History of Baden-Württemberg

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explanation that was not accepted by the Württemberg State prosecutor. In July 1941, six Polish men who had slept with German women were publicly hanged in various villages in Württemberg as a warning against "racial defilement". The State Prosecutor approvingly reported that such executions were having an effect, through Stephenson wrote the actual effect of the executions was merely to inspire Polish and French men in relationships with German women to be more "discreet". There were many complaints in the Württemberg countryside about the sexual double standard of the Nazi regime as German men who had relationships with foreign women were generally given a warning while foreign men who had relationships with German women, especially if they were from Eastern Europe, were executed. German women found guilty of "racial defilement" were publicly humiliated with their heads being shaven by members of the local SA and NSDAP members and being forced to wear signs reading "I went with a Pole and polluted German blood". Afterwards, the women were sent to the concentration camp at Ravensbruck. Such rituals of public humiliation was deeply unpopular with the local people who found such rituals "repellent". By contrast, in 1943 when three members of the Hitler Youth, all under the age of 18, together with another young German man who was about 20 were found to be having sex with a group of Frenchwomen working in Stuttgart; the Stuttgart public prosecutor had the three Hitler Youth charged under the Youth Protection Order, but the young man escaped charges as the prosecutor stated "because there is no penalty for having sex with foreign women workers, even if they belong to enemy states and it constitutes a major national disgrace". Even with the Hitler Youth charged under the Youth Protection Order, the public prosecutor saw them more as victims, charging that most of the Frenchwomen working in Germany for the

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disabilities to be sent to the Schloss Grafeneck. Typical of those classified by their doctors as an "useless eater" was a farmer who had been injured in a work accident in 1929 and had been living on disability ever since; in May 1940, his doctor classified him as an "useless eater", causing him to go Schloss Grafeneck, where he was gassed. Otto Küstner, the president of the Württemberg supreme court had a brother who was living in a mental asylum. Through Küstner was a loyal supporter of the regime, twice he took his brother home to prevent him from going to Schloss Grafeneck while denying to other people with relatives at the same asylum that people were being killed at Schloss Grafeneck. Those selected to die at Schloss Grafeneck were always taken in buses painted in a very distinctive shade of grey. Through the Nazi regime mocked people living in asylums as "life unworthy of life" who were too incompetent to understand what was happening around them, in many cases people had to be dragged kicking and screaming from the asylums into the grey buses that were to take them to Schloss Grafeneck. Other people taken from the asylums broke down in tears as they boarded the buses, knowing that they would die at the Schloss Grafeneck. Farmers living around Schloss Grafeneck noted the correlation between the arrival of the grey buses, which was followed up shortly afterwards by the smell of burned human flesh coming from the crematorium, leading to the conclusion that people could not possibly be dying of the flu that swiftly all the time.

2136:, making him very much against having women being work in war production. Adding to the difficulties of the farming households was that the Wehrmacht had taken thousands of horses for its quartermasters. By October 1940, there were 17,500 Poles working on the farms of Württemberg, and the number of Poles was to increase as the war went on and the Nazi regime was forced to conscript more and more farmers to replace the Wehrmacht's losses. The rules governing the Poles in Württemberg stated that they were to observe a curfew between 9 pm-5 am in summertime and between 8:00 pm-6 am in the wintertime; could only use public transportation with a special permit granted by the police; were banned from eating in restaurants and using telephones; were forbidden to own radios, bicycles, and cameras; and those permitted to use public transportation were forbidden to use the seats in buses and trams. Through the rules stated the Poles were to attend separate church services from the Germans, in practice several Catholic priests in the countryside ignored this rule and allowed the Poles to attend Mass alongside the Germans, much to the displeasure of the Nazi regime. 2174:

were manufactured, but the raids were unsuccessful. An attempt to destroy the SKF factory that made ball-bearings in Stuttgart in September 1943 by Bomber Command was equally unsuccessful at a high cost. Daimler-Benz chose to spread out its production around the Stuttgart area, which proved successful, through the dispersal slowed down its production of aircraft engines and cylinders, valve and camshafts for military vehicles. From April 1943 onward, Bomber Command started to regularly bomb the cities and towns of Württemberg on a nightly basis, causing much damage. On the night of 27 April 1943, Bomber Command launched an especially heavy raid on the town of Friedrichshafen in an attempt to destroy the three factories that made tank engines in that town. On 6 September 1943, Stuttgart was bombed in the daylight for the first time when the United States Army Air Force bombed the city in a raid that left 107 people dead in Stuttgart. On April 27–28, 1944, Friedrichshafen was again heavily bombed in a series of Anglo-American air raids with the raids destroying 40% of all the buildings in Friedrichshafen.

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the Württemberg farms lacked electricity and running water and it was common for families of farmers to share their homes with their farm animals, which were precisely the same conditions that existed on Polish farms. Many of the families of farmers in Württemberg did not have the same level of contempt for the Poles that Germans from an urban background had, and the rules forbidding friendships between Germans and Poles were often ignored. Furthermore, in marked contrast to the attitudes towards Jews, many Catholic farmers saw the Polish workers as merely fellow Catholics who came from a similar background as themselves who just happened to speak another language. However, the historian Jill Stephenson noted that how well a German family treated their Polish workers often depended on the degree that the labor was needed with farmers who needed Polish labor the most tending to treat them the best. In households headed by women, almost invariably the farmwife would take one or more of her Polish laborers as her lover.

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Union would not be defeated in 1941 as expected, were proper rations provided to the Red Army POWs as their labor was now needed to maintain German war production. By 1942, the language of the majority of the workers at the Daimler-Benz factory in Stuttgart was Russian. The Daimler-Benz executives argued that providing the Soviet POWs with only "starvation rations" was bad for the productivity of the factory as the POWs tended to quite literally drop dead on the factory floor. On 1 December 1941, the first deportation of Jews from Württemberg took place when about 1,000 Jews were rounded up, loaded onto a train in Stuttgart that took all the way to Riga, where all of the Jews were shot upon arrival. There were to be 11 more deportations via trains that took the local Jews to be exterminated in Latvia. Of the 2,500 Jews who were deported from Württemberg, only 180 survived. By the time the French and the Americans occupied Württemberg in April 1945, there were only 200 Jews living in all of Württemberg.

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reasons. The majority of the Jews living in urban areas tended to secular and assimilated into German culture while the majority of the Jews living in rural areas tended to be Orthodox and to keep a "certain reserve" from their Gentile neighbors. By 1939, the majority of the Jews who had lived in Württemberg had moved abroad with only a quarter of the Jews who had been living in 1933 in Württemberg were still there by 1939. The primary destination of the Jews of Württemberg was the United States through a significant number also went to the United Kingdom, France, the Palestine Mandate (modern Israel) and Argentina. During the 1930s it was difficult for women to obtain employment, and as such, it was more common for Jewish women to stay in Württemberg as they feared that they would be unable to find a job if they went abroad. Besides the sexual divide, older Jews were more likely to choose to stay in Württemberg than younger Jews.

946:. The childless Karl Theodor also inherited Bavaria when its electoral line became extinct in 1777, and all the Wittelsbach lands save Zweibrücken on the French border (whose Duke was, in fact, Karl Theodor's presumptive heir) were now under a single ruler. The Palatinate was destroyed in the Wars of the French Revolution—first its left bank territories were occupied, and then annexed, by France starting in 1795, and then, in 1803, its right bank territories were taken by the Margrave of Baden. The provincial government in Alsace was alternately administered by the Palatinate (1408–1504, 1530–1558) and by the Habsburgs (13th and 14th centuries, 1504–1530). Only the margraves of Baden and the counts and dukes of Württemberg included both homelands within their territories. With the political reordering of the southwest after 1800, Further Austria and the Electorate Palatine disappeared from history. 2156:, Eugen Hund, later stated that he was so harsh with German women who had foreign lovers because: "Females, I would not call them women, who in 1940 in a time of war, turned a battling and struggling Fatherland into a whorehouse, had to be treated like whores". The State Prosecutor of Württemberg noted in 1940 that the overwhelming majority of German women found guilty of "racial defilement" were "farm maids, farmer's wives, farmer's daughters, and women from the rural middle class". Unlike the workers in urban areas who were kept segregated from the rest of German society, in the countryside, Polish and other foreign laborers lived alongside the Germans. The close proximity allowed for more closer relationships. One Nazi district leader in a rural area of Württemberg complained in 1944: "Does it not make a mockery of our 2104:). In October 1939, the Action T4 program arrived in Württemberg when the Schloss Grafeneck, a home for "cripples" outside of Stuttgart started to be converted into a killing center with its gas chambers and crematorium. Opening in its new role as a killing center for "life unworthy of life" in January 1940, by December of that year, 10,654 people were killed at the Schloss Grafeneck, of which 3,884 were from Württemberg, 4,451 were from Baden and 1,864 were from Bavaria. The first 13 people killed in January 1940 were all people suffering from epilepsy with the official story that they had been killed by a highly virulent strain of the flu, which required that their bodies be burned immediately. People living near the Schloss Grafeneck complained constantly about the smell of burned human flesh being in the air. 2340:

of the Interior refused the application on the grounds that a community vote had already taken place. The opponents sued in front of the German Constitutional Court and won in 1956, with the court deciding that the plebiscite of 1951 had not been a community vote as defined by the law because the more populous state of Württemberg had had an unfair advantage over the less populous state of Baden. Because the court did not set a date for the community vote, the government simply did nothing. The opponents eventually sued again in 1969, which led to the decision that the vote had to take place before 30 June 1970. On 7 June, the majority voted against the proposal to restore the state of Baden.

