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354:, commanding from its windows all approaches, impregnable to musket-armed natives, and proof against fire, despite its grass roof, because, underneath that grass roof, there was an earth roof two feet thick, on which the fire might burn itself out harmlessly, offered a safe refuge should trouble arise. The terrace was long and wide â the native village was formed of one broad street â flanked by a row of clay huts on either side. Starting from a point thirty feet below the blockhouse, and sloping gently down to the landing place, gardens of young bananas and vegetables extended beyond these huts. Water was handy; fuel was abundant. The agricultural Wambunda were our landlords as well as our good friends.
22:
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The original layout of the city was segregated between
African and European, with a "no man's land" in between. As the city grew this in-between area became the commercial district. The city was formally redesigned in the 1930s with stricter rules for segregation and a bigger central area. A new
622:
was dropped as an official language and so was the alternative name
Leopoldstad. The city grew rapidly (11.6% annually from 1960 to 1967; 6.43% annually from 1967 to 1973), drawing people from across the country who came in search of their fortunes or to escape ethnic strife elsewhere. This
260:
From the 16th to 17th century, the Pool region became an important hub between the river and coastal areas. Vegetables of the
Americas were also introduced to the interior of the continent through trade; slaves (most often the losers in various conflicts) were travelling to
236:
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with less than 3,000 inhabitants. Lemba, among a multitude of small villages, was the capital market and political Humbu, with about 300 residents. The markets saw River caravans slave holders of oil, almonds, palm, peanuts, sesame and ivory come and go.
144:
established in 1885. It expanded rapidly and supplanted a number of nearby villages, including one a short distance to the east known as
Kinshasa, and its importance as an administrative centre grew. Following the Free State's annexation, it superseded
669:, and transport links with other cities deteriorated. However, population continued to increase, due to endogenous growth and to migration from the countrysideâdriven by the cultural appeal of music, film, and football as well as by war and necessity.
549:. By 1929 the city population was 48,088 including 2,766 Europeans and after a decline at the beginning of the 1930s began to rise again at the same rate. On the eve of independence in 1959 the city population was 300,000 including 25,000 Europeans.
276:
During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries of mostly fishermen and traders from the north Teke install markets and villages in the southern Pool Malebo and on the board that will appoint the latest Batéké plateau. The tribes of the region,
303:
723:
The population of
Kinshasa has increased steadily, due to endogenous growth and to migration from the countryside. Migrants come to the city fleeing violence, attracted by the promise of jobs, and lured by its cultural image.
285:, were regarded as owners on this side of the river. Over time, the settlers Téké cause local farther shore, to the interior of the hills. The main Téké villages of the south shore were Nsasa with around 5,000 inhabitants,
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627:
remained the lingua franca. 367,550 people immigrated to
Kinshasa in 1950â1967. Urbanized land area grew from 2,331 hectares in 1950 to 5,512 hectares in 1957 to 12,863 hectares in 1968 to 17,922 hectares in 1975.
709:; 600 people, including untold numbers of civilian bystanders were killed or wounded. Joseph Kabila, raised in Tanzania, and a poor speaker of French and Lingala, has not endeared himself to the locals.
21:
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triumphantly marched with his rebel forces to take control of the country's capital after Mobutu fled into exile in France. However, the city was later nearly taken over by other rebels backed by
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537:
The
African population was 20,000 in 1920 and 27,000 in 1924; the European population rose from 245 in 1908 to 2,521 in 1914 to 2,521 in 1918. In 1926, the city was elevated to capital of the
661:
Kinshasa suffered greatly from the late 1970s through 1990s due to Mobutu's excesses, mass corruption, nepotism and the civil war that led to his downfall. Foreign businesses left, and
639:
for a village named
Kinchassa that once stood near the site. The city developed as the bureaucratic and cultural capital of the country, and developed an indigenous intellectual elite.
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273:, sometimes called Bangala (people of the river), occupied the major part of trade with the equatorial region in navigating the river and its river to the villages Téké Pool.
157:. A residentially segregated city, the street-plan and general layout of the city centre dates to the Belgian colonial period. The population expanded rapidly as a result of
1989:
1984:
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dividing (not altogether effectively) the neighborhoods by race. Additional segregated master plans, proposed in
Brussels and locally in the 1950s, were never implemented.
