117:
422:
returned a mean annual temperature of 10.4 ± 2.2 °C (50.7 ± 4.0 °F). This is lower than the mean annual temperature estimates given for the coastal Puget Group, which is estimated to have been between 15–18.6 °C (59.0–65.5 °F). The bioclimatic analysis for
Republic and Horsefly suggest mean annual precipitation amounts of 115 ± 39 cm (45 ± 15 in) and 105 ± 47 cm (41 ± 19 in) respectively.
142:
630:
bodies. At the time of description the one complete adult male had a body length of 108 mm (4.3 in), with the species having a hypothetical upper length of 110 mm (4.3 in). The holotype fish was suggested to be either an adult female or immature large male, based on the lack of
666:
is composed of 13 to 15 branching rays each attached to a vertebra, and the rear most ray is double branched. The anal fin has 17-18 branched rays, one unbranched ray, and several rudimentary rays giving a slightly concave outline on the holotype, but on mature males, thickening of the frontal 10
405:
range between 0.7–1.2 km (0.43–0.75 mi) higher than the coastal forests. This is consistent with the paleoelevation estimates for the lake systems, which range between 1.1–2.9 km (1,100–2,900 m), which is similar to the modern elevation 0.8 km (0.50 mi), but higher.
573:
specimens in the type series. Specimens UA 13241, 13244, 13250, 13262 and 1326 were all collected by R. Woodruff, while specimen UA 13225 was collected during the 1976 field season. Additionally Wilson referred a group of other specimens to the species which were not included in the type series
421:
of both the
Horsefly and Republic paleofloras. The CLAMP results after multiple linear regressions for Republic gave a mean annual temperature of approximately 8.0 °C (46.4 °F), while the LMA gave 9.2 ± 2.0 °C (48.6 ± 3.6 °F). LMA of the Horsefly flora
671:
has eight branching rays above the fishes midline, and another eight rays below. The fin is emarginate, with the upper and lower rays extending outwards and dipping back in to meet closer to the body in the central section of fin. The fin tips and center fork are all gently rounded.
532:
paleontology department by
Woodward's family in 1977. During the summers of 1976 and 1977 the University of Alberta also conducted field collecting in both the Toroda Creek and Republic areas, yielding a number of fossil fish material, including a single hiodontid.
748:
Greenwood, D.R.; Archibald, S.B.; Mathewes, R.W; Moss, P.T. (2005). "Fossil biotas from the
Okanagan Highlands, southern British Columbia and northeastern Washington State: climates and ecosystems across an Eocene landscape".
609:
as the accepted binomial. Hilton and Grande examined specimens from the
Okanagan Highlands as well as specimens referred to the species which had been found in the Kishenehn Formation, and noted that the proposed merging of
536:
The
Okanagan highland hiodontid fossils were studied in detail by paleoichthyologist Mark Wilson, of the University of Alberta, with a monograph overview of the British Columbian Eocene fish fauna and redescription of
503:
were first collected in the
Klondike Mountain Formation of Washington in the 1960s. One set of fish was collected from the Toroda Creek Graben northwest of Republic by R. C. Pearson, and tentatively identified by
520:. Pearson sent almost all of the specimens collected to the Smithsonian, but the fossils were never accessioned into the collections and are now considered lost. Pearson did retain one "
1060:
Hilton, E. J.; Grande, L. (2008). "Fossil
Mooneyes (Teleostei: Hiodontiformes, Hiodontidae) from the Eocene of western North America, with a reassessment of their taxonomy".
784:
Greenwalt, D.E.; Bickel, D.J.; Kerr, P.H.; Curler, G.R.; Brown, B.V.; de Jong, H.; Fitzgerald, S.J.; Dikow, T.; TkoÄŤ, M.; Kehlmaier, C.; Amorim, D. (2019).
561:
was chosen in recognition of the
Woodruff family for the collection and donation of the specimens studied. Wilson designated University of Alberta
1118:
524:" fossil from the initial collection which was later donated to the USGS collections. During the same decade, a collection of fish from near the
363:. Both sites represent upland lake systems that were surrounded by a warm temperate ecosystem with nearby volcanism. The highlands likely had a
1123:
378:
1128:
550:
639:
and 22 to 24 are precaudal vertebrae. Scales are sparse, with a rounded outline and have parallel furrows along the front edges.
1113:
129:
658:
have about 7 total rays, and extend to down the body 2/3 of the way to the anus, starting just to the front of where the
1138:
356:
662:
starts, and extending towards the tail ending above the rear third of the anal fin. With a triangular outline, the
793:
352:
622:
Based on the consistent preservation of specimens in lateral views, Wilson determined that both young and adult
1133:
922:
n. sp.(Teleostei, Hiodontidae), from the Middle Eocene
Klondike Mountain Formation near Republic, Washington".
