History of journalism - Knowledge (XXG)

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elements in the changing political culture. For example, there were eight Catholic periodicals in 1830 in Paris. None were officially owned or sponsored by the Church and they reflected a range of opinions among educated Catholics about current issues, such as the 1830 July Revolution that overthrew the Bourbon monarchy. Several were strong supporters of the Bourbon kings, but all eight ultimately urged support for the new government, putting their appeals in terms of preserving civil order. They often discussed the relationship between church and state. Generally, they urged priests to focus on spiritual matters and not engage in politics. Historian M. Patricia Dougherty says this process created a distance between the Church and the new monarch and enabled Catholics to develop a new understanding of church-state relationships and the source of political authority.

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century, usually tied to one or another political party or labor union. Modernization, bringing in new features and mechanical techniques, appeared after 1900. The total circulation was 500,000 daily in 1901, more than doubling to 1.2 million in 1925. The German occupation brought informal censorship; some offending newspaper buildings were simply blown up by the Nazis. During the war, the underground produced 550 newspapers—small, surreptitiously printed sheets that encouraged sabotage and resistance.

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followed by the "Partisan Period from 1800–1850," when individual printers and editors played a growing role in politics. The "Nation Building Period from 1850–1900," when Canadian editors began the work of establishing a common nationalistic view of Canadian society. The "Modern period" from 1900 to 1980s saw the professionalization of the industry and the growth of chains. "Current history" since the 1990s saw outside interests take over the chains, as they faced new competition from the Internet.

987:, the father of Danish journalism, began a state paper. The royal privilege to bring out a newspaper was issued to Joachim Wielandt in 1720. University officials handled the censorship, but in 1770 Denmark became one of the first nations of the world to provide for press freedom; it ended in 1799. The press in 1795–1814, led by intellectuals and civil servants, called out for a more just and modern society, and spoke out for the oppressed tenant farmers against the power of the old aristocracy. 1287: 2213: 598: 1250:. India's press in the 1840s was a motley collection of small-circulation daily or weekly sheets printed on rickety presses. Few extended beyond their small communities and seldom tried to unite the many castes, tribes, and regional subcultures of India. The Anglo-Indian papers promoted purely British interests. Englishman Robert Knight (1825–1890) founded two important English-language newspapers that reached a broad Indian audience, 851:

major cultural innovation was the professionalization of news gathering, handled by specialist reporters. Liberalism led to freedom of the press, and ended newspaper taxes, along with a sharp reduction to government censorship. Entrepreneurs interested in profit increasingly replaced politicians interested in shaping party positions, so there was dramatic outreach to a larger subscription base. The price fell to a penny. In New York, "

855:" used sensationalism, comics (they were colored yellow), a strong emphasis on team sports, reduced coverage of political details and speeches, a new emphasis on crime, and a vastly expanded advertising section featuring especially major department stores. Women had previously been ignored, but now they were given multiple advice columns on family, household, and fashion issues, and the advertising was increasingly pitched to them. 1918: 1517: 1722:, which openly campaigned for the rights of free coloureds, and became Jamaica's first anti-slavery newspaper. In 1830, the criticism of the slave-owning hierarchy was too much, and the Jamaican colonial authorities arrested Jordan, the editor, and charged him with constructive treason. However, Jordan was eventually acquitted, and he eventually became Mayor of Kingston in post-Emancipation Jamaica. 2197:"This views journalism history as the slow, steady expansion of freedom and knowledge from the political press to the commercial press, the setbacks into sensationalism and yellow journalism, the forward thrust into muck raking and social responsibility....the entire story is framed by those large impersonal forces buffeting the press: industrialization, urbanization and mass democracy. 1037: 904:, among many others. Chapman and Nuttall find that proposed solutions, such as multi-platforms, paywalls, PR-dominated news gathering, and shrinking staffs have not resolved the challenge. The result, they argue, is that journalism today is characterized by four themes: personalization, globalization, localization, and pauperization. Others point to the growth of 1168:

all venal, taking large secret subsidies to promote the policies of various special interests. Many leading journalists were secretly on the government payroll. The regional and local newspapers were heavily dependent on government advertising and published news and editorials to suit Paris. Most of the international news was distributed through the

