymology as automatically showing the bearer's ethnicity. The
Hungarians cohabited for centuries with the Turkic people, who gave them a significant genetic, linguistic and cultural contribution. About 10% of Hungarian word roots
466:
of a monarchical organization destined for submission, who finally did not take his office. Realizing this contradiction, inguist Jenő Ungváry separated Levedi, the "first voivode" (i.e. the earliest) of the
Hungarians from that namesake chieftain, who was a contemporary of Álmos and Árpád. According
323:
The chagan was satisfied by the proposal, and sent him back with some of his men. After discussing the matter with his people, they together chose Árpád as their prince. They chose him because he was of superior parts, and greatly admired for his wisdom. They raised him on a shield and made him their
152:
and forced them to resettle in the land of the
Hungarians, whom they defeated and split in two, the Khazars picked Levedi, the "first among the Hungarians" and sought to make him the prince of the Hungarian tribes so that he "may be obedient to the word and command". Thus, according to Constantine,
495:
Representing the "real chronological concept", Gyula Kristó handled the 38th chapter as a single and coherent story. According to him, Levedi was born around 800. The
Hungarians moved from Bashkiria to Levedia around 830. Around that year, Levedi was given a Khazar lady to marriage and was appointed
293:
Levedi is said to be one of the voivode of one of the seven clans of
Hungarians, who lived together with the Khazars for a period of time. They are said to have fought in alliance with the Khazars in all their wars. Then, because of the courage of the Hungarians and their alliance, the chagan-prince
461:
also attributed Levedi's lifespan to the turn of the 7th and 8th centuries. György
Szabados highlighted the irreconcilable contrast between the two passages of text: at first, Levedi appears as a voivode, first among equals, in an aristocratic independent proto-state, which is an equal ally of the
340:
Regarding his person and his role, many theories have emerged in the Hungarian historiography of the last two hundred years. Antal Bartha considered Levedi a fictional, mythical figure. Tamás Hölbling claimed that Constantine invented his person (a "phantom-figure") from the place name of Levedia.
479:
territory). Taking into account the wording of the original Greek-language source, Ferenc Makk argued effectively against the theory. Szabados argued the Hungarians was not subjugated by the Khazars, but they were allies for only three years (several historians extended this period to centuries).
298:
the Khazars, as a separate entity, and fought valiantly with them, had shown the Khagan their people's illustriousness and courage, and he gave the first among them a princess to marry. However, Levedi had no children by her. The Percheng, said by Constantine to have been previously called Kangar
327:
Constantine notes that the Hungarians raised Árpád on the shield in the manner of the Khazars. Indeed, the historical social structure of the Hungarians was of Turkic origin. The Hungarian language is abundant in words of Turkic origin, and the Hungarians do have some Turkic genetic and cultural
511:
Balázs Sudár analyzed the political context of Levedi's marriage with the Khazar lady. He emphasized that – despite the unfounded claims of several historians – Constantine's work do not mention that the aforementioned lady was relative of the khagan nor the Khazar royal dynasty. So Levedi was
444:
According to István Zimonyi, the 38th chapter, which narrates Levedi's story, can be outlined according to two chronological concepts: a real (20–70 year interval) and a mythical (150–230 interval). Belonging to the latter, József Deér considered that Levedi lived in the second half of the 8th
262:
It has also been put forward that the land, Lebedi, did not derive its name from the chieftain, but the other way around. Thus, the voivode had gotten his name from the land. However, Kristó says that this would be in contrast with the source and the Hungarian practice of giving names.
299:(Κάγγαρ), after being defeated and displaced by the Khazars into the Hungarians' land, waged war against the Hungarians and, Constantine continues, the Hungarians were defeated and forced to leave their homeland (in fact, it was the Magyars' intervention in a conflict between the
160:
initiated the centralization of the command of the Hungarian tribes in order to strengthen his own suzerainty over them. Levedi, however, refused, because he wasn't "strong enough for this rule". Instead, Constantine claims, Levedi proposed another Hungarian voivode,
543:). Polgár argued the Byzantine work confused information regarding the earlier homeland and Etelköz. Levedia was not the whole state of the Magyars, but only the dwelling area of Levedi and his tribe, and the latter area existed at the same time as Etelköz.
