2671:, addressed passionate calls for change to the lesser nobles. Kossuth was the son of a landless, lesser nobleman of Protestant background. He practiced law with his father before moving to Pest. There he published commentaries on the Diet's activities, which made him popular with young, reform-minded people. Kossuth was imprisoned in 1836 for treason. After his release in 1840, he gained quick notoriety as the editor of a liberal party newspaper. Kossuth argued that only political and economic separation from Austria would improve Hungary's plight. He called for broader parliamentary democracy, rapid industrialization, general taxation, economic expansion through exports, and the abolition of privileges (equality before the law) and serfdom. But Kossuth was also a Hungarian patriotic whose rhetoric provoked the strong resentment of Hungary's minority ethnic groups. Kossuth gained support among liberal lesser nobles, who constituted an opposition minority in the Diet. They sought reforms with increasing success after Francis's death in 1835 and the succession of
2523:, and they reacted by insisting on the right to use their own tongue. As a result, Hungarian lesser nobles sparked a renaissance of the Hungarian language and culture, and a cult of national dance and costume flourished. The lesser nobles questioned the loyalty of the magnates, of whom less than half were ethnic Hungarians, and even those had become French- and German-speaking courtiers. The Hungarian national reawakening subsequently triggered national revivals among the Slovak, Romanian, Serbian, and Croatian minorities within Hungary and Transylvania, who felt threatened by both German and Hungarian cultural hegemony. These national revivals later blossomed into the nationalist movements of the 19th and 20th centuries that contributed to the empire's ultimate collapse.
2611:
2340:
765:
2538:(1790–92), re-introduced the bureaucratic technicality which viewed Hungary as a separate country under a Habsburg king. In 1791 the Diet passed Law X, which stressed Hungary's status as an independent kingdom ruled only by a king legally crowned according to Hungarian laws. Law X later became the basis for demands by Hungarian reformers for statehood in the period from 1825 to 1849. New laws again required approval of both the Habsburg king and the Diet, and Latin was restored as the official language. The peasant reforms remained in effect, however, and Protestants remained equal before the law. Leopold died in March 1792 just as the
2607:’s component lands at first stayed much as they had been under the composite monarchy that existed before 1804. This was especially demonstrated by the status of the Kingdom of Hungary, whose affairs remained to be administered by its own institutions (King and Diet) as they had been under the composite monarchy, in which it had always been considered a separate Realm. Article X of 1790, which was added to Hungary's constitution during the phase of the composite monarchy uses the Latin phrase "Regnum Independens". In the new situation, therefore, no Imperial institutions were involved in its internal government.
109:
674:
699:
2682:
2709:
156:
660:
713:
2697:
93:
4642:
4628:
2636:
The decline of the lesser nobility continued despite the fact that by 1820 Hungary's exports had surpassed wartime levels. As the number of lesser nobles who earned diplomas increased, the bureaucracy and professions became saturated, leaving a host of disgruntled graduates without jobs. Members of this new intelligentsia quickly became enamored of radical political ideologies emanating from
Western Europe and organized themselves to effect changes in Hungary's political system.
2332:
1540:
3079:
2721:
2456:
response, the
Habsburgs began to colonize Hungary with large numbers of peasants from all over Europe, especially Slovaks, Serbs, Croatians, and Germans. Many Jews also immigrated from Vienna and the empire's Polish lands near the end of the 18th century. Hungary's population more than tripled to 8 million between 1720 and 1787. However, only 39 percent of its people were Magyars, who lived mainly in the center of the country.
2740:
2273:
2092:
1947:
3067:
1473:
3627:"Vor dem Jahr 1848 is das Kaisertum Österreich verfassungsrechtlich als ein monarchischer Einheitsstaat auf differenziert föderalistischer Grundlage zu sehen, wobei die besondere Stelung Ungarns im Rahmen dieses Gesamtstaates stets offenkundig war. Eine weitere Differenzierung der föderalistischen Grundlage erfolgte ab 1815 durch die Zugehörigkeit eines teiles des Kaisertums zum Deutschen Bund."
2417:, succeeded him. The Diet approved the Pragmatic Sanction in 1723, and Hungary thus agreed to become a hereditary monarchy under the Habsburgs for as long as their dynasty existed. In practice, however, Charles and his successors governed almost autocratically, controlling Hungary's foreign affairs, defense, and finance but lacking the power to tax the nobles without their approval.
2632:
capital for investment but as a means of adding luxury to their lives. As expectations rose, goods such as linen and silverware, once considered luxuries, became necessities. The wealthy magnates had little trouble balancing their earnings and expenditures, but many lesser nobles, fearful of losing their social standing, went into debt to finance their spending.
3714:
2766:(also known as the Banat). German and Bohemian administrators managed the government, and German became the language of administration and higher education. The non-Magyar minorities of Hungary received little for their support of Austria during the turmoil. A Croat reportedly told a Hungarian: "We received as a reward what the Magyars got as a punishment."
3604:" From the perspective of the Court since 1723, regnum Hungariae had been a hereditary province of the dynasty’s three main branches on both lines. From the perspective of the ország, Hungary was regnum independens, a separate Land as Article X of 1790 stipulated …….. In 1804 Emperor Franz assumed the title of Emperor of Austria for all the
2394:. Most of Hungary soon supported Rákóczi, and the Hungarian Diet voted to annul the Habsburgs' right to the throne. Fortunes turned against the Hungarians, however, when the Habsburgs made peace in the west and turned their full force against them. The war ended in 1711, when Count Károlyi, General of the Hungarian Armies agreed to the
2157:). The Habsburg monarchs needed the economic power of Hungary for the Ottoman wars. During the Ottoman wars the territory of the former Kingdom of Hungary was reduced by around 60 per cent. Despite these enormous territorial and demographic losses, the smaller and heavily war torn Royal Hungary was as important as the
2460:
trade existed between towns and the serfs. After 1760 a labor surplus developed. The serf population grew, pressure on the land increased, and the serfs' standard of living declined. Landowners began making greater demands on new tenants and began violating existing agreements. In response, Maria
Theresa issued her
2647:, a magnate from one of Hungary's most powerful families, shocked the Diet when he delivered the first speech in Hungarian ever uttered in the upper chamber and backed a proposal for the creation of a Hungarian academy of arts and sciences by pledging a year's income to support it. In 1831 angry nobles
2254:. During the Ottoman wars the territory controlled by the Kingdom of Hungary shrank by around 60%. Despite these enormous territorial and demographic losses, the smaller, heavily war-torn Royal Hungary had remained as economically important to the Habsburg rulers as the Austrian hereditary lands or the
2651:
Szechenyi's book Hitel (Credit), in which he argued that the nobles' privileges were both morally indefensible and economically detrimental to the nobles themselves. Szechenyi called for an economic revolution and argued that only the magnates were capable of implementing reforms. Szechenyi favored a
2569:
kind of revolution to install a radical democratic, egalitarian political system in
Hungary. Thereafter, Francis resolved to extinguish any spark of reform that might ignite a revolution. The execution of the alleged plotters silenced any reform advocates among the nobles, and for about three decades
2455:
Under
Charles and Maria Theresa, Hungary experienced further economic decline. Centuries of Ottoman occupation and war had reduced Hungary's population drastically, and large parts of the country's southern half were almost deserted. A labor shortage developed as landowners restored their estates. In
2027:
In the early stages, the lands that were ruled by the
Habsburg Hungarian kings were regarded as both the "Kingdom of Hungary" and "Royal Hungary". Royal Hungary was the symbol of the continuity of formal law after the Ottoman occupation, because it could preserve its legal traditions, but in general,
2233:
to prevent the holders amassing too much power. In addition, the so-called
Turkish question divided the Habsburgs and the Hungarians: Vienna wanted to maintain peace with the Ottomans; the Hungarians wanted the Ottomans ousted. As the Hungarians recognized the weakness of their position, many became
2639:
Francis rarely called the Diet into session (usually only to request men and supplies for war) without hearing complaints. Economic hardship brought the lesser nobles' discontent to a head by 1825, when
Francis finally convoked the Diet after a fourteen-year hiatus. Grievances were voiced, and open
2635:
Napoleon's final defeat brought recession. Grain prices collapsed as demand dropped, and debt ensnared much of
Hungary's lesser nobility. Poverty forced many lesser nobles to work to earn a livelihood, and their sons entered education institutions to train for civil service or professional careers.
