Historical reliability of the Gospels

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resurrection, but the kingdom. Nonetheless, Paul was personally acquainted with Peter and John, two of Jesus’ original disciples, and James, the brother of Jesus. Paul's first meeting with Peter and James was approximately 36 AD, close to the time of the crucifixion (30 or 33 AD.) Paul was a contemporary of Jesus and, according to some, from Paul's writings alone, a fairly full outline of the life of Jesus can found: his descent from Abraham and David, his upbringing in the Jewish Law, gathering together disciples, including Cephas (Peter) and John, having a brother named James, living an exemplary life, the Last Supper and betrayal, numerous details surrounding his death and resurrection (e.g. crucifixion, Jewish involvement in putting him to death, burial, resurrection, seen by Peter, James, the twelve and others) along with numerous quotations referring to notable teachings and events found in the Gospels.

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in the footsteps of Bultmann, embrace an explicit methodological naturalism such that the very idea of a miracle is ruled out a priori. Others defend the logical possibility of miracle at the theoretical level, but, in practice, retain a functional methodological naturalism, maintaining that we could never be in possession of the type and/or amount of evidence that would justify a historical judgment in favor of the occurrence of a miracle. Still others, suspicious that an uncompromising methodological naturalism most likely reflects an unwarranted metaphysical naturalism, find such a priori skepticism unwarranted and either remain open to, or even explicitly defend, the historicity of miracles within the Jesus tradition.

1046:. Q is usually dated about a decade earlier than Mark; some scholars argue that it was a single written document, others for multiple documents, and others that there was a core written Q accompanied by an oral tradition. Despite ongoing debate over its exact content - some Q materials in Matthew and Luke are identical word for word, but others are substantially different - there is general consensus about the passages that belong to it. It has no passion story and no resurrection, but the Aramaic form of some sayings suggests that its nucleus reaches back to the earliest Palestinian community and even the lifetime of Jesus. 1368:

1,151), and the total consistency achieved in the Gospel of John was 52% (450 verses out of 869). Almost all of these variants are minor, and most of them are spelling or grammatical errors. Almost all can be explained by some type of unintentional scribal mistake, such as poor eyesight. Very few variants are contested among scholars, and few or none of the contested variants carry any theological significance. Modern biblical translations reflect this scholarly consensus where the variants exist, while the disputed variants are typically noted as such in the translations.

2677:: "Why then do we call them Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John? Because sometime in the second century, when proto-orthodox Christians recognized the need for apostolic authorities, they attributed these books to apostles (Matthew and John) and close companions of apostles (Mark, the secretary of Peter; and Luke, the traveling companion of Paul). Most scholars today have abandoned these identifications, and recognize that the books were written by otherwise unknown but relatively well-educated Greek-speaking (and writing) Christians during the second half of the first century." 791: 896: 947:

up of allusions to and citations of the scriptures, which he uses to structure his narrative and to present his understanding of the ministry, passion, death and resurrection of Jesus (for example, the final cry from the cross, "My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?" is an exact quotation from Psalm 22:1). Matthew contains all Mark's quotations and introduces around 30 more, sometimes in the mouth of Jesus, sometimes as his own commentary on the narrative, and Luke makes allusions to all but three of the Old Testament books.

857:, who did not know him personally. According to Dunn, the accuracy of the oral gospel tradition was insured by the community designating certain learned individuals to bear the main responsibility for retaining the gospel message of Jesus. The prominence of teachers in the earliest communities such as the Jerusalem Church is best explained by the communities' reliance on them as repositories of oral tradition. The early prophets and leaders of local Christian communities and their followers were more focused on the 1980:

have tended to avoid the subject of the resurrection – usually on the pretext that this is solely a matter of 'faith' or of 'theology', about which no self-respecting historian could possibly have anything to say. Precisely that scholarly silence, however, renders a good many recent 'historical Jesus' studies methodologically hamstrung, and unable to deliver what they promise...In this respect, benign neglect ranks alongside dogmatic denial and naive credulity in guaranteeing the avoidance of historical truth.

1194: 1526: 4141:, p. 42: "This is not much of an argument against his existence, however, since there is no archaeological evidence for anyone else living in Palestine in Jesus's day except for the very upper-crust elite aristocrats, who are occasionally mentioned in inscriptions (we have no other archaeological evidence even for any of these). In fact, we don't have archaeological remains for any non-aristocratic Jew of the 20s CE, when Jesus would have been an adult." 877:; and 4) John, who like Matthew was an apostle who had known Jesus. Most scholars agree that they are the work of unknown Christians and were composed c.65-110 AD. The majority of New Testament scholars also agree that the Gospels do not contain eyewitness accounts; but that they present the theologies of their communities rather than the testimony of eyewitnesses. Nevertheless, they preserve sources that go back to Jesus and his contemporaries. 1351:, Vogels, Merk, Bover and Nestle-Aland), concluding that 62.9%, or 4,999/7,947, are in agreement. They concluded, "Thus in nearly two-thirds of the New Testament text, the seven editions of the Greek New Testament which we have reviewed are in complete accord, with no differences other than in orthographical details (e.g., the spelling of names). Verses in which any one of the seven editions differs by a single word are not counted. ... In the 979:). Marcan priority led to the belief that Mark must be the most reliable of the gospels, but today there is a large consensus that the author of Mark was not intending to write history. Mark preserves memories of real people (including the disciples), places and circumstances, but it is based on previously existing traditions which have been selected and arranged by the author to express his understanding of the significance of Jesus. 916:, and most scholars believe that the best solution to the problem is that Mark was the first gospel to be written and served as the source for the other two - alternative theories exist, but create more problems than they solve. Since the third quest for the historical Jesus, the four gospels and noncanonical texts have been viewed with more confidence as sources to reconstruct the life of Jesus compared to the previous quests. 7509: 6539: 669:

gospels do too. E. P. Sanders writes, "these Gospels were written with the intention of glorifying Jesus and are not strictly biographical in nature." M. David Litwa argues that the gospels belonged to the genre of "mythic historiography", where miracles and other fantastical elements were narrated in less sensationalist ways and the events were considered to have actually occurred by the readers of the time.

6629: 1484:, only a few of the parables can be attributed with confidence to the historical Jesus, although other scholars disagree. Meier argues that most of them come from the M and L sources (rather than Mark or Q), but marked by the special language and theology of each of those gospels; this leads to the conclusion that they are not the original words of Jesus, but have been reworked by the gospel-authors. 452: 1736:, pp. 13–14: "First, the New Testament Gospels are now viewed as useful, if not essentially reliable, historical sources. Gone is the extreme skepticism that for so many years dominated gospel research. Representative of many is the position of E. P. Sanders and Marcus Borg, who have concluded that it is possible to recover a fairly reliable picture of the historical Jesus." 33: 464: 689:...Through the main body of the Synoptic tradition, I believe, we have in most cases direct access to the teaching and ministry of Jesus as it was remembered from the beginning of the transmission process (which often predates Easter) and so fairly direct access to the ministry and teaching of Jesus through the eyes and ears of those who went about with him." 1574:, a crucified victim who had a Jewish burial after execution. Archeological findings from Nazareth refute claims by mythicists that Nazareth did not exist in the 1st century and also give credibility to brief passages in the Gospels on Jesus' time in Nazareth, his father's trade, and connection to places in Judea. Archaeologists have uncovered a site in 5375: 674:

were written primarily as theological, not historical, texts. Erasmo Leiva-Merikakis writes, "we must conclude, then, that the genre of the Gospel is not that of pure 'history'; but neither is it that of myth, fairy tale, or legend. In fact, 'gospel' constitutes a genre all its own, a surprising novelty in the literature of the ancient world."

1558:, there is no direct archaeological evidence of the existence of a historical Jesus, any of the apostles, or the majority of people in antiquity. Bart Ehrman states that having no archeological evidence is not an argument for the non-existence of Jesus because we have no archaeological evidence from anyone else from Jesus's day either. 1328:

have copies that agree with each other, especially if they emerge from different geographical areas, the more you can cross-check them to figure out what the original document was like. The only way they'd agree would be where they went back genealogically in a family tree that represents the descent of the manuscripts."

1512:, Judas returns the bribe he has been given for handing over Jesus, throwing the money into the temple before he hangs himself. The temple priests, unwilling to return the defiled money to the treasury, use it instead to buy a field known as the Potter's Field, as a plot in which to bury strangers. In Acts 1:18 1034:(by the same author as the gospel of Luke) would so frequently contradict the Pauline letters if its author had been Paul's companion. Instead, the two took for their sources the gospel of Mark (606 of Matthew's verses are taken from Mark, 320 of Luke's), the Q source, and the "special" material of M and L. 1030:; Luke was written in a large city west of Judea, for an educated Greek-speaking audience. Scholars doubt that the authors were the evangelists Matthew and Luke: it seems unlikely, for example, that Matthew would rely so heavily on Mark if its author had been an eyewitness to Jesus's ministry, or that the 1071:

The Gospel of John is a relatively late theological document containing little accurate historical information that is not found in the three synoptic gospels, which is why most historical studies have been based on the earliest sources Mark and Q. Nonetheless, since the third quest, John's gospel is

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Identifying the community of Q and the circumstances in which it was created and used is difficult, but it probably originated in Galilee, in a movement in opposition to the leadership in Jerusalem, as a set of short speeches relating to specific occasions such as covenant-renewal, the commissioning

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on the other are typically explained by assuming that all were relying on a shared oral tradition, and the dedicatory preface of Luke refers to previous written accounts of the life of Jesus. The early traditions were fluid and subject to alteration, sometimes transmitted by those who had known Jesus

1979:

Nevertheless, what is perhaps most surprising is the extent to which contemporary scholarly literature on the 'historical Jesus' has studiously ignored and downplayed the question of the resurrection...But even the more mainstream participants in the late twentieth-century 'historical Jesus' bonanza

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Contrary to previous times, virtually everyone in the field today acknowledges that Jesus was considered by his contemporaries to be an exorcist and a worker of miracles. However, when it comes to historical assessment of the miracles tradition itself, the consensus quickly shatters. Some, following

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The genealogy, birth and childhood of Jesus appear only in Matthew and Luke, and are ascribed to Special Matthew and Special Luke. Only Luke and Matthew have nativity narratives. Modern critical scholars consider both to be non-historical. Many biblical scholars view the discussion of historicity as

1327:

come from the 2nd century AD, and these Christians were regarded as heretics by the mainstream church. The sheer number of witnesses presents unique difficulties, although it gives scholars a better idea of how close modern bibles are to the original versions. Bruce Metzger says "The more often you

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The Hebrew scriptures were also an important source for all three, and for John. Direct quotations number 27 in Mark, 54 in Matthew, 24 in Luke, and 14 in John, and the influence of the scriptures is vastly increased when allusions and echoes are included. Half of Mark's gospel, for example, is made

899:

The "triple tradition" is material shared by the three gospels, and the "double tradition" is shared by Matthew and Luke but not by Mark - this is the Q source. The unique material in Matthew and Luke is Special M and Special L. The chart is based on A.K. Honoré, "A statistical study of the synoptic

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than on the life of Jesus: Paul for example, says very little about him such as he was "born of a woman" (meaning that he was a man and not a phantom), that he was a Jew, and that he suffered, died, and was resurrected: what mattered for Paul was not Jesus's teachings or the details of his death and

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argues that if a saying or action is dissimilar or contrary to the views of Judaism in the context of Jesus or the views of the early church, then it can more confidently be regarded as an authentic saying or action of Jesus. Commonly cited examples of this are Jesus's controversial reinterpretation

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Most modern Bibles have footnotes to indicate passages that have disputed source documents. Bible Commentaries also discuss these, sometimes in great detail. While many variations have been discovered between early copies of biblical texts, most of these are variations in spelling, punctuation, or

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The premise that Matthew and Luke used sources in addition to Mark and Q is fairly widely accepted, although many details are disputed, including whether they were written or oral, or the invention of the gospel authors, or Q material that happened to be used by only one gospel, or a combination of