374:
climate, in which winter temperatures rarely dropped low enough for snow, and which were seasonably equitable.
360:
141:
855:
Greenwalt, D. E.; Rose, T. R.; Siljestrom, S. M.; Goreva, Y. S.; Constenius, K. N.; Wingerath, J. G. (2014).
528:
in Republic was compiled by the young resident R. Woodward. This collection was subsequently donated to the
319:
322:
in the United States and late Eocene deposits in northwestern Montana. The species was first described as
377:
The Okanagan highlands paleoforest surrounding the lakes have been described as precursors to the modern
529:
237:
1108:
1069:
931:
786:"Diptera of the middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation. I. Documentation of diversity at the family level"
758:
586:
525:
257:
348:
116:
467:
394:
1085:
1016:
722:
1. Early Eocene Lagerstätten of the Okanagan Highlands (British Columbia and Washington State)".
562:
516:
438:
333:
266:
136:
505:
1077:
1008:
939:
868:
835:
802:
766:
718:
Archibald, S.; Greenwood, D.; Smith, R.; Mathewes, R.; Basinger, J. (2011). "Great Canadian
692:
418:
414:
435:
698:
398:
1073:
935:
840:
823:
762:
430:
When the first fossils were collected the Klondike Mountain formation was thought to be
582:
coexisted with four other fish species in the Klondike Mountain Formation lake system.
570:
512:
493:
470:
431:
193:
183:
888:
Wilson, M. (1996). "Fishes from Eocene lakes of the interior". In R. Ludvigsen (ed.).
785:
585:
A reassessment and redescription of Hiodontidae was completed by Hilton and Grande in
1102:
1089:
589:. They noted that the known osteological morphology range of the species assigned to
382:
364:
336:
mooneye species, and one of five fish identified in the Klondike Mountain Formation.
64:
614:
from the Green River Formation was not accepted, based on differences in osteology.
627:
508:
449:
367:
824:"Fossil ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation"
390:
371:
307:
39:
347:
fossils have been recovered from two locations in the Okanagan highlands, the
292:
84:
49:
892:. Vancouver, BC: The University of British Columbia Press. pp. 213, 215.
541:
being published in 1977, followed by a smaller paper in 1978 containing the
976:
Wilson, M. (1977). "Middle Eocene freshwater fishes from British Columbia".
554:
402:
299:
153:
89:
33:
873:
856:
857:"Taphonomy of the fossil insects of the middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation"
668:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
636:
632:
566:
453:
441:
of samples taken near the Tom Thumb mine in 1966 resulted in a tentative
173:
107:
79:
74:
59:
54:
44:
1020:
492:, were specimens collected by Canada's first vertebrate paleontologist
475:
448:
age. Further refinement of sample dating has yielded an approximately
410:
303:
295:
213:
203:
94:
69:
458:
1081:
682:, with more anal rays, and a longer length at maturity. Mature male
635:. There are between 47 and 49 total vertebrae, of which 24 to 25 are
386:
315:
311:
163:
1012:
943:
770:
690:
males are am average of 108 mm (4.3 in), while the living
565:, collected during the 1976 field work at the Tom Thumb mine as the
443:
807:
957:
Wilson, M. (1996). "The Eocene fishes of Republic, Washington".
381:
of Eastern North America and Eastern Asia. Based on the fossil
890:
Life in stone: a natural history of British Columbia's fossils
574:
including four specimens from Horsefly and USGS El-2185, the
999:(Pisces: Percopsidae) from the Eocene of Washington State".
473:
in Northwestern Montana has been dated to approximately
678:are noted to be larger at maturity then the coeval
480:based on potassium-argon of the Coal Creek member.
593:were within the osteology spectrum seen in modern
488:The earliest find, which were later identified as
415:climate leaf analysis multivariate program (CLAMP)
978:Life Sciences Contributions, Royal Ontario Museum
1062:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
1055:
1053:
743:
741:
739:
737:
1034:Wilson, M. (1982). "A new species of the fish
397:of Western Washington, which are described as
1038:from the middle Eocene of British Columbia".
8:
686:specimens average 50 mm (2.0 in),
654:, based on the six observed specimens. The
549:was published in the May 1978 issue of the
511:as members of several genera including the
578:fossil collected by Pearson in the 1960s.
385:the lakes were higher and cooler then the
115:
20:
872:
839:
822:Lapolla, J. S.; Greenwalt, D. E. (2015).
