136:
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1368:
161:
119:
1469:
6165:
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2017:
1289:
2204:
744:
One possible mechanism for the presumed evolution from emphasis on haploid generation to emphasis on diploid generation is the greater efficiency in spore dispersal with more complex diploid structures. Elaboration of the spore stalk enabled the production of more spores and the development of the
2387:
tissues each play a part in the conduction processes within plants. Sugars are conveyed throughout the plant in the phloem; water and other nutrients pass through the xylem. Conduction occurs from a source to a sink for each separate nutrient. Sugars are produced in the leaves (a source) by
2347:, causing them to line up; as the molecules at the top of the plant evaporate, each pulls the next one up to replace it, which in turn pulls on the next one in line. The draw of water upwards may be entirely passive and can be assisted by the movement of water into the roots via
2355:. Transpiration plays an important role in the absorption of nutrients from the soil as soluble salts are transported along with the water from the soil to the leaves. Plants can adjust their transpiration rate to optimize the balance between water loss and nutrient absorption.
2510:
745:
ability to release them higher and to broadcast them farther. Such developments may include more photosynthetic area for the spore-bearing structure, the ability to grow independent roots, woody structure for support, and more branching.
679:. Phloem and xylem are closely associated with one another and are typically located immediately adjacent to each other in the plant. The combination of one xylem and one phloem strand adjacent to each other is known as a
3500:
2322:
to the atmosphere and replace that water with soil moisture taken up by their roots. When the stomata are closed at night, water pressure can build up in the plant. Excess water is excreted through pores known as
2758:
1251:
This phylogeny is supported by several molecular studies. Other researchers state that taking fossils into account leads to different conclusions, for example that the ferns (Pteridophyta) are not monophyletic.
5995:
3044:
Pryer, K. M.; Schneider, H.; Smith, A. R.; Cranfill, R.; Wolf, P. G.; Hunt, J. S.; Sipes, S. D. (2001). "Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants".
3095:
Pryer, K. M.; Schuettpelz, E.; Wolf, P. G.; Schneider, H.; Smith, A. R.; Cranfill, R. (2004). "Phylogeny and evolution of ferns (monilophytes) with a focus on the early leptosporangiate divergences".
2267:
in other vascular plants. Xylem cells are dead, hard-walled hollow cells arranged to form files of tubes that function in water transport. A tracheid cell wall usually contains the polymer
6000:
521:
2351:. Consequently, transpiration requires the plant to expend very little energy on water movement. Transpiration assists the plant in absorbing nutrients from the soil as soluble
741:
or botanical division encompassing two of these characteristics defined by the Latin phrase "facies diploida xylem et phloem instructa" (diploid phase with xylem and phloem).
6133:
3591:
6317:
6051:
3130:
Rothwell, G. W. & Nixon, K. C. (2006). "How Does the
Inclusion of Fossil Data Change Our Conclusions about the Phylogenetic History of Euphyllophytes?".
2601:
6412:
2331:
out of the leaf stomata sets up transpiration pull or tension in the water column in the xylem vessels or tracheids. The pull is the result of water
6278:
5867:
6304:
3168:
The early
Devonian Posongchong flora of Yunnan: a contribution to an understanding of the evolution and early diversification of vascular plants
2282:. Between the sieve-tube members are sieve plates, which have pores to allow molecules to pass through. Sieve-tube members lack such organs as
753:
A proposed phylogeny of the vascular plants after
Kenrick and Crane 1997 is as follows, with modification to the gymnosperms from Christenhusz
3437:
3176:
3584:
6057:
2907:
2383:
Xylem is the water-conducting tissue, and the secondary xylem provides the raw material for the forest products industry.Xylem and
160:
6379:
4952:
3634:
5391:
3629:
1892:
6366:
5872:
6309:
3374:"Effects of elevated CO 2 and vascular plants on evapotranspiration in bog vegetation: EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN BOG VEGETATION"
2832:
1656:
135:
5322:
3713:
3703:
3686:
3577:
733:
Vascular plants have true roots, leaves, and stems, even if some groups have secondarily lost one or more of these traits.
3540:
6270:
6041:
5628:
5143:
3196:
6123:
5877:
3564:
2923:
Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.; Reveal, James L.; Farjon, Aljos; Gardner, Martin F.; Mill, R.R.; Chase, Mark W. (2011).
2229:
in the form of inorganic solutes are drawn up from the soil by the roots and transported throughout the plant by the
6371:
5857:
695:
6322:
6007:
2664:
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3209:
6145:
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626:
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than other plants due to being more complex organisms. However, this is an antiquated remnant of the obsolete
2367:
is low, and decreases when water demand is high. No water movement towards the shoots and leaves occurs when
1674:
3718:
3429:
2669:
2318:
is the main process of water movement within plant tissues. Plants constantly transpire water through their
2363:
Living root cells passively absorb water. Pressure within the root increases when transpiration demand via
6185:
5975:
5899:
514:
4622:
6353:
6140:
3681:
3257:
Zhao, Chengsong; Craig, Johanna C.; Petzold, H. Earl; Dickerman, Allan W.; Beers, Eric P. (2005-06-01).
2783:
2597:
2490:
217:
4610:
691:, which lack these specialized conducting tissues and are thereby restricted to relatively small sizes.
4616:
2968:
Smith, Alan R.; Pryer, Kathleen M.; Schuettpelz, E.; Korall, P.; Schneider, H.; Wolf, Paul G. (2006).
