20:
274:
244:
1102:
289:
259:
367:, wealthy British landowners began to take an interest in the profitability of their livestock from the 18th century onwards. Around 1760, Robert Bakewell, a British breeder, began to select cattle, sheep and horses through inbreeding and feed improvement. He greatly improved the performance of what would become the longhorn breed. In 1785, the Colling brothers applied the same methods to the future
304:
232:
319:
1088:
378:
Until the beginning of the 20th century, farmers paid little attention to the selection of their livestock, as long as they could survive. It was not until the 19th century, under the influence of
England, that owners began to select animals to improve their performance. Most of today's cattle breeds
421:
Rigorous selection of breeds' genetic characteristics: this later approach (second half of the 19th century) resulted in specialized breeds of sufficient quality that they did not need to be crossed. The most successful of these is the
Charolais. draft breeds have also benefited from their powerful
554:
Genetic research has begun a movement to safeguard the low-productivity breeds still available from a few breeders, to retain a genetic variability that may be useful in the future. This movement is supported by a strong sense of belonging among breeders, who wish to preserve these pure ancestral
627:
France is recognized as a major cheese-producing country, and its lean meat breeds are in great demand, leading to the export of breeding stock to every continent. It's worth noting that, for several branches of
European breeds, French breeds are the most efficient:
663:
association is opposed to this practice: "These young calves have already been taken from their mothers at birth, usually at the age of one day, after the first colostrum feedings. Already stressed by maternal separation, they need contact with other calves".
449:
to supply the cavalry for the war) and was extended to other bred species, with the establishment of morphological characteristics and selection plans. From individual breeding by wealthy owners, selection became collective and extended to all
698:
611:
AOC. A butcher's AOC has also been created: fin gras du MĂ©zenc. This AOC was based on the reputation of Mezine fat cattle, but it was the
Limousin, Aubrac and Charolais breeds that benefited, the AOC arriving too late to save the
544:. Consumption trends call for calves raised under mother's milk. Meat breeds sometimes lack the milk to feed their calves exclusively for long periods. Mixed breeds therefore offer interesting crosses with meat breed bulls.
527:
The arrival of highly specialized dairy breeds has made the breeding of certain breeds unprofitable. But their ancient selection for milk and work has served them well, enabling them to become new suckler breeds:
208:
Hereford, imported in the 1960s, is now an official breed, although numbers remain low. More recently, the
Canadienne was introduced in 1995 and 1999 for historical reasons: a breed of French origin exported to
19:
401:
Introduction of exogenous blood: begun in the 18th century, this influence lasted for almost two hundred years. The meat potential of north-western French breeds was improved mainly by the addition of
British
555:
breeds selected over centuries on the basis of precise criteria (e.g. the
Mirandaise breed for its pulling ability, calmness and hardiness). This phenomenon has even resisted the merging of breeds: the
379:
were born at this time, and are the result of crossbreeding and genetic research, to obtain versatile (working breed, milk and meat producer) or specialized animals. From the outset, the
505:
was discovered to be present in beef. Breeds selected for work under the yoke had a much lower level of cholesterol, and it was the French breeds that produced the highest yields.
340:
Cattle breeding has always had several economic interests: the supply of milk (formerly destined mainly for cheese and butter production), meat and leather. In regions where heavy
371:. This easy-to-fatten breed was to become a sensation in Europe. In Switzerland, in 1775, the first herd-book was created for the mountain gray breed of the territorial abbey of
459:
In 1945, France had a food deficit. The political authorities encouraged productivity and the modernization of agriculture. The ideal scheme envisaged by some boiled down to a
337:
From these elements, each region, and even each mountain valley, has selected a breed that corresponds to its needs and the difficulties of its terroir (climate and soil).
607:
has survived, again thanks to a group of die-hard breeders. The breed seems to have been saved, with numbers reaching the 1,000 mark and registered for the production of
498:. The aim remains to keep a core of highly profitable breeds and to encourage artificial insemination: the less profitable "old breeds" are thus diluted and disappear.
969:
624:
Today, France has a considerable number of breeds. This genetic variability is further accentuated by the fact that almost all
European branches are represented.
615:
The
Bordeaux breed also succumbed to crossbreeding. However, it was possible to reconstitute it from crossbred individuals displaying the breed's characteristics.
