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521:
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355:, a name which came to be used for the Yeke Kingdom as well. Msiri married the daughter of Chief Katanga, who protected him against the xenophobia of Chief Mpanda of Basanga. The name 'Katanga' is derived from Msiri's father-in-law. Msiri's power was based on copper, ivory and slaves, which he traded to both the west coast (
710:
In June, Tshombe signed a pledge to reunite
Katanga with rest of the country, however by August it was clear he had no intention of implementing this agreement. In August and September, the UN conducted two operations to arrest and repatriate the mercenaries and political advisors by force. The
496:) the province was developed much more than the rest of the country. The Belgian mining cartel employed a mixture of contract mercenaries and hired guards to subdue the local population and to ensure transport of minerals and other goods out of the country. The
694:, which authorised 'all appropriate measures' to 'prevent the occurrence of civil war in the Congo, including ... the use of force, if necessary, in the last resort'. The resolution demanded the expulsion from the Congo of all Belgian troops and foreign
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and other goods. The Upemba established a strong commercial demand for their metal technologies and were able to institute a primitive but long-range commercial net (the business connections extended over 1500 km, all the way to the
212:
Several distinct societies developed out of the Upemba culture prior to the genesis of the Luba. Each of these societies based the foundation of their society on that of the one which preceded it (much in the way that many aspects of
635:
was made with the support of
Belgian business interests and over 6,000 Belgian troops. Tshombe was known to be close to the Belgian industrial companies which mined the area's rich resources of copper, gold and uranium.
706:
to end the secession of
Katanga. Despite this new resolution, during the next six months the UN undertook no major military operations, instead concentrating on facilitating several rounds of political negotiations.
406:(CFS) north of Katanga. His attention was drawn by reports of Katanga's copper wealth and the possibility of gold. Msiri tried to stall and play off Leopold's expeditions against those of the latter's European rival,
639:
Katanga was one of the richest and most developed areas of the Congo. Without it, Congo would lose a large part of its mineral assets and consequently of its government income. The view of the
Congolese
145:
peoples; the
Katanga area is one of the few areas in the continent where concurrent settlements of both peoples have been identified. They were assimilated or driven out by the expansion of the
1139:
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run for the benefit of mining interests. Paradoxically, not even
Belgium officially recognised the new state even though it provided Katanga with military assistance. The
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503:
With the high demand of mining workforce in the region many people were brought from neighbouring regions, mostly Luba people from the Kasai area and even workers from
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met in the wake of
Lumumba's death in a highly emotional atmosphere charged with anti-colonial feeling and rhetoric. On 21 February 1961 the Security Council adopted
625:: Federation of Katanga tribal associations). Despite this, the new Katangese government did not have support throughout the province, especially not in the northern
860:
691:
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The request was rejected, but in consistency with other international jurisprudence, on grounds that "The
Commission is obligated to uphold the sovereignty and
438:, an administrative entity separate from the CFS. The Luba resisted, most notably in a major rebellion in 1895, after which many Luba were sent to work as
671:, capital of Katanga, where he was tortured and executed shortly after arrival. Belgian officers, under Katangese command, were present at the execution.
426:
Leopold took possession of
Katanga and on 15 April 1891 its administration on behalf of the CFS was entrusted to another of Leopold's companies, the
32:
418:'s flag by force if necessary. It was. Msiri was uncooperative, and was shot by one of the expedition's European officers on 28 December 1891.
363:) for firearms and gunpowder, enabling him to transform himself within a few years into a warrior-king, conquering the territory between the
479:
On 1 October 1933, it was renamed the province of Élisabethville (in French; Elisabethstad in Dutch), after its capital (now
Lubumbashi).
870:
of Zaire", the Commission hinted that the people of Katanga might have a right to autonomy, as a form of "internal" self-determination.
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The African Charter of Human and People's Rights: A Comprehensive Agenda for Human Dignity and Sustainable Democracy in Africa
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698:, but did not explicitly mandate the UN to conduct offensive operations. This resolution was ultimately interpreted by local
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were put down by the government with help from foreign nations. On May 12, 1978, for example, rebels occupied the city of
763:, where he surrendered on January 15, 1963. The Katangese secession was formally ended by the National Conciliation Plan.
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and of much of international opinion, was that the secession masked an attempt to create a Belgian-controlled
884:, originally due by February 2009 but since delayed, Katanga was to be divided into the following provinces:
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opposed and often interfered with mining operations, and many were killed in raids on mining operations.
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169:. In the marshes of the Upemba Depression, large scale cooperation was necessary to build and maintain
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744:, that would have reunited Katanga with Congo. However, this remained an agreement on paper only.
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Under UN pressure, Tshombe later agreed to a three-stage plan from the acting Secretary General,
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forces launched a decisive attack on Katanga in December 1962. The capital, Elisabethville (now
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The earliest permanent settlements in the Katanga region are, supposedly, those of the
453:
led another rebellion of the Luba that was not suppressed by the Belgians until 1917.