2618:
By the start of the 19th century, the aim of
Hungary's agricultural producers had shifted from subsistence farming and small-scale production for local trade to cash-generating, large-scale production for a wider market. Road and waterway improvements cut transportation costs, while urbanization in
2420:
Charles organized the country under a centralized administration and in 1715 established a standing army under his command, which was entirely funded and manned by the non-noble population. This policy reduced the nobles' military obligation without abrogating their exemption from taxation. Charles
2459:
In the first half of the 18th century, Hungary had an agricultural economy that employed 90 percent of the population. The nobles failed to use fertilizers, roads were poor and rivers blocked, and crude storage methods caused huge losses of grain. Barter had replaced money transactions, and little
2631:
boosted demand for foodstuffs and clothing. Hungary became a major grain and wool exporter. New lands were cleared, and yields rose as farming methods improved. Hungary did not reap the full benefit of the boom, however, because most of the profits went to the magnates, who considered them not as
2307:
that reversed the Protestants' gains in Royal Hungary, using persuasion rather than intimidation. The Reformation caused rifts between Catholics, who often sided with the Habsburgs, and Protestants, who developed a strong national identity and became rebels in Austrian eyes. Chasms also developed
2444:. In 1741 she appeared before the Diet of Pressburg holding her newborn son and entreated Hungary's nobles to support her. They stood behind her and helped secure her rule. Maria Theresa later took measures to reinforce links with Hungary's magnates. She established special schools to attract
2494:
which granted Protestants and Orthodox Christians full civil rights and Jews freedom of worship. He decreed that German replace Latin as the kingdom's official language and granted the peasants the freedom to leave their holdings, to marry, and to place their children in trades. Hungary,
2652:
strong link with the Habsburg Empire and called for the abolition of entail and serfdom, taxation of landowners, financing of development with foreign capital, the establishment of a national bank, and introduction of wage labor. He inspired such projects as the construction of the
3546:
The language of the Austrian ministers daily assumed a far more imperative tone. They declared ominously that they were "preparing an official document, in which they would so fully clear up their relation to Hungary, as to enable their Diet to form a correct view on the
2468:. Despite her efforts and several periods of strong demand for grain, the situation worsened. Between 1767 and 1848, many serfs left their holdings. Most became landless farmworkers because a lack of industrial development meant few opportunities for work in the towns.
2798:. The defeat convinced Franz Joseph that national and social opposition to his government was too strong to be managed by decree from Vienna. Gradually he recognized the necessity of concessions towards Hungary, and Austria and Hungary thus moved towards a compromise.
3610:
of the dynasty and for the other Lands, including Hungary. Thus Hungary formally became part of the Empire of Austria. The Court reassured the diet, however, that the assumption of the monarch’s new title did not in any sense affect the laws and the constitution of
2351:
argued that he should rule Hungary as conquered territory. At the Diet of "Royal Hungary" in Pressburg, in 1687, the Emperor promised to observe all laws and privileges. Nonetheless, the hereditary succession of the Habsburgs was recognized, and the nobles'
2778:
and argued that their amendment required the Hungarian Diet's consent. He also held that the dethronement of the Habsburgs was invalid. As long as Austria ruled absolutely, Deak argued, Hungarians should do no more than passively resist illegal demands.
4594:
2769:
Hungarian public opinion split over the country's relations with Austria. Some Hungarians held out hope for full separation from Austria; others wanted an accommodation with the Habsburgs, provided that they respected Hungary's constitution and laws.
155:
2570:
reform ideas remained confined to poetry and philosophy. The magnates, who also feared that the influx of revolutionary ideas might precipitate a popular uprising, became a tool of the crown and seized the chance to further burden the peasants.
2413:, under which the Habsburg monarch was to rule Hungary not as emperor, but as a king subject to the restraints of Hungary's constitution and laws. He hoped that the Pragmatic Sanction would keep the Habsburg Empire intact if his daughter,
2530:
that weakened his empire. On January 28, 1790, three weeks before his death, the emperor issued a decree cancelling all of his reforms except the Patent of Toleration, peasant reforms, and the abolition of the religious orders.
2032:
a Habsburg province. The Hungarian nobility forced Vienna to admit that Hungary was a special unit of the Habsburg lands and had to be ruled in conformity with its own special laws. However, Hungarian historiography positioned
2664:. Szechenyi's reform initiatives ultimately failed because they were targeted at the magnates, who were not inclined to support change, and because the pace of his program was too slow to attract disgruntled lesser nobles.
2515:". When the Hungarian nobles again refused to waive their exemption from taxation, Joseph banned imports of Hungarian manufactured goods into Austria and began a survey to prepare for the imposition of a general land tax.
2518:
Joseph's reforms outraged nobles and clergy of Hungary, and the peasants of the country grew dissatisfied with taxes, conscription, and requisitions of supplies. Hungarians perceived Joseph's language reform as German
3594:
Posse, Otto, ed. (1909–13). "Bey der Niederlegung der kaiserlichen Reichs-Regierung. Dekret vom 6. August 1806". Die Siegel der deutschen Kaiser und Könige von 751 bis 1806 (in German). Band 5, Beilage 3. p
4616:
3631:
Verfassung, Verfassungsrecht und Lehre des Öffentlichen Rechts in Österreich bis 1848: Eine Darstellung der materiellen und formellen Verfassungssituation und der Lehre des öffentlichen Rechts
2229:. The Habsburg king directly controlled Royal Hungary's financial, military, and foreign affairs, and imperial troops guarded its borders. The Habsburgs avoided filling the office of
3323:
Early Modern Religious Communities in East-Central Europe: Ethnic Diversity, Denominational Plurality, and Corporative Politics in the Principality of Transylvania (1526–1691)
3282:
Early Modern Religious Communities in East-Central Europe: Ethnic Diversity, Denominational Plurality, and Corporative Politics in the Principality of Transylvania (1526–1691)
3271:"... the Estates of the realm have submitted themselves not only to His Majesty's, but also his heirs' power and rule for ever ..." (Section 5 of Article V of 1547).
