1783:(I)n this review, we compare the neural regions implicated in SPS with those found in fMRI studies of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Schizophrenia (SZ) and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) to elucidate the neural markers and cardinal features of SPS versus these seemingly related clinical disorders. We propose that SPS is a stable trait that is characterized by greater empathy, awareness, responsivity and depth of processing to salient stimuli. We conclude that SPS is distinct from ASD, SZ and PTSD in that in response to social and emotional stimuli, SPS differentially engages brain regions involved in reward processing, memory, physiological homeostasis, self-other processing, empathy and awareness. We suggest that this serves species survival via deep integration and memory for environmental and social information that may subserve well-being and cooperation.
898:
45:
1575:"(T)here is an emerging scientific consensus on how 'sensitivity to context' may be instantiated with an intricate and compelling neuroscience" (p. 149). "... a now substantial corpus of evidence ... documenting differences in susceptibility at the levels of temperament and behavior ("The Highly Sensitive Person at p. 146), neuroendocrine physiology, brain structure and function ("Cortical sensory processing sensitivity" at p. 149), neuronal sensitization and responsivity, and allelic and epigenetic variation within genomic structure" (p. 157).
1625:
81:
625:
2347:(2006): Aesthetic Sensitivity (AES, having greater awareness of beauty), Low Sensory Threshold (LST, easily unpleasantly aroused by external stimuli), and Ease of Excitation (EOE, easily overwhelmed by stimuli); results showing the (unidimensional) HSP Scale was "a valid and reliable measure of the construct of SPS"). Liss
721:
According to the Arons and colleagues, people with high SPS make up about 15–20% of the population. Although some researchers consistently related high SPS to negative outcomes, other researchers have associated it with increased responsiveness to both positive and negative influences. Aron and
687:
processing of physical, social, and emotional stimuli". The trait is characterized by "a tendency to 'pause to check' in novel situations, greater sensitivity to subtle stimuli, and the engagement of deeper cognitive processing strategies for employing coping actions, all of which is driven by
846:'s (1976, 1980, 1991) concept of filtering the "irrelevant", but wrote that the concept implied that the inability of HSPs' (Mehrabian's "low screeners") to filter out what is irrelevant would imply that what is relevant is determined from the perspective of non-HSPs ("high screeners").
905:
The HSP Scale, initially (1997) a questionnaire designed to measure SPS on a unidimensional scale, was subsequently decomposed into two, three, or four factors or sub-scales. Most components have been associated with traditionally accepted negative psychological outcomes including high
1902:
2470:"Five distinct but related frameworks comprise ES (environmental sensitivity), including diathesis stress, differential susceptibility theory (DST), sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) , biological sensitivity to context (BSC) , and vantage sensitivity (VS) ".
801:
that HSPs were "having a moment," noting that several hundred research studies had been conducted on topics related to HSPs' high sensitivity. The First
International Scientific Conference on High Sensitivity or Sensory Processing Sensitivity was held at the
2265:"...perhaps the most significant contribution shared across all three frameworks is the notion that sensitive individuals differ not only in their response to environmental adversity but also in response to positive, supportive aspects of the environment".
1678:
818:
Research pre-dating the Arons' coining of the term "high sensitivity" includes that of German medicine professor
Wolfgang Klages, who argued in the 1970s that the phenomenon of sensitive and highly sensitive humans is "biologically anchored" and that the
893:
and process stimuli cognitively deeper than most other people." This deeper processing may result in increased reaction time as more time is spent responding to cues in the environment, and might also contribute to cautious behavior and low risk-taking.
990:
costs and benefits. This observation parallels Aron's assertion that high SPS is not a disorder, but rather a personality trait with attendant advantages and disadvantages. Accordingly, Aron cautions medical professionals against prescribing
1061:
with a break point between 10% and 35%, with Aron choosing a cut-off of the highest-scoring 20% of individuals to define the HSP category. A 2019 review article stated that findings suggest people fall into three sensitivity groups along a
718:, who developed the Highly Sensitive Person Scale (HSPS) questionnaire by which SPS is measured. Other researchers have applied various other terms to denote this responsiveness to stimuli that is seen in humans and other species.
1282:
1050:
and violence and criminality, with the authors theorising that lower sensitivity to stimulation resulted in increased likelihood of risk-taking and sensation-seeking behaviour – effectively a low sensitivity counterpart to SPS.
