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to require a minimum of 75-90% Sangiovese, 5-10% Canaiolo nero, 5-10% Trebbiano
Toscano, Malvasia bianca Lunga, and up to 10% other varietys. With respect to Chianti Classico, a minimum of 80% Sangiovese is required, and up to 20% other varieties allowed. Beginning with the 2006 vintage, no white grapes are allowed in the composition of Chianti Classico. Chianti Classico Riserva is required to have a minimum of 24 months oak aging plus an additional 3 months of bottle aging. But beyond just grape composition, the new wave of winemaking during the era of the Super Tuscan also reinvigorated the Chianti's region with modern viticultural
19:
693:, the general trend in the world wine market was for cheap, easy-drinking wine, which saw a brief boom for the region. With over-cropping and an emphasis on quantity over quality, the reputation of Chianti among consumers eventually plummeted. By the 1950s, Trebbiano (which is known for its neutral flavors) made up to 30% of many mass-market Chiantis. By the late 20th century, Chianti was often associated with basic mass-market Chianti sold in a squat bottle enclosed in a straw basket, called
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363:
182:
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In 1984 the
Chianti Classico and the greater Chianti region were separated and each given their own DOCG ranking. The boundaries were to cover an area of approximate 100 square miles (259 square kilometers) between Florence to the north and Siena to the south. The four communes of Castellina, Gaiole,
736:
In response the international acclaim and high prices of these Super
Tuscans, Italians authorities re-evaluated the DOC regulations for the Chianti region in attempt to bring some of these Super Tuscans back into the fold. They changed the grape blend composition of Chianti (not Classico or Riserva)
716:
The origin of Super
Tuscans is rooted in the restrictive DOC practices of the Chianti zone prior to the 1990s. During this time Chianti could be composed of no more than 70% Sangiovese and had to include at least 10% of one of the local white grape varieties. Producers who deviated from these
604:. Orphaned at a young age, his family estate was crippled with debt and in disarray shortly after Ricasoli got married. Restoring the estate and its vineyard became his primary focus. Ricasoli traveled throughout France and Germany, studying the latest
697:. However, during this same time a group of ambitious producers began working outside the boundaries of DOC regulations to make what they believed would be a higher quality style of Chianti. These wines eventually became known as the "Super Tuscans'.
507:
Early attempts to regulate
Chianti wine include 1427, when Florence developed a tariff system for the wines of the surrounding countryside, including an area referenced as "Chianti and its entire province," and 1444, when a provision was added to the
347:. This system took its name from the arrangement whereby the landowner provides the land and resources for planting in exchange for half ("mezza") of the yearly crop. Many landowners in the Chianti region would turn their half of the grape
83:(DOCG). As the wines of Chianti grew in popularity other villages in Tuscany wanted their lands to be called Chianti. The boundaries of the region have seen many expansions and sub-divisions over the centuries. The variable
405:
had some presence on the international market, most
Italian wines had to compete for taste of the local market. Even then this market was mostly limited to the aristocracy (who seemed to preferred strong wines made from
616:. He began to experiment in his vineyard and cellar on which grapes produced the best wines at his estate. His work eventually settled on a blend of three Tuscan grapes-Sangiovese, Canaiolo and Malvasia.
473:
cells would remain active in the wine. The lack of full fermentation was partly due to cooler temperatures following harvest that stuns the yeast and prohibits activity but could have also been caused by
661:
The 20th century saw peaks and valleys in the popularity of
Chianti and eventually led to a radical evolution in the wine's style due to the influence of the "Super Tuscans". The late 19th century saw
643:
style blend. Ricasoli continued with his winemaking endeavors until 1848 when his wife died. Stricken by grief, he had little desire for his vineyards or his wine. During this time the tides of the
544:. Families that are still making Chianti today, such as the Capponis, Firidolfis, Ricasolis and Ridolfis. The exact composition and grape varieties used to make Chianti at this point is unknown.
147:. However some producers desired to make Chianti that did not conform to these standards-such as a 100% variety Sangiovese wine, or all red wine grape varieties and perhaps with allowance for
749:
barrels. This new area of innovation led to a sharp increase in the price of
Chiantis to where the bottlings from many of the top houses now match the prices of the premium Super Tuscans.