377: 965: 2028: 1518: 2187:, Richard Drauz, the mayor and the police chief all asked Murr for permission to move the non-essential people out of Heilbronn, permission that was denied by Murr who insisted that it would depress morale. On 4 December 1944, Heilbronn was badly damaged in an air raid that saw about 6,000 people killed while the entire downtown of the city turned into a ruin. Ulm was badly damaged in an air raid on 17 December 1944. The only city in Württemberg that escaped major damage was the university city of Tübingen, which had no industry to bomb. 1526: 3642: 1751: 980: 3707: 2352: 3655: 3577: 3590: 3668: 1743: 3720: 2073:, and throughout the Nazi era, the local NSDAP was highly dysfunctional as Murr and Mergenthaler battled each other for control. After the seizure of power by the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) in the year 1933, the state borders initially remained unchanged. The state of Baden, the state of Württemberg and the Hohenzollern states (the government district of Sigmaringen) continued to exist, albeit with much less autonomy with regard to the 1499: 1191:, who succeeded to the duchy while still a child, proved a most eventful period for the country, and many traditions cluster round the name of this gifted, unscrupulous and ambitious man. Duke Ulrich of Württemberg had been living in his County of Mömpelgard since 1519. He had been exiled from his duchy by his own fault and controversial encroachments into non-Württembergish possessions. In Basel, Duke Ulrich came into contact with the Reformation. 548: 1879:). A period of quiet was established. The condition of the kingdom, its education, agriculture trade and manufactures, began to receive earnest attention. King William I helped to repair the shattered finances of the country. But the people's desire for greater political freedom did not fade away under the 1819 constitution. After 1830, a certain amount of unrest occurred. This, however, soon died. The inclusion of Württemberg in the German 1372: 2178:

heavily bombed by the RAF in an attempt to destroy the factory that made jet engines. Stuttgart was again struck hard in a series of Anglo-American bombing raids in September–October 1944 aimed at destroying the railroad system, but which also seriously damaged the water and sewage systems. The heaviest bombing raids occurred on 19–20 October 1944, which left 338 people dead while wounding 872. By this point, the Lord Mayor, Dr.

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with that of the rest of Germany failed. After reductions in taxation in 1889, the reform of the constitution became the question of the hour. King Charles and his ministers wished to strengthen the conservative element in the chambers, but the laws of 1874, 1876 and 1879 only effected slight reforms pending a more thorough settlement. On 6 October 1891, King Charles died suddenly. His nephew,

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Württemberg at first with the first bombing raid occurred in May 1940. Stuttgart was an important railroad junction and a center of industry, making it into a prime bombing target. Stuttgart was first bombed on 25 August 1940 with raid causing the deaths of 4 people. Besides for Stuttgart, the cities that were most bombed in Württemberg were Friedrichshafen, Heilbronn, and Ulm.

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are spreading like wildfire" and that many people were afraid to take elderly relatives to hospitals out of the fear that they might go to Grafeneck. In some areas of Württemberg, the Action T4 program caused much shock, and in a form of passive resistance, many ordinary people banded together to find jobs for the "useless eaters" and thereby prove them to be "useful" to the

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failed to agree, federal law would have to regulate the future of the three states. This article was based on the results of a conference of the German states held in 1948, where the creation of a Southwest State was agreed upon. The alternative, generally favored in South Baden, was to recreate Baden and Württemberg (including Hohenzollern) in its old, pre-war borders.

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prone to rape. In the village of Mössingen, Moroccan soldiers were said to have raped 220 women after taking the village while the Moroccans were said to raped 200 women in the village of Ditzigen. The Americans took Stuttgart on Easter Sunday 1945. By 30 April 1945, all of Baden, Württemberg and Hohenzollern were completely occupied by American and French forces.

2380: 580:. The three prominent noble families were in vigorous competition with one another, even though they were linked by kinship. The mother of the Stauffer King Friedrich Barbarossa (Red beard) was Judith Welfen. The Staufers, as well as the Zähringers, based their claims of rule on ties with the family of the Frankish kings from the House of Salier. 2128:. Despite the horror caused by the Action T4 program, most people in Württemberg did not blame Hitler, believing that he was unaware of what was happening and would stop it if he knew. In December 1940, the Schloss Grafeneck was shut down as the majority of the people classified as "useless eaters" in Württemberg were now dead. 1948:, and the country lay at the mercy of Prussia. The Prussians occupied the northern part of Württemberg and negotiated a peace in August 1866. By this, Württemberg paid an indemnity of 8,000,000 gulden, but she at once concluded a secret offensive and defensive treaty with her conqueror. Württemberg was a party to the 1168:'s theses and his writings left no one in Germany untouched after 1517. In 1503, the family Baden-Sausenberg became extinct, and the whole of Baden was united by Christoph, who, before his death in 1527, divided it among his three sons. Religious differences increased the family's rivalry. During the period of the 2132:

the Nazi regime was most reluctant to have German women engaged in war production, and instead brought in foreigners to replace the men serving in the Wehrmacht. Hitler believed that having women work in factories would damage their wombs, and thereby prevent them from bearing the next generation of the

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gave Germany full sovereignty, the opponents applied for a community vote to restore Baden to its old borders by virtue of paragraph 2 of Article 29 of the Basic Law, which allowed a community vote in states which had been changed after the war without a community vote. The Federal Ministry

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Between 1900 and 1910, the political history of Württemberg centred round the settlement of the constitutional and the educational questions. The constitution underwent revision in 1906, and a settlement of the education difficulty occurred in 1909. In 1904, the railway system integrated with that of

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went over to Lutheranism that same year, but indeed only for a short time. Likewise, after the Peace of Augsburg the Reformation was carried out in the County of Hohenlohe. At the same time, however, the Counter-Reformation began. It was persistently supported by the Emperor and the clerical princes.

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in 1648, Frederick V's son, Charles Louis, was restored to the Lower Palatinate, and given a new electoral title, but the Upper Palatinate and the senior electoral title remained with the Bavarian line. In 1685, the Simmern line died out, and the Palatinate was inherited by the Count Palatine of

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The plebiscite took place on 9 December 1951. In both parts of Württemberg, 93% were in favor of the merger, in North Baden 57% were in favor, but in South Baden only 38% were. Because three of four electoral districts voted in favor of the new Southwest State, the merger was decided upon. Had Baden

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of Germany provided for a way to change the German states via a community vote; however, it could not enter into force due to a veto by the Allied forces. Instead, a separate article 118 mandated the fusion of the three states in the southwest via a trilateral agreement. If the three affected states

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After World War II was over, the states of Baden and Württemberg were split between the American occupation zone in the north and the French occupation zone in the south, which also got Hohenzollern. The border between the occupation zones followed the district borders, but they were drawn purposely

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In World War Two, the demographics of Württemberg changed as hundreds of thousands of men were called up for service in the Wehrmacht while hundreds of thousands of Poles and French were brought to Württemberg to do both industrial and agricultural work as slaves in everything but name. Before 1943,

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of 1756–1763, which was unpopular with his Protestant subjects. His whole reign featured dissension between ruler and ruled, the duke's irregular and arbitrary methods of raising money arousing great discontent. The intervention of the emperor and even of foreign powers ensued and, in 1770, a formal

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The longest war in German history became, with the intervention of major powers, a global war. The cause was mainly the conflict of religious denominations as a result of the Reformation. Thus, in the southwest of the empire, Catholic and Protestant princes faced one another as enemies—the Catholics

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gave Ulrich an opportunity to recover his duchy. Thus Marx Sittich of Hohenems went against the Hegenau and Klettgau rebels. On 4 November 1525 he struck down a last attempt by the peasants in that same countryside where the peasants' unrest had begun a year before. Emperor Karl V and even Pope

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Three of the noble families of the southwest attained a special importance: the Hohenstaufen, the Welf and the Zähringen. The most successful appear from the view of that time to be the Hohenstaufen, who, as dukes of Swabia from 1079 and as Frankish kings and emperors from 1138 to 1268, attained the

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to say their son had been "murdered", saying they had "absolutely reliable information" that all of the patients at Grafeneck were being killed, going on to ask that Gürtner prosecute those responsible. In October 1940, the Stuttgart public prosecutor wrote to Gürtner say the "rumors of mass murder

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Discussions on the reform of the constitution continued, and the election of 1895 memorably returned a powerful party of democrats. King William had no sons, nor had his only Protestant kinsman, Duke Nicholas (1833–1903). Consequently, the succession would ultimately pass to a Roman Catholic branch

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were elected on 9 March 1952, and on 25 April the Prime Minister was elected. With this, the new state of Baden-Württemberg was founded. After the constitution of the new state entered force, the members of the constitutional convention formed the state parliament until the first election in 1956.

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The heaviest bombing raids yet occurred between 25 and 30 July 1944 when Bomber Command struck at Stuttgart in a series of nightly raids that destroyed all of downtown Stuttgart while killing about 1,000 people and leaving another 100,000 people homeless. On 27 July 1944, Friedrichshafen was again

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On the night 5 May 1942, Stuttgart was bombed for the fourth time, a raid that killed 13 people, which marked the first time since 1940 that any air raid had killed anyone in Stuttgart. Later on in May–June 1942, Bomber Command tried hard to destroy the Bosch factory in Stuttgart where generators

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The Nazis mocked the Poles, most of whom came from the countryside, for their "primitive levels of hygiene" and expected all Germans to do likewise. However, the regime was apparently not aware that the level of hygiene on farms in Württemberg was about the same as on Polish farms. The majority of

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died without sons, and his territories passed to Charles Frederick, who thus finally became ruler of the whole of Baden. Although Baden was united under a single ruler, the territory was not united in its customs and tolls, tax structure, laws or government. Baden did not form a compact territory.