2480:
Smolewska, Kathy A.; McCabe, Scott B.; Woody, Erik Z. (2006). "A psychometric evaluation of the Highly
Sensitive Person Scale: The components of sensory-processing sensitivity and their relation to the BIS/BAS and "Big Five"".
1400:"Such differences in responsiveness (also termed coping style, reactivity, flexibility, plasticity) have been documented in many organisms including ... humans" (n. 15 citing Aron & Aron (1997, SPS) and n. 16 citing Belsky
985:
In humans and other species, responsive and unresponsive individuals coexist and consistently display different levels of responsiveness to environmental stimuli, the different levels of responsiveness having corresponding
1474:
1647:
1174:
Greven, Corina U.; Lionetti, Francesca; Booth, Charlotte; Aron, Elaine N.; Fox, Elaine; Schendan, Haline E.; Pluess, Michael; Bruining, Hilgo; Acevedo, Bianca; Bijttebier, Patricia; Homberg, Judith (March 2019).
965:
have described under various other names. Conversely, Aron has distinguished SPS from what she considers it is not, explicitly distinguishing high SPS from possibly similar-appearing traits or disorders (such as
2665:
2705:
2415:
2895:
2640:
From "The
Clinical Implications of Jung's Concept of Sensitiveness" (2006): (re autism) HSPs are very aware of social and emotional cues and relate well socially once familiarity is achieved.
2775:â—Ź Licht, C., Mortensen, E. L., & Knudsen, G. M. (2011). "Association between sensory processing sensitivity and the serotonin transporter polymorphism 5-HTTLPR short/short genotype."
1964:
901:
SPS involves responsiveness to both environmental adversity and positive environmental aspects, respectively modeled by the diathesis–stress model and the vantage sensitivity framework.
2276:
2950:
1309:
Booth, Charlotte; Standage, Helen; Fox, Elaine (1 Dec 2015), "Sensory-processing sensitivity moderates the association between childhood experiences and adult life satisfaction",
1505:
2169:
2083:"From a clinical perspective, Aron (2010) adds that while sensitive people may be more vulnerable, sensitivity is not only a liability but also may confer advantages."
961:
provides evidence that the trait of SPS can be observed, under various terms, in over 100 nonhuman species, Aron writing that the SPS trait is meant to encompass what
2701:
2630:
From p. 2 of "The HSP in love" (<=2007): an HSP who is also a High
Sensation Seeker will find ways to have novel experiences without taking ill-considered risks.
982:). Contrary to common misconception, according to Aron HSPs include both introverts and extroverts, and may be simultaneously high-sensation seeking and cautious.
2094:
1633:"Aron and Aron (1997, p. 362) provide an important further elucidation of the reactivity construct in their discussion of sensory-processing sensitivity" (p. 286).
2653:
1839:
655:
1864:
2933:
2192:
2891:
1804:
2432:"Application of environmental sensitivity theories in personalized prevention for youth substance abuse: a transdisciplinary translational perspective"
950:
sensitivity, who tend to experience heightened positive emotions in response to rewarding stimuli and more likely to score high on "openness" on the
365:
2767:
1177:"Sensory Processing Sensitivity in the context of Environmental Sensitivity: A critical review and development of research agenda (Review article)"
1412:(2008) for the statement: "research in evolutionary biology provides evidence that the trait of SPS can be observed in over 100 nonhuman species."
1745:"The functional highly sensitive brain: a review of the brain circuits underlying sensory processing sensitivity and seemingly related disorders"
2791:"Contributions of dopamine-related genes and environmental factors to Highly Sensitive Personality: A multi-step neuronal system-level approach"
1101:
931:
592:
37:
This article is about the personality trait characterizing highly sensitive persons (HSPs). For the distinct but similarly-named disorder, see
2686:
2420:"DST and BSCT began with a focus on child-developmental processes, whereas SPS started with a focus on cognitive processes in adults" (p. 10).
1925:
2299:
2233:
Klages distinguishes between sensitive and highly sensitive people, classifying artists and "high intellectuals" as an example of the latter.