673:

argues that the gospels are ancient biographies whose authors, like other ancient biographers at the time, were concerned with describing accurately the life and ministry of Jesus. Ingrid Maisch and Anton Vögtle, writing for Karl Rahner in his encyclopedia of theological terms, say that the gospels

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says that when two or more independent sources present similar or consistent accounts, it is more likely that the accounts are accurate reports of events or that they are reporting a tradition that predates the sources. Since Matthew and Luke borrow a lot of material from Mark, agreement among the

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writes, "the gospels are now widely considered to be a sub-set of the broad ancient literary genre of biographies." Charles H. Talbert agrees that the gospels should be grouped with the Graeco-Roman biographies, but adds that such biographies included an element of mythology, and that the synoptic

619:

to resolve questions arising from textual variations among the numerous extant manuscripts to decide the wording of a text closest to the "original". Scholars seek to answer questions of authorship and date and purpose of composition, and they look at internal and external sources to determine the

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The existence of the Q source is a hypothesis linked to the most popular explanation of the synoptic problem; other explanations of that problem do away with the need for Q, but are less widely accepted. See Delbert Burkett, "Rethinking the Gospel Sources: The unity or plurality of Q" (Volume 2),

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A quantitative study on the stability of the New Testament compared early manuscripts to later manuscripts, up to the Middle Ages, with the Byzantine manuscripts, and concluded that the text had more than 90% stability over this time period. It has been estimated that only 0.1% to 0.2% of the New

1367:

it is much greater" Per Aland and Aland, the total consistency achieved in the Gospel of Matthew was 60% (642 verses out of 1,071), the total consistency achieved in the Gospel of Mark was 45% (306 verses out of 678), the total consistency achieved in the Gospel of Luke was 57% (658 verses out of

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The criterion of cultural and historical congruency says that a source is less credible if the account contradicts known historical facts, or if it conflicts with cultural practices common in the period in question. It is, therefore, more credible if it agrees with those known facts. For example,

810:

In the immediate aftermath of Jesus' death his followers expected him to return at any moment, certainly within their own lifetimes, and in consequence there was little motivation to write anything down for future generations; but as eyewitnesses began to die, and as the missionary needs of the

1767:(r.98-117), Matthew cannot have been written later than this; and Acts, which scholars agree was written by the author of Luke, shows no awareness of the letters of Paul, which were circulating widely by the end of the 1st century. See Sim (2008), pages 15-16, and Reddish (2011), pages 144-145. 1251:

notes that many current verses were not part of the original text of the New Testament. "These scribal additions are often found in late medieval manuscripts of the New Testament, but not in the manuscripts of the earlier centuries," he adds. "And because the King James Bible is based on later

1088:

The fact that the format of John follows that set by Mark need not imply that the author knew Mark, for there are no identical or almost-identical passages; rather, this was most probably the accepted shape for a gospel by the time John was written. Nevertheless, John's discourses are full of

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holds that the authors of the gospels had no reason to invent embarrassing incidents such as Peter's denial of Jesus or the fleeing of Jesus's followers after his arrest, and therefore such details would likely not have been included unless they were true. Bart Ehrman, using the criterion of

1438:, but the names, and even the number of generations, differ between the two. Some authors have suggested that the differences are the result of two different lineages, Matthew's from King David's son, Solomon, to Jacob, father of Joseph, and Luke's from King David's other son, Nathan, to 1072:

seen as having more reliability than previously thought or sometimes even more reliable than the synoptics. It speaks of an unnamed "disciple whom Jesus loved" as the source of its traditions, but does not say specifically that he is its author; Christian tradition identifies him as

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synoptic gospels is not evidence of independent sources, but often they recount the same events as John, and Paul's epistles also attest to some of these events. The writings of the early church provide additional evidence, as to a limited degree do non-Christian ancient writings.

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made errors or alterations (such as including non-authentic additions). In attempting to determine the original text of the New Testament books, some modern textual critics have identified sections as additions of material, centuries after the gospel was written. These are called

1621:

near the time of the crucifixion of Christ. A statistical study of name frequency in the Gospels and Acts corresponded well with a population name distribution database from 330 BC - 200 AD and the works of Josephus, but did not fit well with ancient fictional works.

919:

Matthew and Luke also share a large amount of material which is not found in Mark; this appears in the same order in each, although not always in the same contexts, leading scholars to the conclusion that in addition to Mark they also shared a lost source called the

1758:

Matthew and Luke both use Mark, composed around 70, as a source, and both show a knowledge of the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 (Matthew 22:1-10 and Luke 19:43 and 21:20). These provide an earliest possible date for both gospels; for end-dates, the epistles of

873:, a bishop of Lyon who lived c.130–c.202, attributed them to: 1) Matthew, an apostle who followed Jesus in his earthly career; 2) Mark, who while himself not a disciple was the companion of Peter, who was; 3) Luke, the companion of Paul, the author of the 986:

demonstrated that Mark was not a simple historical account of the life of Jesus but a work of theology compiled by an author who was a creative artist. Among the works that the author of Mark may have drawn from include the Elijah-Elisha narrative in the

1852:, p. 200: "In recent years, 'no serious scholar has ventured to postulate the non-historicity of Jesus' or at any rate very few, and they have not succeeded in disposing of the much stronger, indeed very abundant, evidence to the contrary." 628:

In evaluating the Gospels' historical reliability, scholars consider authorship and date of composition, intention and genre, gospel sources and oral tradition, textual criticism, and the historical authenticity of sayings and narrative events.

681:) closer in genre to pure history, but they also note that "This is not to say that he was always reliably informed, or that – any more than modern historians – he always presented a severely factual account of events." New Testament scholar 971:

in the year 70, and internal evidence suggests that it probably originated in Syria among a Christian community consisting at least partly of non-Jews who spoke Greek rather than Aramaic and did not understand Jewish culture.

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synoptic-like material: some scholars think this indicates that the author knew the synoptics, although others believe it points instead to a shared base in the oral tradition. John nevertheless differs radically from them:

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in Anatolia (although other possibilities are Antioch, Northern Syria, Judea and Alexandria) and went through two or three "edits" before reaching its final form, although a minority continue to support unitary composition.

1864:, p. 34: "There are those who argue that Jesus is a figment of the Church's imagination, that there never was a Jesus at all. I have to say that I do not know any respectable critical scholar who says that any more." 4206: 620:

gospel traditions' reliability. Historical reliability does not depend on a source's inerrancy or lack of agenda since some sources (e.g. Josephus) are considered generally reliable despite having such traits.

1516:

says that Judas used the bribe money to buy the field himself, and his death is attributed to injuries from having fallen in this field. Some apologists argue that the contradictory stories can be reconciled.

713:; the criterion of cultural and historical congruency; and the criterion of "Aramaisms". They are applied to the sayings and events described in the Gospels to evaluate their historical reliability. 6675: 1260:

grammar. Also, many of these variants are so particular to the Greek language that they would not appear in translations into other languages. Three of the most important interpolations are the

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state that: "on many points, especially about Jesus' early life, the evangelists were ignorant … they simply did not know and, guided by rumour, hope or supposition, did the best they could".

1460:

Both Luke and Matthew date Jesus' birth to within the rule of King Herod the Great, who died in 4BC. However the Gospel of Luke also dates the birth ten years after Herod's death, during the

3989: 1208: 963:'s interpreter, but its reliance on several underlying sources, varying in form and in theology, makes this unlikely. Most scholars believe it was written shortly before or after the 1339:

and Barbara Aland compare the total number of variant-free verses, and the number of variants per page (excluding spelling errors), among the seven major editions of the Greek NT (

701:

Critical scholars have developed a number of criteria to evaluate the probability or historical authenticity of an attested event or saying in the gospels. These criteria are the

924:(from "Quelle", the German word for "source); its existence and use alongside Mark by the authors of Matthew and Luke seems the most convincing solution to the synoptic problem. 1042:

Mark has 661 verses, 637 of which are reproduced in Matthew and/or Luke. Matthew and Luke share a further 200 verses (roughly) which are not taken from Mark: this is called the

685:

believed that "the earliest tradents within the Christian churches preservers more than innovators...seeking to transmit, retell, explain, interpret, elaborate, but not create

4202: 693:, a former Anglican Bishop of Durham and university professor, has said: "Certainly not! There is absolutely no certainty in the New Testament about anything of importance." 6264: 1746: 4156: 811:

church grew, there was an increasing demand and need for written versions of the founder's life and teachings. The stages of this process can be summarised as follows:

1840:, pp. 256–257: "He certainly existed, as virtually every competent scholar of antiquity, Christian or non-Christian, agrees, based on certain and clear evidence." 600:, differs greatly from the other three. A growing majority of scholars consider the Gospels to be in the genre of Ancient Greco-Roman biographies, the same genre as 6575: 1922:

That he was crucified is as sure as anything historical can ever be, since both Josephus and Tacitus agree with the Christian accounts on at least that basic fact.

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Historians analyze the Gospels critically, attempting to differentiate reliable information from possible inventions, exaggerations, and alterations. Scholars use

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Keener, Craig S. (2011). "Otho: A Targeted Comparison of Suetonius's Biography and Tacitus's History, with Implications for the Gospels' Historical Reliability".

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The New Testament preserves signs of these oral traditions and early documents: for example, parallel passages between Matthew, Mark and Luke on one hand and the

730: 59: 4289:

Weghe, Luuk van de; Wilson, Jason (2024). "Why Name Popularity is a Good Test of Historicity: A Goodness-of-Fit Test Analysis on Names in the Gospels and Acts".

1225:. In modern translations of the Bible, the results of textual criticism have led to certain verses, words and phrases being left out or marked as not original. 5999:

Van Belle, Gilbert; Palmer, Sydney (2007). "John's Literary Unity and the Problem of Historicity". In Anderson, Paul N.; Just, Felix; Thatcher, Tom (eds.).

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Heide, K. Martin (2011). "Assessing the Stability of the Transmitted Texts of the New Testament and the Shepherd of Hermas". In Stewart, Robert B. (ed.).

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manuscripts, such verses "became part of the Bible tradition in English-speaking lands." He notes, however, that modern English translations, such as the

1022:

The consensus of scholars dates Matthew and Luke to 80-90 AD. The scholarly consensus is that Matthew originated in a "Matthean community" in the city of

7089: 7084: 241: 234: 79: 4240: 1582:, and which may thus possibly have housed Jesus. Some of the places mentioned in the gospels have been verified by archaeological evidence, such as the 7194: 6680: 6670: 749:, writes, "it is hard to imagine a Christian inventing the story of Jesus' baptism since this could be taken to mean that he was John's subordinate." 2391: 1344: 6765: 1659: 1216:

resolves questions arising from the variations between texts: put another way, it seeks to decide the most reliable wording of a text. Ancient

661:, his trial and execution, the discovery of his empty tomb, and, at least in three of them, his appearances to his disciples after his death). 196: 4779: 6099: 6067: 6008: 5989: 5970: 5951: 5932: 5913: 5894: 5875: 5856: 5756: 5737: 5718: 5699: 5680: 5661: 5642: 5601: 5582: 5563: 5544: 5525: 5499: 5477: 5458: 5439: 5353: 5334: 5315: 5296: 5277: 5258: 5239: 5220: 5188: 5169: 5150: 5131: 5112: 5093: 5074: 5055: 5036: 5017: 4998: 4979: 4960: 4941: 4918: 4899: 4880: 4861: 4842: 4823: 4804: 4768: 4746: 4727: 4687: 4668: 4649: 4630: 4609: 4587: 4568: 4530: 4511: 4492: 4473: 4454: 4435: 4416: 4397: 4378: 4359: 4340: 4321: 3966: 3760: 3719: 3706:

The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke (The Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library)

2571: 2301: 1915: 1554:

Archaeological tools are very limited with respect to questions of existence of any specific individuals from the ancient past. According to

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The genre of the gospels is essential in understanding the authors' intentions regarding the texts' historical value. New Testament scholar

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Davies, W. D.; Sanders, E.P. (2008). "20. Jesus: From the Jewish Point of View". In Horbury, William; Davies, W.D.; Sturdy, John (eds.).

6608: 6568: 6430: 6299: 6204: 5122:

Sim, David C. (2008). "Reconstructing the Social and Religious Milieu of Matthew". In Van de Sandt, Huub; Zangenberg, Jurgen K. (eds.).

