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other team fees. This affects low-income families (those who earn less than $ 60,000 per year) and their ability to participate in the sports. The average cost is $ 381 per child per sport (Pay-to-Play Sports). Physical and mental health can improve with the right amount of physical fitness incorporated into everyday life. It allows for the child to have a healthy developing body, and a BMI within the normal range. Physical activity has been proven to improve mood and decrease both stress and anxiety. Studies have shown that the more physical activity one participates in as a child, the happier and more stable that person will be as an adult. Thus, the more students who participate in school sports, the more students who will find themselves balanced and successful adults later in life. In Japan,
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athletics programs. They also point out that athletic scholarships allow many young men and women who would otherwise be unable to afford to go to college, or would not be accepted, to get a quality education. Also, most sports other than football and men's basketball do not generate significant revenue for any school (and such teams are often essentially funded by football, basketball, and donations), so it may not be possible to pay athletes in all sports. Allowing pay in some sports but not others could result in the violation of U.S. laws such as
149:, to pay top sportsmen to take time off work, and as attendances increased, paying men to concentrate on their sport full-time became feasible. Proponents of the amateur ideal deplored the influence of money and the effect it has on sports. It was claimed that it is in the interest of the professional to receive the highest amount of pay possible per unit of performance, not to perform to the highest standard possible where this does not bring additional benefit.
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1219:. The object of the game is to score points by passing the disc to members of your own team, on a rectangular field, 120 yards (110m) by 40 yards (37m), until you have successfully completed a pass to a team member in the opposing team's end zone. There are currently over five million people that play some form of organized ultimate in the US. Ultimate has started to be played semi-professionally with two newly formed leagues, the
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fit local men needed to both work to earn a wage – limiting the time that they could devote to unpaid sport – and to avoid injuries that might prevent them working in the future. Certain teams faced with these circumstances wanted to pay so-called 'broken time' money to their players to compensate them for missing paid work due to their playing commitments, but this contravened the amateur policy of the
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contracted with an NHL team was a professional and therefore not eligible to play. The IOC held an emergency meeting that ruled NHL-contracted players were eligible, as long as they had not played in any NHL games. This made five players on
Olympic rosters—one Austrian, two Italians and two Canadians—ineligible. Players who had played in other professional leagues—such as the
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684:, had collided mid-pitch, and the ball was returned to Root, the bowler. Root didn't break the stumps as both batsmen seemed injured. An amateur repeatedly shouted "Break the wicket, Fred, break the wicket!" until Root said: "If you want to run him out, here's the ball: you come and do it." The amateur responded with the words "Oh, I'm an amateur. I can't do such a thing."
328:, was present as early as in the 19th century. As financial and political stakes in high-level were becoming higher, shamateurism became all the more widespread, reaching its peak in the 1970s and 1980s, when the International Olympic Committee started moving towards acceptance of professional athletes. The advent of the state-sponsored "full-time amateur athlete" of the
1470:(全日本高等学校野球選手権), which highest of amateur sports of the Japan and world, that one of very interest in sports item for Japan, when held on every August, and also regional primary event held in every July on nationwide Japan, according to Central Institute Research of Japan (日本中央調査社) survey report on every years on past fifty years. This tournament was first held in 1914.
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success. Working class sportsmen didn't see why they shouldn't be paid to play. Hence there were competing interests between those who wished sport to be open to all and those who feared that professionalism would destroy the 'Corinthian spirit'. This conflict played out over the course of more than one hundred years. Some sports dealt with it relatively easily, such as
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806:) there were organized separate competitions among teams of factories and government agencies. Football players were officially on payrolls of a factory or a government agency which was represented in competition with its team. In this way athletes were officially getting paid as workers or officials. Athletes of the Soviet
180:, RCYC) was established in Essex in 1872 with "encouragement of Amateur Yacht sailing" as its "primary object". To that end, club rules ensured that crews consisted of amateurs, while "no professional or paid hand is allowed to touch the tiller or in any way assist in steering." Although the RCYC website derives the name
851:(including sailmaking, naval architecture, boatbuilding and coaching), most are not compensated for their own competitions. In large keelboat racing, such as the Volvo Around the World Race and the America's Cup, this amateur spirit has given way in recent years to large corporate sponsorships and paid crews.
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In the world of middle school and high school sports, several fees have risen over the last few years making sports more expensive. The term "Pay-to-Play" means that students and their parents must pay a flat fee to participate, and that fee often leaves out the costs of uniforms, transportation, and
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was a high-profile example of this switch. Since professionalism has been allowed in rugby union the switches have started to come the opposite way. Union has swiftly grown to embrace the professional game with many league players joining union to take a slice of the larger amounts of money available
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Rugby football in
Britain therefore became subject to a de facto schism along regional - and to some extent class - lines, reflecting the historical origins of the split. Rugby league - in which professionalism was permitted - was predominant in northern England, particularly in industrial areas, and
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sailing, is an example of a sport which is still largely populated by amateurs. For example, in the recent Team Racing Worlds, and the
American Team Racing Nationals, most of the sailors competing in the event were amateurs. While many competitive sailors are employed in businesses related to sailing
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Professionals were often expected to address amateurs, at least to their faces, as "Mister" or "Sir" whereas the amateurs often referred to professionals by their surnames. Newspaper reports often prefaced amateurs' names with "Mr" while professionals were referred to by surname, or sometimes surname
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Some have criticized this system as exploitative; prominent university athletics programs are major commercial endeavors, and can easily rake in millions of dollars in profit during a successful season. College athletes spend a great deal of time "working" for the university, and earn nothing from it
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Sporting amateurism was a zealously guarded ideal in the 19th century, especially among the upper classes, but faced steady erosion throughout the 20th century with the continuing growth of pro sports and monetisation of amateur and collegiate sports, and is now strictly held as an ideal by fewer and
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sporting participants, who are paid for the time they spend competing and training. In the majority of sports which feature professional players, the professionals will participate at a higher standard of play than amateur competitors, as they can train full-time without the stress of having another
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The RFU took strong action against the clubs involved in the formation of the NRFU, all of whom were deemed to have forfeited their amateur status and therefore to have left the RFU. A similar interpretation was applied to all players who played either for or against such clubs, whether or not they
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In order to ensure that the rules are not circumvented, stringent rules restrict gift-giving during the recruitment process as well as during and even after a collegiate athlete's career; college athletes also cannot endorse products, which somemay consider a violation of free speech rights. Former