897:
2911:. Antti Latvala, Ralf Kuja-Halkola, Catarina Almqvist, et al. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72(10):971–978. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1165
2045:"Differential susceptibility to environmental influences: Interactions between child temperament and parenting in adolescent alcohol use"
2218:
1451:
2742:
1096:
2973:
2161:
648:
572:
2993:
2585:(Feldman), and the physiological differences underlying introversion and extroversion (Eysenck; Stelmack; Stelmack & Geen).
1989:
2211:
Der sensible Mensch : Psychologie, Psychopathologie, Therapie (The
Sensitive Human: Psychology, Psychopathology, Therapy)
1590:"Biological sensitivity to context: I. An evolutionary–developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity"
567:
395:
2848:
Todd, R. M.; Ehlers, M. R.; Muller, D. J.; Robertson, A.; Palombo, D. J.; Freeman, N.; Levine, B.; Anderson, A. K. (2015).
44:
2983:
979:
597:
164:
2892:"The Highly Sensitive Person: Emotional Sensitivity May Stem From A Person's Genes, Enhancing The Way They See The World"
2702:"Understanding the Highly Sensitivity Person: Sensitive, Introverted, or Both? | Extraverted HSPs face unique challenges"
978:, and autism), and further, that SPS may be a basic variable that may underlie multiple other trait differences (such as
2043:
Rioux, Charlie; Castellanos-Ryan, Natalie; Parent, Sophie; Bitaro, Frank; Tremblay, Richard E.; Seguin, Jean R. (2016).
1037:
607:
520:
2988:
2749:
Especially subsections "A Caution About
Medical Labels for Your Trait" through "Instant Arousal-Stopping Medications".
2634:
975:
641:
38:
2789:
Chen, Chunhui; Chen, Chuansheng; Moyzis, Robert; Stern, Hal; He, Qinghua; Li, He; Li, Jin; Zhu, Bi; Dong, Qi (2011).
934:(DST) and biological sensitivity to context theory (BSCT) and sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) suggest increased
927:
788:
behavior and disorders with which high SPS can be confused; overcoming the social unacceptability that can cause low
2378:
Ellis, Bruce J.; Boyce, W. Thomas; Belsky, Jay; Bakermans-Kranenburt, Marian J.; van
Ijzendoorn, Marinus H. (2011).
2135:
803:
111:
1106:
562:
553:
475:
295:
176:
2978:
2184:
1831:
761:
are popular synonyms for the scientific concept of SPS. By way of definition, Aron and Aron (1997) wrote that
186:
154:
2627:
From "Adult shyness: ..." (2005): SPS doesn't inherently possess shyness' fear of negative social evaluations.
1796:
1111:
797:
587:
485:
256:
221:
206:
201:
191:
140:
100:
2942:
1711:
1136:
1026:
999:
962:
863:
766:
680:
602:
535:
425:
335:
290:
266:
241:
171:
159:
125:
2620:
From "'The Power of (Shyness)' and High
Sensitivity..." (2012): (re introversion) 30% of HSPs are social
2925:
2760:
1429:"The relationships between sensory processing sensitivity, alexithymia, autism, depression, and anxiety"
1091:
1046:
A 2015 longitudinal study based on army medical records of
Swedish men showed a correlation between low
1015:
942:(VS) concept emphasizes increased responsiveness to positive experiences. Researchers such as Smolewska
886:
827:" is much lower in these persons. As a result, said Klages, there is a higher permeability for incoming
769:
is transmitted to or processed in the brain. They assert that the trait is not a disorder but an innate
582:
577:
495:
360:
325:
300:
196:
95:
90:
2368:(2010): "DOES" acronym: Depth of processing, Overstimulation, Emotional intensity, Sensory sensitivity.
1253:"Making sense of it all: The impact of sensory processing sensitivity on daily functioning of children"
2908:
2802:
1058:
958:
832:
480:
405:
315:
150:
135:
1716:
1926:"Sensory processing sensitivity: A review in the light of the evolution of biological responsivity"
1883:"Social Reputation and Peer Relationships in Chinese and Canadian Children: A Cross-cultural Study"
1116:
1063:
939:
911:
890:
410:
400:
385:
350:
345:
330:
310:
305:
181:
120:
2779:, 69, supplement for Society of Biological Psychiatry Convention and Annual Meeting, abstract 510.
2682:
1990:"Adult shyness: The interaction of temperamental sensitivity and an adverse childhood environment"
691:
A human with a particularly high measure of SPS is considered to have "hypersensitivity", or be a
2407:
2020:
1956:
1617:
1141:
1047:
820:
505:
450:
445:
380:
320:
281:
211:
792:; and emphasizing the advantages of high SPS to balance the disadvantages emphasized by others.