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restored him, but to a depopulated and impoverished country, and he spent his remaining years in efforts to repair the disasters of the lengthy war. Württemberg was a central battlefield of the war. Its population fell by 57% between 1634 and 1655, primarily because of death and disease, declining

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The origin of the name "Württemberg" remains obscure. Scholars have universally rejected the once-popular derivation from "Wirth am Berg". Some authorities derive it from a proper name: "Wiruto" or "Wirtino," others from a Celtic place-name, "Virolunum" or "Verdunum". In any event, from serving as

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Starting in the summer of 1941 the ranks of the slaves were vastly increased by Soviet POWs, though the tendency of the Nazi regime to allow them to starve to death led to the deaths of almost all of the Red Army POWs by the end of 1941. Only in December 1941, when it became clear that the Soviet

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and railways. She had also certain special privileges with regard to taxation and the army and, for the next 10 years, Württemberg's policy enthusiastically supported the new order. Many important reforms, especially in the area of finance, ensued, but a proposal for a union of the railway system

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In October 1944, American and French forces entered Baden, to be followed shortly by Württemberg. Many of the "French" soldiers fighting in Württemberg were actually Algerians and Moroccans, both of whom were greatly feared by Germans. The soldiers from the Maghreb were believed to be especially

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Württemberg's location in southwestern Germany provided a considerable flying distance from Britain while its topography with its steep hills punctured by deep valleys provided additional defenses from bombing. For these reasons, the Bomber Command of the Royal Air Force only infrequently bombed

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Though the Jewish population of Württemberg was small, Jewish traders played a significant role in linking the rural markets to the urban ones, and most farmers in Württemberg disapproved of the efforts of the Nazi regime to put the Jewish traders out of business, albeit only for self-interested

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to give territorial unity to his country. Beginning his reign in 1738, and coming of age in 1746, this prince is the most notable of the rulers of Baden. He was interested in the development of agriculture and commerce, sought to improve education and the administration of justice, and proved in

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The trilateral agreement failed because the states couldn't agree on the voting system. As such, federal law decided on 4 May 1951 that the area be split into four electoral districts: North Württemberg, South Württemberg, North Baden and South Baden. Because it was clear that both districts in

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as the police commissioner for Württemberg. Jagow started what was called a "reign of terror" as he ruthlessly employed the SA and the police against Jews, Social Democrats and Communists. Jagow founded a concentration camp at Heuberg that held 1,902 people at its opening in March 1933 with the

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did not leave Württemberg untouched, although no associated violence took place within the kingdom. King William had to dismiss Johannes Schlayer (1792–1860) and his other ministers, calling to power men with more liberal ideas and the exponents of the idea of a united Germany. King William did

631:," because of the family connection to the margrave of Verona. His son and grandson, both called Hermann, added to their territories, which were then divided, and the lines of Baden-Baden and Baden-Hochberg were founded, the latter of which divided about a century later into Baden-Hochberg and 1699:

became duke in 1797, Protestantism returned to the ducal household, and the royal house adhered to this faith thereafter. Nevertheless, the district legislatures as well as the imperial diets offered a possibility of regulating matters in dispute. Much was left over from the trials before the

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The first public pillorying of German women in Württemberg for "racial defilement" took place in September 1940 with 12 women being put on display to be mocked and humiliated. Three of the women had French lovers, and claimed that they believed it was only illegal to have sex with Poles, an

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The population in 1905 was 2,302,179, of whom 69% were Protestant, 30% Catholic and 0.5% Jewish. Protestants largely preponderated in the Neckar district, and Roman Catholics in that of the Danube. In 1910, an estimated 506,061 people worked in the agricultural sector, 432,114 in industrial

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Doctors who were assigned the role of "racial engineers" were overrepresented in the NSDAP. In Württemberg, 36% of all doctors were NSDAP members, and the majority willingly went along with the effort to kill their "worthless" patients, arranging for those with physical and/or intellectual

1230:, which endured in part into the 20th century. In this reign, a standing commission started to superintend the finances, and the members of this body, all of whom belonged to the upper classes, gained considerable power in the state, mainly at the expense of the towns, by means of the 2147:

As there was a shortage of German men in the countryside due to so many men serving in the Wehrmacht, sexual relationships between Polish men and German women were very common, to the intense fury of the Nazi regime which tried very hard to stamp out such relationships. The Nazi

1010:). In 1503, the family Baden-Sausenberg became extinct, and the whole of Baden was united by Christophe. In Baden, however, a partitioning occurred that lasted from 1515 to 1771. Moreover, the various parts of Baden were always physically separated one from the other. 2182:

had asked all non-essential people leave Stuttgart. By the fall of 1944 Daimler-Benz had been forced to move its Stuttgart factories underground to keep them functioning. In September 1944, Heilbronn was being bombed on such a regular basis that the local Nazi

2019:. Baden named itself a "democratic republic," Württemberg a "free popular state." Instead of monarchs, state presidents were in charge. They were elected by the state legislatures, in Baden by an annual change, in Württemberg after each legislative election. 1210:

in May 1534. Then, by the treaty of Cadan, he again became duke, but perforce duke of the duchy as an Austrian fief. He subsequently introduced the reformed religious doctrines, endowed Protestant churches and schools throughout his land, and founded the

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The living conditions of the peasants in the German southwest at the beginning of the 16th century were quite modest, but an increase in taxes and several bad harvests, with no improvement in sight, led to crisis. Under the sign of the sandal

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belonged to it. Swabia was otherwise of great importance in securing the pass route to Italy. After the fall of the Staufers there was never again a Duchy of Swabia. The Habsburgs and the Württembergers endeavored in vain to resurrect it.

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In the wars after the French Revolution in 1789, Napoleon, the emperor of the French, rose to be the ruler of the European continent. An enduring result of his policy was a new order of the southwestern German political world. When the

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election of 5 March 1933, about 86% of the people of Württemberg voted in the election with the Nazis winning 42% of their vote, up from the 26% of the vote that they had won in the last election of November 1932. On 8 March 1933,

1180:. One of Christoph's sons died childless in 1533. In 1535, his remaining sons Bernard and Ernest, having shared their brother's territories, made a fresh division and founded the lines of Baden-Baden and Baden-Pforzheim, called 638:

The Hohenstaufen family controlled the duchy of Swabia until the death of Conradin in 1268, when a considerable part of its lands fell to the representative of a family first mentioned in about 1080, the count of Württemberg,

1875:(reigned 1816–1864), at once took up the constitutional question and, after much discussion, granted a new constitution in September 1819. This constitution, with subsequent modifications, remained in force until 1918 (see 894:

in 1620, and Spanish and Bavarian troops soon occupied the Palatinate itself. In 1623, Frederick was put under the ban of the Empire, and his territories and Electoral dignity granted to the Duke (now Elector) of Bavaria,

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made no change in the extent of his lands. In the same year, he proposed a new constitution to the representatives of his people, but they rejected it. In the midst of this controversy, Frederick died on 30 October 1816.

1317:, the people undertook to pay the duke's debts in return for various political privileges, which in effect laid the foundation of the constitutional liberties of the country. A few years later, Ulrich quarrelled with the 1895:

proclaim a democratic constitution but, as soon as the movement had spent its force, he dismissed the liberal ministers. In October 1849, Schlayer and his associates returned to power. In Baden, by contrast, there was a

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broke out in 1870. Although the policy of Württemberg had continued to be antagonistic to Prussia, the kingdom shared in the national enthusiasm that swept over Germany, and its troops took a creditable part in the

277:, the name extended over the surrounding country and, as the lords of this district increased their possessions, so the name covered an ever-widening area, until it reached its present extent. Early forms included 1537:

from the Catholic Holy Roman Empire, and from repeated French invasions in the 17th and 18th centuries. Württemberg happened to be in the path of French and Austrian armies engaged in the long rivalry between the

870:, and the Palatinate became one of the major centers of Calvinism in Europe, supporting Calvinist rebellions in both the Netherlands and France. Frederick III's grandson, Frederick IV, and his adviser, 815:

in 1294, the elder branch of the Wittelsbachs came into possession not only of the Rhenish Palatinate, but also of that part of Upper Bavaria itself which was north of the Danube, and which came to be called the

1612:, who did something to restore it to prosperity, but the extravagance of the duke, anxious to provide for the expensive tastes of his mistress, Christiana Wilhelmina von Grävenitz, undermined this benefit. 1843:

in his campaigns against Prussia, Austria and Russia. Some 16,000 of his subjects marched as soldiers with the French invasion of Russia to take Moscow; only a few hundred survived to return. After the

1655:(1728–1793), who came of age in 1744, appeared gifted, but proved to be vicious and extravagant, and he soon fell into the hands of unworthy favourites. He spent a great deal of money in building the 400:(Sueben or Swabians) belonged to the tribe of the Alemanni, reshaped in the 3rd century. The name of Swabia is also derived from them. From the 9th century on, in place of the area designation " 1253:(1557–1608) succeeded to the duchy. This energetic prince disregarded the limits placed on his authority by the rudimentary constitution. By paying a large sum of money, he induced the emperor 1824:, abrogated the constitution, and united old and new Württemberg. Subsequently, he placed church lands under the control of the state and received some formerly self-governing areas under the 3543: 1766:

threatened to be exported throughout Europe in 1792, Baden joined forces against France. Its countryside was devastated in the ensuing battles. In 1796, the margrave was compelled to pay an

1184:

after 1565. Further divisions followed, and the weakness caused by these partitions was accentuated by a rivalry between the two main branches of the family, culminating in open warfare.

1641:(the local parliament) and the introduction of Roman Catholicism. However, the sudden death of Charles Alexander in March 1737 put an abrupt end to any such plans, and the regent, Duke 991:

in 1391. Bernard, a soldier of some renown, continued the work of his predecessors and obtained other districts, including Baden-Hochberg, the ruling family of which died out in 1418.

2042: 1856:

in November 1813, he secured the confirmation of his royal title and of his recent acquisitions of territory. He directed his forces to fight with allies in their attack on France.