1229:
1189:
Katangese Peoples' Congress v. Zaire, African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
877:
was exiled, as part of the reverting of much of his 'zairisation' of colonial names.
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432:. No effective administration was set up until 19 June 1900, when it was renamed the
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around 500 BCE, the area was probably the site of dwellings by much more widespread
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609:. On 11 July 1960, Katanga broke away from the new Congolese government of
177:. This kind of communal cooperation also made possible the construction of
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to restore order. This resulted in 700 African and 170 European victims.
678:
A postage stamp issued in 1961. Although Katanga was not a member of the
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Beginning in the late 16th century, the province was controlled by the
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The region in which these cultures appeared is particularly rich in
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Approximate correspondence between historical and current provinces
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205:(for iron smelting), glass beads, iron and cowrie shells from the
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are just some of the people who trace their origins to Katanga.
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122:, as well as the history of the region prior to colonization.
15:
805:). Throughout the 1970s, further insurrections like the 1977
752:
490:
resources were heavily exploited by Belgian firms (notably
915:
Approximate correspondence between historical and current
460:, on 1 September 1910, Katanga was integrated into the
43:
1187:
University of Minnesota Human Rights Library website:
725:
died in uncertain circumstances in a plane crash near
813:, the mining centre of the province. Zaire asked the
248:
and the civilization began to develop and implement
1142:. Smithsonian National Museum of African Art. 2019.
718:Peace negotiations ensued, in the course of which,
456:After the take-over of the CFS from Leopold by the
682:, its stamps were tolerated on international mail.
623:Confédération des associations tribales du Katanga
781:In 1966, the central government nationalized the
873:The province became Katanga again in 1997 after
1140:"Striking Iron: The Art of African Blacksmiths"
841:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
711:second operation was resisted by the Katangese
383:, taking over land and subject tribes from the
1192:, Comm. No. 75/92 (1995). Accessed 1 May 2007.
511:Congolese independence and Katangese secession
185:. By the 8th century the Luba were working in
767:emerged as the governor of the new province.
759:), fell in January 1963, and Tshombe fled to
663:In September 1960, Lumumba was replaced in a
8:
861:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
48:introducing citations to additional sources
549:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
801:word for 'brass' (a borrowing from Arabic
715:and resulted in casualties on both sides.
398:, with the assistance of British explorer
569:Learn how and when to remove this message
913:
197:. They used these products to trade for
38:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1131:
656:supported secession and another, under
468:until 1 October 1933, when part of its
225:develop in the area around present day
843:considered a complaint entered by the
256:technology, in addition to trading in
1094:
1024:
667:. On 17 January 1961, he was sent to
347:founded the powerful but short-lived
7:
660:, supported the central government.
547:adding citations to reliable sources
1208:. Nijhoff Publishers. p. 255.
422:Colonial history under Belgian rule
351:. Msiri's home district was called
880:Following the promulgation of the
652:were divided -- one faction under
592:National flag of Katanga (1960–63)
14:
1159:The Congo: From Leopold to Kabila
932:Democratic Republic of the Congo
851:alleging that Zaire breached the
161:'s ancestors, who settled in the
859:, embodied in Article 20 of the
519:
464:but retained a large measure of
442:in the copper mines of Katanga.
31:relies largely or entirely on a
20:
793:. In 1971, Katanga was renamed
633:The declaration of independence
617:, leader of a local party, the
613:, declaring independence under
217:culture were borrowed from the
482:Once Katanga was firmly under
181:to stock fish during the long
1:
784:Union Minière du Haut Katanga
747:Urged on by Congolese leader
493:Union Minière du Haut Katanga
308:
221:). The 5th century saw this
835:. An archaic form of money.
331:In the mid-19th century, a
118:and the former independent
1272:
1202:Fatsah Ouguergouz (2003).
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312:
1218:– via Google Books.
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845:Katanga People's Congress
435:Comité Spécial du Katanga
1154:Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja
327:Msiri's kingdom in 1880
273:From 1500s to the 1800s
981:21 provinces + capital
926:Republic of the Congo
836:
683:
594:
328:
1241:Haut-Katanga Province
1162:. Zed Books. p.
987:8 provinces + capital
984:8 provinces + capital
868:territorial integrity
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775:Further information:
677:
590:
396:Leopold II of Belgium
326:
189:and trading in salt,
720:UN secretary-general
599:granted independence
543:improve this section
429:Compagnie du Katanga
400:Henry Morton Stanley
309:Msiri's Yeke kingdom
59:"History of Katanga"
44:improve this article
1256:Tanganyika Province
919:
704:military operations
607:autonomous province
472:was transferred to
410:. Leopold sent the
1236:History of Katanga
914:
857:self-determination
837:
777:Katanga insurgency
771:Post-Reunification
684:
642:central government
595:
458:Belgian government
402:, established the
394:In the 1880s King
359:) and east coast (
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223:societal evolution
126:Earliest residents
1106:
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882:2006 Constitution
853:international law
731:Northern Rhodesia
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578:
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486:control, and the
412:Stairs Expedition
319:Stairs Expedition
163:Upemba Depression
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1251:Lualaba Province
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1070:Katanga-Oriental
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875:Mobutu Sésé Seko
723:Dag Hammarskjöld
688:Security Council
597:After Congo was
583:State of Katanga
574:
567:
563:
560:
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416:Congo Free State
404:Congo Free State
295:Kanongesha-Lunda
120:State of Katanga
115:Katanga Province
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1009:Élisabethville
1002:Tanganika-Moero
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787:, now known as
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611:Patrice Lumumba
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470:Lomami Province
446:
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313:Main articles:
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153:Luba settlement
149:into the area.