2879:
2830:
2738:
2730:
2461:
2399:
2224:
2214:
2127:
2074:
2012:
1948:
1856:
1774:
1670:
1609:
1566:
1497:
1391:
1336:
1208:
1146:
992:
971:
723:
629:
430:
355:
261:
246:
130:
2869:
2861:
2820:
2810:
2714:
2490:
2451:
2443:
2391:
2291:
2256:
2117:
2109:
2064:
2056:
2004:
1940:
1894:
1848:
1764:
1756:
1662:
1601:
1556:
1548:
1489:
1443:
1381:
1371:
1326:
1318:
1272:
1264:
1198:
1188:
1033:
1014:. For example, genetic studies provide evidence that higher levels of SPS are linked to the
951:
907:
843:
828:
777:
754:
435:
390:
375:
370:
251:
226:
2909:
A Longitudinal Study of Resting Heart Rate and Violent Criminality in More Than 700 000 Men
2380:"Differential susceptibility to the environment: An evolutionary–neurodevelopmental theory"
1428:
2761:"Association between Sensory Processing Sensitivity and the 5-HTTLPR Short/Short Genotype"
1126:
935:
836:
231:
2806:
1537:"Differential Susceptibility of the Developing Brain to Contextual Adversity and Stress"
1055:
2874:
2849:
2825:
2790:
2456:
2431:
2122:
2069:
2044:
1898:
1769:
1744:
1561:
1536:
1386:
1359:
1331:
1121:
1040:
919:
17:
2512:
Paraphrasing Aron and citing Wolf re different names for same or equivalent concepts:
784:
publications for the lay reader have focused on distinguishing high SPS from socially
2967:
2850:"Neurogenetic Variations in Norepinephrine Availability Enhance Perceptual Vividness"
2709:
2244:
1882:
1252:
1007:
874:
540:
500:
420:
415:
2379:
1621:
1193:
1176:
2865:
2547:(Patterson & Newman), and what child temperament researchers have described as
2411:
2093:
Belsky, J.; Jonassaint, C; Pluess, M; Stanton, M; Brummett, B; Williams, R (2009).
2024:
1960:
1702:
Aron, E.N. (2006). "The Clinical Implications of Jung's Concept of Sensitiveness".
1589:
1151:
859:
708:
676:
525:
216:
2430:
Thibodeau, Eric L.; August, Gerald J.; Cicchetti, Dante; Symons, Frank J. (2016).
1832:"Sensory-Processing Sensitivity and its Relation to Introversion and Emotionality"
1475:"Beyond Diathesis Stress: Differential Susceptibility to Environmental Influences"
862:
which is present in some individuals and reflects an increased sensitivity of the
785:
749:(SPS) as the defining trait of highly sensitive persons (HSPs). The popular terms
2815:
1648:"Vantage Sensitivity: Individual Differences in Response to Positive Experiences"
2033:(1992) re social and cultural unacceptability adding to environmental stressors.
1131:
1003:
789:
742:
734:
715:
711:
440:
145:
80:
2494:
2295:
1852:
1447:
1322:
1268:
2447:
2395:
2060:
1605:
340:
236:
72:
2008:
1944:
938:
in terms of responsiveness to both positive and negative influences; and the
2574:
From "The Clinical Implications of Jung's Concept of Sensitiveness" (2006):
1376:
1086:
998:
By 2015 the trait had been documented at various levels of study, including
987:
947:
873:
People with high SPS report having a heightened response to stimuli such as
867:
781:
684:
490:
30:"Highly sensitive person" redirects here. For highly empathetic people, see
2883:
2834:
2465:
2403:
2228:
2131:
2078:
2016:
1952:
1778:
1760:
1674:
1613:
1570:
1501:
1395:
1340:
1277:
1212:
995:
to "cure" the trait, which may or may not coexist with an actual disorder.
