30:
203:
408:. Pérez de Urbel divided it into chapters for his 1959 edition. The first six chapters describe the Visigothic kingdom and introduces the themes that will be developed in the rest of the work. The seventh chapter is a description of the author's purpose in writing, and it contains the most important clues to his identity. Chapters eight through thirteen narrate the opening of Alfonso VI's reign and his conflict with his brothers,
494:
599:
may have been intended to reassure
Spaniards that they would come through the live threat of war with Aragon and the Almoravid conquests in the same way they had come through the wars of Almanzor a century earlier and the Muslim conquests four centuries earlier. Christian Spain would be restored. It
451:
from 866 to 924. It ends in mid-sentence and may have been the original work of the "monk of Silos". The third is taken from
Sampiro and corresponds with the first thirty chapters of his work (as numbered by Pérez de Urbel in his 1952 edition and not re-numbered by him in 1959). These chapters cover
158:
in 1090, later becoming Pope. Since
Rainerius reigned as Paschal II from 1099 to January 1118 and there is no mention of his death, modern scholars have largely accepted that he was still alive at the time of composition. The anonymous historian was thus at work between 1109 and 1118. A date in the
544:(royal stock of the Goths), an anachronism since the Gothic monarchy was elective. The Visigothic and Leonese kingdoms are consistently described in imperial terms. The "kingdom of the Cantabrians" (Navarre) is called a "province" and its kings are "noble" (not royal), while the
532:(kingdom of Spain) and is presented as the legitimate successor to the Visigoths: the Leonese kings had been cleansed by punishment through the "barbarians" (Muslims). They redeem themselves in rescuing the churches from Muslim domination. Alfonso VI's championing of the
463:
The monk resumes his original account after
Sampiro with a chapter numbered 69. This chapter through 79 concerns the history of León between 956 and 1037 (and includes yet more overlap with the preceding chapters of Sampiro). Chapters 78 and 79 may quote from a now lost
655:
The latter translation has the support not only of
Wreglesworth but also of two Spanish translators: Manuel Gómez-Moreno and Jesús Evaristo Casariego. Wreglesworth interprets this passage as a reference to the "holy Catholic father" Isidore's commentary on the reign of
344:, despite that this identification has now been discredited. His purpose in writing he declares in the seventh chapter to describe "the deeds of the lord Alfonso, the orthodox emperor of Spain", that is, Alfonso VI. He also testifies to the "wisdom and goodness" of
146:
The date of composition can be approximately fixed by internal evidence. In chapter 7 the author notes that "the whole length of fragile life has been run", indicating that he was writing after
Alfonso's death in 1109. In chapter 13 there is a reference to the
633:
has been offered by medievalist John
Wreglesworth. He suggests that it is a finished work "intended to be obliquely critical of Alfonso VI." This interpretation rests largely on a passage from the seventh chapter, which has been rendered in different ways:
456:, shows little signs of editing and may have been a late addition or perhaps the later addition of a different compiler. The thirtieth and final chapter of Sampiro does show signs of editing (for which its English translators, Simon Barton and
933:(bishop of this royal city). León was often referred to as the "royal city", but this minor emendation may support the connexion of its author with the house of San Isidoro located within the city walls. Cf. Barton and Fletcher, 15.
486:(chapters 96–102), an account of the translation of Isidore's relics in 1063. The final two chapters (105–6) may also be derived from a now lost source describing Ferdinand's last days. The last recorded event in the
616:(1095–1159), is a more likely candidate, as she was probably raised in León and was a lifelong patron of San Isidoro, where she received burial. Sancha was active during her brother's reign, as demonstrated by the
660:. He sees parallels between Solomon (condemned for engaging foreign wives) and Alfonso (whose longest marriage was to the Frenchwoman, the aforementioned Constance, and who also had a relationship with a Muslim,
548:
is but a "little fragment" of the province of
Navarre. It is possible that the consistent dismissal of Aragon had contemporary significance, since the author was writing at a time when the "emperor"
612:(born 1105), was of the right age for receiving such instruction, but he spent his early years in Galicia, far from San Isidoro and the centre of the kingdom. Urraca's eldest daughter,
587:, left Spain in ignominy, having been bribed to come in the first place. French aid to Aragon at the time of writing may have inspired or confirmed the author's anti-French sentiment.