233:
as the only officially recognized producers of
Chianti. This delineation existed until July 1932, when the Italian government expanded the Chianti zone to include the outlying areas of
93:
contributed to diverging range of quality on the market and by the late 20th century consumer perception of
Chianti was often associated with basic mass-market Chianti sold in a squat
461:
Some of these "other qualities" may have been a slight fizziness that was a by product of wine making techniques that emerged during the late Middle Ages. At the time various
185:
In 1716 Cosimo III de' Medici, the Grand Duke of Tuscany, legislated the first official boundaries of the Chianti region in what is today part of the Chianti Classico DOCG.
79:
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that would take Italian vineyard workers and winemakers abroad as immigrants to new lands. Those that stayed behind and replanted, chose high yielding varieties like
218:
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in 1978. Other producers followed suit and soon the prices for these Super Tuscans were consistently beating the prices of some of most well-known Chiantis.
524:, Grand Duke of Tuscany issued an edict delineating the boundaries that would eventually become the heart of the Chianti Classico region. Prior to becoming
492:
that may keep the yeast active all the through the fermentation process. While this technique did improve the probability of a fully fermenting wine, the
952:
729:
was one of the first to create a "Chianti-style" wine that ignored the DOC regulations, releasing a 1971 Sangiovese-Cabernet Sauvignon blend known as
592:, who created the Chianti recipe that would later be canonized in DOC regulations. The Ricasoli family traces their lineage in the Chianti region to
213:. This area was noted for its winemaking with the villages of Castellina, Gaiole and Radda gaining particular renown. These three villages formed a
712:
Following the success of the Super Tuscans, DOC regulations were changed to allow Chianti to be 100% variety Sangiovese if a producers so chooses.
165:. Despite their low level classifications, these "super Chiantis" became internationally recognized by critics and consumers and were coined as
169:. The success of these wines encouraged government officials to reconsider the DOCG regulations with many changes made to allow some of these
143:(DOC) regulation set by the Italian government firmly established the "Ricasoli formula" of a Sangiovese-based blend with 10-30% Malvasia and
627:
of Sangiovese without lessening the aromatics. The addition of the white wine grape Malvasia was to provide further softening. Wine expert
139:
110:
for Chianti has changed dramatically over the years. The earliest examples of Chianti were a white wine but gradually evolved into a red.
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253:. Some of these areas, such as Robbiano, included large swaths of hillside near Florence (in what is now the Chianti DOCG sub-zone the
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876:
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Prior to becoming Prime Minister of Italy, Bettino Ricasoli developed the first known recipe of the modern Sangiovese-based Chianti.
159:
to be used. A few producers went ahead and made their "chianti" as they desired but, prohibited from labeling, sold them as simple
122:
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take its toll on the vineyards of Chianti just as they had ravaged vineyards across Europe. The chaos and poverty following the
366:
The Florentine merchant Francesco di Marco Datini sold one of the earliest examples of Chianti wines and it was white, not red.
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990:
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378:, Italy did not have a robust export market for its wines during the Middle Ages. Its closest trading partners, France and
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were growing stronger and Ricasoli found himself in the political arena which would eventually lead to him becoming the
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as early as the seventh century BC before both areas begun to actively cultivate grape vines themselves. From the
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446:, would becoming powerful and influential figures in not only the history of Chianti but also of Italian wine.
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noted that the relationship that Ricasoli describes between Sangiovese and Canaiolo has some parallels to how
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had little interest in Italian wines at this point, finding plenty of sources in France, Spain and later
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Greve and Radda were included along with parts of Barberino Val d'Elsa, San Casciano in Val di Pesa and
434:, the city of Florence experienced a period of growth that brought with it an emerging middle class of
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70:(League of Chianti) creating an area that would become the spiritual and historical "heart" of the
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find clues about which grape varieties were popular at the time in the writings of Italian writer
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was funded to teach noble families modern viticultural techniques from places such as France and
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217:(League of Chianti) that the Florentine merchants would market as wines of distinction. In 1716
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encouraged many landowning families to invest in improving and expanding their vineyards. The
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fermentation vessels. In the 14th century, Chianti winemakers developed a technique known as
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The earliest example of Chianti was as a pale, light white wine being sold by the merchant
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or improving in quality. The 1932 expansion was canonized into DOC regulations in 1966.
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One of the most influential figures in the history of Chianti is the Italian statesman
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The 18th century saw the seeds of the modern Chianti industry being planted. In 1716
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The early history of Chianti is very much intertwined with the history of the entire
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is located in what is now known as the heart of the Chianti Classico region in the
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Ricasoli choose Sangiovese to be the base of Chianti because it provided the most
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Chianti was commonly associated with the straw basket enclosed bottle known as a
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bylaws that prevented grapes from being legally harvested before September 29.