52:(review article, 2019) A person with a high measure of SPS is said to be a
1860:
1552:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1011:
878:
824:
770:
515:
510:
470:
2943:"She Writes About a Touchy Subject / Book aims to help sensitive people"
946:(2006) said positive outcomes were more common in individuals with high
930:
focused on increased vulnerability to negative influences. However, the
2260:
2113:
1203:
1076:
1054:
HSP Scale score patterns in adults were thought to be distributed as a
967:
915:
765:
here refers not to the sense organs themselves, but to what occurs as
1666:
1493:
1360:"Evolutionary emergence of responsive and unresponsive personalities"
1081:
923:
31:
2957:
2334:(2016): overreaction to stimuli (OS) and depth of processing (DP).
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1583:
1581:
896:
43:
2213:(in German) (1 ed.). Stuttgart, Germany: Enke. p. 133.
885:, these individuals are "believed to be easily overstimulated by
2759:
Licht, Cecile L.; Mortensen, Erik L.; Knudsen, Gitte M. (2011).
530:
688:
heightened emotional reactivity, both positive and negative".
1353:
1351:
1349:
1427:
Liss, Miriam; Mailloux, Jennifer; Erchull, Mindy J. (2008),
1358:
Wolf, Max; Van Doorn, G. Sander; Weissing, Franz J. (2008).
2162:"Do You Cry Easily? You May Be a 'Highly Sensitive Person'"
48:
Characteristics of SPS as graphically summarized by Greven
2658:
Magazine: 'The Power of (Shyness)' and High Sensitivity"
2531:(of evoked potential; Buchsbaum, Haier, & Johnson),
2185:"Highly sensitive people: a condition rarely understood"
1743:
Acevedo, B; Aron, E; Pospos, S; Jessen, D (April 2018).
2683:"The Highly Sensitive Person In Love with Elaine Aron"
1881:
Chen, Xinyin; Rubin, Kenneth H.; Sun, Yuerong (1992).
2633:
From "... A Review... " (2012): SPS is "unrelated to
2245:"Individual Differences in Environmental Sensitivity"
910:
levels, being easily overwhelmed, increased rates of
2609:
2607:
2277:"Temperamental sensitivity: Two constructs or one?"
2275:Evans, David E.; Rothbart, Mary K. (January 2008).
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
2594:coping style, reactivity, flexibility, plasticity,
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
881:, hunger, and loud noises. According to Boterberg
2766:. Center for integrated molecular brain imaging.
2364:(2016), a "theoretical redefinition" by E. Aron,
1919:
1917:
1915:
1641:
1639:
1530:
1528:
1526:
795:In 2015, journalist Elizabeth Bernstein wrote in
1468:
1466:
1464:
1404:(2007, differential susceptibility)). Boterberg
1246:
1244:
1242:
858:(2016) describe high SPS as a "temperamental or
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1169:
1167:
2204:
2202:
2366:Psychotherapy and the Highly Sensitive Person
1924:Aron, E.; Aron, A.; Jagiellowicz, J. (2012).
649:
8:
2691:Transcript published October 2007 or before.
2677:
2675:
1840:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
870:of physical, social and emotional stimuli."
773:that has both advantages and disadvantages.
27:Personality trait of highly sensitive people
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
679:involving "an increased sensitivity of the
2563:(Cheek & Buss; Daniels & Plomin),
2095:"Vulnerability genes or plasticity genes?"
1997:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
1988:Aron, E. N.; Aron, A.; Davies, K. (2005).
1588:Boyce, W. Thomas; Ellis, Bruce J. (2005).
1422:
1420:
1418:
850:Attributes, characteristics and prevalence
753:(not to be confused with the medical term
741:was published in 1996. In 1997 Elaine and
656:
642:
63:
2873:
2824:
2814:
2455:
2121:
2068:
1768:
1715:
1560:
1385:
1375:
1330:
1276:
1251:Boterberg, Sofie; Warreyn, Petra (2016),
1202:
1192:
842:The Arons (1997) recognized psychologist
806:. By 2015, more than a million copies of
1933:Personality and Social Psychology Review
2668:from the original on February 12, 2012.
1163:
71:
2483:Personality and Individual Differences
2284:Personality and Individual Differences
2195:from the original on October 18, 2015.
1908:from the original on February 4, 2016.
1807:from the original on December 8, 2015.
1704:Journal of Jungian Theory and Practice
1684:from the original on January 26, 2016.
1631:from the original on October 20, 2017.
1436:Personality and Individual Differences
1311:Personality and Individual Differences
1257:Personality and Individual Differences
1181:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
1102:Differential susceptibility hypothesis
835:so that they pass "unfiltered" to the
2953:from the original on August 22, 2016.
