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Once the HDPE has been synthesized, it is ready to be used in commercial products. Industrial production methods for HDPE products include injection molding for complex shapes such as toys. Extrusion molding is used for constant-profile products such as pipes and films. Blow molding is intended for
761:
Industrial production of HDPE from ethylene happens through either
Ziegler-Natta polymerization or the Phillips slurry process. The Ziegler-Natta method uses a combination of catalysts, including titanium tetrachloride, in contact with gaseous ethylene to precipitate high-density polyethylene. In a
233:
The physical properties of HDPE can vary depending on the molding process that is used to manufacture a specific sample; to some degree, a determining factor is the international standardized testing methods employed to identify these properties for a specific process. For example, in rotational
765:
Processing will determine the properties of the HDPE. The method used to synthesize the HDPE is crucial because the micro structure of the HDPE will vary. The
Phillips Slurry process results in HDPE with less branching and more precise molecular weights than the Ziegler process, but the Ziegler
769:
The molecular weight of HDPE refers to the length of the polyethylene chains, and helps determine properties such as flexibility, yield strength, and melt temperature. After the precipitate is formed, the temperature, pressure, and cooling time during processing will dictate the degree of
774:
hollow products, specifically bottles and plastic bags. Rotational molding is used for large, seamless parts such as chemical drums and kayaks. The method used during processing depends on the product requirements, with each having benefits for a given application.
745:. In India and other highly populated, emerging nations, infrastructure expansion includes the deployment of pipes and cable insulation made from HDPE. The material has benefited from discussions about possible health and environmental problems caused by PVC and
361:
384:
1272:"Materials Sciences and Engineering – Eighth edition. W. D. Callister and D. G. Rethwisch John Wiley and Sons, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK. 2010. 968pp. Illustrated. £47.99. ISBN 978-0-470-50586-1"
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crystallinity, with a higher degree of crystallinity resulting in greater rigidity and chemical resistance. Depending on the application, the method and processing steps can be adjusted for an ideal result.
427:
294:
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762:
similar way, the
Phillips slurry process uses silica-based catalysts in contact with a fast-moving hydrocarbon and polyethylene slurry to precipitate high density polyethylene.
179:
HDPE is known for its high strength-to-density ratio. The density of HDPE ranges from 930 to 970 kg/m. Although the density of HDPE is only marginally higher than that of
1834:
411:
268:
996:
318:
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HDPE has a wide variety of applications; for applications that fall within the properties of other polymers, the choice to use HDPE is usually economic:
727:
tubes, being more durable and safer: HDPE tends to rip or tear in a malfunction instead of shattering and becoming shrapnel like the other materials.
1009:
840:
1827:
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1710:
1230:"Principles of polymer systems, 3rd edn ferdinand rodriguez, taylor & francis, new york, 1989. pp. xiv + 640, £35.00. isbn 0-89116-176-7"
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are the most important application area for HDPE, accounting for one-third of worldwide production, or more than 8 million tonnes.
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HDPE is used to make sturdy bottles that resist oils. Transparent bottles are usually made of other plastics, such as
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195:(38 MPa versus 21 MPa) than LDPE. The difference in strength exceeds the difference in density, giving HDPE a higher
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893:"Thermal properties of high density polyethylene composites with natural fibres: Coupling agent effect"
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Clear plastic bags (shown) are made of LDPE; blown-film shopping bags with handles are now made of HDPE
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1119:"International Science Aboard Orion EM-1: The Matroshka AstroRad Radiation Experiment (MARE) Payload"
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Owing to these desirable properties, pipes constructed out of HDPE are ideally applicable for
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Above all, China, where beverage bottles made from HDPE were first imported in 2005, is a
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561:: The material is too heavy and dense for such craft but is still used occasionally
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molding, to identify the environmental stress crack resistance of a sample, the
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1202:"Ziegler-Natta catalyst | Polymerization, Olefins, Alkylaluminums | Britannica"
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203:(120 °C/248 °F for short periods). High-density polyethylene, unlike
98:
In 2008, the global HDPE market reached a volume of more than 30 million tons.
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process provides greater flexibility in the type of polyethylene produced.
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79:. With a high strength-to-density ratio, HDPE is used in the production of
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conditions. The lack of branching is ensured by an appropriate choice of
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199:. It is also harder and more opaque and can withstand somewhat higher
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753:(BPA), as well as its advantages over glass, metal, and cardboard.
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for hydraulic applications (such as canals and bank reinforcements)
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chemical-resistant barrier, with the intention of preventing the
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Milk bottles, jugs, and other hollow goods manufactured through
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resist softening and swelling from aromatic components of fuels
724:
107:
Thermophysical properties of high density polyethylene (HDPE)
1021:
891:
Araújo, J. R.; Waldman, W. R.; De Paoli, M. A. (2008-10-01).