371:
were attributed to Álmos, but his name was preserved in the form "Előd". In contrast, linguist Katalin Fehértói emphasized phonetic incompatibility between the names Levedi and Előd. Györffy claimed that Levedi's original name form was
531:, historian Szabolcs Polgár considered that there were two dwelling areas of Levedi, both were called "Levedia". The first was in the Volga region, and, after a move in the first half of the 9th century, the other was located in the
508:, headed the Hungarian tribes in the period between 870 and 893. Thereafter, he was succeeded by Kurszán – Levedi's son, according to Györffy – in this position. János Harmatta put Levedi's leadership into the 880s.
145:) of the Hungarians, who was also famous for his valor, was given a Khazar noble lady in marriage "so that she might have children by him". However, as it turned out, Levedi did not produce offspring with this lady.
317:"We have invited you upon this account, in order that, since you are noble and wise and valorous and first among the , we may appoint you prince of your nation, and you may be obedient to our word and our command."
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A MAGYAROK TÜRK MEGNEVEZÉSE BÍBORBANSZÜLETETT KONSTANTINOS DE ADMINISTRANDOIMPERIO CÍMÛ MUNKÁJÁBAN - Takács Zoltán Bálint, SAVARIAA VAS MEGYEI MÚZEUMOK ÉRTESÍTÕJE28 SZOMBATHELY, 2004, pp. 317–333
413:", i.e. supreme leader) known by name. Makk argued Levedi functioned as the paramount chieftain among the voivodes of the Hungarian tribes. Hóman claimed that Levedi (Előd) held the title of
332:. On the other hand, as expressed by Constantine, they lived among the Khazars, fighting in all their wars, and the first among them, Levedi, was given a Khazar noble lady in marriage.
1071:(Volume 1 of History of Transylvania ed.). New York: Social Science Monographs, University of Michigan, Columbia University Press, East European Monographs. pp. 415–416.
278:. Historian Dezső Paizs says that Levedi was the head of specifically the Megyer tribe (one of the seven ancestral Hungarian tribes), but his theory has not been widely accepted.
376:", which was then modified through Slavic adoption. Based on linguistic consideration, Sándor László Tóth raised the possibility of identity between Levedi and
368:
294:(Khazar khan) gave a noble Khazar lady (i.e. not a member of the Khan's family) in marriage to their first voivode Levedi. The Hungarians, who had lived
133:, because of the alliance and the courage shown by the Hungarian people in all the wars they fought with the Khazars, Levedi, the "first voivode" ("
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1896:
1861:
1840:
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1781:
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1682:
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1103:
787:
1612:(Greek text edited by Gyula Moravcsik, English translation by Romillyi J. H. Jenkins) (1967). Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies.
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the temporary settlements of Levedia and Etelköz. The former is called after Levedi, the first Hungarian chieftain to be mentioned by name.
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or the isad. Tóth considered the khagan sought to appoint a prince who depended on him and obeyed him as the head of the Hungarian tribes.
1098:. Corpus fontium historiae Byzantinae (New, revised ed.). Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. p. 65.
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as a Khazar-proxy ruler (the historian later modified this standpoint). Sándor László Tóth claimed that Levedi plausibly held the dignity
1167:
480:
Following Deér and Dümmerth, Szabados argued Levedi could have lived anytime from the 630s to the 830s. There are also arguments (e.g.
1886:
1757:(in Hungarian). Fontes et Libri. Tanulmányok / Studies, SZTE BTK Középkori és Kora Újkori Magyar Történeti Tanszék. pp. 165–177.
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The Great Migrations in the East and South East of Europe from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Century (Translated by Dana Badulescu)
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1774:
Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History (Translated by Nicholas Bodoczky)
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1658:(in Hungarian). BTK Magyar Őstörténeti Kutatócsoport, Források és tanulmányok 8., ELKH Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont.