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reports that student athletes have a 20% higher chance of completing a college degree, and are more likely to be employed and in better health than non-athletes. However, a survey of high school athletes in 2006 showed that high school athletes are more likely to cheat inside of the classroom than
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by around 1880, including in the large working-class areas of the industrial north. However, as the then-amateur sport became increasingly popular and competitive, attracting large paying crowds, teams in such areas found it difficult to attract and retain good players. This was because physically
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sports society) carried a rank and a uniform. The difference between the teams of masters and other teams was the fact that the first competed at all-Union level and was known as non-amateur sports, while others at republican was considered to be amateur sports. The preceding football competitions
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became president of the IIHF in 1975 and helped to resolve the dispute with the CAHA. In 1976, the IIHF agreed to allow "open competition" between all players in the World
Championships. However, NHL players were still not allowed to play in the Olympics, because of the unwillingness of the NHL to
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countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur, as it put the self-financed amateurs of the
Western countries at a disadvantage. The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but many of whom were in reality paid by the
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from "the proverbial wealth, luxury, and licentiousness of ancient
Corinth", with senses developing from "a wealthy man" (attested in 1577) through "a licentious man" (1697) and "a man of fashion about town" (1819) to "a wealthy amateur of sport who rides his own horses, steers his own yacht, etc"
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in the country and no non-state enterprises were permitted. Existence of professional sports in the Soviet Union was considered to be amoral because no one must be involved in profiting from their body and/or skills and instead dedicate those to the state. In 1936 the government agency for sports
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The middle and upper-class men who dominated the sporting establishment not only had a theoretical preference for amateurism, they also had a self-interest in blocking the professionalization of sport, which threatened to make it feasible for the working classes to compete against themselves with
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taking the lead. Sporting culture was especially strong in private schools and universities, and the upper and middle-class men who attended those institutions played as amateurs. Opportunities for working classes to participate in sport were restricted by their long six-day work weeks and Sunday
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bring sponsorship to the tune of $ 30 million for a seat, even in backmarker teams. In sports car racing, drivers are often seeded into certain categories, including
Amateur and Pro-Am classes. The vast majority of these "gentlemen drivers" however tend to participate at club level, often racing
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The benefit of sports in high school is debated; some believe that they promote discipline and teamwork, while others find that they can cause injury. One study on the relationship between high school athletic and academic successes finds that, for the most part, higher participation and success
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Many people in the skating world still use "turning pro" as jargon to mean retiring from competitive skating, even though most top competitive skaters are already full-time professionals, and many skaters who retire from competition to concentrate on show skating or coaching do not actually lose
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prohibited paying players until 1885, and this is referred to as the "legalisation" of professionalism because it was an amendment of the "Laws of the Game". However, a maximum salary cap of twelve pounds a week for a player with outside employment and fifteen pounds a week for a player with no
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who became (or was allowed to become) an amateur in 1938 so that he could captain
England. Hammond was an example of "shamateurism", in that he was offered a "job" which paid more than he earned as a professional cricketer to act as a company's representative and play cricket. Amateurs touring
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Before the 1984 Winter
Olympics, a dispute formed over what made a player a professional. The IOC had adopted a rule that made any player who had signed an NHL contract but played less than ten games in the league eligible. However, the United States Olympic Committee maintained that any player
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Rugby union was declared "open" in August 1995 - almost exactly 100 years after the original split occurred - meaning that professionalism has been permitted in both rugby codes since that date. However, while the professional-amateur divide remained in force, there was originally very limited
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rights to those events. In addition to prize money, Olympic-eligible skaters may also earn money through appearance fees at shows and competitions, endorsements, movie and television contracts, coaching, and other "professional" activities, provided that their activities are approved by their
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from any involvement in organised rugby union. These comprehensive and enduring sanctions, combined with the very localised nature of most rugby competition, meant that most northern clubs had little practical alternative but to affiliate with the NRFU in the first few years of its existence.
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used to have very strict amateur status rules. Over the years, these rules were relaxed to allow competitive skaters to receive token payments for performances in exhibitions (amid persistent rumors that they were receiving more money "under the table"), then to accept money for professional
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Supporters of the system say that college athletes can always make use of the education they earn as students if their athletic career doesn't pan out, and that allowing universities to pay college athletes would rapidly lead to deterioration of the already-marginal academic focus of college
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of 1844 gave working men half a day off, making the opportunity to take part in sport more widely available. Working class sportsmen found it hard to play top level sport due to having to turn up for work. On occasion, cash prizes, particularly in individual competitions, could make up the
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157:, which decided in the late 19th century to tolerate competition between amateurs and professionals, while others were traumatized by the dilemma, and took generations to fully come to terms with professionalism even to a result of causing a breakdown in the sport (as in the case of
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NBA player Jerome
Williams says, "For years, student-athletes, especially those from minority communities, have been disadvantaged from monetizing their image, or what we call 'player intellectual property.' There's an ongoing revenue stream college athletes are not a part of."
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Olympic regulations regarding amateur status of athletes were eventually abandoned in the 1990s with the exception of wrestling, where the amateur fight rules are used due to the fact that professional wrestling is largely staged with pre-determined outcomes. Starting from the
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Today, the most prominent English football clubs that are not professional are semi-professional (paying part-time players more than the old maximum for top professionals). Until 2019, when it abandoned amateur status, the most prominent true amateur men's club was probably
982:(NRFU), a breakaway administrative body which would permit payments to be made to players. The NRFU initially adopted established RFU rules for the game itself, but soon introduced a number of changes, most obviously a switch from 15 to 13 players per side. It became the
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said that ice hockey's status as an Olympic sport would be in jeopardy if the change was made. In response, Canada withdrew from all international ice hockey competitions and officials stated that they would not return until "open competition" was instituted.