963:
362:, a series of rapids over 300 km below Leopoldville. At first, all goods arriving by sea or being sent by sea had to be carried by porters between LĂ©opoldville and
635:
seized power in the Congo in his second coup and initiated a policy of "Africanizing" the names of people and places in the country. In 1966, LĂ©opoldville was renamed
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518:
LĂ©opoldville began to undergo major expansion around the year 1910, with the creation of a geometric city plan and the construction of new buildings including the
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for the removal of foreign and colonial influences, the city was renamed
Kinshasa in 1966 after a pre-existing African residential area. His regime constructed
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in 1881 some distance to the west of the modern-day city centre. Stanley named the settlement LĂ©opoldville (French) or Leopoldstad (Dutch) in honour of
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along populations around the Congo River. By 1959, LĂ©opoldville had a population of more than 300,000 and was one of the biggest urban centres in
1961:
191:
853:
Luce Beeckmans & Liora Bigon, âThe making of the central markets of Dakar and Kinshasa: from colonial origins to the post-colonial periodâ;
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developed as local industries in addition to boat-building. However, Kinshasa did not profit greatly from the emergence of copper industry in
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Local indigenous groups died off in large numbers and the city saw immigration from other parts of Congo. Many immigrants came to join the
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in 1898 provided a faster and more efficient alternative route around the rapids and sparked the rapid development of the settlement.
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central market for both races, as well as a golf club, a park, and a botanical garden for whites, were developed as part of the new
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526:.) Schools were constructed and a Chamber of Commerce formed. The 1920s also saw the beginning of regular airplane service to
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879:
Mukenge, Tshilemalema; Culture and customs of the Congo, Culture and customs of Africa; Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002;
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after 1980 as it continued to expand rapidly in size. As of 2017, it had a population of almost 13 million and is the
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after the First World War, the output from which was diverted first through British territories and then through
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The announcement in 2016 that a new election would be delayed two years led to large protests in September and
553:
1048:"The Congolese Elite and the Fragmented City: The Struggle for the Emergence of a Dominant Class in Kinshasa"
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342:. It initially consisted only of a small wooden fortification and village which Stanley described in
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244:(modern-day Pool Malebo) including the location of LĂ©opoldville on the western bank of modern-day
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inevitably brought about a change to the city's ethnic and linguistic composition as well;
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in the streets and left dozens of people dead. Schools and businesses were closed down.
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Villes miroirs: Migrations et identités urbaines à Kinshasa et Brazzaville, 1930-1970
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366:, the port below the rapids and 150 km from the coast. The completion of the
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On independence in 1960, LĂ©opoldville became the capital city of the newly formed
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1084:
The Congo and the Founding of Its Free State: A Story of Work and Exploration
964:
Congo A 'Powder Keg' As Security Forces Crack Down On Whistling Demonstrators
717:
46:
1114:
928:, "City and Nation in an African Context: National Identity in Kinshasa";
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The post flourished as the first navigable port on the Congo River above
98:
70:
552:
Some researchers have identified LĂ©opoldville as an origin point of the
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658:, in which Ali defeated Foreman to regain the World Heavyweight title.
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697:. It was very recently the scene of fighting between loyalists of
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and other modern buildings in the city as a showpiece of his new
173:
first emerged in LĂ©opoldville and Brazzaville in this period and
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as a common language in this multiethnic city. As time went on,
220:
and lack of investment led to rapid deterioration of the city's
1504:
1128:
153:
in 1926 and became the seat of the colonial administration and
338:. Stanley delegated the settlement to his British subordinate
560:
team in 2014 reported a high likelihood that the ancestor of
524:
Compagnie Commerciale et Agricole d'Alimentation du Bas-Congo
1282:
417:
598:
in 1969â1971 on the site of the older public market in the
318:
established a trading post on a hill close to the shore of
140:
who was his patron and subsequently King-Sovereign of the
161:
from across the colony, particularly in the aftermath of
530:(modern-day Lubumbashi) operated by the Belgian airline
1015:(1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
165:. By the late 1950s it became central to the spread of
108:
The origins of the modern-day city date to 1881 when a
409:
Population of LĂ©opoldville under Belgian colonial rule
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1998:
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1055:
Crisis States Research Centre Working Papers Series
1036:
Crisis States Research Centre Working Papers Series
947:DR Congo election: 17 dead in anti-Kabila protests
804:
240:An 1895 sketch map showing the settlements around
169:in the Belgian Congo. The popular music genre of
1013:City Politics: A Study of LĂ©opoldville, 1962-63
348:
202:. As an early example of Mobutu's programme of
101:, it is among the largest urban communities in
1516:
1140:
1030:Kapagama, Pascal; Waterhouse, Rachel (2009).