3542: 1244:). The verse numbers have been reserved, but without any text, so as to preserve the traditional numbering of the remaining verses. The 890: 5383: 7447: 5839: 5826: 4123: 3659:

The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions & to the Theory & Practice of Modern Textual Criticism

2276: 2209: 2185: 2138: 1972: 1943: 1455: 4080: 4061: 7543: 6286: 6226: 5813: 5799: 5785: 5620: 5411: 4549: 4186: 3931: 3871: 3851: 3831: 3811: 3683: 3276: 3252: 2840: 2771: 2658: 2321: 1721: 1381: 753: 710: 3504: 211: 3528:

Feminist companion to the New Testament and early Christian writings, Volume 5, by Amy-Jill Levine, Marianne Blickenstaff, pg. 175

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of specific episodes described in the biblical accounts of him. The only two events subject to "almost universal assent" are that

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The criteria for authenticity in historical-Jesus research: previous discussion and new proposals, by Stanley E. Porter, pg. 119

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The criteria for authenticity in historical-Jesus research: previous discussion and new proposals, by Stanley E. Porter, pg. 118

912:), sometimes even identical wording; finding an explanation for their similarities, and also their differences, is known as the 7323: 7281: 7222: 4254:

Williams, Jefferson B.; Schwab, Markus J.; Brauer, A. (23 December 2011). "An early first-century earthquake in the Dead Sea".

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argued that Mark's gospel contains traces of literal translations of Aramaic sources, and that this implies, in some cases, a

7294: 7117: 6958: 6618: 6613: 6561: 6350: 3301: 2638: 1670: 314: 290: 1888:, p. 339 states of baptism and crucifixion that these "two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent". 1492:

The entry of Jesus into Jerusalem recalls the entry of Judas Maccabeus; the Last Supper is mentioned only in the synoptics.

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argues that Luke makes no mention of Mary, and questions what purpose a maternal genealogy would serve in a Jewish setting.

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which is traditionally believed, with "no definitive proof" and based only upon circumstantial evidence, to have been the

1081: 1076:, but the majority of modern scholars have abandoned this or hold it only tenuously. Most scholars believe it was written 936: 935:(Special Luke) for Luke. This includes some of the best-known stories in the gospels, such as the birth of Christ and the 869:, who lived c.100-185. Justin had no titles for them and simply called them the "memoirs of the Apostles", but around 185 7489: 7251: 6790: 6690: 334: 251: 5393: 1617:

indicate that an earthquake occurred around 31 AD ± 5 years, which plausibly coincides with the earthquake reported by

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For the circumstances which led to the tradition, and the reasons why the majority of modern scholars reject it, see

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when studying the reliability of the gospels, as Acts was seemingly written by the same author as the Gospel of Luke.

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contain some sayings and events that may meet at least one of the five criteria for historical reliability used in

401: 146: 7266: 7169: 6452: 6220: 6092: 3948: 1390:

point out that the Gospels contradict each other in various important respects and on various important details.

1253: 612:. Typically, ancient biographies written shortly after the death of the subject and include substantial history. 161: 5344:

Yu Chui Siang Lau, Theresa (2010). "The Gospels and the Old Testament". In Harding, Mark; Nobbs, Alanna (eds.).

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Charles H. Talbert, What Is a Gospel? The Genre of Canonical Gospels pg 42 (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1977).

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Written collections of miracle stories, parables, sayings, etc., with oral tradition continuing alongside these;

772:, reflecting his Palestinian context, it is more likely to be authentic than a saying that lacks Aramaic roots. 7316: 7189: 6990: 6928: 6660: 6584: 6457: 6291: 6259: 3794:(Harper One, 1999) page 179: "I (and most mainline scholars) do not see these stories as historically factual." 1427: 1423:

secondary, given that gospels were primarily written as theological documents rather than historical accounts.

895: 374: 5690:

Keith, Chris (2012). "The Indebtedness of the Criteria Approach". In Keith, Chris; Le Donne, Anthony (eds.).

1431: 1236:(KJV) but are absent from most modern Bible translations. Most modern textual scholars consider these verses 1054:. A large majority of scholars consider it to be among the oldest and most reliable material in the gospels. 7244: 6883: 6382: 6181: 6136: 6020:

Christian Origins and the Question of God, a projected 6 volume series of which 3 have been published under:

1606: 964: 781: 815:

Oral traditions – stories and sayings passed on largely as separate self-contained units, not in any order;

7484: 7411: 7077: 6846: 6716: 4756: 2197: 2126: 1654: 849: 690: 553:. There is no scholarly consensus about other elements of Jesus's life, including the two accounts of the 329: 260: 156: 1050:

of missionaries, prayers for the Kingdom of God, and calling down divine judgement on their enemies, the

999:. According to Adam Winn, Mark is a counter-narrative to the myth of Imperial rule crafted by Vespasian. 7366: 7299: 7204: 7184: 7179: 7019: 6933: 6823: 6751: 761:

this is often used when assessing the reliability of claims in Luke-Acts, such as the official title of

562: 426: 421: 359: 136: 121: 84: 42: 4787: 7333: 7328: 7104: 6995: 6856: 6648: 6643: 6542: 6523: 6340: 6085: 5141:

Smith, Ian K. (2010). "Passion and Resurrection Narratives". In Harding, Mark; Nobbs, Alanna (eds.).

1637: 1549: 1407: 1356: 1324: 975:

Scholars since the 19th century have regarded Mark as the first of the gospels (called the theory of

940: 543: 531: 381: 297: 273: 126: 2389: 1763:

show a familiarity with the gospel of Matthew, and as Ignatius died during the reign of the Emperor

1193: 7304: 6975: 6894: 6890: 6800: 6166: 4953:

A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, Volume V: Probing the Authenticity of the Parables

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Gregory, Andrew (2006). "The Relationship of John and Luke Reconsidered". In Lierman, John (ed.).

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The Criteria for Authenticity in Historical-Jesus Research: previous discussion and new proposals.

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Tuckett, Christopher (2000). "Gospel, Gospels". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.).

4271: 3587: 2075: 1648: 1562:

notes that archaeologists have some indirect information on how Jesus' life might have been from

1435: 1360: 1269: 1233: 527: 431: 414: 386: 324: 319: 255: 141: 2001: 1525: 7442: 7389: 7261: 7127: 7047: 6938: 6923: 6918: 6878: 6833: 6818: 6502: 6176: 6151: 6122: 6063: 6004: 5985: 5966: 5947: 5928: 5909: 5890: 5871: 5852: 5835: 5822: 5809: 5795: 5781: 5752: 5733: 5714: 5695: 5676: 5657: 5638: 5616: 5597: 5578: 5559: 5540: 5521: 5495: 5473: 5454: 5435: 5434:. New Studies in Biblical Theology. Vol. 3. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. 5349: 5330: 5311: 5292: 5273: 5254: 5235: 5216: 5212: 5184: 5165: 5146: 5127: 5108: 5089: 5070: 5051: 5032: 5013: 4994: 4975: 4956: 4937: 4929: 4914: 4895: 4876: 4857: 4838: 4819: 4800: 4764: 4742: 4723: 4683: 4664: 4645: 4626: 4605: 4583: 4564: 4545: 4526: 4507: 4488: 4469: 4450: 4431: 4412: 4393: 4374: 4355: 4336: 4317: 4182: 4119: 3962: 3958: 3952: 3927: 3867: 3847: 3827: 3807: 3756: 3715: 3711: 3679: 3320: 3297: 3272: 3248: 2836: 2767: 2674: 2654: 2634: 2317: 2297: 2272: 2205: 2181: 2134: 1968: 1939: 1911: 1907: 1316: 1213: 968: 825: 654: 638: 616: 573: 558: 554: 391: 246: 151: 116: 111: 99: 89: 3643:

Bruce, F.F. (1981). P 14. The New Testament Documents: Are They Reliable?. InterVarsity Press

3538: 2994: 7132: 7112: 6953: 6943: 6911: 6906: 6871: 6851: 6785: 6700: 6603: 6437: 6397: 6335: 5509: 4991:

The Quest for Mark's Sources: An Exploration of the Case for Mark's Use of First Corinthians

4706: 4621: 4263: 4055: 3981: 3703: 3699: 3579: 3508: 2067: 1899: 1583: 1567: 1469: 1387: 1308: 1245: 1073: 1031: 913: 905: 886: 874: 845: 785: 769: 746: 658: 593: 585: 539: 535: 516: 396: 285: 94: 7457: 7420: 7007: 6985: 6840: 6447: 5427: 4084: 4077: 4065: 4058: 3993: 3891: 2395: 1598: 1472:

notes that "most critical scholars acknowledge a confusion and misdating on Luke's part."

1304: 1277: 976: 745:

dissimilarity to judge the historical reliability of the claim that Jesus was baptized by

682: 670: 191: 131: 4642:

Forged: Writing in the Name of God--Why the Bible's Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are

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The Synoptic Gospels, then, are the primary sources for knowledge of the historical Jesus

3676:

Bart D. Ehrman & Daniel B. Wallace in Dialogue: The Reliability of the New Testament

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Strobel, Lee. "The Case for Christ". 1998. Chapter three, when quoting biblical scholar

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The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition.

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The Oxford companion to the Year: An exploration of calendar customs and time-reckoning

3748: 3631:"A Textual Commentary on the New Testament", Second Edition, 1994, German Bible Society 2202:

The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition

1664: 1587: 1579: 1559: 1538: 1501: 1296: 1248: 988: 858: 837: 833: 829: 762: 665: 650: 646: 642: 597: 589: 581: 577: 550: 547: 480: 369: 179: 74: 49: 23: 5327:

Reading Mark's Christology Under Caesar: Jesus the Messiah and Roman Imperial Ideology

1319:. Not all biblical manuscripts come from orthodox Christian writers. For example, the 637:"Gospels" is the standard term for the four New Testament books carrying the names of 7527: 7271: 7256: 7034: 7012: 6980: 6805: 5925:

The Gospel of Matthew in Current Study: Studies in Memory of William G. Thompson, S.J

5766: 5514: 4597: 4275: 3704: 3628: 3591: 3474: 1900: 1682: 1676: 1594: 1555: 1481: 1395: 1292: 1009: 1003: 992: 983: 866: 201: 186: 166: 64: 6628: 5730:

Q, the Earliest Gospel: An Introduction to the Original Stories and Sayings of Jesus

4737:

Gillman, John (2007). "Q Source". In Espín, Orlando O.; Nickoloff, James B. (eds.).

3884: 1724:; the criterion of cultural and historical congruency; the criterion of "Aramaisms". 7394: 7372: 7345: 7217: 7174: 6813: 6733: 6407: 6387: 6171: 6156: 6146: 5487: 2759: 2372:

James D.G. Dunn, "Messianic Ideas and Their Influence on the Jesus of History," in

1591: 1509: 1505: 1439: 1391: 854: 468: 5923:

Senior, Donald (2001). "Directions in Matthean Studies". In Aune, David E. (ed.).

2045:

Why Are There Differences in the Gospels? What We Can Learn from Ancient Biography

1504:

with the account of his death in Acts differing from the one given in Matthew. In

4267: 3986: 1197:

An 11th-century Byzantine manuscript containing the opening of the Gospel of Luke

1146:

Jesus never mentions repentance, and mentions forgiveness only once (John 20:23)

519:, the assessment and evaluation of these elements is a matter of ongoing debate. 7378: 7239: 7229: 6963: 6512: 6108: 6017: 3923: 3787: 1610: 1534: 1513: 1443: 726: 511:

is evaluated by experts who have not reached complete consensus. While all four

354: 54: 4710: 2651:

The Jesus legend: a case for the historical reliability of the synoptic gospels

1372:

Testament variants impact the meaning of the texts in any significant fashion.

1303:

manuscripts and 9,300 manuscripts in various other ancient languages including

7399: 6899: 6425: 6392: 6325: 6188: 4504:

Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian's Account of His Life and Teaching

1618: 1336: 921: 900:

problem", Novum Testamentum, Vol. 10, Fasc. 2/3 (Apr.-Jul., 1968), pp. 95-147.