67:. From then on, cattle accompanied peoples on their migrations. According to Philippe J. Dubois, the bovine species arrived in Europe via three routes: from the
1138:
1133:
547:
Montbéliarde breeders resisted the merger of their herds with the
Eastern Red Pied. They won the day, and their breed is now the most productive of the
513:
418:. These crossbreeds replaced the breeds that had disappeared at the time: Mancelle, Percheronne, Cotentine, Augeronne, Cauchoise, Breton Pie Rouge.
273:
383:
breed spread rapidly throughout the world, particularly in France from 1830 onwards, where it became the benchmark cow for some thirty years.
1065:
1046:
1027:
1008:
824:
512:
Some breeds are better adapted to their terroir of origin, and the reputation of the products they produce protects them. For example, the
193:
blood was injected into many breeds in the north-west of the country in the 18th and 19th centuries, helping to improve meat potential:
41:
populations from several European offshoots, after centuries of breeding and selection practices. The French herd includes crosses with
55:
Cows in production represented 7.7 million head (4.2 suckling and 3.5 dairy), and milk production in 2005 was 239 million hectolitres.
799:
478:
breeds, which are highly efficient in their local environment, are favored. Blondes from the southwest were merged into the new
243:
575:. Once denigrated, this behavior is now encouraged: breeders of small breeds receive aid to maintain their herds as purebreds.
678:
604:
673:
660:
344:
were not available, this function was delegated to work oxen or robust cows (south-west, Massif Central, Alps, etc.).
175:, imported to improve the dairy potential of French breeds from the 18th to the twentieth century: Prim'Holstein,
608:
182:
Nordic branch: the Normande would have benefited from Viking livestock brought over in the 19th century, and the
1123:
603:
region, there was a variety of so-called "blondes du sud-est" breeds, such as MĂ©zine and Bressanne. Only the
75:. Studies have not revealed any interbreeding between these domesticated cattle and their wild ancestor, the
26:
1128:
560:
548:
495:
168:
638:
589:
572:
479:
427:
279:
109:). It may be indigenous to southwestern Europe, as several breeds of this type also exist in Spain and
102:
231:
258:
470:
This project underwent a number of adjustments designed to obtain well-adapted regional breeds. The
288:
659:
In the European Union, calves under 8 weeks of age can be kept in very small individual cages. The
593:
564:
501:
This work of selecting the most productive breeds was quickly recognized abroad. At the same time,
72:
1107:
364:
318:
303:
224:
in Guadeloupe, half-breed of zebu and Hispanic breeds such as Criollo or Moka in Reunion Island.
125:
592:
in 1962, the Blonde des Pyrénées, Blonde Garonnaise and Blonde du Quercy were eliminated. Only
347:
Selection work began in the abbeys. The work of the monks is not lost between generations. The
1061:
1042:
1023:
1004:
820:
795:
521:
407:
394:(1833) and breeding competitions (1850) contributed to this improvement in livestock numbers.
387:
202:
121:
517:
464:
423:
372:
352:
249:
155:
147:
64:
642:
475:
431:
172:
106:
94:
87:
83:
632:
471:
324:
151:
600:
391:
221:
1117:
1093:
649:
541:
537:
529:
348:
294:
176:
114:
516:
decrees for Savoyard cheeses specify a limit of 5,000 kg of milk per lactation. The
1039:À nos vaches... : Inventaire des races bovines disparues et menacées de France
460:
556:
533:
524:(or Tarine) breeds are thus better adapted and dairy enough to reach this quota.
502:
491:
411:
341:
198:
162:
1083:
483:
568:
442:
435:
403:
380:
368:
264:
190:
183:
136:
129:
584:
A number of breeds disappeared during this reorganization of agriculture.
93:
Numerous branches have appeared with the great population movements since
487:
446:
415:
309:
194:
140:
110:
508:
However, a few grains of sand were to disrupt this well-oiled machine.
76:
52:
In 2010, the French cattle population numbered 19.3 million head.
38:
652:
is one of the most efficient calf feeders in the blond and red breeds.