441:, do not financially compensate competitors, although coaches and trainers generally are paid. College football coaches in Texas and other states are often the highest-paid state employees, with some drawing salaries of over five million US dollars annually.
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has always been almost entirely amateur; however, the recent popularity of women's sport has seen many top-level female cricketers become fully professional, with top international players earning up to $ 300,000 before endorsements and franchise contracts.
505:(CAHA) felt their amateur players could no longer be competitive against the Soviet team's full-time athletes and the other constantly improving European teams. They pushed for the ability to use players from professional leagues but met opposition from the
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non-athletes, especially boys participating in football, baseball, and basketball and girls participating in softball and basketball. The survey does not indicate to what extent cheating contributes to the greater academic outcomes of high school athletes.
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was a particular bastion of amateurism and extreme care was taken to avoid the 'taint' of professionalism: a player rejoining the national team after the end of the Second World War applied to be issued with a new shirt and was reminded that he had been
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of the CAHA suggested that a Canadian withdrawal was possible. In 1986, the IOC voted to allow all athletes to compete in Olympic Games starting in 1988, but let the individual sport federations decide if they wanted to allow professionals.
1088:(BARLA) strictly amateur, though it allows some ex-professionals to play provided they are no longer under contract. The most recent club to get a ban for fielding a contracted professional was Brighouse Rangers who were expelled from the
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Problems can arise for amateur sportsmen when sponsors offer to help with an amateur's playing expenses in the hope of striking lucrative endorsement deals with them in case they become professionals at a later date. This practice, dubbed
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and all the major team sports accepted professional competitors. However, there are still some sports which maintain a distinction between amateur and professional status with separate competitive leagues. The most prominent of these are
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Alternative sports, using the flying disc, began in the mid-sixties. As numbers of young people became alienated from social norms, they resisted and looked for alternative recreational activities, including that of throwing a
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national federations. The only activity that is strictly forbidden by the ISU is participating in unsanctioned "pro" competitions, which the ISU uses to maintain their monopoly status as the governing body in the sport.
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voted both to remove most restrictions on amateurism, and to allow skaters who had previously lost their amateur status to apply for reinstatement of their eligibility. A number of skaters, including
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at the time aside from scholarships sometimes worth tens of thousands of dollars; basketball and football coaches, meanwhile, earn salaries that can compare with those of professional teams' coaches.
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has been a phenomenon in amateur sport for centuries. The term "boot money" became popularised in the 1880s when it was not unusual for players to find half a crown (corresponding to 12½ pence after
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level in England were normally, except in emergencies such as injuries, captained by amateurs. Notwithstanding this, sometimes there were ways found to give high performing "amateurs", for example
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championships prohibited professionals until 1968 but the subsequent admission of professionals virtually eliminated amateurs from public visibility. Paying players was considered disreputable in
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prohibits national governing bodies from having more stringent standards of amateur status than required by international governing bodies of respective sports. The act caused the breakup of the
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crossover between the two codes, the most obvious occasions being when top-class rugby union players 'switched codes' to rugby league in order to play professionally. Welsh international
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has come to describe one of the most virtuous of amateur athletes—those for whom fairness and honor in competition is valued above victory or gain. The Corinthian Yacht Club (now the
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In motorsports, there are various forms of amateur drivers. When they compete at professional events, they are often referred to as "pay drivers". They have been a presence in
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difference; some competitors also wagered on the outcomes of their matches. As professional teams developed, some clubs were willing to make "broken time" payments to players,
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Rugby has provided one of the most visible and lasting examples of the tension between amateurism and professionalism during the development of nationally organised sports in
1035:, described it as "one of the longest (and daftest) grievances in history" with anyone over the age of 18 associated with rugby league being banned forever from rugby union.
899:. However, when all of these skaters promptly returned to the pro circuit again, the ISU decided the reinstatement policy was a failure and it was discontinued in 1995.
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2441:"Do I not like that . . . / Hypocrisy has to end: David Hinchliffe MP explains why he has introduced a Bill to stop rugby union discriminating against the league code"
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founded in 1882 was the paragon of this. In the United States, "Corinthian" came to be applied in particular to amateur yachtsman, and remains current as such and in
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during 2007–2008 season, and the player handed a sine die ban (though in part for gouging ), although the club itself has since been admitted to the Pennine League.
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outside employment lingered until the 1960s, even as transfer fees reached over a hundred thousand pounds; again, "boot money" was seen as a way of topping up pay.
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some professionalism developed, but talented cricketers were often employed by wealthy princely or corporate patrons and thus retained a notional amateur status.
1063:, a reference to the practice of putting cash payments into player's footwear whilst they were cleaning up after a game. Sometimes payments were substantial.
563:, the Olympic amateurism rules were steadily relaxed, amounting only to technicalities and lip service, until being completely abandoned in the 1990s (In the
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Nowadays, while rugby union no longer makes the professional-amateur distinction, the professional-amateur split still exists within rugby league with the
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rates in sports is positively related school-wide student successes on academic outcomes such as standardized test scores and educational attainment. The
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profit-sharing of tour proceeds was common. Australian cricketers touring England were considered amateurs and given the title "Mr" in newspaper reports.
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513:(IOC). At the IIHF Congress in 1969, the IIHF decided to allow Canada to use nine non-NHL professional hockey players at the 1970 World Championships in
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programs, unlike academic scholarship programs, cannot cover more than the cost of food, housing, tuition, and other university-related expenses.
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stated that the rule was only applied to the NHL and that professionally contracted players in European leagues were still considered amateurs.
1914:
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in 1922, by which time the key differences in the two codes were well established, with the 13-a-side variant becoming known as rugby league.
361:. The reason given is: the NCAA now allows collegiate athletes to benefit from their image "in a manner consistent with the collegiate model".
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and initials. At some grounds amateurs and professionals had separate dressing rooms and entered the playing arena through separate gates.
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1453:, do so during their course of study. Occasionally, sports success in high school sports may lead to a professional career in the field.