722: 5849:

Introducing the New Testament: A Historical, Literary, and Theological Survey

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3583: 7464: 6480: 6330: 6231: 6161: 4697:

Evans, Craig (1993). "Life-of-Jesus Research and the Eclipse of Mythology".

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An Adult Christ at Christmas: Essays on the Three Biblical Christmas Stories

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2316:

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6372: 6001:

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1614: 1563: 1465: 1364: 1312: 1152: 1043: 932: 928: 601: 6553: 4972:

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W.D Davies and E. P. Sanders, 'Jesus from the Jewish point of view', in

2079: 7405: 7289: 6402: 6320: 6315: 5749:

Truth in a Culture of Doubt: Engaging Skeptical Challenges to the Bible

1352: 1320: 1281: 1261: 1217: 1103:

Begin with the virgin conception (virgin birth - Matthew and Luke only)

1023: 870: 865:

The four canonical gospels were first mentioned between 120 and 150 by

853:

personally, but more often by wandering prophets and teachers like the

821:

Written proto-gospels preceding and serving as sources for the gospels;

436: 5961:

Thomas, Robert L. (2002). "Introduction". In Thomas, Robert L. (ed.).

5613:

From Jesus to Christ: The Origins of the New Testament Images of Jesus

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The Gospel of the Lord: How the Early Church Wrote the Story of Jesus

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Christobiography: Memory, History, and the Reliability of the Gospels

2071: 1764: 1602: 1285: 1027: 569: 512: 69: 4447:

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Rethinking the Gospel Sources: The unity or plurality of Q, Volume 2

3130: 3128: 3126: 1651: – Fringe theory claiming that a historical Jesus did not exist 765:. Through linguistic criteria a number of conclusions can be drawn. 3271:. William. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. 2022. pp. 138–140. 6774: 6377: 6367: 5747:

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5249:

Valantasis, Richard; Bleyle, Douglas K.; Haugh, Dennis C. (2009).

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Matthew and Luke contain some material unique to each, called the

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6747: 6557: 6081: 4661:

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2376:, ed. James H. Charlesworth. pp. 371–372. Cf. James D.G. Dunn, 1613:

mentions Jesus. A geological study based on sediments near the

1122:

Jesus speaks much of himself, notably in the "I am" statements

1114:

Jesus active in Judea for much of his mission; three Passovers

1014:

in the lifetime of Jesus and a very early date for the gospel.

6077: 5368: 2974: 2972: 6676:

List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources

5887:

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5492:

Studying the Historical Jesus: A Guide to Sources and Methods

4678:

Ehrman, Bart D.; Evans, Craig A.; Stewart, Robert B. (2020).

3077: 3075: 2269:

How the Gospels Became History: Jesus and Mediterranean Myths

5944:

Four Portraits, One Jesus: A Survey of Jesus and the Gospels

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3894:

Created 2/2/95 / Last Modified 1/24/00. Accessed 4 May 2008.

3804:

Interpreting Gospel Narratives: Scenes, People, and Theology

3454: 3452: 1256:, were written by using a more appropriate textual method. 6051:

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4371:

The New Testament: An Introduction to Biblical Scholarship

3564:

Keith, Chris (2008). "Recent and Previous Research on the

2106: 2104: 596:

and the religious movement he founded. The fourth gospel,

4909:

Lindars, Barnabas; Edwards, Ruth; Court, John M. (2000).

3639: 3637: 3343: 3341: 1640: – Debate concerning the proper Bible version to use 6743: 3738:

ed William Horbury, vol 3: the Early Roman Period, 1984.

1426:

The nativity narratives found in the Gospel of Matthew (

1209:

List of Bible verses not included in modern translations

4854:

Jesus' Exposition of the Old Testament in Luke's Gospel

1442:, father of Mary and father-in-law of Joseph. However, 908:

because they share many stories (the technical term is

5516:

The Death of the Messiah: from Gethsemane to the Grave

5251:

The Gospels and Christian Life in History and Practice

5067:

Choosing the Better Part?: Women in the Gospel of Luke

2344: 2342: 4780:"Chapter 10: The Gospel of Luke and the Book of Acts" 4241:"Is Jesus' Crucifixion Reflected in Soil Deposition?" 4203:"The House of Peter: The Home of Jesus in Capernaum?" 4116:

Biblical Archaeology : A Very Short Introduction

3920:

Encyclopedia of theology: a concise Sacramentum mundi

3469: 3467: 2915: 2891: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2686: 2584: 2553: 2529: 1106:

Begin with incarnation of the preexistent Logos/Word

4720:

Behind the Gospels: Understanding the Oral Tradition

4580:

Discovering John: Content, Interpretation, Reception

1406:

The gospel of John begins with a statement that the

1174:

Jesus shows little concern for the poor and sinners

7435: 7354: 7280: 7203: 7160: 7103: 7033: 6799: 6709: 6636: 6591: 6473: 6416: 6308: 6252: 6245: 6197: 6115: 5346:

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5289:

A Student's Guide to Textual Criticism of the Bible

5143:

The Content and the Setting of the Gospel Tradition

3332: 1787: 1673: – Comparative mythology study of Jesus Christ 1171:

Jesus shows strong concern for the poor and sinners

5963:Three Views on the Origins of the Synoptic Gospels 5513: 3864:Recovering Jesus: the witness of the New Testament 2833:The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Historical Jesus 2149: 1825: 1747:historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles 1685: – Life of Jesus as told in the New Testament 1541:in Jerusalem, with a nail still lodged inside the 1295:has been preserved in more than 5,800 fragmentary 4409:Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey 4109: 4107: 4105: 3487:The role and function of repentance in Luke-Acts, 2903: 2631:Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey 5556:Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium 5027:Puskas, Charles B.; Robbins, C. Michael (2011). 4873:Fire of Mercy, Heart of the Word: Chapters 12-18 4790:on 21 June 2010 – via Religion-Online.org. 3669: 3667: 3604: 2121: 2119: 2000:. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from 1667: – Compiling events of the biblical gospels 1500:There is a contradiction regarding the death of 5768:A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus 5692:Jesus, Criteria, and the Demise of Authenticity 4680:Can we trust the Bible on the Historical Jesus? 4099:New Bible Commentary 21st Century edition p1071 3006: 2333: 1817: 955:Tradition holds that the gospel was written by 522:Virtually all scholars of antiquity agree that 7095:Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament 5654:Challenging Perspectives on the Gospel of John 4784:A Historical Introduction to the New Testament 2614: 2612: 6759: 6569: 6093: 5179:Strickland, Michael; Young, David M. (2017). 4523:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 4291:Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus 4243:. Biblical Archaeology Society. June 4, 2012. 4181:. Oxford University Press. pp. 159–160. 3915: 3913: 3678:. Fortress Press. pp. 134–138, 157–158. 3247:. Cambridge Univiversity Press. p. 620. 2786: 2160: 2158: 1861: 1232:in the New Testament that are present in the 488: 16:New Testament gospels as historical documents 8: 5105:The Blackwell Companion to The New Testament 4464:Burridge, Richard A.; Gould, Graham (2004). 4205:. Biblical Archaeology Society. 2018-04-22. 3824:Jesus, the Christ: Contemporary Perspectives 3081: 2951: 2271:. Yale University Press. pp. 4, 11–12. 1963:Markus Bockmuehl (2001). "7. Resurrection". 1007: 653:, each recounting the life and teachings of 5885:Schmidt, Karl Ludwig; Riches, John (2002). 5594:Writing the Gospels: Composition and Memory 5200:The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide 5181:The Rhetoric of Jesus in the Gospel of Mark 4816:New Testament Theology: Extending the Table 3505:"The Continuing Christian Need for Judaism" 2066:(3). Penn State University Press: 331–355. 1967:. Cambridge University Press. p. 103. 1689:Scholarly interpretation of Gospel elements 1135:Jesus's central theme is the Kingdom of God 7090:New Testament places associated with Jesus 7085:Historical background of the New Testament 6766: 6752: 6744: 6576: 6562: 6554: 6249: 6194: 6100: 6086: 6078: 5982:Marcion and Luke-Acts: A Defining Struggle 5673:Narrative Elements in the Double Tradition 4468:. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. 4078:Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, 5.xiv 4059:Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, 5.xiv 3134: 2990: 2710: 2091: 2089: 1679: – American biblical research project 1634: – Reliability of a text as a witness 1418:Genealogy, nativity and childhood of Jesus 1058:M and L (Special Matthew and Special Luke) 1002:Advancing a minority view among scholars, 768:The criterion of "Aramaisms" is that if a 565:, and certain details of the crucifixion. 495: 481: 31: 18: 6681:List of burial places of biblical figures 6671:List of artifacts in biblical archaeology 5412:Learn how and when to remove this message 4521:Cross, F. L.; Livingstone, E. A. (2005). 4390:The Historical Reliability of the Gospels 4230:, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2006. p 566 3653: 3651: 3649: 1143:Jesus preaches repentance and forgiveness 1138:Jesus rarely mentions the Kingdom of God 931:(or Special Matthew) for Matthew and the 568:According to the majority viewpoint, the 7417:Jacob (paternal grandfather per Matthew) 6027:The New Testament and the People of God. 5833:Probing the Authenticity of the Parables 5537:The Historical Jesus: An Essential Guide 4316:. Vol. 24: Matthew. Thomas Nelson. 3182: 3018: 2978: 2722: 2360: 2220: 2164: 1821: 1192: 1091: 677:Scholars tend to consider Luke's works ( 5778:The Roots of the Problem and the Person 5635:The Reliability of the Gospel Tradition 4153:"The Archaeological Evidence For Jesus" 3775: 3616: 3458: 3443: 3431: 3407: 3371: 3347: 3316: 3194: 3170: 3158: 3105: 3054: 2963: 2939: 2826: 2824: 2798: 2746: 2734: 2570:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDunn2013 ( 2541: 2517: 2505: 2232: 2095: 2026: 1813: 1802: 1705: 806:From oral traditions to written gospels 5984:. University of South Carolina Press. 5889:. University of South Carolina Press. 5198:Theissen, Gerd; Merz, Annette (1998). 4138: 3206: 3146: 3117: 2927: 2855: 2670: 2618: 2110: 2030: 1873: 1837: 1660:Development of the New Testament canon 1166:Jesus regularly mentions eternal life 904:Matthew, Mark and Luke are called the 6666:Historical reliability of the Gospels 5209:The Sayings Source: A Commentary on Q 4030: 4018: 4006: 3230: 3218: 3093: 3042: 2879: 2867: 2436: 2348: 2178:Historical Reliability of the Gospels 2047:. Oxford University Press. p. 3. 1849: 1809: 1733: 1240:(exceptions include advocates of the 1203:Textual variants in the New Testament 881:The synoptics: Matthew, Mark and Luke 509:historical reliability of the Gospels 7: 6060:The Roman Empire in Luke's Narrative 6036:Augsburg Fortress Publishers: 1997.; 6029:Augsburg Fortress Publishers: 1992.; 5029:An Introduction to the New Testament 4392:(2nd ed.). InterVarsity Press. 4044:An Introduction to the New Testament 3419: 3395: 3383: 3359: 3030: 2815: 2565: 1885: 1570:, numerous synagogue buildings, and 1410:existed from the beginning, and was 1363:the agreement is less, while in the 303:Sources for the historicity of Jesus 6609:History of ancient Israel and Judah 6043:Augsburg Fortress Publishers: 2003. 6041:The Resurrection of the Son of God. 5906:What are they saying about Matthew? 5711:Synoptic Problems: Collected Essays 4835:Matthean and Lukan Special Material 4118:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3957:. Oxford University Press. p. 3066: 2916:Valantasis, Bleyle & Haugh 2009 2892:Valantasis, Bleyle & Haugh 2009 2698: 2687:Valantasis, Bleyle & Haugh 2009 2585:Valantasis, Bleyle & Haugh 2009 2554:Valantasis, Bleyle & Haugh 2009 2530:Valantasis, Bleyle & Haugh 2009 2409:Rediscovering the Teaching of Jesus 1464:in 6 AD described by the historian 1228:For example, there are a number of 941:Parable of the Pearl of Great Price 891:Source criticism (biblical studies) 7408:(traditional maternal grandfather) 7402:(traditional maternal grandmother) 6058:Yamazaki-Ransom, Kazuhiko (2010). 6003:. Society of Biblical Literature. 5126:. Society of Biblical Literature. 4797:The Theology of the Gospel of Luke 4430:. Society of Biblical Literature. 3997:, (Liturgical Press, 1988), p. 17. 2204:. (2008, Baker Academic).237–308. 2180:(1986, Inter-Varsity Press).19–72. 1564:archaeological finds from Nazareth 1456:Date of birth of Jesus of Nazareth 1163:Jesus rarely mentions eternal life 1158:Jesus speaks in lengthy dialogues 594:historical information about Jesus 14: 3792:The Meaning of Jesus: Two Visions 3755:. Penguin Books Ltd. p. 64. 3710:. Yale University Press. p. 3333:Lindars, Edwards & Court 2000 2568:, pp. 55, 223, 279–280, 309. 2425:The Cambridge Companion to Jesus. 2133:(2008, Baker Academic). 309-262. 1788:Lindars, Edwards & Court 2000 1722:criterion of multiple attestation 1382:Internal consistency of the Bible 1179:Jesus frequently exorcises demons 1130:Jesus calls for faith in himself 991:and the Pauline letters, notably 770:saying of Jesus has Aramaic roots 754:criterion of multiple attestation 711:criterion of multiple attestation 7508: 7507: 6686:List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts 6627: 6538: 6537: 5373: 5232:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible 5031:(2nd ed.). Wipf and Stock. 4786:. Harper and Row. Archived from 4485:Aramaic Sources of Mark's Gospel 3905:The Nativity: History and Legend 3753:The Nativity: History and Legend 3736:The Cambridge History of Judaism 3502:September 26, 1979, p. 918. see 2835:. Routledge. 2008. p. 283. 2150:Ehrman, Evans & Stewart 2020 1965:The Cambridge Companion to Jesus 1938:. IVP Academic. pp. 38–39. 1936:The Historical Jesus: Five Views 1902:Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography 1826:Ehrman, Evans & Stewart 2020 462: 450: 162:Apparitions and visions of Jesus 7414:(paternal grandfather per Luke) 5713:. Westminster John Knox Press. 5535:Charlesworth, James H. (2008). 5310:. Westminster John Knox Press. 4932:. In Porter, Stanley E. (ed.). 4892:The Gospel According to St John 4875:. Vol. 2. Ignatius Press. 4682:. Westminster John Knox Press. 4544:. Eerdmans Publishing Company. 4335:. Westminster John Knox Press. 4209:from the original on 2015-03-24 4159:from the original on 2015-03-20 3545:from the original on 2007-02-28 1288:to have been a later addition. 795:Evangelist Mattheüs en de engel 725:in his Sermon on the Mount and 242:Background to the New Testament 7118:Quest for the historical Jesus 6619:Jesus in comparative mythology 6614:Quest for the historical Jesus 5868:The Historical Figure of Jesus 5432:Jesus and the Logic of History 5145:. Eerdmans. pp. 437–455. 5086:The Historical Figure of Jesus 5048:An Introduction to The Gospels 4799:. Cambridge University Press. 4487:. Cambridge University Press. 4449:. Cambridge University Press. 4369:Bellinzoni, Arthur J. (2016). 4179:Archaeology of Jesus' Nazareth 2296:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 2060:Bulletin for Biblical Research 1898:Crossan, John Dominic (1995). 1671:Jesus in comparative mythology 1119:Jesus speaks little of himself 291:Quest for the historical Jesus 1: 6696:List of New Testament uncials 6034:Jesus and the Victory of God. 5792:Mentor, Message, and Miracles 5728:Kloppenborg, John S. (2014). 5709:Kloppenborg, John S. (2008). 5451:Is the New Testament History? 5396:and help improve the section. 5270:The Authentic Gospel of Jesus 5162:Theology of the New Testament 3866:Thomas R. Yoder Neufeld 2007 3571:Currents in Biblical Research 1568:High Priest Caiaphas' ossuary 1333:The Text Of The New Testament 1182:Jesus never exorcises demons 937:Parable of the Good Samaritan 657:(including his dealings with 530:, but scholars differ on the 6691:List of New Testament papyri 5253:. Rowman & Littlefield. 4989:Nelligan, Thomas P. (2015). 4871:Leiva-Merikakis, E. (1996). 4561:Jesus, Paul, and the Gospels 4268:10.1080/00206814.2011.639996 4256:International Geology Review 3661:", 1995, op. cit., p. 29-30. 3605:Cross & Livingstone 2005 2653:by Paul R. Eddy, et al 2007 1127:Jesus calls for faith in God 840:composed from these sources. 733:into what was at the time a 5847:Powell, Mark Allan (2018). 5558:. Oxford University Press. 5124:Matthew, James, and Didache 5008:Powell, Mark Allan (1998). 4604:. Oxford University Press. 4525:. Oxford University Press. 4407:Blomberg, Craig L. (2009). 4388:Blomberg, Craig L. (2007). 4151:Evans, Craig (2012-03-26). 3907:, (Penguin, 2006), page 42. 3007:Strickland & Young 2017 2766:. Orbis books. p. 13. 2043:Licona, Michael R. (2016). 1745:Historians often study the 967:and the destruction of the 7560: 7068:Five Discourses of Matthew 6443:Hanging Gardens of Babylon 5806:Companions and Competitors 5671:Hultgren, Stephen (2014). 5611:Fredriksen, Paula (2000). 5306:Williamson, Lamar (1983). 5046:Reddish, Mitchell (2011). 4711:10.1177/004056399305400102 4540:Dunn, James D. G. (2003). 4350:Bauckham, Richard (2008). 4312:Augsburger, Myron (2004). 3949:Holford-Strevens, Leofranc 3554:See note 139 on that page. 2633:by Craig L. Blomberg 2009 2599:Christian Research Journal 2427:ed. Markus Bockmuehl. 132. 2423:, "Sources and Method" in 1718:criterion of embarrassment 1714:criterion of dissimilarity 1547: 1453: 1430:) and the Gospel of Luke ( 1379: 1242:Byzantine or Majority text 1206: 1200: 995:, as well as the works of 884: 779: 742:criterion of embarrassment 718:criterion of dissimilarity 707:criterion of embarrassment 703:criterion of dissimilarity 584:, collectively called the 308:Reliability of the Gospels 7503: 6781: 6730: 6625: 6533: 6453:Massacre of the Innocents 6221:Lectio difficilior potior 5980:Tyson, Joseph B. (2006). 5942:Strauss, Mark L. (2011). 5615:. Yale University Press. 5468:Bird, Michael F. (2014). 5449:Barnett, Paul W. (1987). 5107:. John Wiley & Sons. 5065:Reid, Barbara E. (1996). 5012:. Westminster John Knox. 4955:. Yale University Press. 4934:Reading the Gospels Today 4852:Kimball, Charles (1994). 