2160:Bernstein, Elizabeth (May 18, 2015).
1646:Pluess, Michael; Belsky, Jay (2013).
1473:Belsky, Jay; Pluess, Michael (2009).
7:
2936:from the original on April 19, 2013.
2737:. Broadway Books. pp. 194–197.
2689:from the original on March 17, 2018.
2652:Aron, Elaine N. (February 2, 2012).
1795:Kaufman, Scott Barry (May 4, 2015).
2890:Castillo, Stephanie (May 8, 2015).
1830:Aron, Elaine; Aron, Arthur (1997).
730:Origin and development of the terms
722:colleagues state that the high-SPS
2898:from the original on May 11, 2015.
2773:from the original on June 6, 2012.
2581:From "Adult shyness: ..." (2005):
2515:From "Adult shyness: ..." (2005):
2418:from the original on July 4, 2016.
2243:Pluess, Michael (September 2015).
2172:from the original on June 1, 2015.
1970:from the original on May 13, 2015.
1899:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb01698.x
1870:from the original on May 13, 2015.
1726:in "Prelude to Research" at p. 14.
932:differential susceptibility theory
677:temperamental or personality trait
25:
2731:"9. Medics, Medications and HSPs"
2613:Paraphrasing Aron re what SPS is
2183:Lally, Maria (October 12, 2015).
1722:Discussion re nervous system is,
1457:from the original on May 23, 2016
1285:from the original on May 23, 2016
1097:Development of the nervous system
2941:Madrigal, Alix (July 28, 1999).
2685:. WebMD Live Events Transcript.
980:introversion versus extraversion
707:were coined in the mid-1990s by
623:
79:
2384:Development and Psychopathology
1594:Development and Psychopathology
1194:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.01.009
2924:Bartz, Andrea (July 5, 2011).
2866:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4489-14.2015
2249:Child Development Perspectives
747:sensory processing sensitivity
669:Sensory processing sensitivity
1:
2960:, website run by researchers.
2894:. Medical Daily (IBT Media).
366:Industrial and organizational
2816:10.1371/journal.pone.0021636
2598:differential susceptibility.
521:Human factors and ergonomics
2854:The Journal of Neuroscience
2735:The Highly Sensitive Person
2635:Sensory Processing Disorder
2569:threshold of responsiveness
2539:(Elliot & Thrash), and
2029:Note 3 (p. 195) cites Chen
1809:Kaufman explains Smolewska
976:sensory processing disorder
808:The Highly Sensitive Person
739:The Highly Sensitive Person
39:Sensory processing disorder
3010:
2527:(of stimulation; Petrie),
2495:10.1016/j.paid.2005.09.022
2296:10.1016/j.paid.2007.07.016
1853:10.1037/0022-3514.73.2.345
1448:10.1016/j.paid.2008.04.009
1323:10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.020
1269:10.1016/j.paid.2015.12.022
889:because they have a lower
804:Vrije Universiteit Brussel
36:
29:
2567:(Rothbart; Strelau), and
2448:10.1007/s13142-015-0374-4
2396:10.1017/S0954579410000611
2209:Klages, Wolfgang (1978).
2061:10.1017/S0954579415000437
1606:10.1017/S0954579405050145
1535:Boyce, W. Thomas (2016).
1107:Environmental sensitivity
963:personality psychologists
296:Applied behavior analysis
2729:Aron, Elaine N. (1996).
2700:Aron, Elaine N., Ph.D,
2009:10.1177/0146167204271419
1945:10.1177/1088868311434213
993:psychoactive medications
2974:Evolutionary psychology
2958:Sensitivityresearch.com
2947:San Francisco Chronicle
2926:"Sense and Sensitivity"
2166:The Wall Street Journal
1797:"Shades of Sensitivity"
1541:Neuropsychopharmacology
1377:10.1073/pnas.0805473105
1112:Evolutionary psychology
1066:sensitivity continuum.
1043:-related gene variant.
798:The Wall Street Journal
693:highly sensitive person
486:Behavioral neuroscience
141:Behavioral neuroscience
54:highly sensitive person
18:Highly Sensitive Person
2994:Personality typologies
2320:orienting sensitivity.