538:
6384:
6332:
6255:
5862:
5714:
5386:
4945:
4914:
4660:
3334:
3053:
2519:
2456:
2393:
1160:
652:
559:) for conducting water and minerals throughout the plant. They also have a specialized non-lignified
293:
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1849:
6032:
5577:
4628:
4079:
4062:
3972:
3820:
3569:
1053:
279:
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3011:
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5970:
5835:
5704:
5613:
5305:
5091:
4987:
4355:
4106:
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3482:
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3147:
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2992:
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2419:
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or storage. Minerals are absorbed in the roots (a source) and transported to the shoots to allow
2368:
2245:
1536:
1270:
894:
780:
688:
198:
155:
6358:
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6128:
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3998:
3988:
3918:
3708:
3671:
3659:
3649:
3527:
3433:
3354:
3296:
3278:
3259:"The Xylem and Phloem Transcriptomes from Secondary Tissues of the Arabidopsis Root-Hypocotyl"
3239:
3231:
3172:
3112:
3069:
2903:
2624:
2553:
2535:
2303:
2279:
2219:
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614:
268:
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4122:
4023:
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2797:
2616:
2561:
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2527:
2464:
2311:
1520:
1284:
812:
671:
which distribute resources through the plant. Two kinds of vascular tissue occur in plants:
560:
469:
418:
412:
365:
126:
6345:
2503:"Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks"
6407:
6168:
6150:
6012:
5841:
5791:
5779:
5759:
5741:
5677:
5504:
5472:
5433:
5406:
5235:
5230:
5121:
5057:
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4008:
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2711:
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2691:
2502:
2494:
2332:
2260:
1809:
915:
680:
668:
610:
359:
318:
118:
625:. Scientific names for the vascular plants group include Tracheophyta, Tracheobionta and
3373:
3057:
2658:
2523:
2460:
6062:
6027:
5980:
5962:
5926:
5682:
5509:
5487:
5453:
5428:
5411:
5401:
5396:
5278:
5081:
5035:
5030:
4746:
4686:
4560:
4527:
4485:
4326:
4321:
4269:
3739:
3654:
3601:
3522:
3495:
3452:
3448:
3291:
3258:
2620:
2548:
2389:
2256:
2238:
1888:
1873:
1763:
1652:
1629:
1481:
1468:
948:
877:
568:
341:
262:
2853:
716:
per cell). (By contrast, the principal generation phase in non-vascular plants is the
6401:
6098:
5846:
5764:
5736:
5699:
5667:
5603:
5523:
5423:
5225:
5208:
5131:
5111:
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4995:
4836:
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4643:
4600:
4513:
4489:
4306:
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4003:
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3830:
3456:
3415:
3389:
3350:
3166:
2969:
2498:
2397:
2340:
2339:
cells, from the surfaces of which evaporation takes place when the stomata are open.
2315:
2012:
1995:
1748:
1503:
1256:
1143:
1066:
979:
963:
325:
287:
147:
76:
3397:
3226:
3151:
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6093:
6083:
5985:
5709:
5694:
5203:
5170:
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4740:
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4311:
4301:
4101:
4053:
3926:
3081:
2636:
2476:
2424:
2283:
1301:
1010:
994:
257:
347:
3423:
6291:
6247:
6217:
5909:
5894:
5889:
5825:
5687:
5467:
5438:
5337:
5332:
5180:
5020:
5015:
5000:
4704:
4698:
4493:
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4432:
4382:
4189:
4132:
4073:
4018:
3951:
3901:
3871:
3853:
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2731:
1363:
1339:
1241:
1096:
1080:
845:
795:
766:
718:
713:
633:
622:
572:
308:
303:
251:
185:
143:
51:
2802:
2732:"vascular plant | Definition, Characteristics, Taxonomy, Examples, & Facts"
2511:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5938:
5931:
5921:
5904:
5587:
5582:
5518:
5310:
5157:
5116:
5010:
4904:
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4799:
4785:
4768:
4316:
3993:
3782:
3773:
3030:
2943:
2016:
1579:
1564:
1417:
1112:
700:
602:
313:
96:
61:
3358:
3282:
3235:
2854:"Vascular Plants: Definition, Classification, Characteristics & Examples"
2539:
6046:
5943:
5672:
5477:
5458:
5369:
5293:
5165:
5106:
5086:
5025:
4569:
4465:
4331:
4215:
4013:
3793:
3762:
2788:
2531:
2414:
2409:
2336:
2324:
1945:
1799:
1392:
1315:
1127:
723:
684:
648:
594:
298:
244:
101:
45:
17:
6208:
3531:
3513:
3300:
3243:
3116:
3108:
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2557:
2392:
and transported to the growing shoots and roots (sinks) for use in growth,
6234:
3274:
2628:
2565:
1288:
6202:
6088:
6078:
6022:
6017:
5784:
5657:
5633:
5550:
5220:
5005:
4841:
4274:
4257:
3693:
3372:
Heijmans, Monique M. P. D.; Arp, Wim J.; Berendse, Frank (October 2001).
3012:"A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns"
3010:
Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.; Zhang, Xian-Chun; Schneider, Harald (2011).
2784:"The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase"
2372:
2344:
2287:
2264:
2226:
687:
of vascular tissue in plants allowed them to evolve to larger sizes than
590:
91:
86:
71:
66:
56:
41:
3486:
3463:(1 August 2007). "Towards a Phylogenetic Nomenclature of Tracheophyta".
2996:
640:
has been used for all other vascular plants, including all living ones.