3247:
Early Modern Religious Communities in East-Central Europe: Ethnic Diversity, Denominational Plurality, and Corporative Politics in the Principality of Transylvania (1526-1691)
4126:
2681:
2577:, in which Hungary and all his other dynastic lands were included. In doing so he created a formal overarching structure for the Habsburg Monarchy, that had functioned as a
784:
3452:
3295:
4609:
2809:, further underscoring the weakness of the Habsburg Empire. Negotiations between the emperor and the Hungarian leaders were intensified and finally resulted in the
2360:
thought disloyal by the Habsburgs lost their estates, which were given to foreigners. Vienna controlled the foreign affairs, defense, tariffs, and other functions.
2202:
The term "Royal Hungary" fell into disuse after 1699, and the Habsburg kings referred to the newly enlarged country by the more formal term "Kingdom of Hungary".
4754:
2561:(ruled 1792–1835), who developed an almost abnormal aversion to change, bringing Hungary decades of political stagnation. In 1795 the Hungarian police arrested
1975:
4729:
3814:
3337:
2508:
2372:
2235:
2177:
2016:). Initially, the exact territory under Habsburg rule was disputed because both rulers claimed the whole kingdom. This unsettled period lasted until 1570 when
1719:
1089:
1014:
4311:
1501:
1249:
4602:
3718:
854:
1893:
1813:
2720:
2258:
even in the late 16th century. Out of all his countries, the depleted Kingdom of Hungary was, at that time, Ferdinand I's largest source of revenue.
4815:
4089:
3746:
3502:
3412:
2339:
2288:
spread quickly, and by the early 17th century hardly any noble families remained Catholic. In Royal Hungary, the majority of the population became
2234:
anti-Habsburg. They complained about foreign rule, the behaviour of foreign garrisons, and the Habsburgs' recognition of Turkish suzerainty in the
4825:
4749:
4543:
3583:
Richard C. Frucht, Eastern Europe: an introduction to the people, lands, and culture / edited by Richard Frucht, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, 2005, p. 348
1229:
108:
2610:
1549:
899:
3819:
2696:
2640:
calls for reform were made, including demands for less royal interference in the nobles' affairs and for wider use of the Hungarian language.
2368:
2068:
1079:
560:
4800:
3380:
3347:
2267:
2095:
964:
445:
4795:
4790:
4133:
2787:
4805:
4028:
3980:
3970:
3682:
3665:
3506:
3416:
2708:
2076:
1139:
706:
601:
3849:
3799:
3794:
2527:
1658:
1653:
1209:
1189:
929:
889:
665:
4820:
4157:
3887:
3462:
1418:
2149:, when the Habsburgs got the northern and western parts of the country (Royal Hungary), with the new capital Pressburg (Pozsony, now
4569:
4354:
4229:
4143:
4033:
3759:
3305:
3139:
2512:
2486:. He refused to take the Hungarian coronation oath to avoid being constrained by Hungary's constitution. In 1781–82 Joseph issued a
2192:
2021:
1968:
202:
2573:
In 1804 Francis II, who was also the Holy Roman Emperor and ruler of the other dynastic lands of the Habsburg dynasty, founded the
2242:, however, it often had dual vassalage -Ottoman Turkish sultans and the Habsburg Hungarian kings- in the 16th and 17th centuries).
3477:
Dr. István Kenyeres: The Financial Administrative Reforms and Revenues of Ferdinand I in Hungary, English summary at p- 92 Link1:
2371:
against Habsburg rule. In Transylvania, which became part of Hungary again at the end of the 17th century (as a province, called "
764:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4669:
4254:
4109:
2250:
a greater menace than the Turks, however. The Austrian branch of Habsburg monarchs needed the economic power of Hungary for the
1765:
1494:
919:
4684:
2056:. The new territories were united with the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary, and although its powers were mostly formal, the
1843:
2142:
2013:
1398:
521:
391:
1760:
3902:
2535:
2402:
1601:
1453:
1413:
1159:
3864:
1294:
2176:
were parts of this polity, while control of the region of northeastern Hungary often shifted between Royal Hungary and the
4759:
4659:
4488:
4478:
4244:
2614:
Costumes of inhabitants of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1855: ethnic Romanian, Hungarian (Magyar), Slovak and German peasants
2500:
2471:
2398:. The treaty contained the emperor's agreement to reconvene the Diet in Pressburg and to grant an amnesty for the rebels.
2348:
2277:
2230:
1903:
1363:
1044:
844:
198:
165:
3057:
1863:
4334:
4206:
4079:
3869:
3824:
3739:
2755:
2072:
1961:
1833:
1770:
1755:
1519:
1304:
1109:
587:
92:
3478:
4785:
4538:
4528:
4483:
4278:
4121:
3995:
3897:
2255:
2162:
1487:
1423:
1408:
744:
3804:
2771:
939:
4415:
4408:
4374:
4099:
4038:
4006:
3917:
2410:
1393:
2478:, shook Hungary from its malaise when he inherited the throne from his mother, Maria Theresa. In the framework of
2251:
2180:. The central territories of the medieval Hungarian kingdom were annexed by the Ottoman Empire for 150 years (see
974:
4850:
4152:
4116:
4020:
3859:
3510:
3420:
3134:, Thomas J. Sienkewicz and James T. McDonough, Jr., Eds., Wauconda, Illinois: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc.
2653:
2188:
2154:
2034:
2017:
1873:
1788:
1694:
1284:
1179:
984:
789:
403:
372:
2356:
was abrogated. In 1690 Leopold began redistributing lands freed from the Turks. Protestant nobles and all other
4810:
4453:
4319:
4290:
4192:
4104:
4013:
3839:
3050:
2852:
1853:
1443:
1324:
1169:
2384:
4523:
4402:
4369:
4300:
4264:
4234:
4198:
4094:
4084:
4069:
3944:
3854:
3789:
3732:
3454:
The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806: A European Perspective Volume 1 van Brill's Companions to European History
2491:
2196:
1627:
1614:
1433:
1373:
1259:
879:
619:
328:
115:
4739:
4364:
3834:
2672:
2624:
2554:
2483:
2146:
1823:
1149:
495:
433:
2687:
2644:
2643:
The first great figure of the reform era came to the fore during the 1825 convocation of the Diet. Count
2296:
4533:
4473:
4349:
4329:
4064:
3922:
2744:
2300:
1591:
1388:
3514:
3424:
4694:
4498:
4359:
4305:
4259:
4138:
4074:
4000:
3990:
3958:
3779:
3372:
The long European Reformation: religion, political conflict, and the search for conformity, 1350–1750
3002:
2929:
2791:
2562:
2558:
2487:
2475:
2406:
2395:
1438:
1099:
779:
573:
508:
4689:
4664:
4379:
4239:
4052:
3975:
2806:
2795:
2496:
2437:
2321:
2304:
2247:
2131:
2045:
2005:
1663:
1528:
1458:
1239:
909:
824:
547:
482:
469:
414:
360:
3907:
2331:
1383:
4704:
4679:
4654:
4562:
4518:
4493:
4460:
4394:
4344:
4249:
4224:
4187:
4175:
3985:
3934:
3892:
3874:
3767:
3559:
2924:
2856:
2810:
2762:
divided the country into four distinct territories: Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia-Slavonia, and
2675:(1835–48). In 1844 a law was enacted making Hungarian the country's exclusive official language.