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craftsman and merchants. Some of these Florentine wine merchants, such as the
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would plague unstable Chiantis because they were not able to fully complete
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355:. The earliest reference of Florentine wine retailers dates to 1079 with a
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dates back to at least the 13th century with the earliest incarnations of
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in 1398. It eventually evolved into a coarse, deep color red wine that
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created the first known "Chianti recipe" in 1872, recommending 70%
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Mountains and also had ample supply of their own local wines. The
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257:) that produced lighter bodied wines that were not suitable for
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barons who ruled during the 11th century. The family estate in
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remnants originating from the region show that Tuscan wine was
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Third Edition pg 259, 715-716 Oxford University Press 2006
459:"disagreeable roughness and other qualities, seldom drunk."
221:
issued an edict legislating that the three villages of the
623:. Canaiolo brought fruitiness to the wine that soften the
496:
caused by the addition of the new sugars also left some
797:
Third Edition pg 162-163 Oxford University Press 2006
745:
techniques and winemaking tools such as the use of new
329:
were the main purveyors of wines in the region. As the
229:
and a 2-mile (3 km) hillside north of Greve near
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regulations could not use the Chianti name on their
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572:that the modern "Chianti recipe" would take shape.
568:. It wasn't till the work of the Italian statesman
556:was widely planted variety in the area along with
301:in the area dates back to its settlements by the
80:Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita
50:most well known and recognizable wines. In the
488:to stimulate the yeast with a fresh source of
946:
351:into wine that would be sold to merchants in
8:
219:Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
2414:and infused distilled drinks by ingredients
382:, were separated from Italy by the massive
2406:
1822:
1808:
1151:
1137:
980:
969:
953:
939:
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890:"Chianti: Why Are There Two DOCG Regions?"
359:for wine merchants being created in 1282.
752:Today, Super Tuscans are entitled to the
484:where half-dried grapes are added to the
106:In addition to changing boundaries, the
917:pg 155 & 167-169 Hungry Minds 2001
769:
725:- Italy's lowest wine designation. The
608:methods and brought back with him vine
418:) since outside of the major cities of
7:
913:M. Ewing-Mulligan & E. McCarthy
516:The 18th century to the Risorgimento
500:caused the wines to have a slightly
337:classes emerged, they inherited the
140:Denominazione di origine controllata
871:pg 414-420 Simon and Schuster 1989
820:pg 376-379 Workman Publishing 2001
201:in the hills between the cities of
97:enclosed in a straw basket, called
681:and Sangiovese clones such as the
394:to quench their thirst. While the
66:located near Florence formed as a
14:
177:Boundaries of the Classico region
325:and throughout the Middle Ages,
289:Early history to the Renaissance
74:and today is located within the
341:system of agriculture known as
991:History of alcoholic beverages
838:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
795:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
673:heralded the beginning of the
1:
426:, there was not yet a strong
635:is softened by the fruit of
721:and would be classified as
247:San Casciano in Val di Pesa
173:to be labeled as Chiantis.
2912:
869:Vintage: The Story of Wine
657:20th century to modern day
305:in the eighth century BC.
225:as well as the village of
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2419:
2405:
1821:
1807:
1150:
1136:
979:
968:
915:Italian Wines for Dummies
451:Francesco di Marco Datini
26:in the late 20th century.
2263:Coconut and other palms
1635:Coconut and other palms
1006:History of Bordeaux wine
323:fall of the Roman Empire
151:grape varieties such as
1091:Drinking establishments
727:marchese Piero Antinori
651:Prime Minister of Italy
297:region. The history of
2298:Sugarcane or molasses
1735:Sugarcane or molasses
974:History and production
713:
585:
504:or "fizzy" character.