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Through most of the 20th century the Olympics allowed only amateur athletes to participate and this amateur code was strictly enforced -
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Following a lengthy dispute on this point during the early 1890s, representatives of more than 20 prominent northern rugby clubs met in
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1947:"The Olympic Ideal and the Winter Games Attitudes Towards the Olympic Winter Games in Olympic Discourses—from Coubertin to Samaranch"
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Digital Sport for Performance Enhancement and Competitive Evolution: Intelligent Gaming Technologies: Intelligent Gaming Technologies
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Naomi Fejgin. "Participation in High School Competitive Sports: A Subversion of School Mission or Contribution to Academic Goals?",
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1594:. The GAA sees Croke Park, with a capacity of 82,300 people, filled for the Senior Football and Hurling Championship finals. Major
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All North American university sports are (generally) conducted by amateurs. Even the most commercialized college sports, such as
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was viewed as a working class game. Rugby union - which remained amateur - was predominant in the rest of England, as well as in
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matches between amateurs and professionals. Few cricketers changed their status, but there were some notable exceptions such as
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On English overseas tours, some of which in the 19th century were arranged and led by professional cricketer-promoters such as
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in 1952 he remained a professional. In 1962 the division was removed, and all cricket players became known as "cricketers".
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activities such as endorsements provided that the payments were made to trust funds rather than to the skaters themselves.
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was once excluded in lists of players who died in the First World War due to his 'defection' to the league code. One
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in late Victorian Britain, and has been analysed as a historical social phenomenon since the later 20th century. The
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781:) which is one of UEFA's five-star stadia. They have also won the Scottish Cup more times than any club outside the
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arose as a direct result of a dispute over the pretence of a strict enforcement of its amateur status – clubs in
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498:, or working in a profession, but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full-time basis.
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was invented by the Healy Brothers in the 1950s and developed at the International Frisbee Tournament (IFT) in
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Bowen, Daniel H.; Greene, Jay P. (2012). "Does Athletic Success Come at the Expense of Academic Success?".
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published in 1900, "The term Corinthian half a century ago was commonly applied to the aristocratic
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Discrimination against rugby league players could verge on the petty - former Welsh international
785:. Amateur football in both genders is now found mainly in small village and Sunday clubs and the
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Gardiner, Simon; Boyes, Simon; Naidoo, Urvasi; O'Leary, John; Welch, Roger (12 March 2012).
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adopted a decision to form competitions for "teams of masters", while at republican level (
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In Wales the position was more equivocal with clubs attempting to stem the tide of players
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In England the division was reflected in, and for a long time reinforced by, the series of
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and Jared Kass. In the 1970s it developed as an organized sport with the creation of the
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2029:"Most college athletes can't accept brand sponsorships or deals. That could soon change"
1145:. What started with a few players, in the sixties, like Victor Malafronte, Z Weyand and
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was once asked why he hadn't turned professional and responded, "I couldn't afford to."
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Monsebraaten, Laurie (1986-10-15). "Players in NHL are now eligible in the Olympics".
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show tours to perform at universities, fairs and sporting events. Disc sports such as
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In Australia the amateur-professional division was rarely noticed in the years before
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were fined after compensating players for missing work, whilst at the same time the
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Public football pitches are common in residential areas, such as this pitch on the
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1582:, or GAA, protects the amateur status of the country's national sports, including
17:
2873:"How the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings turned baseball into a national sensation"
2785:"Who Reports Participation in Varsity Intercollegiate Sports at 4-Year Colleges?"
831:
American football in the United States#Adult Amateur Football / Semi-Pro Football
672:
epitomises the difference between amateurs and professionals: In a match against
3184:
3152:
2348:
2311:
Smith, A & Porter, D: Amateurs and Professionals in Post-War British Sport
1558:
1554:
1541:
1446:
1243:
1216:
1104:
1008:
935:
902:
Prize money at ISU competitions was introduced in 1995, paid by the sale of the
777:, the oldest football club in Scotland, founded in 1867 and with a home ground (
759:
708:
658:
626:
317:
158:
78:
308:. In particular, only amateur boxers could compete at the Olympics up to 2016.
3413:
2990:
2980:
2482:
Countercultural Sports in America: The History and Meaning of Ultimate Frisbee
2425:
1506:
1498:
1212:
1064:
1012:
903:
754:
688:
615:
476:
421:
413:
278:
204:
2722:"Injuries in High School Sports - Garrick and Requa 61 (3): 465 - Pediatrics"
1197:
are very popular worldwide and are now being played semi professionally. The
2246:
1536:
1270:
was standardized with targets called "pole holes" invented and developed by
1267:
1194:
1186:
1162:
1157:. Organized disc sports, in the 1970s, began with promotional efforts from
673:
669:
223:
1521:. Still, a few amateurs are invited to compete in open events, such as the
990:
themselves received any compensation. Such players were effectively barred
846:
was professionals paid by interested idle rich. Today, sailing, especially
2737:
1953:
687:
After the Second World War the division was increasingly questioned. When
3345:
3172:
3028:
2745:
1599:
1514:
1263:
1004:
943:
930:
in the late-19th century. The split in rugby in 1895 between what became
782:
522:
518:
514:
458:
2784:
1731:
1254:
was invented and introduced in the early 1970s by Jim Palmeri. In 1974,
525:, Canada. The decision was reversed in January 1970 after IOC President
3408:
1721:(looking for citation to prizes of a trophy filled with silver dollars)
1591:
1587:
1166:
1150:
1142:
958:
746:
495:
491:
416:
team (with their male coaches in background) posing with their trophy.
103: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
62:
2080:
Story #17–Protesting amateur rules, Canada leaves international hockey
61:
fewer organisations governing sports, even as they maintain the word "
3360:
1595:
1271:
1158:
847:
305:
216:
212:
483:
medals for having taken expense money for playing baseball in 1912.
52:. The distinction is made between amateur sporting participants and
57:
job. The majority of worldwide sporting participants are amateurs.
2961:
2191:
Litsky, Frank (1984-01-25). "Eagleson upset over hockey dispute".