2620:
2601:(double emperor) in history. The workings of the overarching structure and the status of the new
2590:
2578:
2445:
2441:
2103:
2038:
1640:
1403:
1378:
1368:
1219:
1034:
753:
534:
318:
297:
255:
45:
1724:
2511:
became a single imperial territory under one administration, called the Kingdom of Hungary or "
4764:
4719:
4709:
4699:
4433:
4428:
4324:
4211:
3927:
3844:
3584:
3529:
3458:
3376:
3370:
3343:
3301:
3259:
3246:
3220:
3191:
3165:
3135:
3108:
2989:
2539:
2520:
2504:
2222:
2211:
2049:
1997:
1993:
1883:
1803:
1737:
1314:
1199:
365:
277:
267:
185:
169:
3320:
3281:
3178:
3152:
4724:
4578:
4508:
4503:
4384:
4295:
4216:
3644:
3015:
2357:
1586:
1358:
1024:
292:
287:
282:
17:
2367:
and the land seizures frustrated the Hungarians, and in 1703 a peasant uprising sparked an
2347:
As the Habsburgs' control of the Turkish possessions started to increase, the ministers of
4744:
4734:
4714:
4641:
4636:
4627:
4513:
4468:
4446:
3939:
3912:
3829:
3083:
2952:
2933:
2814:
2628:
2574:
2543:
2376:
2353:
2215:
2181:
2123:
2111:
2080:
2057:
2053:
2001:
1951:
1775:
1699:
1428:
1129:
1119:
1004:
834:
692:
679:
459:
313:
272:
247:
189:
99:
59:
2138:
2009:
3078:
27:
Period of Hungarian history while under the control of the Habsburg monarchy (1526–1867)
4583:
4439:
3204:
3104:
3071:
2783:
2739:
2388:
2239:
2127:
1714:
1681:
1566:
1477:
239:
194:
161:
73:
3647:, In: Eszmék, forradalmak, háborúk. Vadász Sándor 80 éves, ELTE, Budapest, 2010 p. 557
3153:
Beloved Children: History of Aristocratic Childhood in Hungary in the Early Modern Age
4779:
4423:
2965:
2726:
2668:
2661:
2464:
of 1767 to protect the serfs by restoring their freedom of movement and limiting the
2422:
2414:
1596:
631:
144:
3657:
2829:
2759:
2758:, the emperor revoked Hungary's constitution and assumed absolute control. Emperor
2648:
2482:, Joseph sought to centralize control of the empire and to rule it by decree as an
2272:
2173:
2091:
1709:
1704:
333:
2343:
The Kingdom of Hungary on the Josephinische Landesaufnahme Original Map, 1782–1785
3696:
3438:
3233:
3205:
Carpathian Basin and the Development of the Hungarian Landscape Theory Until 1948
2075:
and marked important shifts in the evolution of the polity. The kingdom became a
2748:
2479:
2426:
2364:
2285:
2243:
1668:
1556:
1448:
323:
3300:. van Brill's Companions to European History. Vol. 1. BRILL. p. 263.
4632:
4339:
3481:
3103:
Although the Habsburgs ruled Hungary, it remained a separate country ruled in
2884:
2775:
2603:
2380:
2150:
2061:
353:
219:
3517:
on 29 October 2004 – via National Archives and Records Administration.
3427:
on 29 October 2004 – via National Archives and Records Administration.
2828:
Ethnic groups of the Kingdom of Hungary according to Hungarian statistician
2774:
became the main advocate for accommodation. Deak upheld the legality of the
2763:
2119:
2118:), was the name of the portion of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary where the
181:
3615:
Hungary's Long Nineteenth Century: Constitutional and Democratic Traditions
3534:
The History of Hungary and the Late Hungarian War: Kossuth and His Generals
2465:
3713:
3111:
for details), and it was neither annexed nor incorporated into the empire.
3107:
with both the imperial title and the various lands within the empire (see
3784:
3606:
2970:
2461:
2405:(1711–40), began building a workable relationship with Hungary after the
2289:
2169:
2158:
1928:
1561:
1539:
626:
3755:
2876:
2847:
2802:
2566:
2433:
2391:
2309:
1334:
731:
348:
338:
3645:
Austerlitz, 1805. december 2. A három császár csatája – magyar szemmel
3207:, CENTRE FOR REGIONAL STUDIES OF HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, p. 10
2974:
2911:
2892:
2880:
2449:
2226:
814:
2597:), ruling from 1804 to 1835, so later he was named the one and only
3724:
3166:
European political thought 1450–1700: religion, law and philosophy
2888:
2871:
2738:
2609:
2338:
2330:
2280:, the Principality of Transylvania and Ottoman eyalets around 1683
2271:
2090:
1579:
2657:
2153:). John I secured the eastern part of the kingdom (known as the
794:
213:
4598:
3728:
2565:
and several of the country's leading thinkers for plotting a
3617:, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, the Netherlands, p. 6
2440:
when she became head of the House of Habsburg, facing the
2432:
Maria Theresa (1741–80) faced an immediate challenge from
3190:
Lajos Besenyei, Géza Érszegi, Maurizio Pedrazza Gorlero,
2546:
and send shock waves through the royal houses of Europe.
3297:
The Holy Roman Empire, 1495-1806: A European Perspective
2581:
for about three hundred years before. He himself became
2316:
Kingdom of Hungary in the early modern period until 1848
2137:
Temporary territorial division between the rival rulers
2041:
in pursuance of the advancement of Hungarian interests.
2474:(1780–90), a dynamic leader strongly influenced by the
2246:, who were persecuted in Royal Hungary, considered the
3055:
2008:
in 1526, the country was ruled by two crowned kings (
1992:
between 1526 and 1867 existed as a state outside the
2729:, the most popular of Hungary's great reform leaders
2667:
The most popular of Hungary's great reform leaders,
2134:(1526) and the subsequent partition of the country.
4393:
4277:
4174:
4051:
3957:
3766:
2429:, and forbade Protestant students to study abroad.