71:, from the shores of the Mediterranean, and from North Africa via the
63:
The domestication of Bos taurus is thought to have taken place in the
1058:
Toutes les vaches de France : d'hier, d'aujourd'hui et de demain
210:
146:
Rameau Pie rouge from the mountains that spilled over from the Alps:
68:
970:"Les conditions d'Ă©levage Ă l'isolation des jeunes veaux laitiers"
18:
699:"Stabilité de la production bovine de l'Union européenne en 2010"
217:
42:
635:
is the strongest milk producer in the pie rouge mountain breed.
186:
from cattle introduced by Swedish soldiers in the 18th century.
445:. This movement began with horses (national stud farms under
1020:
Races bovines : Histoire, aptitudes, situation actuelle
1077:
Races bovines de France : origine, standard, sélection
941:
Races bovines de France : origine, standard, sélection
817:
Races bovines de France : Origine, Standard, SĂ©lection
655:
In the brown branch, the Parthenaise breed is the heaviest.
588:
When the southwestern blond breeds were merged to form the
213:, it is now coming back after a rigorous selection process.
1003:. Histoire (in French). Presses universitaires de Rennes.
1001:
L'élevage bovin : De l'agronome au paysan (1700–1850)
161:
Baltic red with Flemish red, brought over by trade in the
90:, may have lived in their territory for a very long time.
819:(in French). France Agricole Éditions. pp. 219–222.
1075:
Dervillé, Marie; Patin, Stéphane; Avon, Laurent (2009).
939:
Dervillé, Marie; Patin, Stéphane; Avon, Laurent (2009).
926:
Les Vaches ont une histoire. Naissance des races bovines
815:
Dervillé, Marie; Patin, Stéphane; Avon, Laurent (2009).
24:
Paysans ramenant à la maison un veau né dans les champs,
956:
Larousse agricole : Le monde paysan du xxie siècle
777:
Larousse agricole : Le monde paysan du xxie siècle
463:
d, the French Frisonne Pie Noir, and a beef breed, the
49:) in the French overseas departments and territories.
406:, resulting in heavy breeds with high growth rates:
943:(in French). France Agricole Editions. p. 15.
928:(in French). Delachaux et Niestlé. p. 8.
645:are the heaviest of the blond and red breeds.
422:morphology to produce excellent meat breeds:
8:
792:Inventaire des animaux domestiques en France
924:Denis, Bernard; Baudement, Emile (2016).
390:by the Minister of Trade and Agriculture
690:
225:
1018:Denis, Bernard; Avon, Laurent (2010).
911:
899:
887:
875:
863:
851:
839:
764:(in French). Éditions France agricole.
747:
735:
723:
711:
37:is the result of the intermingling of
7:
1139:Cattle breeds originating in France
1060:(in French). Delachaux et Niestlé.
1041:(in French). Delachaux et Niestlé.
958:(in French). Larousse. p. 768.
779:(in French). Larousse. p. 768.
559:has not totally disappeared in the
1134:Cattle breeds by country of origin
1022:(in French). Castor & Pollux.
794:(in French). Nathan. p. 359.
14:
35:history of French cattle breeding
1100:
1086:
317:
302:
287:
272:
257:
242:
230:
1079:(in French). Agricole Editions.
355:breeds are of monastic origin.
679:Villard-de-Lans (cattle breed)
1:
1056:Dubois, Philippe J. (2017).
1037:Dubois, Philippe J. (2011).
674:List of French cattle breeds
397:Three phenomena took place:
135:Steppe grey, brought by the
661:Compassion in World Farming
1155:
220:: Brahmane in Martinique,
117:, asturiana de los valles.
999:Reynaud, Florian (2010).
609:Bleu du Vercors-Sassenage
82:Some breeds, such as the
790:Raveneau, Alain (1994).
762:Races bovines françaises
16:Cattle farming in France
596:and lourdaise remained.
30:
561:Pie Rouge des Plaines
496:Pie Rouge des Plaines
22:
386:The introduction of
27:Jean-François Millet
580:Disappearing breeds
73:Strait of Gibraltar
1108:Agriculture portal
954:Collectif (2002).
775:Collectif (2002).