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It is related that sometime earlier the Khazar ruler wanted to promote Levedi, a Hungarian chieftain to become the first
997:
700:
363:
1911:
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212:
1753:
Polgár, Szabolcs (2023). "Levedi két szálláshelye ". In Deák, Ágnes; Juhász, Krisztina; Marton, Gellért Ernő (eds.).
1067:
Köpeczi, Béla; Makkai, László; Mócsy, András; Kiralý, Béla K.; Kovrig, Bennett; Szász, Zoltán; Barta, Gábor (2001).
1001:
696:
402:
492:, due to a careless compilation, tells the same story twice, only relying on a different source of information.
481:
204:
129:
1016:
The majority of the Hungarian tribe names were of Turkic origin and signified, in many cases, a certain rank.
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300:
993:
Romanians and Hungarians from the 9th to the 14th Century The Genesis of the Transylvanian Medieval State
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Romanians and Hungarians from the 9th to the 14th Century The Genesis of the Transylvanian Medieval State
433:. Kristó said that Levedi functioned as "first voivode" initially, then he was promoted to the status of
764:
380:, Árpád's son, however Constantine's work contradicts this possibility where both persons are included.
1177:
446:
350:
516:, but his importance is reflected by the fact that the khagan himself received him, instead of the
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346:
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in the mid-9th century, while Álmos headed the Savard Hungarians (a group who moved across the
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Piroska and the Pantokrator Dynastic Memory, Healing and Salvation in Komnenian Constantinople
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367:. Géza Fehér argued, the later Hungarian chronicles Levedi's actions in connection with the
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304:
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224:
216:
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458:
235:, who refuses Pritsak's theory, says that Levedi's name is connected to the Hungarian verb
220:
125:
232:
862:
536:
454:
406:
329:
259:." A similar proper name (Lewedi) was recorded in a Hungarian charter, issued in 1138.
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110:
1875:
1730:
Makk, Ferenc (1999). "Levedi, a fővajda ". In Klaniczay, Gábor; Nagy, Balázs (eds.).
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275:
1635:
Central Europe in the High Middle Ages: Bohemia, Hungary and Poland, c. 900-c. 1300
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origin. When using that title, Porphyrogenitus always referred to the heads of the
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claimed that Levedi originated from an aristocratic family which had roots from
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240:
166:
1810:
Sudár, Balázs (2018). "A kazár menyasszony ". In Kincses, Katalin Mária (ed.).
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517:
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426:
32:
858:
Holy Rulers and Blessed Princesses Dynastic Cults in Medieval Central Europe
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149:
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Hadi és más nevezetes történetek. Tanulmányok Veszprémy László tiszteletére
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472:
393:
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around 950. According to one theory, the name is derived from the common
162:
63:
1738:
BTK Közép- és Koraújkori Egyetemes Történeti Tanszék. pp. 189–196.
1732:
A középkor szeretete. Történeti tanulmányok Sz. Jónás Ilona tiszteletére
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Khazar Empire, while the second chapter refers to him as the appointed
388:
354:
308:
267:
190:
118:
28:
1261:
409:. Gyula Kristó considered that Levedi is the first Hungarian prince ("
1814:(in Hungarian). HM Hadtörténeti Intézet és Múzeum. pp. 500–505.
748:
476:
239:("be"). Other scholars agree that the origin of the name is probably
157:
724:
Mekhon Ben-Tsevî shel yad Yitsh.ak. Ben-Tsevî (Yerûšālayim) (2007).
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and he was responsible for the tribal federation's foreign affairs.
1633:
Berend, Nora; Urbańczyk, Przemysław; Wiszewski, Przemysław (2013).
540:
415:
382:
181:
177:
41:
1031:
Marcantonio, Angela; Nummenaho, Pirjo; Salvagni, Michela (2001).
1694:
The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526
770:
Great Events from History: Ancient and Medieval Series: 951-1500
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1344:
1342:
1287:
1285:
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to Ungváry, Levedi (II) led the majority of Hungarians into
223:, Levedi's name―which was actually a title―derived from the
1095:
De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus
523:
Until the early 20th century, majority of historians (e.g.