159:
first third of the twelfth century also accords well with certain copyist's errors apparent in the surviving manuscripts that probably indicate that the original was set down in
452:
the years from 866 to the death of
Alfonso V (1028), but differ from the preceding chapters with respect to the years up to 924. Sampiro's text, as incorporated into the
238:, himself a monk of Silos. The author's lack of interest in Castilian matters and his ignorance of Castilian geography, as well as the complete absence of Silos from the
703:
348:, Alfonso's sister and ally, "more by experience than by report". Urraca was a noted patron of San Isidoro, where she was buried and where her donation of the
29:
914:
865:
Barton and
Fletcher, 14. Francisco de Berganza records the intention of Sancha and Ferdinand to establish San Isidoro as their dynastic mausoleum.
416:. The author mentions the death and burial of García in 1090 and then announces that he will "unravel the kingdom's origin" in the next chapters.
262:, the most important monastery in León during the reign of Ferdinand I and which maintained close ties with the royal court, was often known as
333:
was indeed his intention, may have sought to indicate that he became a monk at the monastery before 1063. He elsewhere refers to the church as
234:, based on a marginal note in the Fresdelval manuscript that read "Santo Domingo de Silos". This position was strongly defended by historian
644:
There for a long time I ruminated in my own mind upon various opinions of the holy fathers proclaimed in the holy books of Catholic kings.
329:(though the use of "Saints John and Isidore" for the male community is found in a diploma of Alfonso VI of 1099). The anonymous author, if
552:
was devastating the lands around León, including some belonging to San Isidoro, in battles with the supporters of Alfonso VI's heiress,
108:
419:
The text comes (mostly) in blocks of edited text taken from older historical works. The first block (chapters 14–38) is drawn from the
1016:
571:'s army, whom the French claimed had conquered parts of Spain, is compared to the French army that aided Alfonso VI in 1087 after the
95:
85:
567:
accomplishments in Spain. During the Visigothic period, it is claimed, they aided heretics and rebels against the orthodox Goths.
814:, cf. Barton and Fletcher, 12, though already noted by Pérez de Urbel. Scribes unfamiliar with Visigothic forms commonly mistook
171:
37:
498:
227:
178:
is highly corrupted and the various critical editions contain numerous emendations. The first published edition was made by
174:—dates from the latter half of the fifteenth century and is a copy of a copy of the original. Consequently, the text of the
639:
Ubi diversis sententiis sanctorum patrum catholicorum regum, sacris idicentibus libris, mecum ipse diu spatiando revolvens
618:
553:
507:
285:
was suggested in 1961 by the paleographer Manuel C. Díaz y Díaz. He suggested that it was a mistaken expansion of
579:, were paid handsomely in gold but left Spain having accomplished little against its newest Muslim invaders, the
349:
421:
114:
918:
448:
440:
436:
413:
267:
235:
482:(chapters 80–106) is a history of the reign of Ferdinand I, with an interpolated and edited version of the
511:
made in 1086, the same year as the battle of Sagrajas and probably depicting contemporary Spanish knights.
471:
326:
298:
444:
404:
is a preamble or introduction intended to provide the historical background to the (probably) unfinished
942:
576:
525:
179:
409:
310:
206:
The Panteón de los Reyes at San Isidoro, where Ferdinand I and Alfonso VI were buried, and where the
524:
extols the Visigothic monarchy as the most orthodox in Christendom (more so even than the empire of
613:
549:
457:
302:
202:
90:
647:
There I gave a lengthy consideration to the judgements of the holy Catholic fathers on the sacred
337:(this church), indicating perhaps his own locality and his intended audience (his brother monks).
1000:
Barton and Fletcher present Wreglesworth's opinion, approved for publication by him, on pp. 22–3.
605:
572:
475:
378:
275:
231:
99:
490:
is the funeral of Ferdinand on 2 January 1066. Ferdinand's last days took place at San Isidoro.
243:
545:
427:
388:
365:
314:
160:
77:
761:. E. Michael Gerli and Samuel G. Armistead, edd. Taylor & Francis, 2003, pp. 389–90.