143:hunter-gatherer
132:Bantu migration
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923:Belgian Congo
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749:Cyrille Adoula
692:Resolution 161
601:in June 1960,
581:Main article:
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474:Kasaï Province
444:Kasongo Nyembo
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379:watershed and
339:in modern-day
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42:. Please help
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855:principle of
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839:In 1995, the
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833:Katanga Cross
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815:United States
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654:Ndaye Emanuel
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615:Moise Tshombe
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559:November 2008
552:
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528:This section
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462:Belgian Congo
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414:to raise the
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369:Luapula River
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291:Kazembe-Lunda
288:
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283:Lunda Kingdom
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173:and drainage
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147:Bantu peoples
144:
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100:November 2008
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61: –
60:
56:
55:Find sources:
49:
45:
41:
35:
34:
33:single source
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
1204:
1197:
1188:
1182:
1158:
1148:
1134:
1075:Haut-Katanga
1065:Haut-Luapula
1016:Nord-Katanga
993:11 provinces
990:11 provinces
969:22 districts
889:Haut-Katanga
879:
872:
865:
838:
802:
794:
788:
782:
780:
765:Kisula Ngoye
746:
739:
717:
709:
685:
662:
658:Kisula Ngoye
646:puppet state
638:
631:
622:
596:
565:
556:
541:Please help
529:
502:
491:
481:
478:
455:
440:forced labor
433:
427:
425:
408:Cecil Rhodes
393:
349:Yeke Kingdom
335:trader from
330:
276:
263:Indian Ocean
243:
211:
207:Indian Ocean
156:
129:
112:
110:
97:
87:
80:
73:
66:
54:
30:
1246:Haut-Lomami
1114:Lubumbashi
1041:Haut-Lomami
978:6 provinces
975:6 provinces
972:4 provinces
904:Haut-Lomami
797:, from the
713:gendarmerie
702:to justify
696:mercenaries
665:coup d'état
498:Luba people
447: [
381:Lake Upemba
365:Kasai River
279:Luba Empire
167:Lake Upemba
159:Luba people
113:history of
1230:Categories
1215:9041120610
1173:1842770535
1126:References
1034:Tanganyika
894:Tanganyika
757:Lubumbashi
669:Lubumbashi
605:became an
391:peoples.
353:Garanganza
269:and game.
231:Kabambasee
195:dried fish
183:dry season
111:This is a
70:newspapers
917:provinces
790:Gécamines
700:UN forces
530:does not
227:Kamilamba
130:Prior to
40:talk page
1156:(2002).
1120:timeline
1109:See also
1086:Lusambo
1012:Katanga
1006:Katanga
847:against
629:areas.
466:autonomy
361:Zanzibar
341:Tanzania
333:Nyamwezi
203:charcoal
191:palm oil
1116:history
1092:Lomami
1058:Lualaba
1053:Lualaba
1029:Katanga
1021:Katanga
899:Lualaba
823:Belgium
811:Kolwezi
807:Shaba I
799:Swahili
761:Kolwezi
742:U Thant
686:The UN
619:CONAKAT
603:Katanga
551:removed
536:sources
488:mineral
484:Belgian
373:Zambezi
343:called
239:Katango
229:at the
175:ditches
136:Khoisan
84:scholar
1212:
1170:
1101:Lomami
1089:Kasaï
1082:Lomami
1025:Shaba
929:Zaire
821:, and
819:France
803:shabah
735:Zambia
627:Baluba
505:Zambia
371:, the
357:Angola
337:Tabora
303:Zambia
254:copper
219:Greeks
199:copper
193:, and
86:
79:
72:
65:
57:
1048:Lulua
964:2015
849:Zaire
795:Shaba
733:(now
727:Ndola
451:]
389:Lunda
377:Congo
345:Msiri
315:Msiri
287:Bemba
258:ivory
235:Sanga
215:Roman
171:dikes
165:near
140:Pygmy
91:JSTOR
77:books
1210:ISBN
1168:ISBN
1118:and
961:1997
958:1988
955:1971
952:1966
949:1963
946:1947
943:1932
940:1919
937:1908
650:Luba
534:any
532:cite
387:and
385:Luba
367:and
317:and
299:Lozi
297:and
281:and
267:fish
252:and
250:iron
246:ores
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680:UPU
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