1329:
1327:
1272:
1270:
1268:
790:, Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, 1967, p 171
1069:
Transylvania in the medieval Hungarian kingdom (896-1526)
623:
Hungarian Society in the 9th and 10th Centuries Volume 85
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944:
942:
917:
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913:
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was the son of Levedi, and both of them held the title
1610:
Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio
1455:
1453:
1302:
1300:
805:
Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio
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chieftain, the first known leader of the Hungarians.
788:
Constantine Porphyrogenitus de Administrando Imperio
672:
670:
78:
70:
59:
51:
21:
1026:
1024:
1555:
1543:
1033:"The "Ugric-Turkic Battle": A Critical Review"
650:The Forgotten Cradle of the Hungarian Culture
596:A History of Hungary in Biographical Sketches
243:. It derives from "the participle of the old
8:
1852:A magyar törzsszövetség politikai életrajza
1835:(in Hungarian). Szegedi Középkorász Műhely.
990:Pop, Ioan Aurel; Csorvási, Veronica (1996).
689:Pop, Ioan Aurel; Csorvási, Veronica (1996).
557:
555:
307:that caused a joint counter-invasion by the
219:word "Lebedi", swan. According to historian
599:. Books for Libraries Press. pp. 7–9.
419:, while Géza Fehér considered he served as
341:István Katona, Károly Szabó, Gyula Pauler,
231:, or "brave lord". The Hungarian historian
40:
18:
1831:Magyar államalapítások a IX-X. században
1675:The Will to Survive: A History of Hungary
842:"Grozer Traditional Recurve Bows Hungary"
727:The World of the Khazars New Perspectives
1444:
1432:
1360:
1348:
1291:
1062:
1060:
800:
798:
796:
357:, who appears as the father of Álmos in
202:The only source of Levedi's life is the
1856:(in Hungarian). Belvedere Meridionale.
1582:
1162:
1160:
551:
319:But he, in reply, answered the chagan:
1713:Hungarian History in the Ninth Century
1652:Bollók, Ádám; B. Szabó, János (2022).
1567:
1471:
1384:
1248:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1200:
950:
921:
828:
816:
565:Dictionary of World Biography Volume 2
255:- 'being') with the diminutive suffix
148:Later, after the Khazars defeated the
1519:
1495:
1092:Jenkins, Romilly James Heald (1967).
933:
7:
1531:
1507:
1483:
1459:
1420:
1408:
1396:
1372:
1333:
1318:
1306:
1276:
963:Gy Ránki, György Ránki, ed. (1984).
676:
387:A map depicting the theories of the
401:Based on his name, the turkologist
328:influence. However, they are not a
14:
894:Central European University Press
488:and Sándor László Tóth) that the
1173:A Companion to Hungarian Studies
969:. Akadémiai K VIII. p. 10.
966:Hungarian History--world History
369:conquest of the Carpathian Basin
126:Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus'
46:Modern portrait by Tamás Tulipán
626:. Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 48.
562:Northern Magill, Frank (1998).
16:First voivode of the Hungarians
1902:9th-century monarchs in Europe
1715:. Szegedi Középkorász Muhely.
1637:. Cambridge University Press.
1136:Europe's Centre Around AD 1000
1:
1002:Centrul de Studii Transilvane
773:. Salem Press. p. 1212.
697:Centrul de Studii Transilvane
169:as prince of the Hungarians.
1897:9th-century Hungarian people
1850:Tóth, Sándor László (2015).
1558:, pp. 201–209, 212–214.
453:(Árpád's great-grandson) to
364:Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum
653:. Patria Pub. p. 136.
570:Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers
535:region (between the rivers
213:Constantine Porphyrogenitus
1928:
1696:. I.B. Tauris Publishers.
1556:Bollók & B. Szabó 2022
1544:Bollók & B. Szabó 2022
1887:History of the Hungarians
1829:Szabados, György (2011).
1772:Róna-Tas, András (1999).
1673:Cartledge, Bryan (2011).
998:Fundația Culturală Română
886:Klaniczay, Gábor (2002).
855:Klaniczay, Gábor (2002).