6283:
5273:
5268:
5185:
5175:
4794:
4497:
4296:
3753:
2364:
2348:
2234:
2203:
1970:
1464:
727:
709:
606:
106:
81:
6296:
3501:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2900:
5726:
5618:
5572:
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5381:
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3065:
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2291:
2268:
2242:
1604:
738:
676:
618:
564:
552:
544:
527:
6179:
2371:
is absent. This condition is associated with high temperature, high
3143:
663:
Botanists define vascular plants by three primary characteristics:
5950:
5884:
5806:
5774:
5731:
5623:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5543:
5528:
5497:
5418:
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4919:
4780:
4193:
3891:
3605:
2352:
2328:
2319:
2307:
2230:
2211:
2207:
2202:
1824:
1735:
705:
672:
556:
172:
5801:
5796:
5448:
5288:
5263:
5258:
5242:
5213:
5101:
4565:
4284:
2925:"A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms"
1441:
926:
598:
583:
273:
6183:
4934:
4187:
3573:
1255:
Hao and Xue presented an alternative phylogeny in 2013 for pre-
5721:
5283:
487:
436:
383:
6260:
3210:"Roots: evolutionary origins and biogeochemical significance"
2817:
Abercrombie, Michael; Hickman, C. J.; Johnson, M. L. (1966).
2310:, which has an important structural role and a vital role in
3322:(3 ed.). Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates.
655:, and the term is generally considered to be unscientific.
505:
481:
448:
439:
430:
395:
386:
3893:
493:
4930:
3539:
Pryer, Kathleen M.; Schneider, Harald; Magallon, Susana.
2609:
Biological
Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
499:
377:
3607:
3447:
Cantino, Philip D.; Doyle, James A.; Graham, Sean W.;
2447:-type sporangia from late Wenlock strata in Ireland".
2278:, on the other hand, consists of living cells called
496:
484:
472:
454:
445:
442:
433:
401:
392:
389:
380:
769:
from the "true" tracheophytes, the eutracheophytes.
737:
502:
478:
475:
451:
427:
424:
398:
374:
371:
6192:
6107:
6071:
5961:
5834:
5750:
5646:
5596:
5321:
5251:
5194:
5156:
5130:
5066:
4986:
4808:
4767:
4656:
4641:
4596:
4583:
4546:
4511:
4464:
4451:
4415:
4396:
4364:
4352:
4283:
4256:
4224:
4213:
4131:
4115:
4088:
4051:
3981:
3960:
3948:
3917:
3884:
3862:
3844:
3792:
3772:
3752:
3737:
2902:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
490:
421:
368:
2657:
2294:, function to keep the sieve-tube members alive.
3551:
2306:in all plants, as in all cellular organisms, is
2893:
2891:
2753:
2751:
636:) had less developed vascular tissue; the term
4195:
4946:
3585:
2963:
2961:
647:", as it was believed that they were further
643:Historically, vascular plants were known as "
8:
6052:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
2782:Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016).
2443:D. Edwards; Feehan, J. (1980). "Records of
6180:
5153:
4953:
4939:
4931:
4910:
4653:
4593:
4589:
4543:
4519:
4461:
4457:
4412:
4408:
4393:
4361:
4349:
4221:
4210:
4206:
4184:
4128:
4112:
4094:
4085:
4048:
3957:
3945:
3914:
3910:
3749:
3745:
3734:
3592:
3578:
3570:
2833:"ITIS Standard Report Page: Tracheobionta"
134:
117:
31:
3521:
3290:
3225:
2801:
2547:
765:(2011b) The cladogram distinguishes the
761:and lycophytes and ferns by Christenhusz
5996:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
3339:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
3208:Raven, J. A.; Edwards, D. (2001-03-01).
730:- with one set of chromosomes per cell.)
3197:Guttation: A Pressure Relief for Plants
3171:, Beijing: Science Press, p. 366,
3132:International Journal of Plant Sciences
2898:Kenrick, Paul; Crane, Peter R. (1997).
2435:
3496:"The relationships of vascular plants"
3165:Hao, Shougang; Xue, Jinzhuang (2013),
2602:"A revised six-kingdom system of life"
551: 'plants'), are plants that have
3565:"Higher plants" or "vascular plants"?
2592:
2590:
2588:
27:Clade of plants with xylem and phloem
7:
6372:6abc498a-70de-11e6-a989-005056b0018f
6333:d73edb3c-e6ad-4f73-b857-b17c96d49d1d
6271:af8a89a9-5d35-41cc-acb1-d4b696148a10
2678:participating institution membership
2582:, 3d edition. McGraw-Hill, New York.
2970:"A classification for extant ferns"
1987:
1961:
1936:
1865:
1840:
1815:
1805:
1779:
1754:
1726:
1645:
1620:
1595:
1570:
1560:
1494:
1487:
1456:
1433:
1408:
1383:
1355:
1330:
1307:
1276:
1266:
1073:
1045:
940:
933:
921:
869:
861:
837:
827:
786:
776:
582:accepted known species) other than
2621:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x
997:(whisk ferns and adders'-tongues)
694:In vascular plants, the principal
25:
6413:Extant Silurian first appearances
6001:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
2241:in leaves are distributed by the
757:(2011a), Pteridophyta from Smith
6164:
6163:
4909:
3542:The radiation of vascular plants
3390:10.1046/j.1354-1013.2001.00440.x
3351:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.567
2015:
1891:
1655:
1467:
1366:
1287:
468:
417:
364:
159:
2580:Botany. Principles and Problems
4920:Current definitions of Plantae
3552:Cracraft & Donoghue (2004)
3335:"Phylogeny of Vascular Plants"
3214:Journal of Experimental Botany
2717:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
2697:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
2290:, but cells next to them, the
632:. Some early land plants (the
1:
3227:10.1093/jexbot/52.suppl_1.381
2335:within the cell walls of the
576:
534: 'windpipe' and
6042:History of plant systematics
5629:Thorns, spines, and prickles
3494:Kenrick, P. (29 June 2000).