1681:
Nigel, Pope; L, Kuhn, Kerri-Ann; J.H, Forster, John (2009-05-31).
1535:
1128:
1000:
939:
732:
645:
abroad could claim more in expenses than professionals were paid.
45:
29:
1570:
historic or classic cars, which are aimed primarily at amateurs.
1242:, the most widely played disc game, began in the late 1960s with
1133:
Australia vs Canada, ultimate players at the 2012 WUGC in Japan.
3393:
1478:
1189:
became this sports first events. Two sports, the team sport of
815:
301:
154:
131:
Modern organized sports developed in the 19th century, with the
2934:
2684:
2829:"Pay-to-play sports keeping lower-income kids out of the game"
2159:
Canada's Olympic Hockey Teams: The Complete History, 1920–1998
1363:
1328:
1287:
953:
Rugby football, despite its origins in the privileged English
797:
A peculiar situation took place in the Soviet Union which had
649:
was a well-salaried secretary - and an amateur captain - of
556:
340:
72:
1379:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1095:
Also, some rugby unions have amateur rules, most notably the
895:, took advantage of the reinstatement rule to compete at the
1833:
On The Corinthian Spirit: The Decline of Amateurism in Sport
575:
as a wholesale sports governing body at the Olympic level).
535:
take a break mid-season and the IOC's amateur-only policy.
242:(founded 1874, added "Corinthian" to the name in 1881) and
1952:. Comité International Pierre De Coubertin. Archived from
1050:
supplied with a shirt prior to the outbreak of hostilities
1449:
level; students who participate, commonly referred to as
48:
in which participants engage largely or entirely without
2930:
2902:
World of hockey : celebrating a century of the IIHF
2096:
Story #40–Finally, Canada to host the World Championship
2586:
1388:
1345:
1149:
experimenting with new ways of throwing and catching a
618:, financial and other compensation such as employment.
2611:
2374:"Competitive Figure Skating FAQ:Rules and Regulations"
2270:"Olympics is Opening Its Rings to Professional Boxers"
1865:"A Short History By past Commodore P. James Roosevelt"
1015:- with a strong working-class rugby union tradition.
1165:(Canada), a few tournaments and professionals using
3455:
3422:
3379:
3291:
3246:
3198:
3145:
3019:
2968:
2531:
2141:
Story #6–First Canada Cup opens up the hockey world
471:
Olympic Games § Amateurism and professionalism
1481:still has amateur championships, most notably the
490:entered teams of Olympians who were all nominally
2720:Garrick, James G.; Requa, Ralph K. (March 1978).
1468:National High-school Baseball Tournament of Japan
633:, a more pragmatic approach generally prevailed.
359:may be compromised due to out-of-date information
2926:CBC Digital Archives - Funding of Amateur Sports
2136:
2091:
2075:
661:at Nottinghamshire were in a similar situation.
543:—were allowed to play. Canadian hockey official
2637:"Ultimate Frisbee Participation [SFIA]"
424:manoeuvre under the watchful eyes of her coach.
2809:. Josephson Institute Center for Sports Ethics
2732:(3). Pediatrics.aappublications.org: 465–469.
2659:"History of Frisbee and Flying Disc freestyle"
2506:"History of Frisbee and Flying Disc freestyle"
911:their competition eligibility in the process.
420:A U.S. university girl practising a difficult
2946:
2835:. C.S. Mott Children's Hospital. 14 May 2012.
1773:. Royal Corinthian Yacht Club. Archived from
1377:The examples and perspective in this article
950:(RFU) was allowing other players to be paid.
867:In 1992, trust funds were abolished, and the
842:Around the turn of the 20th century, much of
8:
2848:"Why PGA Tour winner got trophy but no cash"
1771:"The formation of the Corinthian Yacht Club"
1707:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1250:with Dan Roddick, Tom Kennedy and Irv Kalb.
2900:Podnieks, Andrew; Szemberg, Szymon (2007).
2289:Wally Hammond: The Reasons Why: A Biography
1732:"140 years of amateur yachting excellence…"
1322:Learn how and when to remove these messages
819:among cities and regions were phased away.
2953:
2939:
2931:
2151:
2149:
1756:Yachting: Historical Sketches of the Sport
1459:National Center for Educational Statistics
1258:competition was created and introduced by
1099:, where all member clubs are amateur. The
2709:Contemporary Issues in Sociology of Sport
1799:Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue
1433:Learn how and when to remove this message
1415:Learn how and when to remove this message
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
2071:
2069:
2067:
1086:British Amateur Rugby League Association
2787:. Nation Center for Education Statistic
2347:Bienkowski, Stefan (14 November 2019).
1673:
1540:An amateur golfer celebrates his first
2807:"Survey of high school athletes: 2006"
1981:
1970:
1700:
1153:, later would become known as playing
1011:and in certain English cities such as
598:Amateur status in first-class cricket
333:state to train on a full-time basis.
7:
2587:"Professional Disc Golf Association"
2208:"Canada considers hockey withdrawal"
2054:"Soviet Amateur Athlete: A Real Pro"
101:adding citations to reliable sources
1445:Sports teams commonly exist at the
608:amateur and professional cricketers
507:International Ice Hockey Federation
503:Canadian Amateur Hockey Association
337:North American collegiate athletics
2833:National Poll on Children's Health
1867:. Seawanhaka Corinthian Yacht Club
1816:A Manual of Yacht and Boat Sailing
1627:History of English amateur cricket
1203:Professional Disc Golf Association
1115:Ultimate and disc sports (Frisbee)
215:of sports, some of which, such as
209:A Manual of Yacht and Boat Sailing
34:An amateur mixed doubles match of
25:
2480:Holtzman-Conston, Jordan (2010).
1557:for many years - drivers such as
1303:This article has multiple issues.
1266:Jim Kenner. In 1976, the game of
27:Sport played by non-professionals
3529:
3520:
3519:
3507:
2767:Journal of Research in Education
2663:Development of Frisbee in Canada
2639:. Sludge Output. 10 October 2013
2438:Hinchliffe, David (1994-06-26).