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increase in the number of potential readers. Political parties sponsored newspapers at the local and national levels. Toward the end of the century, advertising became well-established and became the main source of revenue for newspaper owners. This led to a race to obtain the largest possible circulation, often followed by downplaying

1163:, and that Italy allegedly paid 65 million francs to French newspapers in 1935. France was a democratic society in the 1930s, but the people were kept in the dark about critical issues of foreign policy. The government tightly controlled all of the media to promulgate propaganda to support the government's foreign policy of 2185:"In journalism history and media history, a new generation of scholars . . . criticized traditional histories of the media for being too insular, too decontextualized, too uncritical, too captive to the needs of professional training, and too enamored of the biographies of men and media organizations." 974:

Journalists created professional organizations and aspired to separate news from commentary. At the Press Congress of the World conference in Honolulu in 1921, the Chinese delegates were among the most Westernized and self-consciously professional journalists from the developing world. By the late

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and so on. They were expensive and directed to the National political elite. Every decade the presses became faster, and the invention of automatic typesetting in the 1880s made feasible the overnight printing of a large morning newspaper. Cheap wood pulp replaced the much more expensive rag paper. A

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Magazines flourished after Napoleon left in 1815. Most were based in Paris and most emphasized literature, poetry and stories. They served religious, cultural and political communities. In times of political crisis they expressed and helped shape the views of their readership and thereby were major

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Journalism in China before 1910 primarily served the international community. The main national newspapers in Chinese were published by Protestant missionary societies in order to reach the literate. Hard news was not their specialty, but they did train the first generation of Chinese journalists in

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made it known he had no intention of presiding "over the liquidation of the British Empire", and consequently the Jamaican nationalists in the PNP were disappointed with the watered-down constitution that was handed down to Jamaica in 1944. Mais wrote an article saying "Now we know why the draft of

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spread through Italy, generated by the desire of each court to know the activities of opposing and even allied courts. Over time, this information that had been provided for free eventually was sold by specialists and distributed by couriers in order to meet the high demand for such a product. From

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to the aggressions of Italy and especially Nazi Germany. There were 253 daily newspapers, all owned separately. The five major national papers based in Paris were all under the control of special interests, especially right-wing political and business interests that supported appeasement. They were

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The press was handicapped during the war by shortages of newsprint and young journalists, and by an abundance of censorship designed to maintain home front morale by minimizing bad war news. The Parisian newspapers were largely stagnant after the war; circulation inched up to 6 million a day from 5

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There were five important periods in the history of Canadian newspapers' responsible for the eventual development of the modern newspaper. These are the "Transplant Period" from 1750 to 1800, when printing and newspapers initially came to Canada as publications of government news and proclamations;

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so that members of all parties would buy a paper. The number of newspapers in Europe in the 1860s and 1870s was steady at about 6,000; then it doubled to 12,000 in 1900. In the 1860s and 1870s, most newspapers were four pages of editorials, reprinted speeches, excerpts from novels and poetry and a

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Newspapers in all major countries became much more important in the 19th century because of a series of technical, business, political, and cultural changes. High-speed presses and cheap wood-based newsprint made large circulations possible. The rapid expansion of elementary education meant a vast

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Newspapers reached their peak of importance during the First World War, in part because wartime issues were so urgent and newsworthy, while members of Parliament were constrained by the all-party coalition government from attacking the government. By 1914 Northcliffe controlled 40 percent of the

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The historiography of the Danish press is rich with scholarly studies. Historians have made insights into Danish political, social and cultural history, finding that individual newspapers are valid analytical entities, which can be studied in terms of source, content, audience, media, and effect.