4778:Grant, Robert M. (1963). 4619:Ehrman, Bart D. (2005b). 4578:Edwards, Ruth B. (2015). 4559:Dunn, James D.G. (2011). 4445:Burkett, Delbert (2019). 4426:Burkett, Delbert (2009). 4314:The Preacher's Commentary 2787:Puskas & Robbins 2011 2764:Jesus Before Christianity 2292:Keener, Craig S. (2019). 1862:Burridge & Gould 2004 1521:Archaeology and geography 1450:Dating the birth of Jesus 1254:New International Version 939:(unique to Luke) and the 7544:Historicity of the Bible 7295:In comparative mythology 6661:Historicity of the Bible 5575:Jesus Before the Gospels 5573:Ehrman, Bart D. (2016). 5554:Ehrman, Bart D. (1999). 5453:. Servant Publications. 5287:Wegner, Paul D. (2006). 5160:Strecker, Georg (2012). 4911:The Johannine Literature 4890:Lincoln, Andrew (2005). 4640:Ehrman, Bart D. (2011). 3846:by Timothy Johnson 1992 3826:by Brennan R. Hill 2004 3657:K. Aland and B. Aland, " 3584:10.1177/1476993X07084793 3292:Blomberg, Craig (2011). 3082:Theissen & Merz 1998 2952:Theissen & Merz 1998 2831:"Historical Criticism". 2267:Litwa, M. David (2019). 1026:, located in modern-day 247:Language spoken by Jesus 7534:Historiography of Jesus 7448:Interactions with women 6182:Comparative linguistics 5904:Senior, Donald (1996). 5866:Sanders, E. P. (1996). 5207:Tiwald, Markus (2020). 5084:Sanders, E. P. (1995). 4951:Meier, John P. (2016). 4928:Martens, Allan (2004). 4502:Casey, Maurice (2010). 4483:Casey, Maurice (1999). 4331:Aune, David E. (2003). 4226:James H. Charlesworth, 4114:Cline, Eric H. (2009). 3806:by Timothy Wiarda 2010 3607:, "Pericope adulterae". 2196:Paul Rhodes Eddy & 2125:Paul Rhodes Eddy & 1998:Encyclopædia Britannica 1992:Sanders, E. P. (2010). 1712:These criteria are the 782:Authorship of the Bible 526:existed in 1st-century 457:Christianity portal 7458:Mary, sister of Martha 7078:Oral gospel traditions 6717:Criticism of the Bible 6205:Contextual credibility 6049:Wright, N. T. (1996). 5946:. Zondervan Academic. 5751:. B&H Publishing. 5329:. InterVarsity Press. 5291:. InterVarsity Press. 4970:Moyise, Steve (2011). 4411:. B&H Publishing. 3137:, p. unpaginated. 2904:Yu Chui Siang Lau 2010 1655:Criticism of the Bible 1545: 1198: 1008: 901: 850:Epistle to the Hebrews 802: 731:uncircumcised gentiles 261:Mental health of Jesus 7185:Life of Christ Museum 7180:Life of Christ in art 6585:The Bible and history 6431:Sources and parallels 5675:. Walter de Gruyter. 5268:Vermes, Geza (2004). 5164:. Walter de Gruyter. 4833:Jones, Brice (2011). 4659:Ehrman, Bart (2013). 4228:Jesus and archaeology 3700:Brown, Raymond Edward 2661:pp. 202, 204, 209-228 2556:, pp. 7, 10, 14. 2398:, retrieved 15nov2010 1906:. HarperOne. p. 1528: 1402:Preexistence of Jesus 1380:Further information: 1196: 1080:. 90–110 AD, at 943:(unique to Matthew). 898: 824:Canonical gospels of 793: 776:Formation and sources 729:'s decision to allow 427:Life of Christ Museum 348:Perspectives on Jesus 43:Jesus in Christianity 7001:Sayings on the cross 6959:Entry into Jerusalem 6649:Historicity of Jesus 6644:Biblical archaeology 6524:Vaticinium ex eventu 6265:Acts of the Apostles 6227:Multiple attestation 5069:. Liturgical Press. 4795:Green, Joel (1995). 4741:. Liturgical Press. 3120:, pp. 172, 235. 2334:Leiva-Merikakis 1996 1818:Leiva-Merikakis 1996 1638:Bible version debate 1607:third century church 1550:Biblical archaeology 1529:Skeletal remains of 1299:manuscripts, 10,000 7490:Race and appearance 7428:(traditional uncle) 7334:Jesus the Splendour 6976:Agony in the Garden 6891:Sermon on the Mount 6167:Cognitive philology 5965:. Kregel Academic. 5631:Gerhardsson, Birger 5325:Winn, Adam (2018). 5272:. London: Penguin. 5088:. London: Penguin. 4814:Isaak, Jon (2011). 4699:Theological Studies 4155:. Huffington Post. 4097:Inter-Varsity Press 3568:(John 7.53–8.11)". 3185:, pp. 312–313. 3045:, pp. 86, 136. 2981:, pp. 273–274. 2621:, pp. 145–146. 2492:Stanley E. Porter, 2421:Christopher Tuckett 2176:Craig L. Blomberg, 1761:Ignatius of Antioch 1644:Biblical manuscript 1462:census of Quirinius 957:Mark the Evangelist 105:Sermon on the Mount 7475:Rejection of Jesus 7152:Christ myth theory 6969:Farewell Discourse 6722:Christ myth theory 6599:Biblical criticism 6493:Hadith terminology 6128:Biblical criticism 5851:. Baker Academic. 5592:Eve, Eric (2016). 5539:. Abingdon Press. 5494:. Baker Academic. 5183:. Fortress Press. 5050:. Abingdon Press. 4993:. Wipf and Stock. 4837:. Wipf and Stock. 4818:. Wipf and Stock. 4722:. Fortress Press. 4718:Eve, Eric (2014). 4466:Jesus Now and Then 4373:. Wipf and Stock. 4177:Dark, Ken (2023). 4083:2017-12-22 at the 4064:2017-12-22 at the 4042:Raymond E. Brown, 4021:, p. 369-370. 3992:2016-08-21 at the 3890:2012-11-14 at the 3844:The Gospel of Luke 3566:Pericope Adulterae 3539:"NETBible: John 7" 3269:The Jesus Handbook 3221:, pp. 10, 17. 2801:, pp. 27, 29. 2789:, pp. 86, 89. 2520:, pp. 128–29. 2439:, p. 168–171. 2394:2014-04-04 at the 1649:Christ myth theory 1595:platform extension 1546: 1476:Teachings of Jesus 1436:genealogy of Jesus 1278:explicit reference 1234:King James Version 1199: 902: 803: 536:Jesus was baptized 7539:Canonical Gospels 7521: 7520: 7443:Language of Jesus 7390:Brothers of Jesus 7262:Session of Christ 7138:Mara bar Serapion 6939:Great Commandment 6834:Flight into Egypt 6741: 6740: 6551: 6550: 6503:Religious studies 6469: 6468: 6458:Geography of the 6321:Bardiya / Smerdis 6241: 6240: 6177:Textual criticism 6152:Demythologization 6069:978-0-567-36439-5 6062:. A&C Black. 6010:978-1-58983-293-0 5991:978-1-57003-650-7 5972:978-0-8254-9882-4 5953:978-0-310-86615-2 5934:978-0-8028-4673-0 5915:978-0-8091-3624-7 5908:. Paulist Press. 5896:978-1-57003-430-5 5877:978-0-14-014499-4 5870:. Penguin Books. 5858:978-1-4934-1313-3 5758:978-1-4336-8227-8 5739:978-3-16-152617-6 5720:978-1-61164-058-8 5701:978-0-567-37723-4 5694:. A&C Black. 5682:978-3-11-089137-9 5663:978-3-16-149113-9 5644:978-1-56563-667-5 5603:978-0-281-07341-2 5584:978-0-06-228523-2 5577:. HarperCollins. 5565:978-0-19-983943-8 5546:978-1-4267-2475-6 5527:978-0-85111-512-2 5510:Brown, Raymond E. 5501:978-0-8010-2451-1 5479:978-1-4674-4031-8 5460:978-0-89283-381-8 5441:978-0-385-49449-6 5422: 5421: 5414: 5355:978-0-8028-3318-1 5336:978-0-8308-8562-6 5317:978-0-664-23760-8 5298:978-1-4185-7444-4 5279:978-0-14-191260-8 5260:978-0-7425-7069-6 5241:978-90-5356-503-2 5222:978-3-17-037439-3 5213:Kohlhammer Verlag 5202:. Fortress Press. 5190:978-1-5064-3847-4 5171:978-3-11-080663-2 5152:978-0-8028-3318-1 5133:978-1-58983-358-6 5114:978-0-567-37723-4 5095:978-0-14-192822-7 5076:978-0-8146-5494-1 5057:978-1-4267-5008-3 5038:978-1-62189-331-8 5019:978-0-664-25703-3 5000:978-1-62564-716-0 4981:978-1-4412-3749-1 4962:978-0-300-21647-9 4943:978-0-8028-0517-1 4920:978-1-84127-081-4 4913:. A&C Black. 4901:978-1-4411-8822-9 4882:978-0-89870-976-6 4863:978-0-567-31908-1 4844:978-1-61097-737-1 4825:978-1-62189-254-0 4806:978-0-521-46932-6 4770:978-1-898799-88-7 4748:978-0-300-08457-3 4729:978-1-4514-8753-4 4689:978-0-664-26585-4 4670:978-0-06-220644-2 4651:978-0-06-207863-6 4644:. HarperCollins. 4632:978-0-06-073817-4 4625:. HarperCollins. 4611:978-0-19-518249-1 4589:978-0-8028-7240-1 4570:978-0-8028-6645-5 4532:978-0-19-280290-3 4513:978-0-567-64517-3 4506:. A&C Black. 4494:978-1-139-42587-2 4475:978-0-8028-0977-3 4456:978-1-107-17278-4 4437:978-1-58983-412-5 4418:978-0-8054-4482-7 4399:978-0-8308-2807-4 4380:978-1-4982-3511-2 4361:978-0-8028-6390-4 4342:978-0-664-21917-8 4323:978-1-4185-7444-4 4262:(10): 1219–1228. 3968:978-0-19-214231-3 3945:Blackburn, Bonnie 3778:, pp. 85–88. 3762:978-0-14-102446-2 3721:978-0-300-14008-8 3500:Christian Century 3422:, pp. 72–73. 3398:, pp. 76–77. 3096:, pp. 16–17. 3069:, pp. 15–16. 2954:, pp. 24–27. 2918:, pp. 82–83. 2858:, pp. 13–14. 2737:, pp. 21–22. 2303:978-1-4674-5676-0 2246:Jesus and Gospel. 2152:, pp. 12–18. 2113:, pp. 23–24. 1917:978-0-06-061662-5 1533:, 1st-century CE 1488:Passion narrative 1268:the story of the 1214:Textual criticism 1186: 1185: 965:fall of Jerusalem 655:Jesus of Nazareth 617:textual criticism 606:Life of Alexander 559:miraculous events 555:Nativity of Jesus 524:Jesus of Nazareth 513:canonical gospels 505: 504: 320:Jesus myth theory 7551: 7511: 7510: 7386:(alleged father) 7240:Person of Christ 7113:Historical Jesus 6944:Olivet Discourse 6872:Great Commission 6768: 6761: 6754: 6745: 6701:Historical Jesus 6631: 6604:Biblical studies 6578: 6571: 6564: 6555: 6541: 6540: 6518:Myth § Mythology 6438:Founding of Rome 6331:Caligula's horse 6250: 6195: 6102: 6095: 6088: 6079: 6073: 6054: 6014: 5995: 5976: 5957: 5938: 5919: 5900: 5881: 5862: 5765:Meier, John P., 5762: 5743: 5732:. Mohr Siebeck. 5724: 5705: 5686: 5667: 5656:. Mohr Siebeck. 5648: 5626: 5607: 5588: 5569: 5550: 5531: 5520:. Anchor Bible. 5519: 5505: 5488:Bock, Darrell L. 5483: 5464: 5445: 5428:Barnett, Paul W. 5417: 5410: 5406: 5403: 5397: 5392:Please read the 5388:may need cleanup 5377: 5376: 5369: 5359: 5340: 5321: 5302: 5283: 5264: 5245: 5226: 5203: 5194: 5175: 5156: 5137: 5118: 5099: 5080: 5061: 5042: 5023: 5004: 4985: 4966: 4947: 4924: 4905: 4886: 4867: 4848: 4829: 4810: 4791: 4774: 4752: 4733: 4714: 4693: 4674: 4655: 4636: 4615: 4593: 4574: 4555: 4542:Jesus Remembered 4536: 4517: 4498: 4479: 4460: 4441: 4422: 4403: 4384: 4365: 4346: 4327: 4299: 4298: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4237: 4231: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4214: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4164: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4111: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4075: 4069: 4056:Alfred Edersheim 4053: 4047: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3982:Raymond E. Brown 3979: 3973: 3972: 3941: 3935: 3917: 3908: 3901: 3895: 3881: 3875: 3861: 3855: 3841: 3835: 3821: 3815: 3801: 3795: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3745: 3739: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3709: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3671: 3662: 3655: 3644: 3641: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3561: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3550: 3535: 3529: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3516: 3507:. Archived from 3496: 3490: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3462: 3456: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3296:. 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Brown 1386:Authors such as 1376:Individual units 1270:adulterous woman 1246:biblical scholar 1151:Jesus speaks in 1092: 1074:John the Apostle 1032:Acts of Apostles 1018:Matthew and Luke 1013: 914:synoptic problem 906:synoptic gospels 887:Synoptic Gospels 875:Pauline epistles 846:Pauline epistles 786:Dating the Bible 747:John the Baptist 659:John the Baptist 586:Synoptic Gospels 546:by order of the 544:he was crucified 540:John the Baptist 517:biblical studies 497: 490: 483: 469:Islam portal 467: 466: 465: 455: 454: 415:Jesus in culture 286:Historical Jesus 274:Jesus in history 197:Names and titles 152:Heavenly Session 60:Names and titles 35: 19: 7559: 7558: 7554: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7549: 7548: 7524: 7523: 7522: 7517: 7499: 7431: 7350: 7282:In other faiths 7276: 7199: 7195:Transfiguration 7156: 7099: 7029: 6929:Transfiguration 6803: 6795: 6777: 6772: 6742: 6737: 6726: 6705: 6632: 6623: 6592:General studies 6587: 6582: 6552: 6547: 6529: 6465: 6448:Kurukshetra War 6418: 6412: 6304: 6237: 6193: 6111: 6106: 6076: 6070: 6057: 6048: 6011: 5998: 5992: 5979: 5973: 5960: 5954: 5941: 5935: 5922: 5916: 5903: 5897: 5884: 5878: 5865: 5859: 5846: 5759: 5746: 5740: 5727: 5721: 5708: 5702: 5689: 5683: 5670: 5664: 5651: 5645: 5637:. 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Baker Books. 4969: 4963: 4950: 4944: 4927: 4921: 4908: 4902: 4889: 4883: 4870: 4864: 4851: 4845: 4832: 4826: 4813: 4807: 4794: 4777: 4771: 4755: 4749: 4736: 4730: 4717: 4696: 4690: 4677: 4671: 4658: 4652: 4639: 4633: 4618: 4612: 4598:Ehrman, Bart D. 4596: 4590: 4577: 4571: 4558: 4552: 4539: 4533: 4520: 4514: 4501: 4495: 4482: 4476: 4463: 4457: 4444: 4438: 4425: 4419: 4406: 4400: 4387: 4381: 4368: 4362: 4349: 4343: 4330: 4324: 4311: 4307: 4302: 4288: 4287: 4283: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4239: 4238: 4234: 4225: 4221: 4212: 4210: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4189: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4162: 4160: 4150: 4149: 4145: 4137: 4133: 4126: 4113: 4112: 4103: 4095: 4091: 4085:Wayback Machine 4076: 4072: 4066:Wayback Machine 4054: 4050: 4041: 4037: 4029: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3994:Wayback Machine 3980: 3976: 3969: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3918: 3911: 3902: 3898: 3892:Wayback Machine 3882: 3878: 3862: 3858: 3842: 3838: 3822: 3818: 3802: 3798: 3786: 3782: 3774: 3770: 3763: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3733: 3729: 3722: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3673: 3672: 3665: 3656: 3647: 3642: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3548: 3546: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3527: 3523: 3514: 3512: 3503: 3497: 3493: 3484: 3480: 3472: 3465: 3457: 3450: 3442: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3418: 3414: 3406: 3402: 3394: 3390: 3382: 3378: 3370: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3346: 3339: 3331: 3327: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3279: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3255: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3217: 3213: 3205: 3201: 3193: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3173:, p. 1112. 