184:the mountains were named
142:
114:
39:
26:
1907:Magyar tribal chieftains
1654:A császár és Árpád népe
701:Fundația Culturală Român
529:De administrando imperio
490:De administrando imperio
482:Carlile Aylmer Macartney
336:Historic interpretations
291:De administrando imperio
284:De administrando imperio
208:, a book written by the
205:De administrando imperio
130:De administrando imperio
1791:Spinei, Victor (2003).
1755:Sipos József-emlékkötet
593:Lukinich, Imre (1968).
525:Paulus Stephanus Cassel
266:Levedi bore the title "
176:settlement between the
1711:Kristó, Gyula (1996).
620:Bartha, Antal (1976).
398:
301:First Bulgarian Empire
276:seven Hungarian tribes
1677:. C. Hurst & Co.
765:Frank Northern Magill
752:among the Hungarians.
647:Nagy, Sándor (1973).
386:
55:early 9th century (?)
1892:Hungarian prehistory
703:. pp. 62, 227.
397:and their migrations
353:identified him with
1692:Engel, Pál (2001).
1546:, pp. 114–117.
1534:, pp. 149–150.
1486:, pp. 100–101.
1474:, pp. 159–167.
1387:, pp. 136–137.
1336:, pp. 191–195.
1279:, pp. 189–190.
1040:Linguistica Uralica
819:, pp. 160–161.
1912:Hungarian monarchs
399:
1863:978-615-5372-39-1
1842:978-963-08-2083-7
1821:978-963-7097-87-4
1783:978-963-9116-48-1
1764:978-963-306-962-2
1684:978-1-84904-112-6
1665:978-963-416-304-6
1644:978-0-521-78156-5
1626:Secondary sources
1363:, pp. 81–82.
1351:, pp. 75–76.
1294:, pp. 63–64.
1251:, pp. 51–52.
1127:Alfried Wieczorek
1105:978-0-88402-021-9
807:(ch. 38), p. 171.
786:Gyula Moravcsik,
247:('will be') verb
210:Byzantine Emperor
188:, soon to become
88:
87:
1919:
1867:
1846:
1825:
1806:
1787:
1768:
1749:
1734:(in Hungarian).
1726:
1707:
1688:
1669:
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1591:
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1228:
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1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1164:
1155:
1154:
1131:Hans-Martin Hinz
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1064:
1055:
1054:
1052:
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784:
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755:
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721:
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686:
680:
674:
665:
664:
644:
638:
637:
617:
611:
610:
590:
584:
583:
559:
305:Byzantine Empire
194:, after Levedi.
144:
116:
44:
19:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1872:
1871:
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1809:
1803:
1790:
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1771:
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1723:
1710:
1704:
1691:
1685:
1672:
1666:
1651:
1645:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1605:
1603:Primary sources
1600:
1595:
1594:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1538:
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1255:
1247:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1178:Akadémiai Kiadó
1166:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1143:. p. 370.
1125:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1012:
989:
988:
984:
977:
962:
961:
957:
949:
940:
932:
928:
920:
911:
904:
896:. p. 146.
885:
884:
880:
873:
865:. p. 435.
854:
853:
849:
840:
839:
835:
827:
823:
815:
811:
803:
794:
785:
781:
763:
762:
758:
742:
734:. p. 274.
723:
722:
718:
711:
688:
687:
683:
675:
668:
661:
646:
645:
641:
634:
619:
618:
614:
607:
592:
591:
587:
580:
561:
560:
553:
549:
338:
287:
270:", which is of
221:Omeljan Pritsak
200:
143:πρώτος βοέβοδος
135:protos voevodos
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1925:
1923:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
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1873:
1869:
1868:
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1847:
1841:
1826:
1820:
1807:
1801:
1788:
1782:
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1727:
1721:
1708:
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1689:
1683:
1670:
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1649:
1643:
1629:
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1624:
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1621:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1570:, p. 176.
1560:
1548:
1536:
1524:
1522:, p. 502.
1512:
1510:, p. 147.
1500:
1498:, p. 500.