921:
919:
815:
813:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
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614:When the Belgian Congo became independent of
8:
1032:"Portrait of Kinshasa: A City on (the) Edge"
564:emerged LĂ©opoldville between 1909 and 1930.
408:
344:The Congo and the Founding of Its Free State
1491:Democratic Republic of the Congo portal
194:and continued to expand rapidly during the
28:
1523:
1509:
1501:
1147:
1133:
1125:
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265:, the mouth of the river and south of the
93:which is the capital of the neighbouring
984:Timeline of Kinshasa § Bibliography
307:LĂ©opoldville station and port seen from
792:
755:
610:Tower of Limete and monument to Lumumba
334:, AIC) and later King-Sovereign of the
1408:Lycée Français René Descartes Kinshasa
832:. University of Oxford. 3 October 2014
328:International Association of the Congo
118:International Association of the Congo
252:is also shown on the far bank of the
7:
1473:
1379:National Institute of Arts, Kinshasa
541:, replacing the far smaller town of
506:The decline was associated with the
248:as well as the village at Kinshasa.
993:Kinshasa : la ville et la cité
522:and the Hotel A.B.C. (owned by the
332:Association internationale du Congo
299:AIC and Congo Free State, 1881â1908
89:and forms a single urban area with
14:
350:LĂ©opoldville, with its one-story
2000:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1543:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1532:
1484:
1472:
1413:
1401:
1389:
1160:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1113:
830:"HIV pandemic's origins located"
79:Democratic Republic of the Congo
41:LĂ©opoldville was located on the
27:
20:
1420:The American School of Kinshasa
1353:Our Lady of the Congo Cathedral
996:. Paris: Editions de l'ORSTOM.
693:during the earlier part of the
112:was established on the site by
1448:Institut National des Archives
1087:, Cambridge University Press,
1081:Stanley, Henry Morton (1885),
805:Kapagama & Waterhouse 2009
642:In 1974, Kinshasa hosted the '
226:21st largest city in the world
1:
859:doi:10.1017/S0963926815000188
380:and encouraged the spread of
1374:Université Libre de Kinshasa
1062:Gondola, Ch. Didier (1996).
934:doi:10.1177/0096144212449141
1011:La Fontaine, J. S. (1970).
775:Kinshasa's Theater of Power
677:On May 20, 1997, after the
576:Independence and Mobutu era
2381:
981:
579:
326:who was the patron of the
1469:
1280:
1166:
505:
435:â
1287:Coat of arms of Kinshasa
1263:The Rumble in the Jungle
930:Journal of Urban History
913:Pain (1984), pp. 30â 31.
404:Belgian Congo, 1908â1960
232:Pre-colonial settlements
198:and under the regime of
81:. It is situated on the
77:and largest city of the
1481:at Wikimedia Commons .
739:Timeline of Brazzaville
594:was constructed in the
592:Kinshasa Central Market
205:retour à l'authenticité
1369:University of Kinshasa
1288:
1066:. Paris: L'Harmattan.
819:Pain (1984), p. 15â20.
744:Timeline of Lubumbashi
707:2006 general elections
611:
603:
356:
312:
257:
149:as the capital of the
1450:(Archives Nationales)
1396:Lycée Prince de LiÚge
1384:International schools
1348:Stade Cardinal Malula
1323:Makala Central Prison
1286:
1122:at Wikimedia Commons
783:98, March/April 2016.
683:Laurent-Désiré Kabila
609:
589:
520:Banque du Congo Belge
346:in April 1882 :
306:
239:
192:Republic of the Congo
95:Republic of the Congo
63:Republic of the Congo
953:, 19 September 2016.
734:Timeline of Kinshasa
673:Kinshasa post-Mobutu
644:Rumble in the Jungle
558:University of Oxford
316:Henry Morton Stanley
222:urban infrastructure
200:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
114:Henry Morton Stanley
57:in the neighbouring
38:class=notpageimage|
2365:History of Kinshasa
1328:Palais de la Nation
1120:History of Kinshasa
990:Pain, Marc (1984).