967:. Wendelin J. Wright (7 ed.). Boston, MA. p. 594.
324:
Corrugated HDPE pipe installation in storm drain project in
1305:
91:. HDPE is commonly recycled, and has the number "2" as its
1173:. Dermnet.org.nz (2011-07-01). Retrieved on 2011-12-30.
741:
for rigid HDPE packaging, as a result of its improving
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for domestic water supply and agricultural processes
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8:
1040:"Acu-Water | HDPE Blueline Water Pipe"
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1314:
1306:
1012:. Makeitfrom.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-30.
995:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
872:
870:
692:, wherein large sheets of HDPE are either
677:HDPE sheet which has been extrusion welded
105:
1061:"Acu-Sewer Pressure Pipe for Sewer Mains"
595:Piping for fluid, slurry and gas purposes
71:. It is sometimes called "alkathene" or "
1184:"Acu-Comms White Communications Conduit"
1147:"Acu-Gas Yellow High Pressure HDPE Pipe"
964:The science and engineering of materials
841:Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene
573:Luggage transitioned from metal in India
433:Roller on HDPE construction entrance mat
29:
949:Typical Properties of Polyethylene (PE)
854:
490:for electrical or communications cables
252:
1418:Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE)
988:
274:Disposable suits; nonwoven HDPE fabric
1358:Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE)
1353:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
1265:
1263:
1223:
1221:
909:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.07.021
607:suitable both for recycling or re-use
207:, cannot withstand normally required
7:
2170:List of environmental health hazards
2090:List of environmental health hazards
951:. Ides.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-30.
613:(skeletal and facial reconstruction)
245:and waste water (storm and sewage).
226:HDPE is resistant to many different
1975:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs
236:notched constant tensile load test
25:
897:Polymer Degradation and Stability
878:"Market Study: Polyethylene HDPE"
262:HDPE fibers can be spun into rope
1507:
1501:
1393:Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)
1368:Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
1010:Compare Materials: HDPE and LDPE
723:trade for mortars over steel or
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1373:Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA)
803:Linear low-density polyethylene
131:121.9 °C (251.42 °F)
128:Temperature of crystallization
123:131.8 °C (269.24 °F)
1736:Category:Plastics applications
1483:Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA)
1478:Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)
1463:Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
1270:Gasson, Peter C. (June 2011).
712:by the liquid constituents of
496:protection for steel pipelines
83:, corrosion-resistant piping,
1:
1443:Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO)
1117:Gaza, Razvan (14 July 2018).
499:Electrical and plumbing boxes
366:Toys and playground equipment
2160:Persistent organic pollutant
2121:Toxic Substances Control Act
2080:Persistent organic pollutant
1363:Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)
961:Askeland, Donald R. (2016).
539:heat transfer piping systems
2153:Great Pacific garbage patch
2075:Great Pacific garbage patch
1488:Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN)
1403:Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
809:Medium-density polyethylene
582:Microwave telescope windows
2238:
2116:Japan Toxic Substances Law
1911:Miscellaneous plasticizers
1246:10.1002/pi.1990.4980230411
1079:"Puck Board (HDPE Sheets)"
696:or wedge welded to form a
646:Swimming pool installation
392:polyethylene terephthalate
67:produced from the monomer
2190:
2111:European REACH regulation
2106:California Proposition 65
1849:polyhalogenated compounds
1726:High-performance plastics
1551:High-performance plastics
1499:
1288:10.1017/s0001924000005947
831:Resin identification code
785:Cross-linked polyethylene
719:HDPE is preferred by the
591:distribution pipe systems
300:Plastic mailing envelopes
93:resin identification code
54:polyethylene high-density
46:High-density polyethylene
18:High density polyethylene
1536:Fibre-reinforced plastic
1473:Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
1276:The Aeronautical Journal
797:Low-density polyethylene
542:Heat-resistant firework
449:Arena board (puck board)
181:low-density polyethylene
1587:Biodegradable additives
1234:British Polymer Journal
1188:Acu-Tech Piping Systems
1151:Acu-Tech Piping Systems
1081:. Professional Plastics
1065:Acu-Tech Piping Systems
1044:Acu-Tech Piping Systems
662:Wood plastic composites
520:Food storage containers
217:Ziegler–Natta catalysts
154:Specific heat capacity
2002:Perfluorooctanoic acid
1438:Polyphenyl ether (PPE)
1433:Polyoxymethylene (POM)
1378:Polyacrylic acid (PAA)
1024:. Retrieved 2016-4-20.
681:HDPE is also used for
678:
570:Laundry detergent jugs
238:(NCTL) is put to use.