293:, that is, Saint John's. A house in the city of León, with a community of monks dedicated to
661:
345:
294:
127:
103:
325:
to Saint John's, which they refurbished and embellished. The house was thereafter known as
155:
353:
151:
648:
537:
502:
73:
1010:
963:
668:, was a paragon of kingly virtue (in the eyes of the historian's monastic author).
540:
is held up as an example of orthodoxy. Genealogically the Leonese kings are of the
148:
274:
and Alfonso VI was buried there, neither this burial nor the abbacy at Sahagún of
609:
568:
223:
17:
946:
580:
533:
259:
425:, specifically the earlier 'Rotense version' found in the late-10th-century
94:
of Alfonso, it is primarily an original account of the reign of his father,
81:
474:(died 1037, buried at San Isidoro). Chapter 74 provides background on the
186:
in 1721. He relied on the now lost Fresdelval manuscript, supposedly from
466:
306:
138:
provide the only surviving versions of Sampiro's otherwise lost history.
657:
564:
493:
432:
383:
369:
322:
119:
746:
R. McCluskey. "The Early History of San Isidoro de León (X–XII c.)."
361:
318:
904:
A summary of the contents is provided in Barton and Fletcher, 10–12.
305:
and enjoyed royal patronage. Though it suffered several raids from
665:
492:
201:
28:
528:) after its conversion in 589. The Leonese kingdom is called the
190:.1500. Three copies of the Fresdelval survive, none earlier than
913:
When the author of the original text made reference to the then
357:
278:(1080–85) are mentioned in places where they would be expected.
98:(1037–1065). For its earlier history it relies on the works of
696:
Justo Pérez de Urbel and Atilano González Ruiz-Zorrilla, edd.
622:
and the surviving charters. Perhaps, through her counsel, the
575:(1086). These soldiers, the allies of Alfonso's French queen,
439:(850–866). The second (chapters 39–47) narrates the reigns of
170:
survives in eight known manuscripts. The earliest—1181 in the
317:
and her husband, Ferdinand I. In 1063 these monarchs had the
719:
The World of El Cid: Chronicles of the Spanish Reconquest
966:
refers to Alfonso as a despoiler of San Isidoro in his
713:
Simon Barton and Richard A. Fletcher, edd. and trans. "
664:). Alfonso's father, Ferdinand, like Solomon's father,
250:
may derive from a misunderstanding of the abbreviation
36:
fresco of the 12th century in Pantheon of the Kings at
556:, who happened also to be Alfonso the Battler's wife.
925:(bishop of the city of León), but the author of the
626:
served to shape, in part, the reign of Alfonso VII.
122:
for the tenth and early eleventh centuries, and the
313:(999–1028) and patronised heavily by his daughter
721:. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000.
698:Historia Silense: edición crítica e introducción
270:. While Sahagún is mentioned three times in the
583:. Charlemagne, too, according to the anonymous
768:como fuente de la historia llamada Silense."
88:(1065–1073). Though originally intended as a
84:(409–711) to the first years of the reign of
8:
222:("house of the seed"), long identified with
970:, written in the early thirteenth century.
258:("at the lord saints'"). The monastery of
708:Crónicas de los Reinos de Asturias y León
431:. It covers the period from the reign of
242:, suggest another monastery, probably in
856:Barton and Fletcher, 13; Reilly, 389–90.
987:
985:
782:
682:Ambrosio Huici Miranda, ed. and trans.
873:
871:
684:Las crónicas latinas de la Reconquista
629:An alternative interpretation of the
340:The author is sometimes known as the
266:on account of its dual dedication to
7:
766:Traslación del cuerpo de san Isidoro
686:, II. Spain: Ediciones Anubar, 1913.
301:(San Pelayo), was founded in 965 by
218:identifies himself as a monk of the
142:Dates of composition and manuscripts
356:, the author quotes liberally from
118:for the ninth century, the work of
109:Vitas sanctorum patrum Emeritensium
772:, 27(1974):53/54, pp. 365–71.
352:survives to this day. Besides the
25:
968:Liber de miraculis sancti Isidori
931:huiuscemodo regie urbis episcopus
759:Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia
717:", pp. 9–64 (abridged), in
608:". Queen Urraca's son and heir,
741:Cuadernos de Historia de España
112:for the Visigothic period, the
953:, cf. Barton and Fletcher, 19.