1412:(1582–1628), failed to become an absolute ruler, and perforce recognised the checks on his power. During his reign, which ended in July 1628, Württemberg suffered severely from the 942:), a Catholic. The Neuburg line, which moved the capital to Mannheim, lasted until 1742, when it, too, became extinct, and the Palatinate was inherited by the Duke Karl Theodor of 1608:. In 1688, 1703 and 1707, the French entered the duchy and inflicted brutalities and suffering upon the inhabitants. The sparsely populated country afforded a welcome to fugitive 2242:

Württemberg as well as North Baden would support the merger, the voting system favored the supporters of the new Southwest State. The state of Baden brought the law to the

851:

Due to the practice of division of territories among different branches of the family, by the early 16th century junior lines of the Palatine Wittelsbachs came to rule in

225:. The monarchy came to an end with the end of the First World War, but Baden itself continued in existence as a state of Germany until the end of the Second World War. 1906:

in 1851, which surrendered all the privileges gained since 1848. In this way, the authorities restored the constitution of 1819, and power passed into the hands of a

52: 260:

that has only existed since 1952. The coat of arms represents the state's several historical component parts, of which Baden and Württemberg are the most important.

863:

in the Lower Palatinate, and in Neuburg and Sulzbach in the Upper Palatinate. The Elector Palatine, now based in Heidelberg, converted to Lutheranism in the 1530s.

3536: 2100:("people's community") of all "useless eaters" (so-called because they consumed food that according to the regime should have gone to the healthy members of the 1929:(1823–1891, reigned 1864–91) succeeded his father William I as king. Almost at once, he was faced with considerable difficulties. In the duel between Austria and 1672:

arrangement removed some of the grievances of the people. Charles Eugene did not keep his promises, but later, in his old age, he made a few further concessions.

1642: 1988:

of the family, and this prospect raised certain difficulties about the relations between church and state. The heir to the throne in 1910 was the Roman Catholic

2265: 1348:, who served as nominal ruler for a few years. Soon, however, the discontent caused by the oppressive Austrian rule, the disturbances in Germany leading to the 2041:

Politics between 1918 and 1919 towards a merger of Württemberg and Baden remained largely unsuccessful. After the excitements of the 1918–1919 revolution, its

2332:. The last traces of Hohenzollern disappeared. Between county and district, regional associations were formed that are responsible for overlapping planning. 3513: 1039:

opposed, sometimes successfully, three Holy Roman emperors. He doubled the area of his county and transferred his residence from Württemberg Castle to the

761:. Some territories in Vorarlberg that belonged to the Habsburgs were also considered part of Further Austria. The original homelands of the Habsburgs, the 228:

Württemberg, often spelled "Wirtemberg" or "Wurtemberg" in English, developed as a political entity in southwest Germany, with the core established around

3647: 354:, the decisive battle taking place in 496. For about 400 years, the district was part of the Frankish empire and was administered by counts until it was 1680: 3529: 1626: 1955:

The end of the struggle against Prussia allowed a renewal of democratic agitation in Württemberg. This had not achieved any changes before the great

3836: 3673: 2160:

if I enter a German peasant home and there in a German pram lies the child of a Russian woman, sired by a Frenchman and cared for by German women?"

1891: 1581: 1409: 906:

in 1648, the Sundgau became part of France, and in the 18th century, the Habsburgs acquired a few minor new territories in southern Germany such as

3508: 1730:

Kingdom of Württemberg as it existed from the end of the Napoleonic Wars to the end of World War I. From 1815 to 1866 it was a member state of the

2078: 1448:. Baden suffered severely during this struggle, and both branches of the family were exiled in turn. The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 restored the 987:

The family of Baden-Baden was very successful in increasing the area of its holdings, which after several divisions were united by the margrave

803:, a large feudal state lying on both banks of the Rhine, which seems to have come into existence in the 10th century. The territory fell to the 99: 1652: 1597: 1562: 696:

Other than the Margraviate of Baden and the Duchy of Württemberg, Further Austria and the Palatinate lay on the edge of the southwestern area.

1155: 71: 2498: 1884: 1601: 1949: 1003: 1676: 1417: 1226:(1515–1568), completed the work of converting his subjects to the reformed faith. He introduced a system of church government, the Grosse 3521: 1140:. Württemberg, after the partition from 1442 to 1482, had no further land partitions to endure and remained a relatively closed country. 78: 1569: 1250: 1114: 1036: 675: 2170:

were "big city prostitutes" who were corrupting innocent Hitler Youth into lives of debauchery, leading him to seek lenient sentences.

213:

that was divided between various branches of the ruling family for much of its history, it gained both status and territory during the

3851: 3446: 2460: 1133: 1106: 1063: 988: 671: 3660: 2623: 1079: 376: 118: 1933:

for supremacy in Germany, William I had consistently taken the Austrian side. The new king and his advisers continued this policy.

1242: 1223: 651: 640: 233: 85: 3841: 1989: 1075: 896: 496: 452: 3608: 2273:

was only intended as a temporary name, but ended up the official name of the state because no other name could be agreed upon.

1533:

The duchy survived mainly because it was larger than its immediate neighbours. However, it was often under pressure during the

1345: 964: 67: 2166: 2062:

number rising to 15,000 by the time it was shut down in December 1933. The Württemberg Nazis were torn by a feud between the

608: 56: 2001: 1421: 1188: 1158: 3738: 3725: 2398: 1849: 1821: 1696: 1334: 995: 499:. Berthold's death without heirs meant the complete disintegration of southwest Germany and led to the development of the 245: 3686: 1981: 1713: 1195: 596: 1634: 1420:(1628–1674), however, plunged into it as an ally of France and Sweden as soon as he came of age in 1633, but after the 416:, and its dukes were thus among the most powerful magnates of Germany. The most notable family to hold Swabia were the 2243: 1322: 600: 2357: 2227: 2208: 1926: 1872: 1646: 1025:. The new Wirtemberg Castle (castle chapel dedicated in 1083) was the central point of a rule that extended from the 1517: 866:

When the senior branch of the family died out in 1559, the Electorate passed to Frederick III of Simmern, a staunch

420:, who held it, with a brief interruption, from 1079 until 1268. For much of this period, the Hohenstaufen were also 3815: 2894: 1941: 1829: 1810: 1441: 1270: 2027: 1770:

and to cede his territories on the left bank of the Rhine to France. Fortune, however, soon returned to his side.

45: 3846: 1794: 1721: 1110: 1099: 911: 833: 448: 3712: 2898:. Vol. 32 (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. pp. 1089–1090. 2304:. The golden deer stands for Württemberg, the griffin for Baden. Conversely the former Württemberg counties of 2082: 1746:

Monument to the Constitution of Baden (and the Grand Duke for granting it), in Rondellplatz, Karlsruhe, Germany

1452:, and the family rivalry gradually died out. For one part of the southwest, a peace of 150 years began. On the 1389: 891: 844:

of the western half of Germany. From this time forth, the Count Palatine of the Rhine was usually known as the

476: 150: 92: 2096:

program to kill all Germans with physically disabilities and/or learning disabilities in order to cleanse the

1525: 1002:(died 1475) of a part of his territories, but these losses were more than recovered by his son and successor, 959: 309:

also appears frequently and occurs sometimes in official documents, and even on coins issued after that date.

2624:"History of BW – The Margraviate of Baden and the County of Württemberg at the beginning of the 15th century" 447:

appeared to be ready as the local successor of the power in southwestern Germany and in the northwest in the

3856: 1833: 1489: 1349: 1283: 1227: 1137: 1050:

His successors were not as prominent, but all added something to the land area of Württemberg. In 1381, the

1902:

By interfering with popular electoral rights, the king and his ministers succeeded in assembling a servile

979: 3748: 2115:

On 8 July 1940, the parents of a young man suffering from schizophrenia who had been gassed wrote to the

2070: 1848:

in October 1813, King Frederick deserted the waning fortunes of the French emperor. By a treaty made with

1656: 1534: 1353: 1222:

The total population during the 16th century was between 300,000 and 400,000. Ulrich's son and successor,

1169: 1149: 1059: 1040: 1022: 939: 812: 616: 135: 1393: 2393: 2297: 1778: 1774: 1219:

led to another expulsion but, in 1547, Charles V reinstated him, albeit on somewhat onerous terms.

1199: 1118: 811:

in the early 13th century, and during a later division of territory among the heirs of Duke Louis II of

770: 534: 500: 274: 1314: 1293:), that is, the farmer's shoe that tied up with laces, rebellions broke out on the Upper Rhine, in the 1014: 644: 592: 542: 456: 444: 2011:

on 22 November 1918. A republic had already been declared on 14 November. Württemberg became a state (

2412: 2259: 2219: 2204: 1860: 1825: 1782: 1731: 1717: 1620: 1445: 1424:

in 1634, Imperial troops occupied the duchy and the duke himself went into exile for some years. The

1413: 1366: 955: 903: 887: 743: 620: 330: 253: 170: 2483:

Schulte-Peevers, Andrea; Haywood, Anthony; Johnstone, Sarah; Gray, Jeremy; Robinson, Daniel (2007).

1922:

repudiated the agreement, preferring to regulate relations between church and state in its own way.