162:Specific heat (solid)
136:Latent heat of fusion
42:
27:Class of polyethylenes
2182:Biodegradable plastic
1531:Thermosetting polymer
1428:Polylactic acid (PLA)
1104:European Space Agency
676:
649:Trackout control mats
189:intermolecular forces
187:, giving it stronger
33:
2193:Identification codes
1793:Foam food containers
1716:Engineering plastics
1228:Dunn, A. S. (1990).
880:. Ceresana Research.
157:1331 to 2400 J/kg-K
149:0.54 W/m.°C. at °C.
145:Thermal conductivity
2032:Endocrine disruptor
1630:Compression molding
1582:Polymer stabilizers
1022:www.rotomolding.org
616:Potable water mains
312:Flexible HDPE pipes
108:
2047:Polymer fume fever
1706:Commodity plastics
1680:Rotational molding
1650:Fiberglass molding
1610:Injection moulding
1592:Filler (materials)
1541:Corrugated plastic
1493:Tritan copolyester
1448:Polypropylene (PP)
1398:Polycarbonate (PC)
1206:www.britannica.com
1169:2013-04-12 at the
1107:. 25 January 2019.
935:2012-02-05 at the
930:Thermoforming HDPE
743:standard of living
690:sanitary landfills
679:
565:Ionizing radiation
476:Chemical-resistant
452:Backpacking frames
183:, HDPE has little
106:
43:
2199:
2198:
2177:Plastic recycling
2143:Plastic pollution
2129:
2128:
2063:Plastic pollution
1843:Health issues of
1801:
1800:
1697:Plastics industry
1615:Plastic extrusion
1468:Polyurethane (PU)
1458:Polysulfone (PES)
1413:Polyethylene (PE)
1388:Polybutylene (PB)
1282:(1168): 388–389.
974:978-1-305-07676-1
903:(10): 1770–1775.
820:Plastic recycling
815:Phillips Disaster
685:in United States
666:recycled polymers
488:Conduit protector
197:specific strength
177:
176:
16:(Redirected from
2229:
2068:Rubber pollution
1918:Organophosphates
1837:
1830:
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1814:
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1665:Filament winding
1640:Transfer molding
1567:Polymer additive
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1453:Polystyrene (PS)
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455:Ballistic plates
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1660:Plastic welding
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1408:Polyester (PEs)
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624:Shampoo bottles
611:Plastic surgery
605:Plastic bottles
484:inner insulator
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165:2.9 kJ/kg. °C.
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81:plastic bottles
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1961:Vinyl chloride
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1383:Polyamide (PA)
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862:Pipe materials
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276:
273:
266:
264:
261:
254:
250:
247:
243:drinking water
175:
174:
171:
170:Crystallinity
167:
166:
163:
159:
158:
155:
151:
150:
147:
141:
140:
137:
133:
132:
129:
125:
124:
121:
120:Melting point
117:
116:
115:961 kg/m
113:
103:
100:
89:plastic lumber
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2234:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2194:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2148:Garbage patch
2146:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2014:Health issues
2011:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1952:
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1946:
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1933:
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1928:
1924:
1921:
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1909:
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1873:
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1838:
1833:
1831:
1826:
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1819:
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1815:
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1794:
1791:
1789:
1788:Shopping bags
1786:
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1779:
1776:
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1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
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1749:
1743:(Agriculture)
1742:
1741:Plasticulture
1739:
1737:
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1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1721:Geosynthetics
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1625:Thermoforming
1623:
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1529:
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1526:Thermoplastic
1524:
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1504:
1494:
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1319:
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1312:
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1308:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1266:
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1260:
1255:
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1235:
1231:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1096:
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1080:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1056:
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1050:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1015:
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1006:
1003:
998:
992:
984:
980:
976:
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966:
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950:
945:
942:
938:
934:
931:
926:
923:
918:
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867:
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848:
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839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
826:
823:
821:
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816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
782:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
756:
754:
752:
748:
747:polycarbonate
744:
740:
735:
733:
728:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
688:
684:
675:
667:
663:
660:
657:
654:
652:Telecom ducts
651:
648:
645:
643:
642:Storage sheds
640:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
601:
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596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
550:
547:
545:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
521:
518:
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512:
510:
507:
505:
501:
498:
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492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
441:
439:
429:
424:
420:
413:
408:
401:
396:
393:
386:
381:
374:
369:
362:
357:
354:Bottle crates
350:
345:
342:
335:
330:
327:
320:
315:
308:
303:
296:
291:
288:
282:
277:
270:
265:
258:
253:
248:
246:
244:
239:
237:
231:
229:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
205:polypropylene
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
172:
169:
168:
164:
161:
160:
156:
153:
152:
148:
146:
143:
142:
139:188.6 kJ/kg.