2759:"Tracheophyta – an overview"
2233:. Organic compounds such as
613:). They are contrasted with
589:Vascular plants include the
3425:Assembling the Tree of Life
2210:elements in the shoot of a
1261:
771:
352: 'duct'), also called
129:, a non-seed-bearing plant
6429:
5858:Alternation of generations
3097:American Journal of Botany
2803:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1
571:. The group includes most
537:
520:
6159:
6008:Cultivated plant taxonomy
5971:Biological classification
4968:
4892:
4592:
4542:
4522:
4460:
4411:
4392:
4348:
4209:
4205:
4183:
4097:
4047:
3944:
3913:
3748:
3733:
3617:
3031:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2
2944:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.3
2665:Oxford English Dictionary
2375:, darkness, and drought.
2010:
1992:
1985:
1966:
1959:
1941:
1934:
1886:
1870:
1863:
1845:
1838:
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1305:
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1125:
1110:
1094:
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1043:
1008:
992:
977:
961:
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919:
891:
874:
867:
859:
842:
835:
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809:
791:
784:
567:) to conduct products of
236:
225:
156:Scientific classification
154:
142:
133:
125:
116:
34:
5868:Evolutionary development
3451:; Olmstead, Richard G.;
3333:Doyle, James A. (1998).
239:Non-seed-bearing plants
5519:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
3430:Oxford University Press
2819:A Dictionary of Biology
2670:Oxford University Press
2532:10.1073/PNAS.1110633108
1675:Zosterophyllum deciduum
6134:by author abbreviation
6058:Plant taxonomy systems
5976:Botanical nomenclature
3514:10.1098/rstb.2000.0619
3109:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1582
2598:Cavalier-Smith, Thomas
2222:
346:
6354:Paleobiology Database
6141:Botanical expeditions
3378:Global Change Biology
3275:10.1104/pp.105.060202
2578:Sinnott, E. W. 1935.
2491:Laura Wegener Parfrey
2206:
2199:Nutrient distribution
667:Vascular plants have
6268:Euro+Med PlantBase:
5873:Evolutionary history
5863:Double fertilization
5715:Cellular respiration
4915:List of plant orders
4795:Pinopsida (conifers)
4781:Cycadopsida (cycads)
4773:(living gymnosperms)
4270:Leiosporocerotopsida
3989:Nephroselmidophyceae
3461:Donoghue, Michael J.
3420:Donoghue, Michael J.
3318:(2002). "5, 6, 10".
3220:(suppl 1): 381–401.
2763:ScienceDirect Topics
2394:cellular respiration
2343:exist between water
1161:Pteridospermatophyta
712:(having two sets of
609:), and angiosperms (
294:Pteridospermatophyta
5092:Non-vascular plants
4623:Archaeopteridopsida
4356:Polysporangiophytes
4080:Klebsormidiophyceae
4063:Mesostigmatophyceae
4009:Chlorodendrophyceae
3973:Pyramimonadophyceae
3927:Prasinodermophyceae
3821:Compsopogonophyceae
3548:. pp. 138–153.
3058:2001Natur.409..618S
2668:(Online ed.).
2524:2011PNAS..10813624P
2493:; Daniel J G Lahr;
2461:1980Natur.287...41E
2246:sieve-tube elements
1271:Polysporangiophytes
1146:(flowering plants)
1054:Progymnospermophyta
696:generation or phase
689:non-vascular plants
280:Progymnospermophyta
199:Polysporangiophytes
5597:Surface structures
5392:Flower development
4814:(flowering plants)
4735:Lyginopteridopsida
4528:Eophyllophytopsida
4481:Zosterophyllopsida
4419:Paratracheophytes*
4197:sensu strictissimo
4107:Coleochaetophyceae
4090:Phragmoplastophyta
3932:Palmophyllophyceae
3854:Glaucocystophyceae
3816:Stylonematophyceae
3811:Porphyridiophyceae
3600:Classification of
3453:Soltis, Douglas E.
2878:"Xylem and Phloem"
2720:. Merriam-Webster.
2700:. Merriam-Webster.
2501:(16 August 2011).
2420:Non-vascular plant
2369:evapotranspiration
2327:. The movement of
2302:The most abundant
2280:sieve-tube members
2223:
1537:Zosterophyllopsida
895:Zosterophyllophyta
615:nonvascular plants
462:) or collectively
258:Zosterophyllophyta
6395:
6394:
6341:Open Tree of Life
6186:Taxon identifiers
6177:
6176:
5816:Herbaceous plants
5642:
5641:
4928:
4927:
4888:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4822:Basal angiosperms
4723:Gigantopteridales
4672:seed plant groups
4670:and other extinct
4637:
4636:
4611:Noeggerathiopsida
4579:
4578:
4534:Trimerophytopsida
4507:
4506:
4447:
4446:
4403:(vascular plants)
4368:Protracheophytes*
4344:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4307:Andreaeobryopsida
4248:Jungermanniopsida
4179:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4068:Chlorokybophyceae
4043:
4042:
4039:
4038:
3999:Chloropicophyceae
3940:
3939:
3919:Prasinodermophyta
3880:
3879:
3508:(1398): 847–855.
3457:Soltis, Pamela S.
3439:978-0-19-972960-9
3178:978-7-03-036616-0
3103:(10): 1582–1598.
2884:. 26 August 2020.