1750: 1371: 510:

Swabia takes its name from the tribe of the Suebi, and the name was often used interchangeably with

2153: 1956: 1937: 1832:

and received further additions of territory containing 160,000 inhabitants. A little later, by the

1709: 1684: 1668: 1605: 1550: 1453: 1425: 1294: 1216: 930: 871: 774: 691: 429: 1742: 3799: 3595: 2058: 1945: 1864: 1840: 1616: 1502: 1301:

by which he sought to raise money for his extravagant pleasures excited an uprising known as the

1266: 1071: 999: 972: 879: 612: 492: 421: 2888: 1961: 1124:

Eberhard V proved one of the most energetic rulers that Württemberg ever had, and, in 1495, his

1058:

in 1397. The family divided its lands among collateral branches several times but, in 1482, the

935: 248:

in the 18th century. Recognised as a kingdom in 1806–1918, its territory now forms part of the

3786: 3773: 3699: 3560: 2494: 2484: 2456: 2218:) ended up inside the American occupation zone. In the American occupation zone, the state of 1845: 1763: 1574: 1543: 1498: 1477: 1465: 1330: 1212: 1207: 943: 778: 623:. The separate history of Baden dates from this time. Hermann appears to have called himself " 504: 249: 244:

policy, and invasions from France. The state had a basic parliamentary system that changed to

241: 206: 195: 1695:. All of the subsequent Württemberg royal family were descended from him. Thus, when his son 1231: 746:

after 1386) and included some scattered territories throughout Swabia, the largest being the

3621: 2215: 2120: 1896: 1565:(died 1707), figured prominently among the soldiers who resisted the aggressions of France. 1539: 1405: 1326: 875: 808: 789: 632: 547: 517: 3450: 878:

of Protestant states in 1608, and in 1619 Elector Frederick V (the son-in-law of King

2301: 2031: 2016: 1806: 1638: 1590: 1262: 793: 687: 654:, who ruled from 1241 to 1265. He served as marshal of Swabia and advocate of the town of 604: 381: 371: 2826: 2802: 2747: 2711: 2652: 2627: 2599: 2575: 2551: 2222:

was founded; in the French occupation zone, the southern part of former Baden became the

2179: 1297:, in the Black Forest and in the upper Neckar valley at the end of the 15th century. The 635:. The family of Baden-Baden was very successful in increasing the area of its holdings. 619:, having inherited some of the German estates of his family, called himself Margrave of 2385: 2371: 2336: 2034: 1984:(1848–1921, reigned 1891–1918), succeeded and continued the policy of his predecessor. 1876: 1786: 1688: 1630: 1509: 1493: 1461: 1401: 1318: 1055: 923: 914:, Further Austria was dissolved and the formerly Habsburg territories were assigned to 860: 856: 766: 588: 556:

greatest influence in Swabia. To the Zähringer sphere of influence originally belonged

472: 464: 359: 325: 154: 1154: 131: 3830: 3504: 3499: 2490: 1968: 1755: 1735: 1637:, and suspicions arose that master and servant were aiming at the suppression of the 1397: 1333:, a Bavarian princess), invaded Württemberg, expelled the duke and sold his duchy to 1203: 1181: 1165: 1051: 538: 468: 237: 222: 3634: 2406: 2309: 2281: 2066: 2054: 1687:, to whom he was related by marriage, and then managed his family's estates around 1357:

Clement VII thanked the Swabian Union for its restraint in the Peasants' War.

1338: 1030: 663: 440: 417: 413: 321: 165: 2781: 355: 1754:

The Grand Duchy of Baden (Großherzogtum Baden) within Germany at the time of the

2223: 2200: 2057:

used his powers under the Reichstag fire degree' to appoint the local SA leader

1972: 1907: 1692: 1609: 1457: 1437: 1306: 1246: 829: 804: 584: 218: 210: 34: 17: 3472: 3425: 463:

in 1191, which became one of the House of Zähringen power centers. East of the

3757: 2347: 2321: 2008: 1976: 1880: 1814: 1726: 1449: 1258: 1254: 1177: 1089: 1018: 747: 724: 409: 257: 3517:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 856–859. 1460:

area and especially in the Electorate Palatine, the wars waged by the French

1261:

of Austria. Austria still controlled large areas around the duchy, known as "

194:, the decisive battle taking place in 496. The area later became part of the 2325: 2234: 2093: 1911: 1802: 1767: 1660: 1633:

while an officer in the Austrian service. His favourite adviser was the Jew

1554: 1310: 1298: 1235: 1086: 1044: 867: 712: 667: 569: 561: 512: 488: 270: 236:(died 1110). His descendants expanded Württemberg while surviving Germany's 229: 2250:

as a whole formed a single electoral district, the vote would have failed.

1675:

Charles Eugene left no legitimate heirs, and was succeeded by his brother,

1062:

reunited the territory, declared it indivisible, and united it under Count

886:

from rebellious Protestant noblemen. He was soon defeated by the forces of

765:

and much of the other original Habsburg possessions south of the Rhine and

573: 428:, the last Hohenstaufen duke, the duchy itself disintegrated although King 2329: 2317: 1798: 1790: 1173: 907: 782: 754: 735: 624: 565: 557: 433: 425: 405: 401: 393: 351: 335: 214: 191: 175: 2226:

while the southern part of Württemberg and Hohenzollern were fused into

650:

The earliest historical details of a Count of Württemberg relate to one

491:. However Berthold died without an heir in 1218 and Bern was declared a 2293: 1930: 1664: 1558: 1430: 1385: 1381: 1344:

Charles handed Württemberg over to his brother, the Holy Roman Emperor

1094: 915: 883: 852: 731: 324:

conquered the land and defended their position there by constructing a

1585:

Rather, a number of separate districts lay on both banks of the upper

2803:"History of BW – The German southwest at the end of the 18th century" 2433: 1915: 1469: 1206:

princes, he fought a victorious battle against Ferdinand's troops at

1125: 1113:

and expelled the Jews. At Eberhard's death in 1496, his cousin, Duke

1026: 781:(1386) and were never considered part of Further Austria, except the 762: 750: 720: 716: 659: 521: 389: 347: 343: 187: 183: 158: 2214:

in such a way that the autobahn from Karlsruhe to Munich (today the

2045:

between 1919 and 1932 show a decreasing vote for left-wing parties.

1416:

although the duke himself took no part in it. His son and successor

2600:"History of BW – Anterior Austria and the Electorate of Palatinate" 3498:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

2887: 2026: 1853: 1749: 1741: 1725: 1600:(1676–1733), who succeeded as a one-year-old when his father Duke 1586: 1524: 1516: 1508: 1497: 1473: 1370: 1153: 1129: 978: 963: 919: 739: 628: 546: 397: 375: 339: 317: 313: 179: 146: 1836:

in October 1809, about 110,000 more persons came under his rule.

1604:

died in 1677, Württemberg had to face another destructive enemy,

1589:. His opportunity for territorial aggrandisement came during the 3244: 3242: 3143: 3141: 2313: 2305: 2289: 2285: 1013:

The lords of Württemberg were first named in 1092. Supposedly a

577: 484: 460: 202: 201:

The history of Baden as a state began in the 12th century, as a

168:, who defended their control of the territory by constructing a 3525: 1820:

On 1 January 1806, Duke Frederick II assumed the title of King

1683:(died 1797). This latter prince, who had served in the army of 1553:, the margravate was ravaged by French troops and the towns of 678:, and their successors, the power of the family grew steadily. 3447:"25. April 1952 – Die Entstehung des Landes Baden-Württemberg" 1944:

on 3 July 1866, her troops suffered a comprehensive defeat at

1936:

In 1866, Württemberg took up arms on behalf of Austria in the

1785:, and other smaller districts, together with the dignity of a 792:

until 1379. After that, the regent of Further Austria was the

758: 655: 480: 293:

was long accepted, and in the latter part of the 16th century

28: 1679:(died 1795), who was childless, and then by another brother, 1070:(The Bearded). This arrangement received the sanction of the 3396: 3394: 3392: 3379: 3377: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3323: 3321: 3296: 3294: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3051: 3049: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2431:

This type of sovereign royal duke was known in Germany as a

1918:

proved almost the last act of William's long reign. But the

1313:. The authorities soon restored order, and, in 1514, by the 1117:, succeeded for a short reign of two years, terminated by a 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2409:

institution of Baden-Württemberg (and Rhineland-Palatinate)

2324:

were incorporated into the Baden governmental districts of

1464:

from 1674 to 1714 caused further terrible destruction. The

1329:, angered by the treatment meted out by Ulrich to his wife 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2782:"Historical Map of Baden-Wurttemberg 1789 – Southern Part" 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 711:) was the collective name for the old possessions of the 174:(fortified boundary zone). Early in the 3rd century, the 392:

is to a large degree comparable to the territory of the

2335:

The opponents of the merger did not give up. After the

2092:

Starting in January 1939, the Nazi regime launched the

727:

after the focus of the Habsburgs had moved to Austria.

164:

In the 1st century AD, Württemberg was occupied by the

2007:

In the confusion at the end of World War I, Frederick

256:, one of the 16 states of Germany, a relatively young 221:. In 1871, it became one of the founder states of the 2246:

to have it declared as unconstitutional, but failed.

1573:

general to be a wise and liberal ruler in the Age of

2000:

occupations and 100,109 in trade and commerce. (see

1734:

and from 1871 to 1918 it was a federal state in the

832:

of 1356, the Palatinate was made one of the secular

587:, various counts ruled the territory that now forms 145:

covers the area included in the historical state of

3808: 3756: 3567: 2280:(legislature) decided on adoption of the following 2254:

State of Baden-Württemberg from 1952 to the present

1691:, educated his children in the Protestant faith as 1269:of the empire, securing its independence. Even the 1085:Unusually for Germany, from 1457 Württemberg had a 59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2821: 2819: 2742: 2740: 2706: 2704: 785:, which remained a Habsburg property until 1805. 2647: 2645: 2618: 2616: 2594: 2592: 2570: 2568: 1967:In 1871, Württemberg became a member of the new 1813:, declared himself a sovereign prince, became a 1429:birthrates, and the mass migration of terrified 2546: 2544: 2453:Hitler's Home Front Wurttemberg Under the Nazis 1777:, emperor of Russia, the margrave received the 1440:was in the possession of one of the princes of 1215:seminary in 1536. Ulrich's connection with the 769:were lost in the 14th century to the expanding 2827:"History of BW – Southwest Germany up to 1918" 1773:In 1803, largely owing to the good offices of 1309:), not unlike the rebellion in England led by 1033:valleys in all directions over the centuries. 658:, had large possessions in the valleys of the 516:during the existence of the stem-duchy in the 217:era, when it was also raised to the status of 3537: 2653:"History of BW – The time of the Reformation" 1839:In return for these favors, Frederick joined 1700:imperial courts, which often lasted decades. 1444:. The house was similarly divided during the 1054:was bought, and marriage to an heiress added 8: 2576:"History of BW – Staufer, Welfen, Zähringer" 1801:and other territories at the expense of the 950:Baden and Württemberg before the Reformation 507:. Bern joined Switzerland in the year 1353. 1619:to the north of Stuttgart, in imitation of 1468:penetrated through acquired possessions in 1245:, the founder of the Collegium illustre in 312:Württemberg's first known inhabitants, the 3544: 3530: 3522: 3412: 3400: 3383: 3368: 3351: 3339: 3327: 3312: 3300: 3285: 3273: 3248: 3233: 3221: 3200: 3188: 3176: 3159: 3147: 3132: 3120: 3101: 3082: 3055: 3040: 3023: 2998: 2979: 2962: 2939: 2927: 2915: 1809:). In 1806, the Baden margrave joined the 1615:In 1704, Eberhard Ludwig started to build 1484:Swabian Circle until the French Revolution 1265:". Thus, once again, Württemberg became a 479:, which was situated on both sides of the 2296:. This coat of arms once belonged to the 2069:and his archenemy the Minister President 1408:. Unlike his predecessor, the next duke, 788:Further Austria was ruled by the Duke of 119:Learn how and when to remove this message 3473:"DFR – BVerfGE 5, 34 – Baden-Abstimmung" 2873: 2846: 2731: 2695: 2535: 2300:, emperors of the Holy Roman Empire and 1789:. Changing sides in 1805, he fought for 1629:, who became duke in 1733, had become a 994:During the 15th century, a war with the 130: 2769:The Thirty Years' War: Europe's tragedy 2475: 2424: 1476:border. Switzerland separated from the 408:" (Swabia). Swabia was one of the five 2748:"History of BW – The Thirty Years War" 2081:of Württemberg-Hohenzollern added the 1563:Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden 836:, and given the hereditary offices of 2552:"History of BW – The Duchy of Swabia" 1817:, and received additional territory. 1249:, died childless in 1593. A kinsman, 1172:some of the rulers of Baden remained 591:, among whom the counts and duchy of 305:became the official spelling, though 7: 3426:"DFR – BVerfGE 1, 14 – Südweststaat" 1964:and in other operations of the war. 1950:Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868 1102:, that had to approve new taxation. 346:, but they in turn succumbed to the 186:, but they in turn succumbed to the 57:adding citations to reliable sources 2712:"History of BW – The Peasants' War" 2276:In May 1954, the Baden-Württemberg 2023:German southwest up to World War II 1505:and Baroque Gardens, near Stuttgart 1257:in 1599 to free the duchy from the 1187:The long reign (1498–1550) of Duke 1098:, known otherwise as the "diet" or 926:, and the Fricktal to Switzerland. 414:medieval Kingdom of the East Franks 358:in the ninth century by the German 334:). Early in the third century, the 1971:, but retained control of her own 1899:that had to be put down by force. 1570:Charles Frederick of Baden-Durlach 1352:and the commotions aroused by the 682:Further Austria and the Palatinate 25: 3661:History of North Rhine-Westphalia 3648:History of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 1663:and elsewhere, and sided against 1321:, and its forces (helped by Duke 607:(died 1074) and grandson of Duke 551:Arms of the counts of Württemberg 436:family in the late 13th century. 3792: 3779: 3766: 3747: 3731: 3718: 3705: 3692: 3679: 3666: 3653: 3640: 3627: 3614: 3601: 3588: 3575: 3553: 3491: 2378: 2364: 2350: 2288:on a golden shield, framed by a 1828:process. In 1806, he joined the 1549:During the wars of the reign of 1037:Eberhard I, Count of Württemberg 529:Hohenstaufen, Welf and Zähringen 497:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 33: 3674:History of Rhineland-Palatinate 2455:. London: Bloomsbury Academic. 2195:Southwest Germany after the war 1793:, with the result that, by the 645:ancestral castle of Württemberg 432:attempted to revive it for his 320:. In the first century AD, the 44:needs additional citations for 2167:Service du travail obligatoire 1957:war between France and Prussia 1892:revolutionary movement of 1848 1797:in that year, he obtained the 1582:Augustus George of Baden-Baden 1521:The royal crown of Württemberg 1021:had married an heiress of the 934:Neuburg (who was also Duke of 730:Further Austria comprised the 652:Ulrich I, Count of Württemberg 572:, and, in modern Switzerland, 316:, preceded the arrival of the 269:the name of a castle near the 209:. As a fairly inconsequential 68:"History of Baden-Württemberg" 1: 3726:History of Schleswig-Holstein 1859:In 1815, the king joined the 1335:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 643:, who took the name from his 595:figure prominently. In 1112, 3837:History of Baden-Württemberg 3583:History of Baden-Württemberg 1940:, but three weeks after the 1704:Southwest Germany up to 1918 1561:, and Baden were destroyed. 1234:and later, in addition, the 801:County Palatine of the Rhine 799:The Palatinate arose as the 338:drove the Romans beyond the 178:drove the Romans beyond the 143:history of Baden-Württemberg 2892:. In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). 2886:von Blume, Wilhelm (1922). 2244:German Constitutional Court 2002:Demographics of Württemberg 996:Count Palatine of the Rhine 475:, and Bern was part of the 3873: 3816:Historic states of Germany 2399:History of Südwestrundfunk 2257: 2198: 1830:Confederation of the Rhine 1811:Confederation of the Rhine 1707: 1649:, had Oppenheimer hanged. 1568:It was the life's work of 1487: 1364: 1281: 1271:Margraviate of Baden-Baden 1147: 1043:in today's city centre of 953: 912:Peace of Pressburg of 1805 734:(southern Alsace) and the 715:in south-western Germany ( 685: 532: 369: 3745: 2451:Stephenson, Jill (2006). 2266:constitutional convention 1714:Electorate of Württemberg 1513:The New Castle, Stuttgart 882:) accepted the throne of 670:in 1260. Under his sons, 449:Kingdom of Burgundy-Arles 264:Celts, Romans and Alemani 3713:History of Saxony-Anhalt 2358:Baden-Württemberg portal 2228:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 2209:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 2083:Province of Hohenzollern 1883:and the construction of 1375:Duke Frederick II Eugene 1159:Württemberg coat of arms 1132:. Eberhard was now Duke 1100:"Estates" of Württemberg 892:Battle of White Mountain 828:along the Rhine. In the 477:Landgraviate of Burgundy 384:in an 18th-century print 157:, part of the region of 3635:History of Lower Saxony 3514:Encyclopædia Britannica 2895:Encyclopædia Britannica 1392:, and the Protestants ( 983:Eberhard III in Council 161:since the 9th century. 3852:History of Württemberg 3609:History of Brandenburg 2071:Christian Mergenthaler 2038: 1758: 1747: 1739: 1722:Kingdom of Württemberg 1647:Württemberg-Neuenstadt 1635:Joseph Süß Oppenheimer 1530: 1522: 1514: 1506: 1376: 1162: 1150:Protestant Reformation 1111:University of Tübingen 998:deprived the Margrave 984: 976: 824:), in contrast to the 641:Conrad von Beutelsbach 552: 385: 149:, the former Prussian 138: 136:Old Castle (Stuttgart) 2394:Timeline of Stuttgart 2043:five election results 2030: 1996:the rest of Germany. 1779:Bishopric of Konstanz 1753: 1745: 1729: 1528: 1520: 1512: 1501: 1374: 1157: 982: 967: 960:County of Württemberg 773:after the battles of 771:Old Swiss Confederacy 550: 535:House of Hohenstaufen 501:Old Swiss Confederacy 379: 134: 3842:House of Württemberg 3739:History of Thuringia 2413:History of Franconia 2405:(SWR) is the public- 1942:Battle of Königgrätz 1861:German Confederation 1732:German Confederation 1718:Grand Duchy of Baden 1596:During the reign of 1490:Duchy of Württemberg 1422:battle of Nordlingen 1350:German Peasants' War 1284:German Peasants' War 1023:lords of Beutelsbach 1004:Christoph I of Baden 969:Christoph I of Baden 956:Margraviate of Baden 904:Treaty of Westphalia 888:Emperor Ferdinand II 744:Freiburg im Breisgau 459:founded the city of 439:With the decline of 424:. With the death of 53:improve this article 3687:History of Saarland 3354:, pp. 158–159. 3342:, pp. 157–158. 3315:, pp. 280–281. 3251:, pp. 279–280. 3203:, pp. 270–271. 3150:, pp. 269–270. 2942:, pp. 141–142. 2889:"Württemberg" 2849:, pp. 858–859. 2734:, pp. 857–858. 