367:
275:Castelnuovo Berardenga
267:Tavarnelle Val di Pesa
186:
27:
2886:Wine regions of Italy
1021:History of Rioja wine
711:
683:Sangiovese di Romagna
583:
534:Grand Duke of Tuscany
522:Cosimo III de' Medici
365:
184:
21:
2732:Mammee apple flower
1011:History of Champagne
457:described as having
271:province of Florence
235:Barberino Val d'Elsa
2782:Sugarcane/molasses
1225:Moscatel de Setúbal
1118:Yeast in winemaking
1106:Yeast in winemaking
962:Alcoholic beverages
667:phylloxera epidemic
639:in the traditional
550:Cosimo Villifranchi
494:second fermentation
193:, the area between
89:of these different
1016:History of Chianti
984:History of alcohol
714:
689:region. Following
633:Cabernet Sauvignon
586:
538:Georgofili Academy
526:Holy Roman Emperor
368:
187:
153:Cabernet Sauvignon
54:, the villages of
32:history of Chianti
28:
2873:
2872:
2856:
2855:
2559:Chocolate liqueur
2520:Blackthorn shrub
2401:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2353:Various starches
2109:Tennessee whiskey
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1770:Various starches
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1026:History of Sherry
836:J. Robinson (ed)
793:J. Robinson (ed)
743:canopy management
602:province of Siena
283:province of Siena
209:was known as the
108:grape composition
2903:
2480:Herbs de Majorca
2454:Anisado Mallorca
2407:
2209:American whiskey
2200:Multiple grains
2089:Buckwheat whisky
1823:
1809:
1582:Multiple grains
1152:
1143:Fermented drinks
1138:
1044:Alcohol industry
981:
970:
955:
948:
941:
932:
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911:
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904:
902:
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885:
879:
865:
848:
834:
828:
814:
805:
791:
685:from the nearby
675:Italian diaspora
590:Bettino Ricasoli
576:Bettino Ricasoli
570:Bettino Ricasoli
510:Lega del Chianti
455:Sir Edward Barry
255:Colli Fiorentini
223:Lega del Chianti
215:Lega del Chianti
211:Chianti Mountain
123:Kingdom of Italy
115:Bettino Ricasoli
76:Chianti Classico
68:Lega del Chianti
2911:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2896:History of wine
2876:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2852:
2821:Crème de cassis
2816:Crème de banane
2802:Various fruits
2671:Crème de menthe
2432:Crème de Noyaux
2415:
2393:
2235:
2219:Canadian whisky
2193:Kaoliang liquor
2099:Bourbon whiskey
2064:Japanese whisky
2044:
2013:Marillenschnaps
1989:Various fruits
1817:
1795:
1624:Agave americana
1612:
1386:
1341:Various fruits
1146:
1124:
1032:
1001:History of wine
996:History of beer
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756:or the generic
706:
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614:grape varieties
578:
552:who noted that
528:, the policies
518:
399:Lacryma Christi
291:
179:
137:. In 1967, the
135:Malvasia bianca
12:
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2339:
2334:
2332:Seco Herrerano
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2144:Mixiang Baijiu
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1829:
1827:
1819:
1818:
1816:by ingredients
1812:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1158:
1156:
1148:
1147:
1145:by ingredients
1141:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
998:
993:
987:
985:
977:
976:
973:
966:
965:
960:
958:
957:
950:
943:
935:
927:
926:
906:
888:Madaio, Mike.
880:
849:
829:
818:The Wine Bible
806:
768:
767:
765:
762:
723:vino da tavola
705:
699:
658:
655:
577:
574:
546:Ampelographers
517:
514:
498:carbon dioxide
315:southern Italy
290:
287:
178:
175:
171:vino da tavola
162:vino da tavola
119:prime minister
117:, the future
72:Chianti region
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2908:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2756:Grand Marnier
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2616:Cream liqueur
2614:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2069:Scotch whisky
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2059:Irish whiskey
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1847:Cashew apple
1846:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1759:Fermented tea
1757:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1541:Shaoxing wine
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1331:Prickly pear
1330:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
988:
986:
982:
978:
971:
967:
963:
956:
951:
949:
944:
942:
937:
936:
933:
924:
923:0-7645-5355-0
920:
916:
910:
907:
895:
891:
884:
881:
878:
877:0-671-68702-6
874:
870:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
850:
847:
846:0-19-860990-6
843:
839:
833:
830:
827:
826:1-56305-434-5
823:
819:
813:
811:
807:
804:
803:0-19-860990-6
800:
796:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
770:
763:
761:
759:
755:
750:
748:
744:
740:
739:vine training
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
710:
704:
703:Super Tuscans
700:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
656:
654:
652:
648:
647:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
582:
575:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
530:Peter Leopold
527:
523:
515:
513:
511:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
482:
477:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
430:. During the
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
404:
400:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
364:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
345:
340:
339:sharecropping
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
288:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
189:In the early
183:
176:
174:
172:
168:
167:Super Tuscans
164:
163:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
113:
109:
104:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:macroclimates
88:
87:
82:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
42:. Today this
41:
37:
33:
25:
20:
16:
2104:Corn whiskey
2008:Himbeergeist
1861:Kirschwasser
1623:
1321:Pomegranate
1215:Marsala wine
1210:Madeira wine
1101:Simple syrup
1096:Fermentation
1086:Distillation
1015:
914:
909:
897:. Retrieved
893:
883:
868:
837:
832:
817:
794:
754:DOC Bolgheri
751:
735:
730:
722:
715:
701:Rise of the
694:
691:World War II
682:
671:Risorgimento
670:
660:
646:Risorgimento
644:
629:Hugh Johnson
618:
587:
519:
509:
506:
479:
467:fermentation
458:
448:
444:Frescobaldis
428:middle class
369:
342:
331:aristocratic
292:
263:
254:
222:
214:
210:
188:
170:
160:
138:
105:
98:
84:
78:
67:
31:
29:
23:
15:
2767:Star anise
2661:Bénédictine
2621:Irish cream
2357:Aguardiente
2302:Aguardiente
2174:Rye whiskey
1684:Ginger wine
1401:Barley wine
1365:Mulled wine
1315:Plum jerkum
1285:Lychee wine
1275:Longan wine
1200:Bokbunja-ju
1190:Bignay wine
1180:Banana wine
1175:Banana beer
1049:Bathtub gin
899:16 February
867:H. Johnson
816:K. MacNeil
719:wine labels
463:wine faults
432:Renaissance
327:monasteries
299:viticulture
273:as well as
191:Middle Ages
52:Middle Ages
44:Tuscan wine
2880:Categories
2826:Limoncello
2761:Triple sec
2736:Eau créole
2706:Irish Mist
2691:Bärenjäger
2646:Frangelico
2576:Cloudberry
2555:Chocolate
2539:Maraschino
2085:Buckwheat
1998:Eau de vie
1301:Pineapple
1265:Duhat wine
1261:Java plum
1255:White wine
1113:Winemaking
1037:Production
731:Tignanello
606:winemaking
558:Sangiovese
476:unsanitary
416:Vin Santos
279:Poggibonsi
231:Spedaluzza
199:Monte Luco
127:Sangiovese
60:Castellina
46:is one of
40:white wine
2811:Cedratine
2776:Sassolino
2746:Cointreau
2666:Brennivín
2642:Hazelnut
2606:Tia Maria
2565:Cinnamon
2549:Pertsivka
2514:Bierlikör
2317:Desi daru
2079:Bierbrand
1973:Tsikoudia
1936:Slivovitz
1836:Applejack
1714:Kabarawan
1690:Galangal
1644:Palm wine
1521:Rice wine
1501:Makgeolli
1436:Oshikundu
1355:Hippocras
1240:Rosé wine
1230:Port wine
1196:Bokbunja
1069:Lautering
679:Trebbiano
621:aromatics
566:Marzemino
502:sparkling
440:Antinoris
410:or sweet
408:Vernaccia
344:mezzadria
303:Etruscans
239:Chiocchio
195:Baliaccia
145:Trebbiano
2836:Sloe gin
2831:Schnapps
2796:Licor 43
2792:Vanilla
2786:Charanda
2717:Juniper
2696:Drambuie
2631:Advocaat
2587:Coconut
2524:Patxaran
2463:Anisette
2442:Absinthe
2427:Amaretto
2412:Liqueurs
2277:Lambanog
2185:Sorghum
2124:Cheongju
1978:Tsipouro
1922:Juniper
1896:Armagnac
1841:Calvados
1784:Parakari
1764:Kombucha
1664:Tunggang
1639:Bahalina
1606:Huangjiu
1572:Sorghum
1526:Rượu cần
1491:Gwaha-ju
1426:Tesgüino
1350:Dubonnet
1345:Conditum
1335:Colonche
1250:Vermouth
1235:Red wine
1220:Mistelle
665:and the
641:Bordeaux
610:cuttings
554:Canaiolo
412:Aleatico
403:Campania
392:Portugal
353:Florence
335:merchant
311:exported
243:Robbiano
203:Florence
133:and 15%
131:Canaiolo
2891:Tuscany
2842:Walnut
2806:Campari
2751:Curaçao
2742:Orange
2726:Jenever
2711:Krupnik
2656:Aquavit
2597:Coffee
2569:Tentura
2530:Cherry
2504:Sambuca
2489:Mastika
2473:Hierbas
2447:Anisado
2423:Almond
2372:Horilka
2362:Akvavit
2312:Clairin
2307:Cachaça
2257:Tequila
2134:Lao-Lao
2119:Awamori
2055:Barley
2049:Cereals
2038:Schnaps
2028:Pálinka
2018:Nalewka
1983:Zivania
1916:Zivania
1857:Cherry
1814:Liquors
1680:Ginger
1516:Pangasi
1476:Choujiu
1456:Amazake
1432:Millet
1421:Tejuino
1397:Barley
1391:Cereals
1380:Sangria
1305:Tepache
1281:Lychee
1271:Longan
1186:Bignay
1171:Banana
1064:Malting
1059:Brewery
1054:Brewing
760:label.