2676:(Subscription or
2220:hydrochloric acid
2196:
2195:
2181:
2180:
2172:
2171:
2163:
2162:
2154:
2153:
2145:
2144:
2136:
2135:
2127:
2126:
2118:
2117:
2109:
2108:
2100:
2099:
2091:
2090:
2082:
2081:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2063:
2055:
2054:
2046:
2045:
2037:
2036:
2028:
2027:
1922:
1921:
1913:
1912:
1904:
1903:
1788:Trimerophytopsida
1713:
1712:
1704:
1703:
1695:
1694:
1686:
1685:
1547:
1546:
1249:
1248:
1235:
1234:
1226:
1225:
1217:
1216:
1208:
1207:
1199:
1198:
1190:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1172:
1171:
1031:
1030:
1022:
1021:
905:
904:
722:, which produces
704:, which produces
335:
334:
269:Trimerophytophyta
232:
221:
216:Sinnott, 1935 ex
16:(Redirected from
6420:
6388:
6387:
6375:
6374:
6362:
6361:
6349:
6348:
6336:
6335:
6326:
6325:
6313:
6312:
6300:
6299:
6287:
6286:
6274:
6273:
6264:
6263:
6251:
6250:
6238:
6237:
6228:
6227:
6226:
6213:
6212:
6211:
6181:
6167:
6166:
6146:Individual trees
5821:Secondary growth
5792:Succulent plants
5780:Prostrate shrubs
5663:Apical dominance
5648:Plant physiology
5609:Epicuticular wax
5154:
5147:
5138:Plant morphology
4955:
4948:
4941:
4932:
4913:
4912:
4827:Core angiosperms
4815:
4774:
4769:Acrogymnospermae
4747:Peltaspermopsida
4729:Glossopteridales
4711:Corystospermales
4693:Callistophytales
4673:
4665:
4659:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4617:Aneurophytopsida
4599:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4544:
4520:
4516:
4475:Barinophytopsida
4462:
4458:
4454:
4418:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4404:
4394:
4376:Horneophytopsida
4367:
4362:
4358:
4350:
4290:
4275:Anthocerotopsida
4263:
4258:Anthocerotophyta
4238:Haplomitriopsida
4231:
4222:
4218:
4211:
4207:
4199:
4185:
4138:
4129:
4123:Zygnematophyceae
4113:
4095:
4086:
4056:
4049:
4024:Trebouxiophyceae
3994:Picocystophyceae
3958:
3954:
3946:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3897:
3799:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3735:
3646:
3626:
3611:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3571:
3549:
3547:
3535:
3525:
3490:
3479:10.2307/25065865
3443:
3402:
3401:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3320:Plant Physiology
3311:
3305:
3304:
3294:
3263:Plant Physiology
3254:
3248:
3247:
3229:
3205:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3066:10.1038/35054555
3052:(6820): 618–22.
3041:
3035:
3034:
3016:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2989:10.2307/25065646
2974:
2965:
2956:
2955:
2929:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2895:
2886:
2885:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2821:. Penguin Books.
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2755:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2673:
2661:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2639:, archived from
2606:
2594:
2583:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2551:
2507:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2469:10.1038/287041a0
2440:
2312:plant metabolism
2261:flowering plants
2019:
1988:
1962:
1937:
1895:
1866:
1841:
1816:
1806:
1780:
1755:
1727:
1659:
1646:
1621:
1596:
1571:
1561:
1521:Barinophytopsida
1495:
1488:
1471:
1457:
1434:
1409:
1384:
1370:
1356:
1331:
1308:
1291:
1277:
1267:
1262:
1074:
1046:
941:
934:
922:
870:
862:
857:Eutracheophytes
838:
828:
813:Horneophytopsida
787:
781:Polysporangiates
777:
772:
669:vascular tissues
611:flowering plants
581:
578:
548:
541:
531:
529:trakheîa artēría
524:
512:
511:
508:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
461:
460:
457:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
416:
408:
407:
404:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
363:
230:
215:
164:
163:
138:
127:Common lady-fern
121:
111:
48:
44:–Present, 425–0
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
6428:
6427:
6423:
6422:
6421:
6419:
6418:
6417:
6398:
6397:
6396:
6391:
6383:
6378:
6370:
6365:
6357:
6352:
6344:
6339:
6331:
6329:
6321:
6316:
6308:
6303:
6295:
6290:
6282:
6277:
6269:
6267:
6259:
6254:
6246:
6241:
6233:
6231:
6222:
6221:
6216:
6207:
6206:
6201:
6188:
6178:
6173:
6155:
6124:Botanical terms
6117:
6103:
6067:
6013:Citrus taxonomy
5991:Author citation
5957:
5851:
5830:
5752:
5746:
5742:Turgor pressure
5650:
5638:
5592:
5407:Floral symmetry
5325:
5317:
5247:
5236:Vascular bundle
5231:Vascular tissue
5190:
5150:
5141:
5140:
5126:
5097:Vascular plants
5062:
5058:Plant pathology
4982:
4964:
4959:
4929:
4924:
4848:
4813:
4812:
4804:
4772:
4771:
4763:
4717:Czekanowskiales
4671:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4657:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4633:
4597:
4584:
4575:
4547:Moniliformopses
4538:
4512:
4503:
4453:Eutracheophytes
4452:
4443:
4416:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4388:
4365:
4353:
4336:
4327:Polytrichopsida
4322:Tetraphidopsida
4288:
4287:
4279:
4261:
4260:
4252:
4243:Marchantiopsida
4229:
4228:
4226:Marchantiophyta
4214:
4201:
4147:
4136:
4135:
4127:
4111:
4084:
4052:
4035:
3977:
3968:Mamiellophyceae
3949:
3936:
3905:
3899:
3889:
3888:
3876:
3858:
3840:
3836:Florideophyceae
3826:Rhodellophyceae
3806:Cyanidiophyceae
3797:
3796:
3788:
3768:
3738:
3729:
3728:
3644:
3622:
3613:
3598:
3561:
3556:
3545:
3538:
3493:
3449:Judd, Walter S.
3446:
3440:
3422:, eds. (2004).
3414:
3410:
3405:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3316:Zeiger, Eduardo
3314:Taiz, Lincoln;
3313:
3312:
3308:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3191:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3014:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2972:
2967:
2966:
2959:
2927:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2910:
2897:
2896:
2889:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2862:
2860:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2767:
2765:
2757:
2756:
2749:
2740:
2738:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2675:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2643:
2604:
2596:
2595:
2586:
2577:
2573:
2518:(33): 13624–9.
2505:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2455:(5777): 41–42.