2264:The members of the 2154:Esslingen am Neckar 1938:Austro-Prussian War 1710:Electorate of Baden 1685:Frederick the Great 1606:Louis XIV of France 1551:Louis XIV of France 1529:Flag of Württemberg 1436:From 1584 to 1622, 1426:Peace of Westphalia 1394:Electorate Palatine 1295:Bishopric of Speyer 1217:Schmalkaldic League 1060:Treaty of Münsingen 1008:illustration, right 931:Peace of Westphalia 872:Christian of Anhalt 692:Palatinate (region) 422:Holy Roman Emperors 301:appeared. In 1806, 250:modern German state 3800:History of Hamburg 3596:History of Bavaria 2445:Books and articles 2233:Article 29 of the 2224:new state of Baden 2059:Dietrich von Jagow 2039: 1946:Tauberbischofsheim 1865:Congress of Vienna 1841:Napoleon Bonaparte 1795:peace of Pressburg 1783:Rhenish Palatinate 1759: 1748: 1740: 1617:Ludwigsburg Palace 1531: 1523: 1515: 1507: 1503:Ludwigsburg Palace 1377: 1360: 1315:Treaty of Tübingen 1277: 1241:Christopher's son 1163: 1144:Reformation period 1072:Holy Roman Emperor 985: 977: 973:Hans Baldung Grien 880:James I of England 840:of the Empire and 553: 543:House of Zähringen 493:Free imperial city 445:House of Zähringen 404:," came the name " 386: 382:Württemberg Castle 139: 3824: 3823: 3787:History of Bremen 3774:History of Berlin 3700:History of Saxony 3561:States of Germany 2500:978-1-74059-988-7 2271:Baden-Württemberg 2260:Baden-Württemberg 2220:Württemberg-Baden 2205:Württemberg-Baden 2126:Volksgemeinschaft 2119:Justice Minister 2102:Volksgemeinschaft 2098:Volksgemeinschaft 2077:. From 1934, the 1846:Battle of Leipzig 1764:French Revolution 1627:Charles Alexander 1478:Holy Roman Empire 1466:Kingdom of France 1446:Thirty Years' War 1414:Thirty Years' War 1367:Thirty Years' War 1361:Thirty Years' War 1015:Lord of Virdeberg 876:Evangelical Union 615:and the Count of 505:Duchy of Burgundy 471:was described as 273:city district of 254:Baden-Württemberg 207:Holy Roman Empire 196:Holy Roman Empire 129: 128: 121: 103: 16:(Redirected from 3864: 3847:History of Baden 3797: 3796: 3795: 3784: 3783: 3782: 3771: 3770: 3769: 3751: 3736: 3735: 3734: 3723: 3722: 3721: 3710: 3709: 3708: 3697: 3696: 3695: 3684: 3683: 3682: 3671: 3670: 3669: 3658: 3657: 3656: 3645: 3644: 3643: 3632: 3631: 3630: 3622:History of Hesse 3619: 3618: 3617: 3606: 3605: 3604: 3593: 3592: 3591: 3580: 3579: 3578: 3558: 3557: 3556: 3546: 3539: 3532: 3523: 3518: 3497: 3495: 3494: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3449:. Archived from 3443: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3387: 3381: 3372: 3366: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3252: 3246: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3105: 3099: 3086: 3080: 3059: 3053: 3044: 3038: 3027: 3021: 3002: 2996: 2983: 2977: 2966: 2960: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2900: 2899: 2891: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2823: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2778: 2772: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2744: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2708: 2699: 2693: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2649: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2630:on 18 March 2018 2626:. Archived from 2620: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2596: 2587: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2572: 2563: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2548: 2539: 2533: 2512: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2480: 2466: 2438: 2429: 2388: 2383: 2382: 2381: 2374: 2369: 2368: 2367: 2360: 2355: 2354: 2353: 2216:Bundesautobahn 8 1897:serious uprising 1887:fostered trade. 1681:Frederick Eugene 1669:Seven Years' War 1410:Johann Frederick 1388:) united in the 1176:and some became 846:Elector Palatine 826:Lower Palatinate 818:Upper Palatinate 702:Vorderösterreich 633:Baden-Sausenberg 518:High Middle Ages 467:and west of the 124: 117: 113: 110: 104: 102: 61: 37: 29: 21: 18:History of Baden 3872: 3871: 3867: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3862: 3861: 3827: 3826: 3825: 3820: 3804: 3793: 3791: 3780: 3778: 3767: 3765: 3752: 3743: 3732: 3730: 3719: 3717: 3706: 3704: 3693: 3691: 3680: 3678: 3667: 3665: 3654: 3652: 3641: 3639: 3628: 3626: 3615: 3613: 3602: 3600: 3589: 3587: 3576: 3574: 3563: 3559:History of the 3554: 3552: 3550: 3507:, ed. (1911). " 3503: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3456: 3454: 3453:on 7 April 2015 3445: 3444: 3440: 3430: 3428: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3413:Stephenson 2006 3411: 3407: 3401:Stephenson 2006 3399: 3390: 3384:Stephenson 2006 3382: 3375: 3369:Stephenson 2006 3367: 3358: 3352:Stephenson 2006 3350: 3346: 3340:Stephenson 2006 3338: 3334: 3328:Stephenson 2006 3326: 3319: 3313:Stephenson 2006 3311: 3307: 3301:Stephenson 2006 3299: 3292: 3286:Stephenson 2006 3284: 3280: 3274:Stephenson 2006 3272: 3255: 3249:Stephenson 2006 3247: 3240: 3234:Stephenson 2006 3232: 3228: 3222:Stephenson 2006 3220: 3207: 3201:Stephenson 2006 3199: 3195: 3189:Stephenson 2006 3187: 3183: 3177:Stephenson 2006 3175: 3166: 3160:Stephenson 2006 3158: 3154: 3148:Stephenson 2006 3146: 3139: 3133:Stephenson 2006 3131: 3127: 3121:Stephenson 2006 3119: 3108: 3102:Stephenson 2006 3100: 3089: 3083:Stephenson 2006 3081: 3062: 3056:Stephenson 2006 3054: 3047: 3041:Stephenson 2006 3039: 3030: 3024:Stephenson 2006 3022: 3005: 2999:Stephenson 2006 2997: 2986: 2980:Stephenson 2006 2978: 2969: 2963:Stephenson 2006 2961: 2946: 2940:Stephenson 2006 2938: 2934: 2928:Stephenson 2006 2926: 2922: 2916:Stephenson 2006 2914: 2903: 2885: 2884: 2880: 2872: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2824: 2817: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2766: 2762: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2745: 2738: 2730: 2726: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2709: 2702: 2694: 2667: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2643: 2633: 2631: 2622: 2621: 2614: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2597: 2590: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2573: 2566: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2549: 2542: 2534: 2515: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2463: 2450: 2447: 2442: 2441: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2403:Südwestrundfunk 2384: 2379: 2377: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2356: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2302:Dukes of Swabia 2262: 2256: 2211: 2199:Main articles: 2197: 2025: 2017:Weimar Republic 1962:Battle of Wörth 1834:peace of Vienna 1826:"mediatisation" 1807:Further Austria 1724: 1708:Main articles: 1706: 1591:Napoleonic wars 1496: 1488:Main articles: 1486: 1456:, in the whole 1369: 1363: 1286: 1280: 1263:Further Austria 1198:, landgrave of 1152: 1146: 962: 954:Main articles: 952: 753:in the area of 698:Further Austria 694: 688:Further Austria 686:Main articles: 684: 666:, and acquired 627:" rather than " 545: 533:Main articles: 531: 374: 372:Duchy of Swabia 368: 366:Duchy of Swabia 360:Duchy of Swabia 266: 125: 114: 108: 105: 62: 60: 50: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3870: 3868: 3860: 3859: 3857:Swabian Circle 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3829: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3818: 3812: 3810: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3802: 3789: 3776: 3762: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3741: 3728: 3715: 3702: 3689: 3676: 3663: 3650: 3637: 3624: 3611: 3598: 3585: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3564: 3551: 3549: 3548: 3541: 3534: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3505:Chisholm, Hugh 3486: 3485: 3464: 3438: 3417: 3415:, p. 349. 3405: 3403:, p. 324. 3388: 3386:, p. 161. 3373: 3371:, p. 159. 3356: 3344: 3332: 3330:, p. 284. 3317: 3305: 3303:, p. 281. 3290: 3288:, p. 286. 3278: 3276:, p. 282. 3253: 3238: 3236:, p. 235. 3226: 3224:, p. 279. 3205: 3193: 3191:, p. 277. 3181: 3179:, p. 270. 3164: 3162:, p. 275. 3152: 3137: 3135:, p. 129. 3125: 3123:, p. 160. 3106: 3104:, p. 158. 3087: 3085:, p. 157. 3060: 3058:, p. 133. 3045: 3043:, p. 128. 3028: 3026:, p. 130. 3003: 3001:, p. 127. 2984: 2982:, p. 141. 2967: 2965:, p. 134. 2944: 2932: 2920: 2901: 2878: 2876:, p. 859. 2851: 2839: 2815: 2794: 2773: 2767:Peter Wilson, 2760: 2736: 2724: 2700: 2698:, p. 858. 2665: 2641: 2612: 2588: 2564: 2540: 2538:, p. 857. 2513: 2499: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2467: 2462:978-1852854423 2461: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2439: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2416: 2415: 2410: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2386:History portal 2375: 2372:Germany portal 2361: 2345: 2342: 2337:General Treaty 2298:Staufen family 2284:: three black 2258:Main article: 2255: 2252: 2196: 2193: 2158:Weltanschauung 2024: 2021: 1925:In July 1864, 1871:The new king, 1787:prince-elector 1781:, part of the 1705: 1702: 1653:Charles Eugene 1631:Roman Catholic 1598:Eberhard Louis 1494:Swabian Circle 1485: 1482: 1462:King Louis XIV 1365:Main article: 1362: 1359: 1337:, for 220,000 1319:Swabian League 1282:Main article: 1279: 1276: 1228:Kirchenordnung 1213:Tübinger Stift 1148:Main article: 1145: 1142: 951: 948: 874:, founded the 857:Kaiserslautern 842:Imperial Vicar 794:Count of Tyrol 767:Lake Constance 683: 680: 603:, Margrave of 530: 527: 473:Upper Burgundy 465:Jura Mountains 370:Main article: 367: 364: 265: 262: 238:religious wars 127: 126: 41: 39: 32: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3869: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3801: 3790: 3788: 3777: 3775: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3755: 3750: 3740: 3729: 3727: 3716: 3714: 3703: 3701: 3690: 3688: 3677: 3675: 3664: 3662: 3651: 3649: 3638: 3636: 3625: 3623: 3612: 3610: 3599: 3597: 3586: 3584: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3547: 3542: 3540: 3535: 3533: 3528: 3527: 3524: 3516: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3500:public domain 3489: 3488: 3474: 3468: 3465: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3439: 3427: 3421: 3418: 3414: 3409: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2933: 2930:, p. 43. 