727:
625:
615:
598:
583:
570:
557:
544:
531:
518:
505:
492:
479:
465:
455:
439:
427:
413:
397:
385:
371:
359:
347:
306:
227:
209:
177:
32:
2020:(John II) abdicated as King of Hungary in Emperor
785:The Carpathian Basin before the Hungarian conquest
3503:"A Country Study: Hungary – Partition of Hungary"
3221:The Jews of Hungary: History, Culture, Psychology
2409:. Charles asked the approval of the Diet for the
3697:Les colonies lorraines et alsaciennes en Hongrie
3681:, Pest : Trattner-Kérolyi Tulajdona, 1842 (
3664:, Pest : Trattner-Kérolyi Tulajdona, 1842 (
3155:, Central European University Press, 2001, p. 22
3192:De bulla aurea Andreae II regis Hungariae, 1222
3168:, Yale University Press, 2007, pp. 177–189
2238:. This was usually under the suzerainty of the
37:
994:
4755:Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar
4610:
3740:
2817:, also known as the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
2210:The Habsburgs, an influential dynasty of the
1969:
1495:
134:("Kingdom of Mary, the Patroness of Hungary")
8:
3700:, Nancy : Berger-Levrault et Cie, 1879.
3223:, Wayne State University Press, 1996, p. 153
2557:ended in Hungary under Leopold's successor,
160:Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary (light blue) in
51:
3536:(First ed.). Phinney. pp. 152–153
3181:, Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 2002, p. 60
2786:rule developed in 1859, when the forces of
65:
4617:
4603:
4595:
4283:
4180:
4057:
3963:
3772:
3747:
3733:
3725:
3501:Burant, Stephen R., ed. (September 1989).
3413:"A Country Study: Hungary – Royal Hungary"
3411:Burant, Stephen R., ed. (September 1989).
2824:
2690:, the first great figure of the reform era
2052:in 1699, the Ottomans ceded nearly all of
1976:
1962:
1513:
1502:
1488:
738:
154:
29:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3203:Hajdú, Zoltán, DISCUSSION PAPERS No. 44,
2312:and the mainly Protestant lesser nobles.
2037:in a direct continuity with the medieval
3406:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3179:Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon
2526:Late in his reign, Joseph led a costly,
2191:abdicated as King of Hungary in Emperor
2067:Two major Hungarian rebellions were the
4750:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
3560:"Transylvania - Location & History"
3260:Statecraft: The Deeds of Antonio Carafa
3236:, Indiana University Press, 1994, p. 91
3215:
3213:
3132:World Dictionary of Foreign Expressions
3123:
3096:
3062:
2677:
1527:
1516:
752:
741:
3633:, Lang, Frankfurt am Main, p. 45
2813:, which created the Dual Monarchy of
2425:, required civil servants to profess
2268:Reformation in the Kingdom of Hungary
2096:Captaincies of the Kingdom of Hungary
597:
582:
569:
556:
543:
530:
517:
504:
491:
478:
474:
438:
426:
422:
412:
396:
384:
380:
370:
7:
3439:Conflict and chaos in Eastern Europe
2528:ill-fated campaign against the Turks
3507:Library of Congress Country Studies
3451:Robert Evans, Peter Wilson (2012).
3417:Library of Congress Country Studies
3375:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 102.
3294:Robert Evans, Peter Wilson (2012).
2221:Royal Hungary became a part of the
707:Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen
4730:Grand Principality of Transylvania
2782:The first crack in Franz Joseph's
2627:and the need for supplies for the
2071:in the early 18th century and the
25:
3441:, Palgrave Macmillan, 1995, p. 62
2542:was about to degenerate into the
2513:Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen
2145:occurred only in 1538, under the
1140:Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen
4725:Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia
4670:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
4640:
4626:
3712:
3164:Howell A. Lloyd, Glenn Burgess,
3077:
3065:
2719:
2707:
2695:
2680:
2292:by the end of the 16th century.
2225:and enjoyed little influence in
2195:'s favor under the terms of the
1945:
1538:
1471:
763:
711:
697:
672:
658:
107:
91:
4816:Early modern history of Hungary
3694:(in French) Louis-Emile Hecht,
3342:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 17.
1996:, but part of the lands of the
130:Regnum Mariae Patrona Hungariae
4826:1530s establishments in Europe
3719:Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)
2805:defeated the Austrians in the
2550:First half of the 19th century
2335:Growth of Habsburg territories
1894:Post-revolution Czechoslovakia
666:Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)
1:
4760:Imperial Free City of Trieste
3528:De Puy, Henry Walter (1858).
3369:Peter George Wallace (2004).
3232:Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák,
2278:Principality of Upper Hungary
2168:The territory of present-day
2069:Rákóczi's War of Independence
1904:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
1766:Military District of Preßburg
1761:1848–49 Slovak Uprising
1080:Rákóczi's War of Independence
1045:Principality of Upper Hungary
845:Hungarian invasions of Europe
514:9 September – 17 October 1552
4801:Slovakia under Habsburg rule
3815:Principality of Transylvania
3677:(in Hungarian) Elek Fényes,
3130:Adeleye, Gabriel G. (1999).
2855:(75,107) because they speak
2756:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
2373:Principality of Transylvania
2308:between the mostly Catholic
2299:reorganized Royal Hungary's
2236:Principality of Transylvania
2178:Principality of Transylvania
2102:Royal Hungary (1526–1699), (
2073:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
1834:Slovakia during World War II
1771:Military District of Kaschau
1756:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
1725:Principality of Imre Thököly
1720:Principality of Transylvania
1090:Principality of Transylvania
1015:Principality of Transylvania
172:(in shades of blue) in 1572.
18:History of Hungary 1700-1919
4796:Croatia under Habsburg rule
4791:Hungary under Habsburg rule
4685:Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
3850:Interwar Kingdom of Hungary
3339:Fractured Europe, 1600–1721
3037:
3032:
3022:
3019:
3009:
3006:
2996:
2993:
2983:
2980:
2959:
2956:
2946:
2943:
2918:
2915:
2905:
2902:
2865:
2862:
2702:Revolutionary flag, 1848–49
2383:), the people united under
2163:Lands of the Bohemian Crown
1751:Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary
1295:Hungarian People's Republic
1230:Governorate of Subcarpathia
1170:Hungarian People's Republic
900:Personal union with Croatia
4867:
4806:Former countries in Europe
3679:Magyarország' statistikája
3662:Magyarország' statistikája
3530:"IV: Kossuth the Reformer"
3262:, Peter Lang, 2004, p. 400
2421:also banned conversion to
2401:Leopold's successor, King
2319:
2265:
2165:in the late 16th century.
920:Mongol invasion of Hungary
4821:Modern history of Hungary
4650:
4556:
4312:Universities and colleges
4286:
4183:
4060:
3966:
3883:
3775:
3511:Federal Research Division
3421:Federal Research Division
3194:, Valdonega, 1999, p. 222
2159:Austrian hereditary lands
2155:Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
2087:Royal Hungary (1526–1699)
1874:Slovak Socialist Republic
1864:Slovaks in Czechoslovakia
1814:Slovaks in Czechoslovakia
1776:Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
1695:Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
1687:(16th–17th century)
1285:Second Hungarian Republic
1180:Hungarian Soviet Republic
1130:Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
985:Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
637:
611:
475:
451:
429:• 1526–1530 (first)
423:
409:
387:• 1526–1564 (first)
381:
153:
139:
125:
87:
82:
4745:Princely County of Tyrol
4291:Anti-Hungarian sentiment
3971:Administrative divisions
3336:David J. Sturdy (2002).