368:, but his favourt authors are
130:for the eleventh century. The
86:Alfonso VI of León and Castile
1:
619:Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris
600:has been speculated that the
297:and one of nuns dedicated to
289:, in fact an abbreviation of
254:, which could have stood for
172:Biblioteca Nacional de España
154:, who was holding a synod in
38:Basilica of San Isidoro, León
34:Annunciation of the Shepherds
731:J. M. Canal Sánchez-Pagín. "
508:Commentary on the Apocalypse
281:Another possible source for
979:Barton and Fletcher, 20–21.
923:Legionensis urbis episcopus
748:Nottingham Medieval Studies
689:Francisco Santos Coco, ed.
604:was designed as a Leonese "
478:. The final section of the
321:of Isidore translated from
1033:
1017:History books about Spain
962:Barton and Fletcher, 20.
484:Translatio sancti Isidori
198:Authorship and provenance
76:narrative history of the
991:Barton and Fletcher, 21.
921:, he referred to him as
895:Barton and Fletcher, 17.
886:Barton and Fletcher, 10.
877:Barton and Fletcher, 15.
847:Barton and Fletcher, 13.
789:Barton and Fletcher, 12.
704:Jesús Evaristo Casariego
422:Chronicle of Alfonso III
115:Chronicle of Alfonso III
268:Facundus and Primitivus
737:Crónica domnis sanctis
710:. León: Everest, 1985.
653:
542:stirps regalis Gotorum
512:
396:Contents and structure
350:Chalice of Doña Urraca
228:Santo Domingo de Silos
211:
210:may have been written.
184:Antigüedades de España
45:
44:may have been written.
636:
577:Constance of Burgundy
496:
435:(694–710) to that of
309:, it was restored by
205:
180:Francisco de Berganza
80:from the time of the
32:
753:Bernard F. Reilly. "
743:, 63–4(1980):94–103.
460:, numbered it 30*).
414:García II of Galicia
410:Sancho II of Castile
236:Justo Pérez de Urbel
134:along with Pelayo's
66:, and more properly
764:Geoffrey West. "La
550:Alfonso the Battler
501:in a manuscript of
458:Richard A. Fletcher
327:San Isidoro de León
299:Pelagius of Córdoba
69:Historia legionense
42:Historia legionense
606:mirror for princes
573:Battle of Sagrajas
520:Thematically, the
513:
476:Kingdom of Navarre
379:Bellum Iugurthinum
276:Bernard de Sedirac
214:The author of the
212:
152:Cardinal Rainerius
100:Isidore of Seville
63:Historia seminense
54:, also called the
46:
949:according to the
929:modified this to
750:, 38(1994):35–59.
546:Kingdom of Aragon
389:Vita Karoli magni
366:Gregory the Great
161:Visigothic script
78:Iberian Peninsula
16:(Redirected from
1024:
1001:
998:
992:
989:
980:
977:
971:
960:
954:
940:
934:
911:
905:
902:
896:
893:
887:
884:
878:
875:
866:
863:
857:
854:
848:
845:
839:
796:
790:
787:
755:Historia silense
715:Historia Silense
691:Historia Silense
662:Zaida of Seville
614:Sancha Raimúndez
563:also denigrates
374:Bellum Catilinae
346:Urraca of Zamora
303:Sancho I of León
295:John the Baptist
208:Historia silense
128:Pelayo of Oviedo
104:Julian of Toledo
57:Chronica silense
51:Historia silense
21:
18:Historia Silense
1032:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1004:
999:
995:
990:
983:
978:
974:
961:
957:
945:descended from
941:
937:
912:
908:
903:
899:
894:
890:
885:
881:
876:
869:
864:
860:
855:
851:
846:
842:
802:was misread as
797:
793:
788:
784:
733:Crónica silense
700:. Madrid: 1959.
693:. Madrid: 1921.