2376:. Frogsonice.com. Archived from
2052:Washburn, J. N. (21 July 1974).
1368:
1332:
1292:
957:, was a popular game throughout
693:English national cricket captain
651:Warwickshire County Cricket Club
399:
390:
345:
267:
258:
240:Seawanhaka Corinthian Yacht Club
77:
3530:
2612:"American Ultimate Disc League"
2452:from the original on 2012-01-26
1913:Benjamin, Daniel (1992-07-27).
1759:. Lippincott. pp. 110–111.
1529:or non-open event, such as the
1311:or discuss these issues on the
762:) in their boots after a game.
511:International Olympic Committee
501:Near the end of the 1960s, the
289:) at Canada Summer Games, 2017.
140:Sabbatarianism. In the UK, the
88:needs additional citations for
2871:Wyss, Robert (27 March 2019).
2557:"World Flying Disc Federation"
2532:"World Flying Disc Federation"
295:By the early 21st century the
222:The "Corinthian ideal" of the
1:
2428:Matthew Ferris, November 2008
2268:Mather, Victor (March 2016).
1734:. Royal Corinthian Yacht Club
1221:American Ultimate Disc League
980:Northern Rugby Football Union
799:Soviet-type economic planning
555:After the 1972 retirement of
486:Later on, the nations of the
2423:Rugby Heroes who went to War
2328:Horne, Ben (4 August 2017).
2137:Podnieks & Szemberg 2007
2092:Podnieks & Szemberg 2007
2076:Podnieks & Szemberg 2007
2027:Nguyen, Terry (2021-01-21).
1915:"Traditions Pro Vs. Amateur"
1830:Taylor, D. J. (2010-08-31).
1487:British Amateur Championship
1248:Ultimate Players Association
1199:World Flying Disc Federation
236:the name of many yacht clubs
226:amateur developed alongside
219:, are not now the fashion."
2109:"Summit Series '72 Summary"
1580:Gaelic Athletic Association
1391:, discuss the issue on the
978:in August 1895 to form the
869:International Skating Union
859:Like other Olympic sports,
808:Armed Forces Sports Society
178:Royal Corinthian Yacht Club
3592:
2685:"Journal of Amateur Sport"
2561:History of the Flying Disc
1892:. Routledge. p. 284.
1281:
1118:
1090:National Conference League
595:
569:Amateur Sports Act of 1978
468:
412:A U.S. high school girls'
379:
246:(likewise 1881 and 1893).
244:Yale Corinthian Yacht Club
3501:
2156:Podnieks, Andrew (1997).
2008:. Oxford University Press
1483:U.S. Amateur Championship
787:Amateur Football Alliance
195:Oxford English Dictionary
3103:Bodybuilding supplements
1622:Semi-professional sports
766:The Football Association
668:An anecdote narrated by
610:until 1963. Teams below
541:World Hockey Association
232:Corinthian Football Club
1642:History of rugby league
1980:Cite journal requires
1819:. H. Cox. p. 546.
1657:High performance sport
1637:History of rugby union
1545:
1495:British Ladies Amateur
1137:
750:
606:distinguished between
573:Amateur Athletic Union
285:) and Men's Baseball (
38:
2738:10.1542/peds.61.3.465
2616:AUDL Official Website
2591:PDGA Official Website
2536:WFDF Official Website
1796:Egan, Pierce (1823).
1753:Gabe, Julius (1902).
1539:
1511:Espirito Santo Trophy
1225:Major League Ultimate
1132:
1125:Flying disc freestyle
1097:Argentine Rugby Union
984:Rugby Football League
736:
228:muscular Christianity
33:
2846:simon (2024-01-22).
2287:Foot, David (1998).
1813:Kemp, Dixon (1900).
1777:on 21 September 2017
1491:U.S. Women's Amateur
1397:create a new article
1389:improve this article
1101:Campeonato Argentino
1045:Scottish Rugby Union
1029:Member of Parliament
964:Rugby Football Union
948:Rugby Football Union
897:1994 Winter Olympics
729:Association football
705:World Series Cricket
581:2016 Summer Olympics
443:Athletic scholarship
97:improve this article
2904:. Fenn Publishing.
2567:on October 19, 2013
2334:The Daily Telegraph
2113:Hockey Hall of Fame
1617:Professional sports
1236:Marquette, Michigan
739:Orchard Park Estate
638:Gentlemen v Players
604:first-class cricket
65:" in their titles.
3120:Physical education
2274:The New York Times
2213:The New York Times
2193:The New York Times
2058:The New York Times
1632:Boot money scandal
1546:
1531:Masters Tournament
1344:. You can help by
1278:High school sports
1138:
1039:Scotland and Wales
889:Ekaterina Gordeeva
812:Dynamo Sports Club
751:
743:Kingston upon Hull
716:Partition of India
39:
18:High school sports
3543:
3542:
3514:Sports portal
3125:Physical activity
3071:Athletic training
3054:Strength training
3006:Semi-professional
2484:. Waltham, Mass.
2399:"The Amateur Era"
1899:978-1-136-58812-9
1694:978-1-60566-407-1
1647:Athletic director
1563:Esteban Gutiérrez
1503:Eisenhower Trophy
1443:
1442:
1435:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1399:, as appropriate.
1362:
1361:
1326:
1252:Double disc court
1175:double disc court
1121:Flying disc games
823:American football
691:was appointed as
631:Arthur Shrewsbury
382:College athletics
378:
377:
198:derives the noun
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128:
121:
16:(Redirected from
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3256:General managers
3158:Governing bodies
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2884:
2883:
2877:The Conversation
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2563:. Archived from
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2164:Doubleday Canada
2153:
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2127:
2125:
2124:
2115:. Archived from
2105:
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2089:
2083:
2073:
2062:
2061:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2005:Oxford Reference
1996:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1958:
1951:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1923:. Archived from
1910:
1904:
1903:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1861:
1855:
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1852:
1850:
1836:. Random House.
1827:
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1578:In Ireland, the
1451:student athletes
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1409:
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1400:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1354:
1336:
1329:
1318:
1296:
1295:
1288:
1274:'s Ed Headrick.