687:Romagna
625:tannins
612:of new
594:Lombard
562:Mammolo
542:Germany
481:governo
436:guilded
388:English
380:Austria
370:Unlike
349:harvest
307:Amphora
295:Tuscany
281:in the
269:in the
121:in the
86:terroir
48:Italy's
36:Chianti
2846:Nocino
2771:Pastis
2701:Glayva
2687:Honey
2681:Unicum
2676:Metaxa
2652:Herbs
2636:Eggnog
2612:Cream
2601:Kahlúa
2591:Malibu
2438:Anise
2382:Shōchū
2377:Poitín
2367:Bangla
2347:Tharra
2288:Dairy
2272:Laksoy
2267:Arrack
2252:Mezcal
2229:Whisky
2224:Shōchū
2214:Baijiu
2189:Baijiu
2179:Starka
2149:Shochu
2139:Lihing
2129:Cholai
2095:Maize
1993:Brandy
1958:Grappa
1953:Chacha
1948:Pomace
1906:Cognac
1901:Brandy
1887:Grape
1881:Boukha
1867:Dates
1832:Apple
1789:Ibwatu
1779:Chicha
1725:Sugar
1700:Honey
1670:Dairy
1629:Pulque
1576:Pendhā
1496:Hariya
1486:Dansul
1466:Beopju
1441:Tongba
1370:Nabidh
1245:Sherry
1206:Grape
1161:Apple
921:
894:Medium
875:
844:
824:
801:
695:fiasco
663:oidium
637:Merlot
598:Brolio
424:Naples
372:France
251:Strada
157:Merlot
149:French
129:, 15%
100:fiasco
95:bottle
56:Gaiole
24:fiasco
2581:Lakka
2510:Beer
2387:Vodka
2337:Sulai
2322:Guaro
2292:Arkhi
2282:Sotol
2247:Agave
2240:Other
2159:Sulai
2115:Rice
2075:Beer
2033:Rakia
2003:Geist
1968:Orujo
1941:Țuică
1932:Plum
1911:Pisco
1871:Araqi
1826:Fruit
1774:Cauim
1749:Palek
1744:Intus
1729:Kilju
1709:Byais
1694:Byais
1674:Kumis
1659:Tuhak
1617:Other
1566:Kvass
1556:Tapuy
1551:Tapai
1546:Sonti
1511:Mirin
1506:Mijiu
1481:Chuak
1451:Agkud
1447:Rice
1416:Pozol
1411:Mageu
1407:Corn
1375:Pruno
1360:Jabol
1325:Rimon
1311:Plum
1295:Perry
1291:Pear
1165:Cider
1155:Fruit
1079:Yeast
764:Notes
490:sugar
471:yeast
401:from
396:sweet
376:Spain
357:guild
259:aging
227:Greve
207:Siena
112:Baron
64:Radda
38:as a
2865:List
2627:Egg
2499:Rakı
2494:Ouzo
2468:Arak
2342:Sura
2169:Korn
2165:Rye
2154:Soju
2023:Oghi
1963:Marc
1891:Arak
1877:Fig
1851:Feni
1755:Tea
1739:Basi
1719:Mead
1704:Bais
1654:Tubâ
1649:Tuak
1601:Boza
1596:Beer
1562:Rye
1536:Sato
1531:Sake
1471:Brem
1074:Wort
919:ISBN
901:2021
873:ISBN
842:ISBN
822:ISBN
799:ISBN
741:and
564:and
486:must
469:and
442:and
422:and
420:Rome
414:and
384:Alps
333:and
319:Gaul
317:and
277:and
249:and
205:and
197:and
62:and
30:The
2721:Gin
2327:Rum
2204:Ara
1926:Gin
1591:Ara
1586:Ale
1461:Apo
758:IGT
747:oak
532:as
374:or
313:to
155:or
2882::
892:.
852:^
809:^
772:^
653:.
560:,
285:.
245:,
241:,
237:,
103:.
58:,
2195:)
2191:(
954:e
947:t
940:v
903:.
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