674:
646:
645:
643:
642:
593:
530:Hispanie regnum
518:
398:
354:Christian Bible
331:sancti Iohannis
291:sancti Iohannis
200:
144:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1030:
1028:
1020:
1019:
1009:
1008:
1003:
1002:
993:
981:
972:
955:
935:
915:Bishop of León
906:
897:
888:
879:
867:
858:
849:
840:
791:
781:
780:
779:
778:
774:
773:
770:Hispania sacra
762:
751:
744:
728:
727:
723:
722:
711:
701:
694:
687:
679:
678:
673:
670:
649:Books of Kings
592:
589:
538:Mozarabic rite
517:
514:
503:Beatus of Osma
428:Códice de Roda
406:Gesta Adefonsi
400:The surviving
397:
394:
335:hanc ecclesiam
264:Domnis Sanctis
256:Domnis Sanctis
199:
196:
143:
140:
74:medieval Latin
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1029:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1012:
997:
994:
988:
986:
982:
976:
973:
969:
965:
959:
956:
952:
948:
944:
939:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
910:
907:
901:
898:
892:
889:
883:
880:
874:
872:
868:
862:
859:
853:
850:
844:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
798:For example,
795:
792:
786:
783:
776:
775:
771:
767:
763:
760:
756:
752:
749:
745:
742:
738:
734:
730:
729:
725:
724:
720:
716:
712:
709:
705:
702:
699:
695:
692:
688:
685:
681:
680:
676:
675:
671:
669:
667:
663:
659:
652:
650:
640:
635:
632:
627:
625:
621:
620:
615:
611:
607:
603:
598:
590:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
515:
510:
509:
504:
500:
499:Four Horsemen
495:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:
461:
459:
455:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
429:
424:
423:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
395:
393:
391:
390:
385:
381:
380:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:Monk of Silos
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
283:domus seminis
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:domus seminis
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
226:monastery of
225:
221:
220:domus seminis
217:
209:
204:
197:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
164:
162:
157:
153:
150:
141:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
116:
111:
110:
105:
101:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
70:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
52:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
19:
996:
975:
967:
964:Lucas de Tuy
958:
950:
938:
930:
926:
922:
909:
900:
891:
882:
861:
852:
843:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
785:
769:
765:
758:
754:
747:
740:
736:
732:
718:
714:
707:
697:
690:
683:
654:
638:
637:
630:
628:
623:
617:
601:
596:
594:
584:
560:
558:
541:
536:against the
529:
521:
519:
506:
487:
483:
479:
465:
462:
453:
426:
420:
418:
405:
401:
399:
387:
377:
373:
341:
339:
334:
330:
290:
286:
282:
280:
271:
263:
255:
251:
247:
239:
219:
215:
213:
207:
191:
187:
183:
175:
167:
165:
149:papal legate
145:
135:
131:
123:
113:
107:
89:
68:
67:
62:
61:
56:
55:
50:
49:
47:
41:
40:, where the
33:
26:
610:Alfonso VII
569:Charlemagne
526:Constantine
472:Vermudo III
441:Alfonso III
246:. The term
224:Benedictine
96:Ferdinand I
947:Reccared I
726:Literature
672:References
581:Almoravids
534:Roman rite
106:, and the
943:Alfonso I
449:Ordoño II
311:Alfonso V
287:sci ihnis
136:Chronicon
124:Chronicon
82:Visigoths
1011:Category
951:Historia
927:Historia
804:profabor
800:perlabor
677:Editions
631:Historia
624:Historia
602:Historia
597:Historia
585:Historia
565:Frankish
561:Historia
522:Historia
488:Historia
480:Historia
467:planctus
454:Historia
445:García I
437:Ordoño I
402:Historia
307:Almanzor
272:Historia
252:dms scis
240:Historia
216:Historia
182:for his
176:Historia
168:Historia
132:Historia
658:Solomon
591:Purpose
433:Wittiza
384:Einhard
370:Sallust
323:Seville
260:Sahagún
232:Castile
194:.1600.
120:Sampiro
72:, is a
919:Alvito
830:, and
812:dolose
808:dolore
706:, ed.
554:Urraca
516:Themes
447:, and
382:) and
364:, and
362:Virgil
319:relics
315:Sancha
777:Notes
666:David
386:(the
372:(the
91:gesta
834:for
826:for
820:por-
818:for
816:per-
806:and
595:The
559:The
497:The
412:and
376:and
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