1761:10.1098/rstb.2017.0161
1749:Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B
1655:Psychological Bulletin
1482:Psychological Bulletin
1137:Personality psychology
1008:neuronal sensitization
928:diathesis–stress model
902:
864:central nervous system
681:central nervous system
536:Psychology of religion
476:Behavioral engineering
160:Cognitive neuroscience
126:Affective neuroscience
61:
2777:Biological Psychiatry
2571:(Thomas & Chess).
2537:avoidance temperament
1187:. Elsevier: 287–305.
1092:Cultural neuroscience
1016:serotonin transporter
1006:, brain function and
900:
833:afferent nerve fibers
630:Psychology portal
47:
2984:Personality theories
2576:innate sensitiveness
2102:Molecular Psychiatry
1553:10.1038/npp.2015.294
1059:categorical variable
959:evolutionary biology
891:perceptual threshold
868:cognitive processing
780:articles as well as
745:formally identified
2807:2011PLoSO...621636C
2708:April 19, 2013, at
2517:weak nervous system
2501:Scientific American
2305:on February 7, 2016
1801:Scientific American
1511:on December 7, 2010
1370:(41): 15825–15830.
1117:Executive functions
1064:normal distribution
1004:behavior psychology
940:vantage sensitivity
767:sensory information
726:is not a disorder.
481:Behavioral genetics
396:Occupational health
136:Behavioral genetics
67:Part of a series on
2989:Personality traits
2499:See also Kaufman,
2261:10.1111/cdep.12120
2114:10.1038/mp.2009.44
1755:(1744): 20170161.
1408:(2016) cites Wolf
1142:Sensory processing
1048:resting heart rate
903:
821:stimulus threshold
763:sensory processing
598:Schools of thought
436:Sport and exercise
282:Applied psychology
62:
2860:(16): 6506–6516.
2049:Dev. Psychopathol
1887:Child Development
1159:Sources and notes
1147:Social psychology
972:sensation-seeking
860:personality trait
771:survival strategy
724:personality trait
666:
665:
563:Counseling topics
506:Consumer behavior
247:Psycholinguistics
131:Affective science
16:(Redirected from
3001:
2954:
2937:
2930:Psychology Today
2912:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2887:
2877:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2828:
2818:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2765:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2726:
2720:
2715:Psychology Today
2698:
2692:
2690:
2679:
2670:
2669:
2662:Psychology Today
2649:
2643:
2611:
2602:
2541:nondisinhibition
2510:
2504:
2498:
2489:(6): 1269–1279.
2477:
2471:
2469:
2459:
2436:Transl Behav Med
2427:
2421:
2419:
2375:
2369:
2358:
2352:
2341:
2335:
2328:
2322:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2304:
2298:. Archived from
2281:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2206:
2197:
2196:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2140:
2134:. Archived from
2125:
2099:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2072:
2040:
2034:
2028:
1994:
1985:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1930:
1921:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1893:(6): 1336–1343.
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1836:
1827:
1814:
1808:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1772:
1740:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1699:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1667:10.1037/a0030196
1652:
1643:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1585:
1576:
1574:
1564:
1532:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1510:
1504:. Archived from
1494:10.1037/a0017376
1479:
1470:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1433:
1424:
1413:
1399:
1389:
1379:
1355:
1344:
1343:
1334:
1306:
1287:
1286:
1280:
1248:
1217:
1216:
1206:
1196:
1171:
1034:neurotransmitter
952:Big Five factors
887:external stimuli
844:Albert Mehrabian
814:Earlier research
778:academic journal
759:highly sensitive
755:hypersensitivity
751:hypersensitivity
714:and her husband
658:
651:
644:
628:
627:
626:
593:Research methods
252:Psychophysiology
112:Basic psychology
83:
64:
21:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2979:Neuropsychology
2964:
2963:
2940:
2923:
2920:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2889:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2770:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2745:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2699:
2695:
2681:
2680:
2673:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2612:
2605:
2511:
2507:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2359:
2355:
2342:
2338:
2329:
2325:
2316:Negative affect
2308:
2306:
2302:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2221:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2141:on June 6, 2012
2138:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2042:
2041:
2037:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1975:
1967:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1913:
1905:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1817:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1742:
1741:
1730:
1717:10.1.1.490.9371
1701:
1700:
1689:
1681:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1628:
1587:
1586:
1579:
1534:
1533:
1524:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1462:
1454:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1416:
1357:
1356:
1347:
1308:
1307:
1290:
1278:1854/LU-7172755
1250:
1249:
1220:
1173:
1172:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1127:Neuropsychology
1072:
1036:genes, and the
852:
837:cerebral cortex
816:
810:had been sold.