1033:David Hinchliffe
885:Christopher Dean
623:James Lillywhite
532:Günther Sabetzki
479:was stripped of
403:
394:
373:
370:
364:
357:factual accuracy
349:
348:
341:
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124:
117:
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36:beach volleyball
21:
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3456:Sport by region
3451:
3418:
3389:Artificial turf
3375:
3346:Olympic culture
3287:
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3194:
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3015:
2986:Military sports
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2852:Compleat Golfer
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2510:Formative Years
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2492:
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2478:
2474:
2468:
2464:
2455:
2453:
2446:The Independent
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2357:
2355:
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2291:. Anova Books.
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2011:
2009:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1979:
1969:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1945:Schantz, Otto.
1944:
1943:
1939:
1930:
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1911:
1907:
1900:
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1584:Gaelic football
1576:
1551:
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1439:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1386:
1373:
1369:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1342:needs expansion
1297:
1293:
1286:
1284:Student athlete
1280:
1260:Ken Westerfield
1147:Ken Westerfield
1135:Ultimate Canada
1127:
1119:Main articles:
1117:
1078:Jonathan Davies
1073:
1041:
1021:
972:
924:
919:
857:
840:
825:
804:union republics
795:
731:
722:Women's cricket
701:
699:Other countries
676:, the batsmen,
600:
594:
589:
549:Murray Costello
509:(IIHF) and the
481:track and field
473:
467:
428:
427:
426:
425:
406:
405:
404:
396:
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384:
374:
368:
365:
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354:This section's
350:
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293:
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272:
264:
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252:
190:ancient Corinth
171:
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82:
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28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3589:
3587:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3566:Sports culture
3563:
3561:Sports by type
3558:
3556:Amateur sports
3548:
3547:
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3527:
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3449:
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3442:National sport
3439:
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3428:
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2000:"shamateurism"
1991:
1982:|journal=
1959:on May 5, 2013
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1383:of the subject
1381:worldwide view
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1019:Discrimination
1017:
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955:public schools
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917:Rugby football
915:
893:Sergei Grinkov
861:figure skating
856:
855:Figure skating
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760:decimalisation
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527:Avery Brundage
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2664:
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2403:England Rugby
2400:
2394:
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2380:on 2022-05-08
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2215:. 1984-02-05.
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2177:0-385-25688-4
2173:
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2133:
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2119:on 2008-08-07
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2020:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1974:
1963:September 13,
1955:
1948:
1941:
1938:
1927:on 2009-09-02
1926:
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1519:European Tour
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1353:November 2010
1347:
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1340:This section
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1209:Disc ultimate
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905:
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894:
890:
886:
882:
881:Jayne Torvill
878:
877:Katarina Witt
874:
873:Brian Boitano
870:
865:
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849:
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837:
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832:
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690:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
666:
662:
660:
657:at Essex and
656:
655:Trevor Bailey
652:
648:
643:
642:Wally Hammond
639:
634:
632:
628:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
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591:
586:
584:
582:
576:
574:
570:
566:
565:United States
562:
558:
553:
550:
546:
545:Alan Eagleson
542:
536:
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528:
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520:
516:
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508:
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423:
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393:
383:
372:
369:November 2019
360:
358:
352:
343:
342:
336:
334:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
309:
307:
303:
298:
297:Olympic Games
288:
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150:
148:
143:
138:
137:United States
134:
123:
120:
112:
109:November 2014
102:
98:
92:
91:
86:This section
84:
80:
75:
74:
68:
66:
64:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
37:
32:
19:
3505:
3304:Cheerleaders
3213:Broadcasting
3108:Sports drink
3076:Chriopractic
3034:Biomechanics
3010:
3001:Professional
2901:
2894:Bibliography
2880:. Retrieved
2876:
2866:
2855:. Retrieved
2851:
2841:
2832:
2823:
2811:. Retrieved
2801:
2789:. Retrieved
2779:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2749:. Retrieved
2729:
2725:
2715:
2708:
2703:
2692:. Retrieved
2688:
2679:
2669:September 6,
2667:. Retrieved
2662:
2653:
2641:. Retrieved
2631:
2619:. Retrieved
2615:
2606:
2594:. Retrieved
2590:
2581:
2569:. Retrieved
2565:the original
2560:
2551:
2539:. Retrieved
2535:
2526:
2516:September 6,
2514:. Retrieved
2509:
2500:
2481:
2475:
2465:
2454:. Retrieved
2445:
2433:
2418:
2406:. Retrieved
2402:
2393:
2382:. Retrieved
2378:the original
2368:
2356:. Retrieved
2352:
2342:
2333:
2323:
2307:
2288:
2282:
2273:
2263:
2252:. Retrieved
2250:. 1999-07-12
2245:
2242:"Amateurism"
2236:
2228:Toronto Star
2227:
2221:
2212:
2201:
2192:
2186:
2158:
2132:
2121:. Retrieved
2117:the original
2103:
2087:
2057:
2047:
2036:. Retrieved
2032:
2022:
2010:. Retrieved
2003:
1994:
1973:cite journal
1961:. Retrieved
1954:the original
1940:
1929:. Retrieved
1925:the original
1918:
1908:
1888:
1881:
1869:. Retrieved
1859:
1849:15 September
1847:. Retrieved
1832:
1825:
1815:
1808:
1798:
1791:
1781:21 September
1779:. Retrieved
1775:the original
1765:
1755:
1748:
1736:. Retrieved
1726:
1717:
1683:
1676:
1662:Youth sports
1652:Pick-up game
1612:Cheerleading
1602:until 1869.