806:
702:males average 250 mm (9.8 in).
417:analysis of the Republic paleoflora, and
995:Wilson, M. (1979). "A second species of
710:
667:rays gives a rounded fin outline. The
605:resulted in the species being moved to
545:description. The type description of
379:temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
7:
456:age, being radiometrically dated as
841:10.13102/sociobiology.v62i2.163-174
924:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
751:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
551:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
14:
389:coastal forests preserved in the
355:and the several exposures of the
340:Distribution and paleoenvironment
569:and also designated a series of
140:
563:specimen UA 13227A & 13227B
1119:Ypresian life of North America
597:individuals. This merging of
1:
1124:Fossil taxa described in 1978
861:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
401:ecosystems. Estimates of the
310:. The species is known from
1129:Klondike Mountain Formation
357:Klondike Mountain Formation
1155:
794:Palaeontologia Electronica
484:History and classification
419:leaf margin analysis (LMA)
353:Horsefly, British Columbia
272:
265:
243:
236:
137:Scientific classification
135:
123:
114:
23:
361:Ferry County, Washington
646:have between 12 and 13
496:in 1906 from Horsefly.
413:have been derived from
411:mean annual temperature
399:lowland tropical forest
16:Extinct species of fish
1114:Fish described in 1978
874:10.4202/app.00071.2014
530:University of Alberta
471:conservat lagerstätte
332:is one of two Eocene
318:deposits of northern
918:Wilson, M. (1978). "
628:laterally compressed
557:of the species name
1139:Kishenehn Formation
1074:2008GSLSP.295..221H
936:1978CaJES..15..679W
763:2005CaJES..42..167G
468:Kishenehn Formation
395:Chuckanut Formation
314:found in the early
959:Washington Geology
920:Eohiodon woodruffi
506:paleoichthyologist
439:radiometric dating
368:upper microthermal
334:Okanagan Highlands
325:Eohiodon woodruffi
275:Eohiodon woodruffi
724:Geoscience Canada
478:million years old
461:million years old
446:million years old
409:Estimates of the
372:lower mesothermal
284:
283:
279:
229:H. woodruffi
1146:
1094:
1093:
1082:10.1144/sp295.13
1057:
1048:
1047:
1031:
1025:
1024:
992:
986:
985:
973:
967:
966:
954:
948:
947:
915:
894:
893:
885:
879:
878:
876:
852:
846:
845:
843:
819:
813:
812:
810:
790:
781:
775:
774:
745:
732:
731:
715:
693:Hiodon alosoides
676:Hiodon woodruffi
644:Hiodon woodruffi
607:Hiodon woodruffi
501:Hiodon woodruffi
479:
462:
447:
345:Hiodon woodruffi
320:Washington state
288:Hiodon woodruffi
277:
252:
250:Hiodon woodruffi
248:
145:
144:
125:Hiodon woodruffi
119:
106:
36:
29:Temporal range:
25:Hiodon woodruffi
21:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1134:Horsefly Shales
1099:
1098:
1097:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1013:10.2307/1443214
994:
993:
989:
975:
974:
970:
956:
955:
951:
944:10.1139/e78-075
917:
916:
897:
887:
886:
882:
854:
853:
849:
821:
820:
816:
801:(2.50A): 1–56.
788:
783:
782:
778:
771:10.1139/e04-100
747:
746:
735:
717:
716:
712:
708:
699:Hiodon tergisus
620:
612:Hiodon falcatus
486:
474:
457:
442:
436:Potassium-argon
428:
342:
261:
254:
246:
245:
232:
139:
130:SRIC collection
128:
110:
105:
104:
103:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
32:49.5–46.2
31:
30:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1152:
1150:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1068:(1): 221–251.
1049:
1026:
1007:(3): 400–405.
987:
968:
949:
930:(5): 679–686.
895:
880:
867:(4): 931–947.
847:
834:(2): 163–174.
814:
776:
757:(2): 167–185.
733:
709:
707:
704:
626:specimens had
619:
616:
526:Tom Thumb Mine
494:Lawrence Lambe
485:
482:
432:late Oligocene
427:
424:
403:paleoelevation
349:Horsefly shale
341:
338:
282:
281:
270:
269:
263:
262:
255:
241:
240:
234:
233:
225:
223:
219:
218:
211:
207:
206:
201:
197:
196:
194:Hiodontiformes
191:
187:
186:
184:Actinopterygii
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
133:
132:
121:
120:
112:
111:
100:
99:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
37:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1151:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:(2): 413–424.