2442:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2406:
2381:
2361:
2333:surface tension
2300:
2292:companion cells
2216:Ficus alba
2201:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2182:
2173:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2110:
2101:
2092:
2083:
2074:
2065:
2056:
2047:
2038:
2029:
1999:(paraphyletic)
1998:
1923:
1914:
1905:
1810:Moniliformopses
1714:
1705:
1696:
1687:
1548:
1482:Eutracheophytes
1285:Horneophytaceae
1245:
1244:
1236:
1227:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1173:
1032:
1023:
916:Euphyllophytina
906:
751:
681:vascular bundle
661:
659:Characteristics
579:
522:τραχεῖα ἀρτηρία
471:
467:
420:
411:
410:
367:
358:
357:
338:Vascular plants
229:
214:
158:
112:
110:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6426:
6424:
6416:
6415:
6410:
6400:
6399:
6393:
6392:
6390:
6389:
6376:
6363:
6350:
6337:
6327:
6314:
6301:
6288:
6275:
6265:
6252:
6239:
6229:
6214:
6198:
6196:
6190:
6189:
6184:
6175:
6174:
6172:
6171:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6137:
6136:
6126:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6115:
6114:Related topics
6112:
6108:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6075:
6073:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6065:
6063:Taxonomic rank
6060:
6055:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6038:
6037:
6036:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6015:
6005:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5981:Botanical name
5973:
5967:
5965:
5963:Plant taxonomy
5959:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5954:
5953:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5939:Megasporangium
5936:
5935:
5934:
5927:Microsporangia
5919:
5918:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5849:
5844:
5838:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5812:
5811:
5810:
5809:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5788:
5787:
5782:
5772:
5767:
5765:Cushion plants
5756:
5754:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5712:
5702:
5700:Plant hormones
5697:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5683:Photosynthesis
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5654:
5652:
5644:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5569:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5548:
5547:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5521:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5501:
5500:
5495:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5402:Floral formula
5399:
5397:Floral diagram
5394:
5389:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5360:
5350:
5340:
5335:
5329:
5327:
5326:(incl. Flower)
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5296:
5286:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5255:
5253:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5228:
5226:Storage organs
5223:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5206:
5200:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5162:
5160:
5151:
5149:
5148:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5112:Spermatophytes
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5082:Archaeplastida
5079:
5073:
5071:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5044:
5043:
5036:Phytogeography
5033:
5031:Phytochemistry
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4992:
4990:
4988:Subdisciplines
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4975:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4935:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4917:
4907:
4901:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4824:
4818:
4816:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4783:
4777:
4775:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4755:
4753:Pentoxylopsida
4749:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4725:
4719:
4713:
4707:
4701:
4695:
4689:
4687:Calamopityales
4683:
4676:
4674:
4651:
4644:Spermatophytes
4639:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4625:
4619:
4613:
4606:
4604:
4601:Progymnosperms
4587:
4581:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4566:Polypodiopsida
4563:
4561:Cladoxylopsida
4557:
4550:
4548:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4530:
4523:
4517:
4514:Euphyllophytes
4509:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4486:Lycopodiopsida
4483:
4477:
4470:
4468:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4435:
4429:
4427:Cooksoniopsida
4422:
4420:
4406:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4378:
4371:
4369:
4359:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4317:Oedipodiopsida
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4293:
4291:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4266:
4264:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4234:
4232:
4219:
4203:
4202:
4188:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4139:
4126:
4125:
4119:
4117:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4098:
4092:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4070:
4065:
4059:
4057:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3964:
3962:
3961:Prasinophytina
3955:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3923:
3921:
3908:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3868:
3866:
3864:incertae sedis
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3850:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3802:
3800:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3778:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3758:
3756:
3743:
3740:Archaeplastida
3731:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3719:Mesomycetozoea
3716:
3711:
3701:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3655:Diaphoretickes
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3602:Archaeplastida
3599:
3597:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3560:
3559:External links
3557:
3555:
3554:
3536:
3491:
3444:
3438:
3416:Cracraft, Joel
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3384:(7): 817–827.
3364:
3345:(1): 567–599.
3325:
3306:
3269:(2): 803–818.
3249:
3200:
3189:
3177:
3157:
3144:10.1086/503298
3138:(3): 737–749.
3122:
3087:
3036:
3002:
2983:(3): 705–731.
2957:
2915:
2908:
2887:
2869:
2845:
2824:
2809:
2796:(3): 201–217.