1488:
1476:
1464:
1449:
1447:, p. 113.
1437:
1425:
1413:
1401:
1389:
1377:
1365:
1353:
1338:
1323:
1311:
1296:
1281:
1264:
1253:
1241:
1229:
1227:, p. 114.
1217:
1215:, p. 115.
1205:
1203:, p. 370.
1193:
1186:
1180:. p. 43.
1156:
1149:
1133:, ed. (2000).
1118:
1104:
1084:
1077:
1056:
1020:
1010:
1004:. p. 62.
982:
975:
955:
953:, p. 107.
938:
926:
924:, p. 112.
909:
902:
878:
871:
863:Reaktion Books
847:
833:
821:
809:
792:
779:
756:
740:
716:
709:
681:
666:
659:
639:
632:
612:
605:
585:
578:
572:. p. 86.
550:
548:
545:
486:Henri Grégoire
455:Constantinople
407:Magna Hungaria
351:György Györffy
337:
334:
286:
280:
199:
198:Name and title
196:
180:river and the
86:
85:
82:
76:
75:
72:
68:
67:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
1924:
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1827:
1823:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1802:973-85894-5-2
1798:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1776:. CEU Press.
1775:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1745:963-463-348-X
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1722:963-482-113-8
1718:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1703:1-86064-061-3
1699:
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1618:0-88402-021-5
1615:
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1509:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1462:, p. 77.
1461:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1445:Szabados 2011
1441:
1438:
1435:, p. 95.
1434:
1433:Szabados 2011
1429:
1426:
1423:, p. 97.
1422:
1417:
1414:
1411:, p. 96.
1410:
1405:
1402:
1399:, p. 94.
1398:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1375:, p. 93.
1374:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1361:Szabados 2011
1357:
1354:
1350:
1349:Szabados 2011
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1321:, p. 87.
1320:
1315:
1312:
1309:, p. 85.
1308:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1292:Szabados 2011
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1273:
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1187:9789630576772
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1011:9789735770372
1007:
1003:
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994:
986:
983:
978:
976:9789630539975
972:
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903:9789633862971
899:
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874:
872:9780521420181
868:
864:
860:
859:
851:
848:
843:
837:
834:
831:, p. 33.
830:
825:
822:
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797:
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789:
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743:
741:9789004160422
737:
733:
729:
728:
720:
717:
712:
710:9789735770372
706:
702:
698:
694:
693:
685:
682:
679:, p. 84.
678:
673:
671:
667:
662:
660:9780919368040
656:
652:
651:
643:
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635:
633:9789630503082
629:
625:
624:
616:
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608:
606:9780836906356
602:
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579:9781579580414
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366:
365:
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359:Simon of Kéza
356:
352:
348:
344:
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333:
331:
330:Turkic people
325:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
296:together with
292:
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124:According to
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96:
92:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
62:
58:
54:
50:
43:
38:
35:
34:
30:
29:first voivode
25:
20:
1854:
1851:
1833:
1830:
1811:
1792:
1773:
1754:
1731:
1712:
1693:
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1428:
1416:
1404:
1392:
1380:
1368:
1356:
1314:
1256:
1244:
1239:, p. 9.
1232:
1220:
1208:
1196:
1172:
1168:Kósa, László
1135:
1121:
1109:. Retrieved
1094:
1087:
1068:
1047:. Retrieved
1043:
1039:
1015:
992:
985:
965:
958:
936:, p. 8.
929:
888:
881:
857:
850:
836:
824:
812:
804:
782:
774:
769:
759:
747:
745:
726:
719:
691:
684:
649:
642:
622:
615:
595:
588:
564:
533:Southern Bug
528:
522:
510:
505:
502:Gábor Vékony
497:
494:
489:
463:
457:around 948.