639:Blonde d'Aquitaine
590:Blonde d'Aquitaine
573:blonde d'Aquitaine
486:was absorbed into
480:Blonde d'Aquitaine
428:Blonde d'Aquitaine
388:agricultural shows
365:enclosure movement
280:Blonde d'Aquitaine
103:blonde d'Aquitaine
47:Bos taurus indicus
31:
1067:978-2-603-02456-0
1048:978-2-603-01707-4
1029:978-2-35008-026-0
1010:978-2-7535-1228-3
826:978-2-85557-151-5
122:Bretonne Pie Noir
120:Rameau Celtique (
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902:, p. 13-14)
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551:mountain breeds.
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189:British breeds:
65:Fertile Crescent
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1124:Cattle breeding
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605:Villard-de-Lans
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457:
414:, saosnoise or
361:
359:Breed selection
335:
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298:
292:
283:
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268:
262:
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173:North Sea Coast
126:Froment du LĂ©on
101:Rameau blond: (
61:
59:Diverse origins
17:
12:
11:
5:
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890:, p. 336)
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878:, p. 266)
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854:, p. 399)
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842:, p. 398)
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760:Babo, Daniel.
752:
750:, p. 375)
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738:, p. 370)
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408:Rouge des Prés
392:Adolphe Thiers
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237:Prim'Holstein.
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203:Rouge des Prés
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13:
10:
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1129:Cattle breeds
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1094:France portal
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914:, p. 13)
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726:, p. 10)
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538:Bleue du Nord
535:
531:
526:
523:
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511:
510:
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506:
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499:
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489:
485:
482:breed, while
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473:
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466:
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455:Modern breeds
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177:Bleue du Nord
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169:Cattle breeds
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115:Rubia Gallega
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28:
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993:Bibliography
978:. Retrieved
973:
964:
955:
949:
940:
934:
925:
919:
912:Dubois (2017
907:
900:Dubois (2017
895:
888:Dubois (2017
883:
876:Dubois (2017
871:
864:Dubois (2017
859:
852:Dubois (2017
847:
840:Dubois (2017
835:
816:
810:
791:
785:
776:
770:
761:
755:
748:Dubois (2017
743:
736:Dubois (2017
731:
724:Dubois (2017
719:
714:, p. 9)
712:Dubois (2017
707:
693:
658:
633:Montbéliarde
626:
623:
583:
507:
500:
472:Montbéliarde
469:
458:
441:Creation of
396:
385:
377:
362:
346:
342:draft horses
339:
336:
325:Montbéliarde
205:, Saosnoise.
152:Montbéliarde
92:
81:
62:
54:
51:
46:
34:
32:
23:
601:RhĂ´ne-Alpes
557:Armoricaine
534:Parthenaise
503:cholesterol
492:Armoricaine
412:armoricaine
199:Armoricaine
163:Middle Ages
1118:Categories
685:References
620:Conclusion
563:, nor the
522:Tarentaise
484:Mirandaise
461:dairy bree
443:herd-books
373:Einsiedeln
594:BĂ©arnaise
569:lourdaise
565:BĂ©arnaise
549:Pie rouge
518:Abondance
465:Charolais
450:breeders.
436:Bazadaise
424:Charolais
404:Shorthorn
381:Shorthorn
369:shorthorn
363:With the
353:Abondance
250:Charolais
191:Shorthorn
184:Vosgienne
171:from the
156:Simmental
148:Abondance
137:Visigoths
130:Jersiaise
95:Antiquity
974:Le Monde
668:See also
643:Limousin
488:Gasconne
476:Limousin
447:Napoleon
432:Limousin
416:normande
333:Breeding
310:Normande
265:Limousin
195:Normande
141:Gasconne
111:Portugal
107:Limousin
88:Corsican
84:Camargue
980:29 July
701:. 2010.
599:In the
571:in the
216:Use of
77:Aurochs
29:, 1864.
1064:
1045:
1026:
1007:
976:. 2019
823:
798:
650:Salers
612:breed.
542:Salers
530:Aubrac
349:Aubrac
295:Salers
222:Creole
211:Quebec
69:Danube
39:bovine
494:into
43:zebus
1062:ISBN
1043:ISBN
1024:ISBN
1005:ISBN
982:2019
821:ISBN
796:ISBN
648:The
641:and
567:and
540:and
520:and
490:and
474:and
351:and
218:zebu
154:and
86:and
33:The
514:AOC
467:.
375:.
1120::
972:.
536:,
532:,
434:,
430:,
426:,
410:,
201:,
197:,
150:,
139::
128:,
124:,
113::
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