3051:List of Hungarian rulers
2794:defeated Austria at the
1854:Slovak National Uprising
1325:Third Hungarian Republic
522:Battle of Saint Gotthard
441:• 1847–1848 (last)
399:• 1848–1867 (last)
244:(before 1784; 1790–1844)
4846:19th century in Hungary
4841:18th century in Hungary
4836:17th century in Hungary
4831:16th century in Hungary
4199:Hungarian National Bank
3830:Austro-Hungarian Empire
3629:Zeilner, Franz (2008),
2044:Under the terms of the
1628:Principality of Hungary
1615:Principality of Hungary
1374:History of Transylvania
880:Principality of Hungary
263:Other spoken languages:
168:(red), both within the
4740:Margraviate of Moravia
4355:International rankings
4230:Science and technology
4110:Chief of General Staff
3805:Ottoman–Hungarian wars
3613:Laszlo, Péter (2011),
3457:. Brill. p. 263.
2751:
2654:Széchenyi Chain Bridge
2615:
2555:Enlightened absolutism
2344:
2336:
2281:
2189:John Sigismund Zápolya
2115:
2107:
2099:
2018:John Sigismund Zápolya
1824:Slovak Soviet Republic
1580:Medieval Slavic states
252:(1784–1790; 1849–1867)
217:(1526–1536, 1784–1873)
66:
52:
38:
4735:Margraviate of Istria
3800:Late Medieval Kingdom
3795:High Medieval Kingdom
3249:, Brill, 2009, p. 253
2742:
2714:Arms of Hungary, 1849
2613:
2595:Kaiser von Österreich
2342:
2334:
2301:Roman Catholic Church
2275:
2094:
2077:dual monarchy in 1867
1921:Contemporary Slovakia
1592:Principality of Nitra
1399:Transylvanian Princes
1250:Revisions of Délvidék
1035:Wesselényi conspiracy
815:Kingdom of the Gepids
535:Wesselényi conspiracy
228:Common languages
4695:Archduchy of Austria
4544:World Heritage Sites
4416:Palaces and mansions
3780:Hungarian prehistory
3721:at Wikimedia Commons
3509:. Washington, D.C.:
3437:Dennis P. Hupchick,
3419:. Washington, D.C.:
3284:, BRILL, 2009, p. 40
3234:A History of Hungary
2930:Transylvanian Saxons
2534:Joseph's successor,
2488:Patent of Toleration
2476:Age of Enlightenment
2369:eight-year rebellion
2108:Királyi Magyarország
1100:Hungarian Reform Era
780:Hungarian prehistory
588:Hungarian Revolution
574:Hungarian Reform Era
4690:Kingdom of Slavonia
4665:Kingdom of Dalmatia
3258:Giambattista Vico,
2807:Austro-Prussian War
2796:Battle of Solferino
2354:right of resistance
2322:Lieutenancy Council
2305:Counter-Reformation
2276:Royal Hungary, the
2256:Bohemian crownlands
2248:Counter-Reformation
2147:Treaty of Nagyvárad
2126:in the wake of the
2122:were recognized as
2046:Treaty of Karlowitz
2004:in 1804. After the
1952:Slovakia portal
1669:Domain of Amade Aba
1664:Domain of Máté Csák
1646:(1000 – 1526)
1240:Second Vienna Award
825:Ostrogothic Kingdom
561:War of Independence
548:Treaty of Karlowitz
496:Treaty of Nagyvárad
235:Official languages:
4786:Kingdom of Hungary
4705:Duchy of Carinthia
4680:Kingdom of Illyria
4675:Kingdom of Hungary
4660:Kingdom of Croatia
4655:Kingdom of Bohemia
4494:Hungarian language
4345:Hungarian diaspora
4245:Telecommunications
3870:Revolution of 1956
3825:Revolution of 1848
2811:Compromise of 1867
2752:
2616:
2591:Emperor of Austria
2579:composite monarchy
2492:Edict of Tolerance
2484:enlightened despot
2442:First Silesian War
2411:Pragmatic Sanction
2385:Francis II Rákóczi
2363:The repression of
2345:
2337:
2282:
2116:Königliches Ungarn
2100:
2048:, which ended the
2039:Kingdom of Hungary
1990:Kingdom of Hungary
1933:1993–present
1641:Kingdom of Hungary
1620:(895 – 1000)
1478:Hungary portal
1379:Hungarian language
1369:History of Hungary
1305:Revolution of 1956
1220:First Vienna Award
1210:Kingdom of Hungary
1190:Hungarian Republic
1110:Revolution of 1848
1055:Kingdom of Hungary
930:Kingdom of Hungary
890:Kingdom of Hungary
855:Hungarian conquest
203:historical context
199:Kingdom of Croatia
188:and from 1804 the
166:Kingdom of Croatia
34:Kingdom of Hungary
4773:
4772:
4765:Military Frontier
4720:Duchy of Salzburg
4710:Duchy of Carniola
4700:Duchy of Bukovina
4592:
4591:
4552:
4551:
4335:Human trafficking
4273:
4272:
4170:
4169:
4134:Political parties
4080:Foreign relations
4047:
4046:
3953:
3952:
3865:People's Republic
3845:Treaty of Trianon
3717:Media related to
3382:978-0-333-64450-8
3349:978-0-631-20513-5
3109:Habsburg monarchy
3042:
3041:
2978:
2941:
2900:
2860:
2788:Sardinia-Piedmont
2563:Ignác Martinovics
2540:French Revolution
2521:cultural hegemony
2505:Military Frontier
2490:, followed by an
2407:Treaty of Szatmár
2396:Treaty of Szatmár
2223:Habsburg monarchy
2212:Holy Roman Empire
2172:and northwestern
2064:ruled the lands.