970:, 21 December 2016.
904:Pain (1984), p. 22.
870:Pain (1984), p. 21.
410:
368:Matadi-LĂ©opoldville
167:African nationalism
1343:Stade Tata Raphaël
1289:
1258:LĂ©opoldville riots
962:Merritt Kennedy, "
612:
604:
313:
311:, pictured in 1884
258:
185:Sub-Saharan Africa
65:, on its far bank.
2352:
2351:
1962:Republic of Congo
1498:
1497:
1460:Victoire Terminus
1338:Stade des Martyrs
1118:Media related to
1094:978-1-108-03131-8
893:978-0-313-31485-8
699:Jean-Pierre Bemba
582:1991 Zaire unrest
554:HIV/AIDS pandemic
516:
515:
398:Portuguese Angola
360:Livingstone Falls
340:Anthony Swinburne
116:on behalf of the
53:) region, facing
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1551:Congo Free State
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336:Congo Free State
155:Governor-General
142:Congo Free State
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1035:
1012:
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978:Bibliography
967:
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941:
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834:. Retrieved
824:
807:, p. 4.
800:
793:Stanley 1885
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652:Muhammad Ali
641:
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569:
566:
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375:
357:
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331:
320:Ngaliema Bay
314:
309:Ngaliema Bay
294:Colonial era
275:
259:
246:Ngaliema Bay
242:Stanley Pool
203:
196:Congo Crisis
189:
178:
177:spread as a
163:World War II
129:
122:LĂ©opoldville
121:
110:trading post
107:
69:
59:French Congo
15:
1271: [
1100:5 September
926:Bill Freund
895:; pg. 72-75
714:in December
352:block-house
254:Congo River
250:Brazzaville
216:. However,
210:skyscrapers
130:Leopoldstad
91:Brazzaville
87:Pool Malebo
83:Congo River
55:Brazzaville
43:Congo River
1454:AS Dragons
1201:Government
982:See also:
750:References
718:barricades
580:See also:
218:corruption
61:, now the
1362:Education
1316:Landmarks
1295:Transport
1240:Transport
1206:Governors
1189:Geography
1184:Education
1174:Buildings
618:in 1960,
47:Bas-Congo
2359:Category
2201:DR Congo
1478:Kinshasa
1218:Timeline
1194:Communes
1156:Kinshasa
1046:(2009).
728:See also
637:Kinshasa
631:In 1965
512:Source:
386:textiles
271:Bobangis
99:megacity
71:Kinshasa
49:(modern
1541:in the
1431:Culture
1252:History
1213:History
1179:Economy
625:Lingala
616:Belgium
547:estuary
498:174,697
487:126,844
479:+102.4%
390:brewing
382:Lingala
175:Lingala
75:capital
73:is the
45:in the
1230:People
1091:
1070:
1019:
1000:
891:
883:
836:9 July
691:Rwanda
687:Uganda
648:boxing
532:Sabena
501:+37.7%
490:+79.2%
476:70,780
468:+62.5%
465:34,976
457:â34.0%
454:21,518
446:+35.5%
443:32,594
432:24,058
364:Matadi
287:Ntambo
269:. The
263:Loango
126:French
103:Africa
2053:Zaire
1539:Years
1275:]
1235:Sport
1225:Media
1057:(54).
1051:(PDF)
663:roads
620:Dutch
495:1955
484:1950
473:1945
462:1940
451:1935
440:1930
429:1925
283:Mfinu
279:Humbu
134:Dutch
128:) or
85:near
2344:2024
2339:2023
2334:2022
2329:2021
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2309:2017
2304:2016
2299:2015
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2018:1966
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1722:1914
1717:1913
1712:1912
1707:1911
1702:1910
1697:1909
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1664:1906
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1589:1891
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1579:1889
1574:1888
1569:1887
1564:1886
1559:1885
1102:2020
1089:ISBN
1068:ISBN
1038:(2).
1017:ISBN
998:ISBN
889:ISBN
881:ISBN
838:2016
701:and
689:and
654:and
590:The
556:. A
543:Boma
418:Pop.
414:Year
388:and
281:and
147:Boma
968:NPR
966:",
951:BBC
949:",
777:",
2361::
1273:fr
1158:,
1053:.
1034:.
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423:±%
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330:(
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132:(
124:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