138:
135:
134:
130:
127:
126:
122:
119:
118:
114:
111:
110:
101:
99:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
63:
62:thermoplastic
59:
55:
51:
47:
40:
39:resin ID code
37:
32:
19:
1858:Plasticizers
1806:Environment
1758:Blister pack
1711:Construction
1620:Blow molding
1279:
1275:
1237:
1233:
1209:. Retrieved
1205:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1129:. Retrieved
1125:
1112:
1102:
1095:
1083:. Retrieved
1073:
1064:
1043:
1017:
1005:
963:
956:
944:
925:
900:
896:
886:
857:
836:Stretch wrap
825:Polyethylene
772:
768:
764:
760:
736:
732:blow molding
729:
721:pyrotechnics
718:
680:
627:Sewage mains
620:Root barrier
600:Plastic bags
527:for vehicles
437:
249:Applications
240:
235:
232:
225:
223:conditions.
201:temperatures
178:
97:
85:geomembranes
57:
53:
49:
45:
44:
2217:Polyolefins
2099:Regulations
1951:Bisphenol A
1635:Calendering
1577:Plasticizer
1517:Mechanical
1085:24 December
751:bisphenol A
749:associated
714:solid waste
710:groundwater
698:homogeneous
683:cell liners
664:(utilizing
656:Water pipes
637:Stone paper
589:Natural gas
531:Geomembrane
462:Bottle caps
209:autoclaving
2206:Categories
2027:Carcinogen
1992:Organotins
1862:Phthalates
1808:and health
1655:Pultrusion
1645:Laminating
1603:processing
1240:(4): 361.
1211:2023-11-16
849:References
757:Production
687:subtitle D
559:Hovercraft
537:Geothermal
525:Fuel tanks
516:and tables
482:Coax cable
472:containers
444:3D printer
102:Properties
77:HDPE pipes
2056:Pollution
2022:Teratogen
1953:(BPA, in
1601:Plastics
1572:Colorants
1560:Additives
1344:Chemical
1296:0001-9240
1254:0007-1641
1131:27 August
1100:AstroRad.
991:cite book
983:903959750
917:0141-3910
791:HDPE pipe
702:pollution
631:Snowboard
585:Milk jugs
579:for shoes
549:Housewrap
509:Fireworks
494:Corrosion
419:jerrycans
287:Housewrap
185:branching
73:polythene
34:HDPE has
2212:Plastics
2037:Diabetes
1943:Monomers
1923:Adipates
1845:plastics
1699:segments
1689:Products
1337:Plastics
1167:Archived
1126:nasa.gov
933:Archived
843:(UHMWPE)
778:See also
470:Chemical
446:filament
405:Milk jug
228:solvents
221:reaction
213:catalyst
112:Density
69:ethylene
2165:Dioxins
2085:Dioxins
2042:Obesity
1783:Cutlery
1773:Bottles
805:(LLDPE)
544:mortars
502:Far-IR
458:Banners
215:(e.g.,
65:polymer
60:) is a
1882:(BBzP)
1851:(PHCs)
1763:Chairs
1731:Nurdle
1294:
1252:
981:
971:
915:
811:(MDPE)
799:(LDPE)
793:(HDPE)
567:shield
504:lenses
478:piping
326:Mexico
219:) and
2136:Waste
1982:PBDEs
1893:(DOP)
1519:types
1346:types
1122:(PDF)
787:(PEX)
577:Lasts
553:Tyvek
466:Boats
417:HDPE
52:) or
1997:PFCs
1987:PCBs
1963:(in
1927:DEHA
1902:DINP
1897:DIDP
1891:DEHP
1886:DIHP
1870:DIBP
1847:and
1778:Bags
1292:ISSN
1250:ISSN
1133:2019
1087:2018
997:link
979:OCLC
969:ISBN
913:ISSN
827:(PE)
708:and
706:soil
339:The
191:and
173:61%
87:and
58:PEHD
50:HDPE
1965:PVC
1932:DOA
1880:BBP
1875:DBP
1284:doi
1280:115
1242:doi
905:doi
725:PVC
704:of
36:SPI
2208::
1860::
1290:.
1278:.
1274:.
1262:^
1248:.
1238:23
1236:.
1232:.
1220:^
1204:.
1186:.
1149:.
1124:.
1063:.
1052:^
1042:.
1029:^
993:}}
989:{{
977:.
911:.
901:93
899:.
895:.
869:^
716:.
95:.
1967:)
1957:)
1934:)
1925:(
1836:e
1829:t
1822:v
1329:e
1322:t
1315:v
1298:.
1286::
1256:.
1244::
1214:.
1190:.
1153:.
1135:.
1089:.
1067:.
1046:.
999:)
985:.
919:.
907::
668:)
555:)
551:(
56:(
48:(
41:2
20:)
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