2050:Great Turkish War
1998:Habsburg monarchy
1994:Holy Roman Empire
1986:
1985:
1937:
1936:
1912:
1911:
1884:Velvet Revolution
1804:Treaty of Trianon
1796:
1794:(1918–1993)
1745:
1743:(1526–1918)
1738:Habsburg monarchy
1689:
1648:
1622:
1512:
1511:
1343:
1342:
1315:Goulash Communism
1268:
1267:
1200:Treaty of Trianon
1063:
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948:
947:
863:
862:
737:
736:
723:
722:
719:
718:
685:
684:
366:Absolute monarchy
186:Habsburg monarchy
170:Habsburg monarchy
135:
53:Königreich Ungarn
16:(Redirected from
4858:
4851:Christian states
4645:
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3513:. Archived from
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3435:
3429:
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3423:. Archived from
3408:
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3333:
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3325:2009, pp. 61-255
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2699:
2688:István Széchenyi
2684:
2645:István Széchenyi
2446:Hungarian nobles
2216:Kings of Hungary
2197:Treaty of Speyer
2132:Battle of Mohács
2124:Kings of Hungary
2006:Battle of Mohács
2000:that became the
1978:
1971:
1964:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1925:
1924:
1800:
1799:
1795:
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1741:
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1659:Late Middle Ages
1654:High Middle Ages
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1076:
1075:
1025:Bocskai uprising
961:
960:
876:
875:
811:
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767:
757:
739:
715:
714:
701:
700:
689:
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661:
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639:
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590:
501:24 February 1538
483:Battle of Mohács
158:
133:
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95:
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67:Regnum Hungariae
63:
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49:
41:
39:Magyar Királyság
30:
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3643:József Zachar,
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2934:Danube Swabians
2835:
2823:
2815:Austria-Hungary
2747:in May 1849 by
2737:
2730:
2724:
2715:
2712:
2703:
2700:
2691:
2685:
2629:Napoleonic Wars
2575:Austrian Empire
2552:
2544:Reign of Terror
2329:
2324:
2318:
2270:
2264:
2214:, were elected
2208:
2182:Ottoman Hungary
2130:victory at the
2089:
2081:Austria-Hungary
2058:Diet of Hungary
2054:Ottoman Hungary
2002:Austrian Empire
1982:
1946:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1929:Slovak Republic
1922:
1914:
1913:
1898:1989–1992
1878:1969–1990
1868:1948–1989
1848:1939–1945
1844:Slovak Republic
1838:1939–1945
1818:1918–1938
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1353:
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1329:1989–2012
1319:1956–1989
1299:1949–1989
1289:1946–1949
1278:
1270:
1269:
1264:1941–1945
1234:1939–1945
1214:1920–1946
1194:1919–1920
1174:1918–1919
1164:1918–1941
1160:Interwar period
1154:1914–1918
1144:1867–1918
1134:1867–1918
1120:Hungarian State
1114:1848–1849
1104:1825–1848
1094:1711–1867
1084:1703–1711
1073:
1065:
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1059:1699–1867
1049:1682–1685
1039:1664–1671
1029:1604–1606
1019:1570–1711
1009:1541–1699
1005:Ottoman Hungary
999:1526–1699
989:1526–1570
979:1526–1699
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924:1241–1242
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894:1000–1301
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680:Hungarian State
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3707:External links
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3564:britannica.com
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3321:István Keul,
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3145:
3141:
3140:0-86516-422-3
3137:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3073:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3035:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2976:
2972:
2969:(mostly from
2967:
2964:
2963:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2906:33.62 %
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2866:37.36 %
2858:
2854:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2734:
2728:
2727:Lajos Kossuth
2722:
2717:
2710:
2705:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2669:Lajos Kossuth
2665:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2612:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2589:), the first
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2529:
2524:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2423:Protestantism
2418:
2416:
2415:Maria Theresa
2412:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2381:Gyulafehérvár
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2341:
2333:
2326:
2323:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2297:Péter Pázmány
2293:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2193:Maximilian II
2190:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2022:Maximilian II
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1943:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1918:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1616:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1597:Great Moravia
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1587:Samo's Empire
1585:
1584:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1562:Lombard state
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:Early history
1546:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1526:
1521:
1515:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1469:
1468:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1384:Árpád dynasty
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1069:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
998:
996:
995:Royal Hungary
993:
992:
988:
986:
983:
982:
978:
976:
973:
972:
968:
966:
963:
962:
954:
953:
943:
941:
938:
937:
933:
931:
928:
927:
923:
921:
918:
917:
913:
911:
908:
907:
903:
901:
898:
897:
893:
891:
888:
887:
883:
881:
878:
877:
869:
868:
859:862–895
858:
856:
853:
852:
848:
846:
843:
842:
839:567–822
838:
836:
833:
832:
829:469–553
828:
826:
823:
822:
819:454–567
818:
816:
813:
812:
804:
803:
796:
795:Hunnic Empire
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
777:
774:Early history
771:
770:
766:
762:
761:
758:
751:
746:
740:
733:
730:
728:Today part of
726:
710:
708:
705:
704:
696:
694:
691:
690:
687:
681:
678:
671:
670:
667:
664:
657:
656:
653:
652:
649:
646:
644:
641:
640:
636:
633:
630:
628:
627:ISO 3166 code
624:
621:
618:
614:
610:
607:30 March 1867
606:
603:
594:15 March 1848
593:
589:
578:
575:
565:
562:
552:
549:
539:
536:
527:1 August 1664
526:
523:
513:
510:
509:Siege of Eger
500:
497:
487:
484:
471:
468:
464:
461:
458:
454:
450:
447:
444:
435:
432:
418:
416:
408:
405:
402:
393:
390:
376:
374:
367:
364:
362:
358:
355:
352:
350:
346:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
311:
309:
305:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
259:
257:
254:
251:
249:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
232:
230:
226:
221:
215:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
191:
187:
183:
180:
176:
171:
167:
163:
157:
152:
146:
145:Rakoczi March
142:
138:
131:
128:
124:
117:
110:
101:
94:
86:
81:
75:
68:
61:
54:
47:
40:
31:
19:
4674:
4403:Architecture
4370:Prostitution
4301:Demographics
4265:Unemployment
4255:Trade unions
4090:Intelligence
4085:Human rights
4070:Constitution
3945:Coat of arms
3903:List of wars
3888:Christianity
3855:World War II
3809:
3790:Principality
3695:
3690:
3678:
3673:
3661:
3652:
3639:
3630:
3623:
3614:
3605:
3600:
3590:
3579:
3567:. Retrieved
3563:
3554:
3545:
3538:. Retrieved
3533:
3523:
3515:the original
3473:
3453:
3446:
3433:
3425:the original
3386:. Retrieved
3371:
3364:
3353:. Retrieved
3338:
3331:
3322:
3316:
3296:
3289:
3276:
3267:
3254:
3241:
3228:
3199:
3186:
3173:
3160:
3147:
3131:
3126:
3099:
3033:
3028:
3023:0.01 %
3010:0.03 %
2997:0.04 %
2984:0.05 %
2960:1.89 %
2947:9.89 %
2937:
2919:17.1 %
2896:
2836:
2801:In 1866 the
2800:
2781:
2768:
2760:Franz Joseph
2753:
2666:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2617:
2602:
2599:Doppelkaiser
2598:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2553:
2533:
2525:
2517:
2509:Transylvania
2470:
2458:
2454:
2438:Frederick II
2431:
2419:
2400:
2362:
2346:
2327:18th century
2294:
2283:
2252:Ottoman wars
2220:
2209:
2201:
2186:
2174:Transdanubia
2167:
2136:
2101:
2066:
2043:
2035:Transylvania
2029:
2026:
1989:
1987:
1750:
1710:Budin Eyalet
1705:Uyvar Eyalet
1434:Coat of arms
1419:Christianity
1414:List of Wars
1277:Contemporary
1260:World War II
1054:
975:Ottoman Wars
957:Early modern
940:Ottoman Wars
648:Succeeded by
647:
642:
470:Early Modern
334:Unitarianism
262:
234:
140:
129:
127:Motto:
126:
116:Coat of arms
4633:Crown lands
4519:Spa culture
4350:Irredentism
4188:Agriculture
4117:Nationality
3835:World War I
3658:Elek Fényes
3038:100 %
2851:(including
2830:Elek Fényes
2772:Ferenc Deák
2673:Ferdinand V
2480:Josephinism
2427:Catholicism
2403:Charles III
2375:" with the
2365:Protestants
2295:Archbishop
2286:Reformation
2262:Reformation
2244:Protestants
2143:Ferdinand I
2098:around 1572
2079:, known as
2014:Ferdinand I
1715:Eğri Eyalet
1529:History of
1150:World War I
1072:Late modern
965:Reformation
910:Golden Bull
754:History of
643:Preceded by
456:Legislature
392:Ferdinand I
324:Lutheranism
260:(1836–1849)
223:(1536–1783)
149:{{center|}}
4780:Categories
4534:Television
4499:Literature
4489:Inventions
4340:Hungarians
4330:Healthcare
4220:(currency)
4122:Parliament
3923:Holy Crown
3388:2009-04-12
3355:2009-04-12
3119:References
3034:12,880,406
2944:1,273,677
2916:2,202,542
2903:4,330,165
2885:Bulgarians
2863:4,812,759
2821:Demography
2776:April laws
2754:After the
2604:Kaiserthum
2559:Francis II
2536:Leopold II
2379:seated at
2358:Hungarians
2320:See also:
2303:and led a
2151:Bratislava
2024:'s favor.