732:
662:
624:
622:
615:
614:
613:
612:
588:Psychotherapies
556:
546:
545:
466:
458:
457:
456:
455:
284:
274:
273:
272:
271:
232:Neuropsychology
114:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3007:
3005:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2955:
2938:
2919:
2918:External links
2916:
2914:
2913:
2901:
2840:
2781:
2751:
2743:
2721:
2719:July 21, 2011.
2693:
2671:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2505:
2472:
2422:
2370:
2360:Per Boterberg
2353:
2336:
2323:
2290:(1): 108–118.
2267:
2255:(3): 138–143.
2235:
2220:978-3432898711
2219:
2198:
2175:
2152:
2108:(8): 746–754.
2085:
2055:(1): 265–275.
2035:
2003:(2): 181–197.
1973:
1939:(3): 262–282.
1911:
1873:
1847:(2): 345–368.
1815:
1787:
1728:
1687:
1661:(4): 901–916.
1635:
1600:(2): 271–301.
1577:
1547:(1): 141–162.
1522:
1488:(6): 885–908.
1460:
1442:(3): 255–259,
1414:
1345:
1288:
1218:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1122:Neurodiversity
1119:
1114:
1109:
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1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1041:norepinephrine
920:sleep problems
851:
848:
815:
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776:Elaine Aron's
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2855:
2851:
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2841:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2801:(7): e21636.
2800:
2796:
2792:
2785:
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2769:
2762:
2755:
2752:
2746:
2744:9780806536705
2740:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2716:
2711:
2710:archive.today
2707:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2657:
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2636:
2632:
2629:
2626:
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2599:
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2583:arousal focus
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2577:
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2558:
2554:
2550:
2549:inhibitedness
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2523:(Mehrabian),
2522:
2521:low screening
2518:
2514:
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2509:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2476:
2473:
2467:
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2222:
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2205:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2189:The Telegraph
2186:
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2167:
2163:
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2119:
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2111:
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2089:
2086:
2080:
2076:
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2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
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1920:
1918:
1916:
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1900:
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1027:polymorphisms
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876:
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869:
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865:
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706:
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698:
694:
689:
686:
683:and a deeper
682:
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674:
670:
659:
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645:
640:
639:
637:
636:
631:
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620:
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618:
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606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
583:Psychologists
581:
579:
576:
574:
573:Organizations
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
555:
550:
549:
542:
541:Psychometrics
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
501:Consciousness
499:
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494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
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462:
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447:
444:
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437:
434:
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424:
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421:Psychotherapy
419:
417:
416:Psychometrics
414:
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389:
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379:
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297:
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268:
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263:
260:
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220:
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215:
213:
210:
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190:
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187:Developmental
185:
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2545:reflectivity
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222:Mathematical
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202:Evolutionary
192:Differential
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2309:February 7,
2145:January 28,
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1132:Neuroticism
1056:dichotomous
1000:temperament
790:self-esteem
743:Arthur Aron
735:Elaine Aron
716:Arthur Aron
712:Elaine Aron
568:Disciplines
441:Suicidology
336:Educational
291:Anomalistic
267:Theoretical
242:Personality
172:Comparative
155:Cognitivism
146:Behaviorism
2968:Categories
2588:From Wolf
2565:reactivity
2533:reactivity
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2519:(Pavlov),
2343:Smolewska
2330:Boterberg
936:plasticity
912:depression
854:Boterberg
496:Competence
361:Humanistic
341:Ergonomics
326:Counseling
301:Assessment
237:Perception
197:Ecological
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782:self-help
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316:Community
151:Cognitive
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2934:Archived
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1341:26688599
1283:archived
1213:30639671
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1031:dopamine
1023:genotype
1019:5-HTTLPR
1012:genetics
924:autistic
879:caffeine
825:thalamus
786:reticent
737:'s book
603:Timeline
516:Feelings
511:Emotions
471:Behavior
465:Concepts
426:Religion
411:Positive
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386:Military
351:Forensic
346:Feminist
331:Critical
321:Consumer
311:Coaching
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