2774:
2747:
2723:
2712:"Tracheophyta"
2703:
2692:"tracheophyte"
2683:
2659:"tracheophyte"
2649:
2615:(3): 203–266,
2584:
2571:
2495:Andrew H Knoll
2482:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2405:
2402:
2390:photosynthesis
2380:
2377:
2360:
2357:
2341:Hydrogen bonds
2299:
2296:
2239:photosynthesis
2218:), crushed in
2200:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2013:Spermatophytes
2009:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1996:Progymnosperms
1991:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1889:Polypodiopsida
1885:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1874:Cladoxylopsida
1869:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1850:Pauthecophyton
1844:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1804:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1783:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1764:Eophyllophyton
1758:
1753:
1751:
1749:Euphyllophytes
1745:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1653:Lycopodiopsida
1649:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1265:
1247:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1067:Spermatophytes
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
991:
988:
987:
984:
983:
976:
973:
972:
969:
968:
960:
957:
956:
953:
952:
949:Cladoxylopsida
944:
939:
937:
932:
930:
920:
918:
912:
911:
908:
907:
903:
902:
899:
898:
890:
887:
886:
883:
882:
878:Lycopodiophyta
873:
868:
866:
860:
858:
854:
853:
850:
849:
841:
836:
834:
826:
824:
821:
820:
817:
816:
808:
805:
804:
801:
800:
790:
785:
783:
775:
750:
747:
735:
734:
731:
692:
660:
657:
638:eutracheophyte
627:Equisetopsida
580: 300,000
569:photosynthesis
333:
332:
331:
330:
329:
328:
322:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
286:Superdivision
284:
283:
282:
276:
274:Polypodiophyta
271:
265:
263:Lycopodiophyta
260:
254:
248:
234:
233:
223:
222:
218:Cavalier-Smith
209:
202:
201:
196:
189:
188:
183:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
152:
151:
140:
139:
131:
130:
123:
122:
114:
113:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
49:
37:
35:Vascular plant
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6425:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6386:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6328:
6324:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6266:
6262:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6230:
6225:
6219:
6215:
6210:
6204:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6195:
6194:Tracheophytes
6191:
6187:
6182:
6170:
6162:
6161:
6158:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6106:
6100:
6099:Phytochemical
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6070:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6009:
6006:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5964:
5960:
5952:
5949:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5940:
5937:
5933:
5930:
5929:
5928:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5920:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5855:
5853:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5833:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5749:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5737:Transpiration
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5595:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5549:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5525:
5524:Inflorescence
5522:
5520:
5517:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5380:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5250:
5244:
5241:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5210:
5209:Ground tissue
5207:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5152:
5145:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5132:Plant anatomy
5129:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5065:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5053:Plant ecology
5051:
5049:
5048:Plant anatomy
5046:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4996:Archaeobotany
4994:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4967:
4963:
4956:
4951:
4949:
4944:
4942:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4899:
4895:
4894:
4891:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4770:
4766:
4760:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4730:
4726:
4724:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4700:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4682:
4681:Bennettitales
4678:
4677:
4675:
4662:
4661:Pteridosperms
4655:
4652:
4648:(seed plants)
4645:
4640:
4630:
4629:Protopityales
4626:
4624:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4582:
4571:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4535:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4515:
4510:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4450:
4440:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4400:
4399:Tracheophytes
4395:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4351:
4347:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4312:Andreaeopsida
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4286:
4282:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4259:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4227:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4198:
4191:
4186:
4182:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4137:(land plants)
4134:
4130:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4050:
4046:
4030:
4029:Chlorophyceae
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4004:Pedinophyceae
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:Chlorophytina
3980:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3947:
3943:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3903:
3898:
3896:
3887:
3886:Viridiplantae
3883:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3831:Bangiophyceae
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3795:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3682:Stramenopiles
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3645:(major groups
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3610:
3603:
3595:
3590:
3588:
3583:
3581:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3544:
3543:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3368:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3329:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3193:
3190:
3180:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3161:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3006:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2916:
2911:
2909:1-56098-730-8
2905:
2901:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2882:Basic Biology
2879:
2873:
2870:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2838:September 20,
2834:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2813:
2810:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2778:
2775:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2660:
2653:
2650:
2646:on 2018-03-29
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2436:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2398:cell division
2395:
2391:
2386:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2316:Transpiration
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:Transpiration
2297:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2184:
2177:
2176:
2168:
2167:
2159:
2158:
2150:
2149:
2141:
2140:
2132:
2131:
2123:
2122:
2114:
2113:
2105:
2104:
2096:
2095:
2087:
2086:
2078:
2077:
2069:
2068:
2060:
2059:
2051:
2050:
2042:
2041:
2033:
2032:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1990:
1989:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1964:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1918:
1917:
1909:
1908:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1843:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1818:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1782:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1729:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1709:
1708:
1700:
1699:
1691:
1690:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1623:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1598:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1573:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1504:Adoketophyton
1497:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1386:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1316:Cooksoniaceae
1310:
1309:
1303:
1302:Tracheophytes
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1257:euphyllophyte
1253:
1243:
1238:
1231:
1230:
1222:
1221:
1213:
1212:
1204:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1185:
1177:
1176:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:(seed ferns)
1162:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1144:Magnoliophyta
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1027:
1026:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:(true ferns)
1012:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:
996:
990:
989:
986:
985:
982:
981:
980:Marattiopsida
975:
974:
971:
970:
967:
966:(horsetails)
965:
964:Equisetopsida
959:
958:
955:
954:
951:
950:
943:
942:
936:
935:
929:
928:
924:
923:
917:
914:
913:
910:
909:
901:
900:
897:
896:
889:
888:
885:
884:
881:
880:
879:
872:
871:
864:
863:
856:
855:
852:
851:
848:
847:
840:
839:
833:
830:
829:
823:
822:
819:
818:
815:
814:
807:
806:
803:
802:
799:
798:
797:
789:
788:
782:
779:
778:
774:
773:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
748:
746:
742:
740:
732:
729:
725:
721:
720:
715:
711:
707:
703:
702:
697:
693:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
665:
664:
658:
656:
654:
653:scala naturae
650:
646:
645:higher plants
641:
639:
635:
631:
630:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
555:tissues (the
554:
550:
547:
540:
536:
533:
530:
523:
519:
516:
515:Ancient Greek
510:
465:
459:
414:
406:
361:
355:
354:tracheophytes
351:
350:
349:
343:
339:
327:
326:Bennettitales
323:
321:(angiosperms)
320:
319:Magnoliophyta
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
291:
290:
289:
288:Spermatophyta
285:
281:
277:
275:
272:
270:
266:
264:
261:
259:
255:
253:
249:
247:
246:
241:
240:
238:
237:
235:
228:
224:
219:
213:
212:Tracheophytes
210:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
162:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
128:
124:
120:
115:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
47:
43:
33:
30:
19:
6224:Tracheophyta
6193:
6094:Horticulture
6084:Floriculture
5986:Correct name
5836:Reproduction
5826:Woody plants
5751:Plant growth
5710:Gas Exchange
5695:Phytomelanin
5573:Plant embryo
5323:Reproductive
5171:Phragmoplast
5096:
4898:paraphyletic
4810:Angiospermae
4787:
4786:Ginkgoales (
4759:Petriellales
4741:Medullosales
4668:(seed ferns)
4398:
4381:
4302:Sphagnopsida
4297:Takakiopsida
4230:(liverworts)
4196:
4190:Embryophytes
4144:(see below↓)
4102:Charophyceae
4072:
4054:Streptophyta
3906:land plants)
3894:
3863:
3781:
3774:Rhodelphidia
3761:
3704:Opisthokonta
3608:
3541:
3505:
3499:
3470:
3464:
3424:
3408:Bibliography
3381:
3377:
3367:
3342:
3338:
3328:
3319:
3309:
3266:
3262:
3252:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3192:
3182:, retrieved
3167:
3160:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3022:
3018:
3005:
2980:
2976:
2935:
2931:
2918:
2899:
2881:
2872:
2861:. Retrieved
2857:
2848:
2836:. Retrieved
2827:
2818:
2812:
2793:
2787:
2777:
2766:. Retrieved
2762:
2739:. Retrieved
2735:
2726:
2715:
2706:
2695:
2686:
2663:
2652:
2641:the original
2612:
2608:
2579:
2574:
2515:
2509:
2499:Laura A Katz
2485:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2425:Pteridophyte
2400:and growth.