1577:
1574:Other sports
1567:Rio Haryanto
1552:
1527:British Open
1477:
1464:
1455:
1444:
1429:
1411:
1402:
1378:
1350:
1346:adding to it
1341:
1319:
1312:
1306:
1305:Please help
1302:
1230:The game of
1229:
1207:
1139:
1094:
1083:
1074:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1042:
1025:Fred Perrett
1022:
997:
991:
988:
976:Huddersfield
973:
970:Organization
952:
932:rugby league
925:
913:
909:
901:
866:
858:
841:
828:
796:
793:Soviet Union
779:Hampden Park
775:Queen's Park
771:
764:
753:
752:
720:
713:
702:
686:
678:Arnold Dyson
667:
663:
647:M.J.K. Smith
635:
620:
612:Test cricket
601:
577:
554:
537:
500:
485:
474:
455:
451:
447:
429:
417:
409:
366:
355:
330:Eastern Bloc
325:
321:
314:shamateurism
313:
310:
294:
286:
282:
238:; including
221:
208:
199:
193:
181:
173:
172:
163:rugby league
151:
146:
130:
115:
106:
95:Please help
90:verification
87:
59:
54:professional
50:remuneration
41:
40:
3409:Flying disc
3324:Memorabilia
3233:Sponsorship
2621:October 20,
2596:October 19,
2571:October 20,
2541:October 19,
2358:14 November
2166:. pp.
2162:. Toronto:
1559:Felipe Nasr
1555:Formula One
1542:hole-in-one
1447:high school
1244:Joel Silver
1223:(AUDL) and
1217:flying disc
1105:Super Rugby
1057:going north
1009:South Wales
936:rugby union
714:Before the
709:World War I
682:Eddie Bates
659:Reg Simpson
627:Alfred Shaw
318:portmanteau
250:Present day
159:rugby union
142:Factory Act
3576:Amateurism
3550:Categories
3447:Regulation
3437:Ministries
3432:Sports law
3414:Sportswear
3351:Philosophy
3261:Journalism
3173:Postseason
3091:Psychology
3086:Physicians
3049:Physiology
2991:Parasports
2976:Individual
2882:2020-11-13
2857:2024-08-16
2751:2010-09-20
2726:Pediatrics
2694:2020-01-23
2456:2009-04-26
2426:BBC Online
2384:2010-09-20
2254:2009-03-03
2123:2009-03-02
2038:2022-02-20
1931:2009-03-18
1889:Sports Law
1668:References
1549:Motorsport
1507:Curtis Cup
1499:Walker Cup
1308:improve it
1282:See also:
1213:team sport
1107:side, the
1071:Open union
1065:Barry John
1061:boot money
1013:Gloucester
922:Background
904:television
755:Boot money
689:Len Hutton
616:W.G. Grace
559:President
477:Jim Thorpe
439:basketball
422:gymnastics
414:water polo
279:volleyball
205:Dixon Kemp
200:Corinthian
182:Corinthian
174:Corinthian
169:Corinthian
165:in 1895).
69:Background
3468:Australia
3381:Equipment
3356:Rivalries
3341:Numbering
3334:Nicknames
3283:Promoters
3266:Magazines
3228:Marketing
3218:Economics
3137:Sociology
3098:Nutrition
2813:9 January
2353:BBC Sport
2247:USA Today
1703:cite book
1523:U.S. Open
1393:talk page
1314:talk page
1268:disc golf
1264:Discrafts
1256:freestyle
1195:disc golf
1187:disc golf
1171:freestyle
1163:Irwin Toy
1155:freestyle
674:Glamorgan
670:Fred Root
224:gentleman
207:wrote in
184:from the
3525:Category
3424:Politics
3404:Exercise
3371:Violence
3271:Podcasts
3223:Industry
3200:Business
3115:Pedagogy
3066:Medicine
3039:Practice
3029:Exercise
2450:Archived
1871:14 April
1738:14 April
1606:See also
1600:baseball
1515:PGA Tour
1387:You may
1240:ultimate
1109:Jaguares
1005:Scotland
992:sine die
944:Bradford
783:Old Firm
602:English
523:Manitoba
519:Winnipeg
515:Montreal
496:soldiers
492:students
465:Olympics
459:Title IX
435:football
277:Women's
217:pugilism
203:(1823).
135:and the
3571:Hobbies
3535:Outline
3488:Oceania
3319:History
3299:Betting
3292:Culture
3163:Leagues
3021:Science
3011:Amateur
2791:29 July
2643:9 April
2408:6 March
2168:147–158
1592:camogie
1588:hurling
1227:(MLU).
1167:Frisbee
1151:Frisbee
1143:Frisbee
966:(RFU).
959:England
928:Britain
844:sailing
838:Sailing
747:England
592:England
587:Cricket
326:amateur
213:patrons
63:amateur
3478:Europe
3463:Africa
3399:Caving
3329:Naming
3208:Agents
3180:School
3168:Season
3081:Injury
3061:Doping
2908:
2746:643419
2744:
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1691:
1596:tennis
1272:Wham-O
1159:Wham-O
887:, and
848:dinghy
567:, the
418:Right:
306:boxing
192:, the
46:sports
3394:Balls
3276:Radio
3238:Trade
3185:Teams
3153:Clubs
2996:Women
2969:Types
2962:Sport
2012:5 May
1957:(PDF)
1950:(PDF)
1395:, or
1211:is a
1059:with
1001:Wales
940:Leeds
829:See:
410:Left:
316:", a
287:right
3473:Asia
2981:Team
2906:ISBN
2815:2014
2793:2012
2773:(2).
2742:PMID
2671:2017
2645:2014
2623:2013
2598:2013
2573:2013
2543:2013
2518:2017
2486:ISBN
2410:2017
2360:2019
2313:ISBN
2293:ISBN
2172:ISBN
2014:2017
1986:help
1965:2008
1920:Time
1894:ISBN
1873:2014
1851:2017
1838:ISBN
1783:2017
1740:2014
1709:link
1689:ISBN
1590:and
1565:and
1525:and
1517:and
1509:and
1479:Golf
1474:Golf
1262:and
1232:guts
1193:and
1185:and
1179:guts
1161:and
1123:and
1043:The
1003:and
942:and
934:and
891:and
883:and
816:NKVD
680:and
629:and
517:and
437:and
432:NCAA
324:and
322:sham
304:and
302:golf
283:left
161:and
155:golf
147:i.e.
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2734:doi
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