443:
438:
434:
430:
420:
414:
410:
403:Gyula Németh
400:
392:
373:
362:
347:Bálint Hóman
343:Ignác Acsády
339:
326:
320:
316:
295:
290:
288:
283:
265:
261:
256:
252:
248:
244:
236:
233:Gyula Kristó
228:
203:
201:
189:
185:
171:
147:
134:
128:
123:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
89:
27:
1568:Polgár 2023
1472:Kristó 1996
1385:Kristó 1996
1249:Spinei 2003
1237:Kristó 1996
1225:Kristó 1996
1213:Kristó 1996
1201:Kristó 1996
951:Kristó 1996
922:Kristó 1996
829:Spinei 2003
817:Kristó 1996
391:' proposed
241:Finno-Ugric
227:expression
165:or his son
74:Khazar lady
1876:Categories
1520:Sudár 2018
1496:Sudár 2018
1078:0880334797
934:Engel 2001
547:References
459:Jenő Szűcs
33:Hungarians
1532:Tóth 2015
1508:Tóth 2015
1484:Tóth 2015
1460:Tóth 2015
1421:Tóth 2015
1409:Tóth 2015
1397:Tóth 2015
1373:Tóth 2015
1334:Makk 1999
1319:Tóth 2015
1307:Tóth 2015
1277:Makk 1999
1111:28 August
1049:8 October
677:Tóth 2015
411:fejedelem
394:Urheimats
313:Pechenegs
251:(meaning
229:"alp edi"
150:Pechenegs
119:Hungarian
60:Successor
1170:(1999).
767:(2007).
473:Caucasus
451:Termacsu
378:Liüntika
303:and the
117:) was a
115:Λεuεδίας
103:Lebedias
99:Levedias
1882:Khazars
1598:Sources
477:Persian
469:Etelköz
427:Kurszán
389:Magyars
309:Bulgars
289:In the
268:voivode
191:Levedia
186:Lebedia
31:of the
1860:
1839:
1818:
1799:
1780:
1761:
1742:
1719:
1700:
1681:
1662:
1641:
1616:
1184:
1147:
1141:Theiss
1102:
1075:
1008:
973:
900:
869:
749:arkhon
738:
707:
657:
630:
603:
576:
537:Kodyma
496:head (
464:archon
447:Bulcsú
374:Elwedi
272:Slavic
237:"lesz"
225:Turkic
217:Slavic
174:Magyar
158:khagan
155:Khazar
107:Lebedi
105:, and
91:Levedi
71:Spouse
22:Levedi
1577:Notes
1036:(PDF)
732:Brill
541:Inhul
506:kende
498:kende
475:into
439:gyula
435:kende
431:kende
422:gyula
416:kende
182:Urals
178:Volga
167:Árpád
163:Álmos
139:Greek
111:Greek
95:Lebed
93:, or
80:Issue
64:Álmos
52:Reign
1858:ISBN
1837:ISBN
1816:ISBN
1797:ISBN
1778:ISBN
1759:ISBN
1740:ISBN
1736:ELTE
1717:ISBN
1698:ISBN
1679:ISBN
1660:ISBN
1639:ISBN
1614:ISBN
1182:ISBN
1145:ISBN
1113:2013
1100:ISBN
1073:ISBN
1051:2017
1006:ISBN
971:ISBN
898:ISBN
867:ISBN
736:ISBN
705:ISBN
655:ISBN
628:ISBN
601:ISBN
574:ISBN
539:and
514:Atil
449:and
355:Előd
349:and
311:and
253:levő
245:lesz
172:The
153:the
84:none
518:bek
361:'s
282:In
257:-di
249:lës
137:",
66:(?)
1878::
1795:.
1452:^
1341:^
1326:^
1299:^
1284:^
1267:^
1176:.
1159:^
1139:.
1129:,
1059:^
1042:.
1038:.
1023:^
1014:.
1000:;
996:.
941:^
912:^
892:.
861:.
795:^
744:.
730:.
699:;
695:.
669:^
568:.
554:^
484:,
345:,
141::
113::
101:,
97:,
1866:.
1845:.
1824:.
1805:.
1786:.
1767:.
1748:.
1725:.
1706:.
1687:.
1668:.
1647:.
1620:.
1190:.
1153:.
1115:.
1081:.
1053:.
1044:2
979:.
906:.
875:.
844:.
713:.
663:.
636:.
609:.
582:.
372:"
109:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