3169: 3165: 3161:, p. 33ff. 3157: 3153: 3145: 3141: 3135:Augsburger 2004 3133: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3104: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3080: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3029: 3025: 3017: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2991:Williamson 1983 2989: 2985: 2977: 2970: 2962: 2958: 2950: 2946: 2938: 2934: 2926: 2922: 2914: 2910: 2902: 2898: 2890: 2886: 2878: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2854: 2850: 2843: 2830: 2829: 2822: 2814: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2774: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2749:, pp. 4–5. 2745: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2721: 2717: 2711:Bellinzoni 2016 2709: 2705: 2697: 2693: 2685: 2681: 2669: 2665: 2649: 2645: 2629: 2625: 2617: 2610: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2583: 2579: 2569: 2564: 2560: 2552: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2528: 2524: 2516: 2512: 2504: 2500: 2491: 2487: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2456: 2447: 2443: 2435: 2431: 2419: 2415: 2407:Norman Perrin, 2406: 2402: 2396:Wayback Machine 2388: 2384: 2371: 2367: 2359: 2355: 2347: 2340: 2332: 2328: 2315: 2311: 2304: 2291: 2290: 2286: 2279: 2266: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2243: 2239: 2231: 2227: 2219: 2215: 2198:Gregory A. Boyd 2195: 2191: 2175: 2171: 2163: 2156: 2148: 2144: 2127:Gregory A. Boyd 2124: 2117: 2109: 2102: 2094: 2087: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2042: 2041: 2037: 2025: 2021: 2007: 2005: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1975: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1946: 1933: 1932: 1928: 1918: 1897: 1896: 1892: 1884: 1880: 1872: 1868: 1860: 1856: 1848: 1844: 1836: 1832: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1794: 1785: 1781: 1775: 1771: 1757: 1753: 1744: 1740: 1732: 1728: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1628: 1552: 1523: 1498: 1490: 1478: 1458: 1452: 1420: 1404: 1384: 1378: 1211: 1205: 1191: 1069: 1060: 1040: 1020: 977:Marcan priority 953: 893: 885:Main articles: 883: 808: 788: 780:Main articles: 778: 735:sect of Judaism 699: 683:James D.G. Dunn 671:Craig S. Keener 635: 633:Scope and genre 626: 590:primary sources 501: 463: 461: 449: 442: 441: 417: 407: 406: 350: 340: 339: 276: 266: 265: 237: 227: 226: 182: 172: 171: 45: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7557: 7555: 7547: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7526: 7525: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7515: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7498: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7461: 7460: 7455: 7453:Mary Magdalene 7445: 7439: 7437: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7429: 7423: 7418: 7415: 7409: 7403: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7381: 7376: 7375:(legal father) 7370: 7364: 7358: 7356: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7337: 7336: 7326: 7321: 7320: 7319: 7309: 7308: 7307: 7297: 7292: 7286: 7284: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7248: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7227: 7226: 7225: 7220: 7209: 7207: 7201: 7200: 7198: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7166: 7164: 7158: 7157: 7155: 7154: 7149: 7148: 7147: 7146: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7120: 7109: 7107: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7081: 7080: 7075: 7073:Gospel harmony 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7039: 7037: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7016: 7015: 7005: 7004: 7003: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6972: 6971: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6915: 6914: 6904: 6903: 6902: 6888: 6887: 6886: 6876: 6875: 6874: 6869: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6816: 6810: 6808: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6793: 6791:List of topics 6788: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6773: 6771: 6770: 6763: 6756: 6748: 6739: 6738: 6731: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6724: 6719: 6713: 6711: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6657: 6656: 6646: 6640: 6638: 6634: 6633: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6595: 6593: 6589: 6588: 6583: 6581: 6580: 6573: 6566: 6558: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6545: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6527: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6498:Historiography 6495: 6490: 6489: 6488: 6486:Pseudepigrapha 6477: 6475: 6471: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6463: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6434: 6433: 6422: 6420: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6312: 6310: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6302: 6297: 6289: 6287:Book of Mormon 6284: 6282:Book of Joshua 6279: 6277:Book of Esther 6274: 6273: 6272: 6267: 6256: 6254: 6247: 6243: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6235: 6224: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6201: 6199: 6192: 6191: 6186: 6185: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6143: 6142: 6132:Hadith studies 6125: 6123:Bayes' theorem 6119: 6117: 6113: 6112: 6107: 6105: 6104: 6097: 6090: 6082: 6075: 6074: 6068: 6055: 6045: 6044: 6037: 6030: 6022: 6021: 6015: 6009: 5996: 5990: 5977: 5971: 5958: 5952: 5939: 5933: 5920: 5914: 5901: 5895: 5882: 5876: 5863: 5857: 5843: 5842: 5840:978-0300211900 5829: 5827:978-0300140965 5816: 5802: 5788: 5773: 5772: 5763: 5757: 5744: 5738: 5725: 5719: 5706: 5700: 5687: 5681: 5668: 5662: 5649: 5643: 5627: 5621: 5608: 5602: 5589: 5583: 5570: 5564: 5551: 5545: 5532: 5526: 5506: 5500: 5484: 5478: 5465: 5459: 5446: 5440: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5381: 5379: 5372: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5360: 5354: 5341: 5335: 5322: 5316: 5303: 5297: 5284: 5278: 5265: 5259: 5246: 5240: 5227: 5221: 5204: 5195: 5189: 5176: 5170: 5157: 5151: 5138: 5132: 5119: 5113: 5100: 5094: 5081: 5075: 5062: 5056: 5043: 5037: 5024: 5018: 5005: 4999: 4986: 4980: 4967: 4961: 4948: 4942: 4925: 4919: 4906: 4900: 4894:. Bloomsbury. 4887: 4881: 4868: 4862: 4856:. Bloomsbury. 4849: 4843: 4830: 4824: 4811: 4805: 4792: 4775: 4769: 4757:Grant, Michael 4753: 4747: 4734: 4728: 4715: 4694: 4688: 4675: 4669: 4656: 4650: 4637: 4631: 4616: 4610: 4594: 4588: 4575: 4569: 4556: 4550: 4537: 4531: 4518: 4512: 4499: 4493: 4480: 4474: 4461: 4455: 4442: 4436: 4423: 4417: 4404: 4398: 4385: 4379: 4366: 4360: 4347: 4341: 4328: 4322: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4300: 4281: 4246: 4232: 4219: 4194: 4187: 4169: 4143: 4131: 4125:978-0195342635 4124: 4101: 4089: 4070: 4048: 4035: 4033:, p. 440. 4023: 4011: 4009:, p. 366. 3999: 3974: 3967: 3936: 3909: 3896: 3883:Warren, Tony. 3876: 3856: 3836: 3816: 3796: 3780: 3768: 3761: 3751:(2006-11-02). 3740: 3727: 3720: 3702:(1999-05-18). 3691: 3684: 3663: 3645: 3633: 3621: 3619:, p. 166. 3609: 3597: 3578:(3): 377–404. 3556: 3530: 3521: 3491: 3478: 3463: 3448: 3446:, p. 265. 3436: 3424: 3412: 3410:, p. 218. 3400: 3388: 3376: 3364: 3362:, p. 243. 3352: 3337: 3325: 3309: 3302: 3284: 3277: 3260: 3253: 3235: 3223: 3211: 3199: 3187: 3175: 3163: 3151: 3139: 3122: 3110: 3108:, p. 177. 3098: 3086: 3071: 3059: 3057:, p. 144. 3047: 3035: 3023: 3011: 2999: 2983: 2968: 2956: 2944: 2932: 2920: 2908: 2906:, p. 159. 2896: 2884: 2882:, p. 108. 2872: 2870:, p. 200. 2860: 2848: 2841: 2820: 2803: 2791: 2779: 2772: 2751: 2739: 2727: 2715: 2713:, p. 336. 2703: 2701:, p. 135. 2691: 2679: 2663: 2643: 2623: 2608: 2589: 2577: 2558: 2546: 2544:, p. 100. 2534: 2522: 2510: 2498: 2485: 2472: 2463: 2454: 2441: 2429: 2413: 2400: 2382: 2365: 2363:, p. 117. 2353: 2338: 2326: 2309: 2302: 2284: 2278:978-0300242638 2277: 2259: 2250: 2237: 2235:, p. 522. 2225: 2223:, p. 424. 2213: 2210:978-0801031144 2189: 2186:978-0830828074 2169: 2167:, p. 425. 2154: 2142: 2139:978-0801031144 2115: 2100: 2085: 2050: 2035: 2019: 1994:"Jesus Christ" 1984: 1974:978-0521796781 1973: 1955: 1945:978-0830838684 1944: 1926: 1916: 1890: 1878: 1876:, p. 181. 1866: 1854: 1842: 1830: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1779: 1769: 1751: 1738: 1726: 1704: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1686: 1680: 1674: 1668: 1665:Gospel harmony 1662: 1657: 1652: 1646: 1641: 1635: 1627: 1624: 1588:Pool of Siloam 1580:House of Peter 1548:Main article: 1539:Givat HaMivtar 1522: 1519: 1502:Judas Iscariot 1497: 1496:Death of Judas 1494: 1489: 1486: 1477: 1474: 1451: 1448: 1428:Matthew 1:1–17 1419: 1416: 1403: 1400: 1377: 1374: 1274:Gospel of John 1266:Gospel of Mark 1249:Bart D. Ehrman 1238:interpolations 1223:interpolations 1201:Main article: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1116: 1115: 1112: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1068: 1065: 1059: 1056: 1039: 1036: 1019: 1016: 952: 949: 882: 879: 859:Kingdom of God 842: 841: 822: 819: 816: 807: 804: 777: 774: 763:Pontius Pilate 698: 695: 666:Graham Stanton 634: 631: 625: 622: 610:Life of Caesar 551:Pontius Pilate 503: 502: 500: 499: 492: 485: 477: 474: 473: 472: 471: 459: 444: 443: 440: 439: 434: 429: 424: 418: 413: 412: 409: 408: 405: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 378: 377: 367: 362: 357: 351: 346: 345: 342: 341: 338: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 311: 310: 305: 295: 294: 293: 283: 277: 272: 271: 268: 267: 264: 263: 258: 249: 244: 238: 233: 232: 229: 228: 225: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 183: 180:Jesus in Islam 178: 177: 174: 173: 170: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 108: 107: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 75:Gospel harmony 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 46: 41: 40: 37: 36: 28: 27: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7556: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7514: 7506: 7505: 7502: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7485:Mental health 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7450: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7434: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7416: 7413: 7410: 7407: 7404: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7374: 7371: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7359: 7357: 7353: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7335: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7318: 7315: 7314: 7313: 7310: 7306: 7305:In the Talmud 7303: 7302: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7283: 7279: 7273: 7272:Cosmic Christ 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7257:Second Coming 7255: 7253: 7250: 7246: 7245:Pre-existence 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7232: 7231: 7228: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7215: 7214: 7211: 7210: 7208: 7206: 7202: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7163: 7159: 7153: 7150: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7115: 7114: 7111: 7110: 7108: 7106: 7102: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7044: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7035:New Testament 7032: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7009: 7006: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6913: 6912:Lord's Prayer 6910: 6909: 6908: 6905: 6901: 6898: 6897: 6896: 6892: 6889: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6880: 6877: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6864: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6847:Unknown years 6845: 6842: 6839: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6829:Date of birth 6827: 6825: 6822: 6821: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6811: 6809: 6807: 6802: 6798: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6783: 6780: 6776: 6769: 6764: 6762: 6757: 6755: 6750: 6749: 6746: 6736: 6735: 6729: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6708: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6641: 6639: 6635: 6630: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6579: 6574: 6572: 6567: 6565: 6560: 6559: 6556: 6544: 6536: 6535: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6472: 6462: 6461: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6432: 6429: 6428: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6415: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6307: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6295: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6251: 6248: 6244: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6222: 6218: 6216: 6215:Embarrassment 6213: 6211: 6210:Dissimilarity 6208: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6196: 6190: 6187: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6164: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6141: 6140: 6135: 6134: 6133: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6103: 6098: 6096: 6091: 6089: 6084: 6083: 6080: 6071: 6065: 6061: 6056: 6052: 6047: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6035: 6031: 6028: 6024: 6023: 6019: 6016: 6012: 6006: 6002: 5997: 5993: 5987: 5983: 5978: 5974: 5968: 5964: 5959: 5955: 5949: 5945: 5940: 5936: 5930: 5926: 5921: 5917: 5911: 5907: 5902: 5898: 5892: 5888: 5883: 5879: 5873: 5869: 5864: 5860: 5854: 5850: 5845: 5844: 5841: 5837: 5834: 5830: 5828: 5824: 5821: 5817: 5815: 5814:0-385-46993-4 5811: 5807: 5803: 5801: 5800:0-385-46992-6 5797: 5793: 5789: 5787: 5786:0-385-26425-9 5783: 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HarperOne. 