1439:Literature
1389:Holy Crown
1359:Hungarians
1339:since 2012
460:Royal Diet
361:Government
349:Demonym(s)
4479:Festivals
4360:Languages
4306:Education
4260:Transport
4207:Companies
4139:President
4075:Elections
4029:Mountains
4001:Hydrology
3959:Geography
3547:subject."
3016:Albanians
3003:Armenians
2857:Hungarian
2803:Prussians
2764:Vojvodina
2735:1848–1867
2619:Austria,
2583:Francis I
2472:Joseph II
2349:Leopold I
2187:In 1570,
2120:Habsburgs
2104:Hungarian
2062:Pressburg
1557:Roman era
579:1825-1848
566:1703–1711
540:1664–1671
354:Hungarian
307:Religion
298:Ruthenian
256:Hungarian
220:Pressburg
197:with the
182:Crownland
164:with the
83:1526–1867
46:Hungarian
4579:Category
4484:Folklore
4461:Sausages
4380:Religion
4240:Taxation
4225:Industry
4105:Military
4053:Politics
3976:Counties
3935:Nobility
3918:Monarchs
3898:Military
3893:Economic
3785:Pannonia
3760:articles
3611:Hungary"
3607:Erblande
3569:19 March
3540:14 March
3084:Monarchy
3045:See also
2971:Lorraine
2957:244,035
2842:Percent
2749:Mór Than
2656:linking
2587:Franz I.
2497:Slavonia
2462:Urbarium
2310:magnates
2290:Lutheran
2231:palatine
2170:Slovakia
2030:de facto
1531:Slovakia
1520:a series
1518:Part of
1459:Budapest
1449:Székelys
1409:Military
1404:Nobility
1364:Timeline
872:Medieval
745:a series
743:Part of
616:Currency
415:Palatine
329:Orthodox
319:Reformed
314:Catholic
278:Croatian
268:Romanian
205:section)
4635:of the
4563:Outline
4539:Theatre
4529:Symbols
4474:Fashion
4434:Cuisine
4409:Castles
4395:Culture
4279:Society
4250:Tourism
4217:Forint
4176:Economy
4127:Speaker
4065:Cabinet
4039:Regions
4007:Islands
3996:Geology
3986:Climate
3768:History
3756:Hungary
3683:page 34
3666:page 33
3480:Link2:
3072:Hungary
3058:Portals
2925:Germans
2877:Slovaks
2853:Gypsies
2848:Magyars
2625:Moravia
2621:Bohemia
2567:Jacobin
2501:Croatia
2434:Prussia
2392:magnate
2161:or the
2128:Ottoman
2028:it was
1424:Economy
1335:Hungary
756:Hungary
732:Hungary
600:•
585:•
572:•
559:•
546:•
533:•
520:•
507:•
494:•
481:•
339:Judaism
293:Italian
288:Serbian
283:Slovene
210:Capital
143: "
141:Anthem:
4584:Portal
4454:Dishes
4429:Cinema
4325:Health
4212:Energy
4021:Rivers
3928:Regent
3758:
3461:
3379:
3346:
3304:
3138:
3020:1,600
3007:3,798
2994:5,680
2990:Greeks
2981:6,150
2975:Alsace
2966:French
2912:Vlachs
2893:Croats
2881:Rusyns
2834:Number
2792:France
2649:burned
2623:, and
2503:, the
2466:corvée
2450:Vienna
2227:Vienna
2139:John I
2112:German
2010:John I
1522:on the
1352:Topics
747:on the
620:Forint
419:
377:
273:Slovak
248:German
178:Status
70:
60:German
56:
42:
4570:Index
4524:Sport
4514:Names
4509:Music
4504:Media
4469:Dance
4385:Women
4296:Crime
4193:Banks
4014:Lakes
3595:256ff
3091:Notes
3029:Total
2889:Serbs
2872:Slavs
2839:1840
1444:Music
240:Latin
201:(see
74:Latin
4447:Beer
4440:Wine
4365:LGBT
4159:list
4145:list
3940:Flag
3913:King
3571:2018
3542:2022
3459:ISBN
3377:ISBN
3344:ISBN
3302:ISBN
3136:ISBN
2973:and
2953:Jews
2938:etc.
2897:etc.
2790:and
2743:The
2662:Pest
2660:and
2658:Buda
2507:and
2387:, a
2377:Diet
2284:The
2141:and
2012:and
1988:The
1908:1993
1888:1989
1858:1944
1828:1919
1808:1920
1454:Jews
1429:Flag
1309:1956
1254:1941
1244:1940
1224:1938
1204:1920
1184:1919
1124:1849
969:1520
914:1222
214:Buda
100:Flag
4424:Art
4095:Law
2448:to
2436:'s
2184:).
2060:in
193:In
184:of
4782::
3685:).
3668:).
3660:,
3562:.
3544:.
3532:.
3505:.
3487:^
3415:.
3397:^
3212:^
2936:,
2932:,
2895:,
2891:,
2887:,
2883:,
2879:,
2837:c.
2499:,
2452:.
2218:.
2199:.
2114::
2110:,
2106::
2083:.
632:HU
4618:e
4611:t
4604:v
3748:e
3741:t
3734:v
3573:.
3467:.
3391:.
3358:.
3310:.
3142:.
3060::
2977:)
2940:)
2928:(
2899:)
2875:(
2859:)
2593:(
2585:(
1977:e
1970:t
1963:v
1503:e
1496:t
1489:v
147:"
76:)
72:(
62:)
58:(
48:)
44:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