1045:
1041:
1040:Palaeontology
1037:
1030:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
991:
988:
983:
979:
972:
969:
964:
960:
953:
950:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
914:
912:
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908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
896:
891:
884:
881:
875:
870:
866:
862:
858:
851:
848:
842:
837:
833:
829:
825:
818:
815:
809:
804:
800:
796:
795:
787:
780:
777:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
744:
742:
740:
738:
734:
730:(4): 155–164.
729:
725:
721:
714:
711:
705:
703:
701:
700:
695:
694:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
670:
665:
661:
657:
653:
652:pectoral fins
649:
645:
640:
638:
634:
629:
625:
617:
615:
613:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
577:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
534:
531:
527:
523:
519:
518:
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510:
507:
502:
497:
495:
491:
483:
481:
477:
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451:
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440:
437:
433:
425:
423:
420:
416:
412:
407:
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400:
396:
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388:
384:
380:
375:
373:
369:
366:
362:
358:
354:
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339:
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335:
331:
327:
326:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
294:
290:
289:
280:
276:
271:
268:
264:
259:
253:
251:
242:
239:
238:Binomial name
235:
231:
230:
224:
221:
220:
217:
216:
212:
209:
208:
205:
202:
199:
198:
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178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
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138:
134:
131:
126:
122:
118:
113:
109:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
35:
26:
22:
19:
1065:
1061:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1004:
1000:
996:
990:
981:
977:
971:
962:
958:
952:
927:
923:
919:
889:
883:
864:
860:
850:
831:
828:Sociobiology
827:
817:
808:10.26879/891
798:
792:
779:
754:
750:
727:
723:
720:Lagerstätten
719:
713:
697:
691:
688:H. woodruffi
687:
683:
679:
675:
674:
643:
641:
624:H. woodruffi
623:
621:
611:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
584:
580:H. woodruffi
579:
575:
558:
546:
543:H. woodruffi
542:
538:
535:
521:
515:
513:Aphredoderid
509:David Dunkle
500:
498:
490:H. woodruffi
489:
487:
465:
450:Early Eocene
429:
408:
376:
359:in northern
344:
343:
330:H. woodruffi
329:
324:
323:
287:
286:
285:
278:Wilson, 1978
274:
273:
249:
244:
228:
227:
214:
124:
24:
18:
1109:Hiodontidae
965:(2): 30–31.
656:pelvic fins
618:Description
576:Tricophanes
547:H.woodruffi
522:Tricophanes
517:Tricophanes
499:Fossils of
391:Puget Group
308:Hiodontidae
204:Hiodontidae
1103:Categories
997:Libotonius
706:References
669:caudal fin
664:dorsal fin
642:Adults of
1090:128680041
633:anal rays
631:expanded
559:woodruffi
555:etymology
434:in age.
300:bony fish
256:(Wilson,
222:Species:
160:Kingdom:
154:Eukaryota
684:H. rosei
680:H. rosei
660:anal fin
599:Eohiodon
591:Eohiodon
571:topotype
567:holotype
539:H. rosei
454:Ypresian
306:family,
267:Synonyms
200:Family:
174:Chordata
170:Phylum:
164:Animalia
150:Domain:
108:Ypresian
1070:Bibcode
1021:1443214
984:: 1–66.
932:Bibcode
759:Bibcode
650:in the
312:fossils
304:mooneye
302:in the
296:species
293:extinct
247:†
226:†
210:Genus:
190:Order:
180:Class:
101:↓
1088:
1019:
1001:Copeia
637:caudal
603:Hiodon
595:Hiodon
553:. The
387:coeval
383:biotas
316:Eocene
291:is an
215:Hiodon
127:fossil
1086:S2CID
1017:JSTOR
789:(PDF)
601:into
476:46.02
365:mesic
351:near
1036:Amia
1005:1979
696:and
648:rays
587:2008
466:The
459:49.4
393:and
258:1978
40:Preęž’
1078:doi
1066:295
1009:doi
982:113
940:doi
869:doi
836:doi
803:doi
767:doi
426:Age
370:to
328:.
298:of
1105::
1084:.
1076:.
1064:.
1052:^
1044:25
1042:.
1015:.
1003:.
980:.
963:24
961:.
938:.
928:15
926:.
898:^
865:60
863:.
859:.
832:62
830:.
826:.
799:22
797:.
791:.
765:.
755:42
753:.
736:^
728:38
726:.
463:.
452:,
444:55
90:Pg
34:Ma
1092:.
1080::
1072::
1023:.
1011::
946:.
942::
934::
877:.
871::
844:.
838::
811:.
805::
773:.
769::
761::
260:)
95:N
85:K
80:J
75:T
70:P
65:C
60:D
55:S
50:O
45:ęž’
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