4662: 4657: 4653: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4634: 4628: 4624: 4623: 4617: 4613: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4585: 4581: 4576: 4572: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4553: 4551:0-8028-3931-2 4547: 4543: 4538: 4534: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4515: 4509: 4505: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4486: 4481: 4477: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4452: 4448: 4443: 4439: 4433: 4429: 4424: 4420: 4414: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4325: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4309: 4304: 4297:(2): 184–214. 4296: 4292: 4285: 4282: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4250: 4247: 4242: 4236: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4220: 4208: 4204: 4198: 4195: 4190: 4188:9780192865397 4184: 4180: 4173: 4170: 4158: 4154: 4147: 4144: 4140: 4135: 4132: 4127: 4121: 4117: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4079: 4074: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4052: 4049: 4045: 4039: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4012: 4008: 4003: 4000: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3975: 3970: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3933: 3932:0-86012-006-6 3929: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3903:Geza Vermes, 3900: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3886: 3880: 3877: 3873: 3872:1-58743-202-1 3869: 3865: 3860: 3857: 3853: 3852:0-8146-5805-9 3849: 3845: 3840: 3837: 3833: 3832:1-58595-303-2 3829: 3825: 3820: 3817: 3813: 3812:0-8054-4843-8 3809: 3805: 3800: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3769: 3764: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3737: 3731: 3728: 3723: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3692: 3687: 3685:9780800697730 3681: 3677: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3629:Bruce Metzger 3625: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3572: 3567: 3560: 3557: 3544: 3541:. Bible.org. 3540: 3534: 3531: 3525: 3522: 3511:on 2010-06-15 3510: 3506: 3501: 3495: 3492: 3488: 3485:Guy D. Nave, 3482: 3479: 3476: 3475:Bruce Metzger 3470: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3437: 3434:, p. 46. 3433: 3428: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3389: 3386:, p. 73. 3385: 3380: 3377: 3374:, p. ix. 3373: 3368: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3353: 3350:, p. 18. 3349: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3335:, p. 41. 3334: 3329: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3310: 3305: 3299: 3295: 3288: 3285: 3280: 3278:9780802876928 3274: 3270: 3264: 3261: 3256: 3254:9780521243773 3250: 3246: 3239: 3236: 3233:, p. 27. 3232: 3227: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3212: 3209:, p. 38. 3208: 3203: 3200: 3197:, p. 46. 3196: 3191: 3188: 3184: 3183:Strecker 2012 3179: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3152: 3149:, p. 87. 3148: 3143: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3087: 3084:, p. 32. 3083: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3036: 3033:, p. 45. 3032: 3027: 3024: 3020: 3019:Nelligan 2015 3015: 3012: 3008: 3003: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2984: 2980: 2979:Schroter 2010 2975: 2973: 2969: 2966:, p. 74. 2965: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2945: 2942:, p. 48. 2941: 2936: 2933: 2930:, p. 33. 2929: 2924: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2897: 2894:, p. 14. 2893: 2888: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2849: 2844: 2842:9780415880886 2838: 2834: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2818:, p. 18. 2817: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2780: 2775: 2773:9781626984929 2769: 2765: 2761: 2760:Nolan, Albert 2755: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2728: 2725:, p. 97. 2724: 2723:Blomberg 2009 2719: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2692: 2689:, p. 19. 2688: 2683: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2659:0-8010-3114-1 2656: 2652: 2647: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2600: 2593: 2590: 2587:, p. 11. 2586: 2581: 2578: 2573: 2567: 2562: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2511: 2508:, p. 17. 2507: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2476: 2473: 2467: 2464: 2458: 2455: 2451: 2445: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2414: 2410: 2404: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2369: 2366: 2362: 2361:Bauckham 2008 2357: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2327: 2324:pages 730–741 2323: 2322:0-86012-006-6 2319: 2313: 2310: 2305: 2299: 2295: 2288: 2285: 2280: 2274: 2270: 2263: 2260: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2241: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2226: 2222: 2221:Blomberg 2009 2217: 2214: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2173: 2170: 2166: 2165:Blomberg 2009 2161: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2054: 2051: 2046: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2020: 2015: 2004:on 2015-05-03 2003: 1999: 1995: 1988: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1970: 1966: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1941: 1937: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1903: 1894: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1822:Blomberg 2007 1819: 1816:, p. 3; 1815: 1811: 1806: 1803: 1797: 1789: 1783: 1780: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1709: 1706: 1699: 1694: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1683:Life of Jesus 1681: 1678: 1677:Jesus Seminar 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1629: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1551: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1495: 1493: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1482:John P. Meier 1480:According to 1475: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1457: 1449: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1417: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1396:E. P. Sanders 1393: 1389: 1388:Raymond Brown 1383: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1345:Westcott-Hort 1342: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1293:New Testament 1289: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1257: 1255: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1224: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1204: 1195: 1188: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1066: 1064: 1057: 1055: 1053: 1047: 1045: 1037: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1010:Sitz im Leben 1005: 1004:Maurice Casey 1000: 998: 994: 993:1 Corinthians 990: 989:Book of Kings 985: 984:William Wrede 980: 978: 973: 970: 969:Second Temple 966: 962: 958: 950: 948: 944: 942: 938: 934: 930: 925: 923: 917: 915: 911: 907: 897: 892: 888: 880: 878: 876: 872: 868: 867:Justin Martyr 863: 860: 856: 851: 847: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 820: 817: 814: 813: 812: 805: 800: 796: 792: 787: 783: 775: 773: 771: 766: 764: 758: 755: 750: 748: 743: 738: 736: 732: 728: 724: 719: 714: 712: 708: 704: 696: 694: 692: 691:David Jenkins 688: 684: 680: 675: 672: 667: 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 632: 630: 623: 621: 618: 613: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 566: 564: 560: 556: 552: 549: 548:Roman Prefect 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 520: 518: 514: 510: 498: 493: 491: 486: 484: 479: 478: 476: 475: 470: 460: 458: 453: 448: 447: 446: 445: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 419: 416: 411: 410: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 376: 373: 372: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 352: 349: 344: 343: 336: 333: 331: 330:Unknown years 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 309: 306: 304: 301: 300: 299: 296: 292: 289: 288: 287: 284: 282: 279: 278: 275: 270: 269: 262: 259: 257: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 239: 236: 231: 230: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 184: 181: 176: 175: 168: 167:Second Coming 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 106: 103: 102: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 66: 65:Life of Jesus 63: 61: 58: 56: 53: 51: 48: 47: 44: 39: 38: 34: 30: 29: 25: 21: 20: 7395:Holy Kinship 7346:Master Jesus 7324:Baháʼí Faith 7218:Christianity 7205:Christianity 7175:Christ Child 7170:Bibliography 7142: 7020:Resurrection 6934:Homelessness 6843:(apocryphal) 6824:Virgin birth 6814:Annunciation 6806:Jesus's life 6734:Bible Portal 6732: 6665: 6522: 6459: 6408:William Tell 6388:Prester John 6293: 6269: 6230: 6229: / 6219: 6172:Decipherment 6157:Palaeography 6147:Bibliography 6139:Ilm al-rijāl 6138: 6130: / 6059: 6050: 6040: 6033: 6026: 6018:Wright, N.T. 6000: 5981: 5962: 5943: 5927:. Eerdmans. 5924: 5905: 5886: 5867: 5848: 5832: 5820:Law and Love 5819: 5805: 5791: 5777: 5771:, Doubleday, 5767: 5748: 5729: 5710: 5691: 5672: 5653: 5634: 5612: 5593: 5574: 5555: 5536: 5515: 5491: 5472:. Eerdmans. 5469: 5450: 5431: 5408: 5399: 5387: 5348:. Eerdmans. 5345: 5326: 5307: 5288: 5269: 5250: 5234:. Eerdmans. 5231: 5208: 5199: 5180: 5161: 5142: 5123: 5104: 5085: 5066: 5047: 5028: 5009: 4990: 4971: 4952: 4936:. Eerdmans. 4933: 4910: 4891: 4872: 4853: 4834: 4815: 4796: 4788:the original 4783: 4760: 4738: 4719: 4702: 4698: 4679: 4660: 4641: 4620: 4601: 4582:. Eerdmans. 4579: 4563:. Eerdmans. 4560: 4541: 4522: 4503: 4484: 4465: 4446: 4427: 4408: 4389: 4370: 4354:. Eerdmans. 4351: 4332: 4313: 4294: 4290: 4284: 4259: 4255: 4249: 4235: 4227: 4222: 4211:. Retrieved 4197: 4178: 4172: 4161:. 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Orion. 4276:129604597 3814:pp. 75–78 3592:145385075 3420:Dunn 2011 3396:Dunn 2011 3384:Dunn 2011 3360:Aune 2003 3031:Winn 2018 2816:Reid 1996 2566:Dunn 2013 2351:, ch. 10. 1886:Dunn 2003 1798:Citations 1632:Authority 1576:Capernaum 1572:Jehohanan 1543:heel bone 1531:Jehohanan 1434:) give a 1349:von Soden 1153:aphorisms 1095:Synoptics 1052:Pharisees 961:St. Peter 910:pericopes 799:Rembrandt 679:Luke-Acts 542:and that 432:Depiction 355:Christian 325:Criticism 315:Mythology 256:genealogy 222:End times 207:Disciples 147:Obedience 142:Ascension 127:Execution 7513:Category 7384:Panthera 7369:(mother) 7128:Josephus 6981:Betrayal 6924:Miracles 6919:Parables 6879:Ministry 6862:Apostles 6819:Nativity 6543:Category 6398:Socrates 6383:Muhammad 6373:Lei Feng 6198:Criteria 5808:, 2001, 5780:, 1991, 5633:(2001). 5596:. SPCK. 5512:(1993). 5490:(2002). 5430:(1997). 4759:(2004). 4705:: 3–36. 4600:(2005). 4207:Archived 4157:Archived 4081:Archived 4062:Archived 4046:, p.114. 3990:Archived 3951:(2003). 3888:Archived 3543:Archived 3461:, ch. 3. 3067:Sim 2008 2762:(2001). 2699:Eve 2014 2392:Archived 2080:26424373 1626:See also 1615:Dead Sea 1466:Josephus 1317:Armenian 1313:Ethiopic 1044:Q source 982:In 1901 933:L source 929:M source 848:and the 697:Criteria 602:Plutarch 392:Josephus 387:Mandaean 117:Parables 112:Miracles 100:Ministry 90:Nativity 24:a series 22:Part of 7436:Related 7406:Joachim 7300:Judaism 7290:Jesuism 7190:Statues 7143:Gospels 7133:Tacitus 7123:Sources 7048:Matthew 7043:Gospels 6954:Passion 6907:Prayers 6852:Baptism 6841:Infancy 6786:Outline 6654:sources 6508:Legends 6474:Related 6460:Odyssey 6403:Sun Tzu 6356:Sources 6316:Abraham 6270:Gospels 4087:, 1883. 4068:, 1883. 1777:page 1. 1611:Megiddo 1605:from a 1365:letters 1353:Gospels 1321:Gnostic 1282:Trinity 1280:to the 1272:in the 1264:of the 1218:scribes 1082:Ephesus 1063:these. 1024:Antioch 871:Iraneus 826:Matthew 687:de novo 639:Matthew 574:Matthew 570:gospels 437:Jesuism 397:Tacitus 370:Islamic 95:Baptism 70:Gospels 7470:Easter 7426:Clopas 7373:Joseph 7355:Family 7252:Relics 7213:Christ 7008:Burial 6986:Arrest 6419:places 6309:People 6246:Topics 6066: 6053:. 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Knowledge (XXG)

Historical reliability of the Gospels

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