2929: 2924: 2921: 2918:, p. 42. 2917: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2896: 2890: 2882: 2879: 2875: 2874:Chisholm 1911 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2847:Chisholm 1911 2843: 2840: 2828: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2804: 2798: 2795: 2783: 2777: 2774: 2770: 2764: 2761: 2749: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2732:Chisholm 1911 2728: 2725: 2713: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2696:Chisholm 1911 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2654: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2629: 2625: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2601: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2577: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2553: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2536:Chisholm 1911 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2502: 2496: 2492: 2491:Lonely Planet 2488: 2487: 2479: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2448: 2444: 2436: 2435: 2428: 2425: 2418: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2387: 2376: 2373: 2362: 2359: 2348: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2272: 2267: 2261: 2253: 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1650: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1602:William Louis 1599: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1575:Enlightenment 1571: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1527: 1519: 1511: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1454:Middle Neckar 1451: 1447: 1443: 1442:Baden-Durlach 1439: 1434: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1398:Baden-Durlach 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1373: 1368: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1285: 1278:Peasants' War 1275: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1182:Baden-Durlach 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1166:Martin Luther 1160: 1156: 1151: 1143: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1091: 1088: 1083: 1081: 1080:Imperial Diet 1078:, and of the 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1052:Duchy of Teck 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 992: 990: 981: 974: 970: 966: 961: 957: 949: 947: 945: 941: 937: 932: 927: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 900: 898: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 864: 862: 858: 854: 849: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 814: 813:Upper Bavaria 810: 806: 802: 797: 795: 791: 786: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 728: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 709: 703: 699: 693: 689: 681: 679: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 648: 646: 642: 636: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 581: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 549: 544: 540: 539:House of Welf 536: 528: 526: 523: 519: 515: 514: 508: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 437: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 388:The Duchy of 383: 378: 373: 365: 363: 361: 357: 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Retrieved 3467: 3455:. Retrieved 3451:the original 3441: 3429:. Retrieved 3420: 3408: 3347: 3335: 3308: 3281: 3229: 3196: 3184: 3155: 3128: 2935: 2923: 2893: 2881: 2842: 2830:. Retrieved 2806:. Retrieved 2797: 2785:. Retrieved 2776: 2771:(2009) p 789 2768: 2763: 2751:. Retrieved 2727: 2715:. Retrieved 2656:. Retrieved 2632:. Retrieved 2628:the original 2603:. Retrieved 2579:. Retrieved 2555:. Retrieved 2504:. Retrieved 2485: 2478: 2452: 2432: 2427: 2407:broadcasting 2402: 2334: 2310:Freudenstadt 2282:coat of arms 2277: 2275: 2270: 2263: 2248: 2240: 2232: 2212: 2189: 2184: 2180:Karl Strölin 2176: 2172: 2165: 2162: 2157: 2149: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2130: 2125: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2091: 2087: 2074: 2067:Wilhelm Murr 2063: 2055:Adolf Hitler 2049: 2047: 2040: 2037:coat of arms 2012: 2006: 1998: 1994: 1986: 1966: 1954: 1935: 1924: 1919: 1903: 1901: 1889: 1870: 1858: 1838: 1819: 1772: 1760: 1697:Frederick II 1693:francophones 1677:Louis Eugene 1674: 1657:"New Castle" 1651: 1625: 1614: 1595: 1579: 1567: 1548: 1532: 1435: 1418:Eberhard III 1378: 1343: 1302: 1290: 1287: 1240: 1221: 1202:, and other 1193: 1186: 1164: 1123: 1109:founded the 1104: 1093: 1084: 1076:Maximilian I 1067: 1049: 1041:"Old Castle" 1035: 1012: 1007: 993: 986: 968: 928: 901: 897:Maximilian I 865: 850: 845: 841: 837: 825: 821: 817: 800: 798: 787: 738:east of the 729: 707: 705: 701: 700:(in German: 697: 695: 649: 637: 582: 554: 511: 509: 441:East Francia 438: 418:Hohenstaufen 410:stem duchies 387: 329: 311: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 267: 234:Count Conrad 227: 200: 169: 163: 151:Hohenzollern 142: 140: 115: 106: 96: 89: 82: 75: 63: 51:Please help 46:verification 43: 26: 3758:City-states 3509:Württemberg 3478:28 February 3457:28 February 3431:28 February 2832:28 February 2808:28 February 2787:28 February 2753:28 February 2717:28 February 2658:28 February 2634:28 February 2605:28 February 2581:28 February 2557:28 February 2201:South Baden 2150:Kreisleiter 2035:Württemberg 1990:Duke Albert 1973:post office 1908:bureaucracy 1877:Württemberg 1822:Frederick I 1775:Alexander I 1689:Montbéliard 1667:during the 1643:Carl Rudolf 1546:dynasties. 1535:Reformation 1458:Upper Rhine 1438:Baden-Baden 1402:Württemberg 1354:Reformation 1346:Ferdinand I 1307:Poor Conrad 1303:arme Konrad 1267:direct fief 1251:Frederick I 1178:Protestants 1170:Reformation 1138:Württemberg 1115:Eberhard II 1082:, in 1495. 1056:Montbéliard 924:Württemberg 861:Zweibrücken 838:Archsteward 834:electorates 830:Golden Bull 805:Wittelsbach 777:(1315) and 742:(including 609:Berthold II 585:Middle Ages 583:During the 443:power, the 380:The former 303:Württemberg 299:Wurttemberg 219:grand duchy 211:margraviate 155:Württemberg 109:August 2016 3831:Categories 2506:1 February 2471:References 2322:Tuttlingen 2185:kreislater 2032:Weimar-era 1982:William II 1977:telegraphs 1881:Zollverein 1863:, but the 1850:Metternich 1815:grand duke 1621:Versailles 1450:status quo 1323:William IV 1299:extortions 1259:suzerainty 1255:Rudolph II 1232:Oberamture 1204:Protestant 1134:Eberhard I 1119:deposition 1107:Eberhard V 1090:parliament 1064:Eberhard V 1019:Luxembourg 748:margravate 725:Vorarlberg 676:Eberhard I 483:, between 453:Berthold V 307:Wurtemberg 295:Würtemberg 291:Wirtemberg 287:Wirtenberc 283:Wirtembenc 279:Wirtenberg 246:absolutism 215:Napoleonic 79:newspapers 2326:Karlsruhe 2269:The name 2235:Basic Law 2134:Herrnvolk 2094:Action T4 2064:Gauleiter 2050:Reichstag 2009:abdicated 1914:with the 1912:concordat 1873:William I 1803:Habsburgs 1768:indemnity 1661:Stuttgart 1610:Waldenses 1580:In 1771, 1555:Pforzheim 1404:) in the 1311:Wat Tyler 1291:Bundschuh 1236:Landkreis 1224:Christoph 1194:Aided by 1128:became a 1105:In 1477, 1087:bicameral 1066:, called 1045:Stuttgart 1000:Charles I 989:Bernard I 910:. In the 868:Calvinist 822:Oberpfalz 807:Dukes of 775:Morgarten 723:, and in 713:Habsburgs 672:Ulrich II 617:Zähringen 613:Carinthia 599:, son of 593:Zähringen 570:Villingen 562:Offenburg 513:Alemannia 489:Solothurn 457:Zähringen 275:Rotenberg 271:Stuttgart 230:Stuttgart 2344:See also 2330:Freiburg 2318:Rottweil 1885:railways 1799:Breisgau 1791:Napoleon 1544:Habsburg 1431:peasants 1247:Tübingen 1174:Catholic 944:Sulzbach 908:Tettnang 783:Fricktal 755:Augsburg 736:Breisgau 708:Vorlande 662:and the 625:margrave 566:Rottweil 558:Freiburg 503:and the 434:Habsburg 430:Rudolf I 426:Conradin 406:Schwaben 402:Alemania 394:Alemanni 356:subsumed 342:and the 336:Alemanni 242:imperial 192:Clovis I 182:and the 176:Alemanni 3809:Related 3502:: 2486:Germany 2294:griffin 2278:Landtag 2048:In the 1931:Prussia 1927:Charles 1665:Prussia 1559:Durlach 1540:Bourbon 1472:to the 1386:Bavaria 1382:Emperor 1327:Bavaria 1208:Lauffen 1095:Landtag 1068:im Bart 929:By the 916:Bavaria 902:At the 890:at the 884:Bohemia 853:Simmern 809:Bavaria 790:Austria 779:Sempach 732:Sundgau 719:), the 601:Hermann 597:Hermann 520:. Even 451:. Duke 412:of the 326:rampart 205:of the 93:scholar 3798: 3785: 3772: 3737: 3724: 3711: 3698: 3685: 3672: 3659: 3646: 3633: 3620: 3607: 3594: 3581: 3568:States 3496: 2497: 2459: 2434:Herzog 2401:; the 2292:and a 2207:, and 1916:Papacy 1720:, and 1470:Alsace 1390:League 1339:gulden 1331:Sabina 1196:Philip 1189:Ulrich 1161:, 1495 1126:county 1092:, the 1027:Neckar 975:, 1515 936:Jülich 922:, and 859:, and 763:Aargau 751:Burgau 721:Alsace 717:Swabia 660:Neckar 605:Verona 574:Zürich 541:, and 522:Alsace 396:. The 390:Swabia 352:Clovis 350:under 348:Franks 344:Danube 322:Romans 190:under 188:Franks 184:Danube 166:Romans 159:Swabia 153:, and 95: 88: 81: 74: 66: 2419:Notes 2286:lions 2117:Reich 2075:Reich 1854:Fulda 1805:(see 1587:Rhine 1474:Rhine 1406:Union 1243:Louis 1200:Hesse 1130:duchy 971:, by 920:Baden 740:Rhine 668:Urach 629:count 621:Baden 589:Baden 469:Reuss 398:Suevi 340:Rhine 331:limes 318:Suebi 314:Celts 180:Rhine 171:limes 147:Baden 100:JSTOR 86:books 3480:2015 3459:2015 3433:2015 2834:2015 2810:2015 2789:2015 2755:2015 2719:2015 2660:2015 2636:2015 2607:2015 2583:2015 2559:2015 2508:2009 2495:ISBN 2457:ISBN 2328:and 2320:and 2314:Horb 2306:Calw 2290:deer 2013:Land 1920:diet 1910:. 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Knowledge (XXG)

History of Baden-Württemberg

Index