2382:
2362:
2301:
2275:
2273:
2255:consists of
2252:
2250:
2237:produced by
2224:
2215:
2011:
1993:
1983:Lignophytes
1969:
1967:
1944:
1942:
1932:Radiatopses
1887:
1871:
1848:
1846:
1823:
1821:
1785:
1762:
1760:
1734:
1732:
1673:
1671:
1651:
1628:
1626:
1603:
1601:
1578:
1576:
1534:
1518:
1502:
1500:
1462:
1439:
1416:
1414:
1391:
1389:
1361:
1338:
1336:
1313:
1282:
1254:
1250:
1158:
1142:
1126:
1111:
1095:
1079:
1065:
1051:
1041:Lignophytes
1011:Pteridopsida
1009:
995:Psilotopsida
993:
978:
962:
946:
927:Pteridophyta
925:
892:
876:
875:
865:Lycophytina
843:
832:Tracheophyta
831:
810:
794:
792:
767:rhyniophytes
762:
758:
754:
752:
743:
736:
717:
699:
662:
644:
642:
637:
634:rhyniophytes
628:
588:
545:
542:
535:
528:
525:
518:
464:tracheophyta
463:
353:
345:
337:
336:
243:
226:
211:
205:
192:
186:Embryophytes
179:
148:seed-bearing
29:
18:Higher plant
6292:iNaturalist
6218:Wikispecies
5910:Pollen tube
5905:Pollinators
5895:Pollination
5890:Germination
5705:Respiration
5688:Chlorophyll
5534:Pedicellate
5468:Gametophyte
5387:Aestivation
5338:Antheridium
5333:Archegonium
5181:Plasmodesma
5158:Plant cells
5021:Paleobotany
5016:Ethnobotany
5001:Astrobotany
4705:Cordaitales
4699:Caytoniales
4585:Lignophytes
4568:(ferns and
4494:spikemosses
4433:Rhyniopsida
4383:Aglaophyton
4262:(hornworts)
4133:Embryophyta
4116:Anydrophyta
4074:Spirotaenia
4019:Ulvophyceae
3952:Chlorophyta
3902:green algae
3872:Algospongia
3846:Glaucophyta
3798:(red algae)
2410:Fern allies
2187:Rhyniopsids
1565:Microphylls
1465:Renaliaceae
1364:Rhyniopsida
1340:Aglaophyton
1242:Gymnosperms
1130:(conifers)
1097:Ginkgophyta
1081:Cycadophyta
846:Rhyniophyta
796:Aglaophyton
719:gametophyte
714:chromosomes
623:green algae
605:(including
603:gymnosperms
573:land plants
513:; from
309:Ginkgophyta
304:Cycadophyta
252:Rhyniophyta
144:Lemon basil
6402:Categories
5932:Microspore
5922:Sporangium
5900:Artificial
5588:Sporophyte
5583:Sporophyll
5578:Receptacle
5473:Gynandrium
5343:Androecium
5252:Vegetative
5122:Angiosperm
5117:Gymnosperm
5011:Dendrology
4832:Magnoliids
4800:Gnetopsida
4570:horsetails
4498:quillworts
4490:clubmosses
4466:Lycophytes
4439:Renaliales
4216:Bryophytes
3794:Rhodophyta
3783:Rhodelphis
3473:(3): 822.
3184:2019-10-25
2863:2022-03-22
2768:2022-03-22
2741:2022-03-22
2736:Britannica
2680:required.)
2431:References
2415:Bryophytes
2379:Conduction
2359:Absorption
2325:hydathodes
2225:Water and
2190:Renalioids
1800:Megaphylls
1580:Hicklingia
1418:Aberlemnia
1113:Gnetophyta
701:sporophyte
629:sensu lato
595:horsetails
591:clubmosses
340:(from
314:Gnetophyta
6129:Botanists
6047:Herbarium
5944:Megaspore
5842:Evolution
5785:Subshrubs
5753:and habit
5678:Nutrition
5673:Cellulose
5668:Bulk flow
5651:Materials
5614:Epidermis
5478:Gynoecium
5459:Endosperm
5454:Dispersal
5370:Staminode
5306:Sessility
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5214:Mesophyll
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5087:Bryophyte
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4285:Bryophyta
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1946:Celatheca
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1128:Pinophyta
1099:(ginkgo)
1083:(cycads)
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685:evolution
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299:Pinophyta
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231:† Extinct
227:Divisions
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