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However, none of these publications fully met the modern criteria for proper newspapers, as they were typically not intended for the general public and restricted to a certain range of topics. Early publications played into the development of what would today be recognized as the newspaper, which

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Early British newspapers typically included short articles, ephemeral topics, some illustrations and service articles (classifieds). They were often written by multiple authors, although the authors' identities were often obscured. They began to contain some advertisements, and they did not yet

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In 1834, the first liberal newspaper appeared one that gave much more emphasis to actual news content rather than opinions. The newspapers championed the Revolution of 1848 in Denmark. The new constitution of 1849 liberated the Danish press. Newspapers flourished in the second half of the 19th

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By 1400, businessmen in Italian and German cities were compiling handwritten chronicles of important news events, and circulating them to their business connections. The idea of using a printing press for this material first appeared in Germany around 1600. Early precursors were the so-called

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Periodicals were censored by the central government in Paris. They were not totally quiescent politically—often they criticized Church abuses and bureaucratic ineptitude. They supported the monarchy and they played at most a small role in stimulating the revolution. During the Revolution new

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and minsters', where 'more than in any other city in the world one could see a multitude of personages and soldiers who had been ambassadors at all the courts of Europe and where civil questions were managed by nobles, where people practiced who possessed refined judicial abilities and were

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contained ecclesiastical, political, and criminal intrigue, taking advantage of opposing factions willing to divulge state secrets or official gossip for their own benefit. These were then read by church and government officials as well as the nobility. Such was the partisan (and sometimes

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The rapidly growing impact of the Internet, especially after 2000, brought "free" news and classified advertising to audiences, undermining the paid subscription and local advertising model of many newspapers. Bankruptcy loomed across the U.S. and did hit such major papers as the

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had little political significance, but played an important role in disseminating the results of research and cultural work done outside Italy and in spreading news on Italian culture throughout Europe. The journal was continued to 1675, and another series was carried on to 1769.

1985:(1865–1922), "More than anyone... shaped the modern press. Developments he introduced or harnessed remain central: broad contents, exploitation of advertising revenue to subsidize prices, aggressive marketing, subordinate regional markets, independence from party control. His 1825:

The history of Russian journalism covers writing for newspapers, magazines, and electronic media since the 18th century. The main themes are low levels of literacy, censorship and government control, and the emphasis on politics and political propaganda in the media.

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began in the 1920s and reached its height in the 1930s and 1940s. Experimental television was being studied before the 2nd world war, became operational in the late 1940s, and became widespread in the 1950s and 1960s, largely but not entirely displacing radio.

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the new constitution has not been published before," because the underlings of Churchill were "all over the British Empire implementing the real imperial policy implicit in the statement by the Prime Minister". The British colonial police raided the offices of

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represented the new establishment for the next century, there was a growing black, nationalist movement that campaigned for increased political representation and rights in the early twentieth century. To this end, Osmond Theodore Fairclough founded

1115:; which lacked any political agenda and was dedicated to providing a mix of sensational reporting to aid circulation, and serious articles to build prestige. By 1939, its circulation was over 1.7 million, double that of its nearest rival the tabloid 965:

produced a surge in Chinese nationalism, an end to censorship, and a demand for professional, nationwide journalism. All the major cities launched such efforts. Special attention was paid to China's role in World War I. to the disappointing

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Western standards of newsgathering, editorials, and advertising. Demands for reform and revolution were impossible for papers based inside China. Instead, such demands appeared in polemical papers based in Japan, for example, those edited by

1033:, was established in 1632 by the king's physician Theophrastus Renaudot (1586–1653), with the patronage of Louis XIII. All newspapers were subject to prepublication censorship, and served as instruments of propaganda for the monarchy. 3779:(2014) 15#2 pp 154–171. Hampton argues that journalism history should be integrated with cultural, political, and economic changes. Conboy reaffirms the need for disentangling journalism history more carefully from media history. 715:

came about around 1601. Around the 15th and 16th centuries, in England and France, long news accounts called "relations" were published; in Spain, they were called "Relaciones". Single-event news publications were printed in the

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found their origins, and peaked, in early modern Rome and Venice. It is not difficult to understand why these two cities, in particular, should have played a central role in the development of a 'news service'. The words of

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in 1937. O.T. Fairclough was supported by radical journalists Frank Hill and H.P. Jacobs, and the first edition of this new newspaper tried to galvanize public opinion around a new nationalism. Strongly aligned to the

1077:(1650, 1660, 1665). The French press lagged a generation behind the British, for they catered to the needs of the aristocracy, while the newer British counterparts were oriented toward the middle and working classes. 2145:

news-gathering. In the early 20th century, before television, the average American read several newspapers per day. Starting in the 1920s, changes in technology again morphed the nature of American journalism as

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The history of German journalism dates to the 16th century. Germany invented printing and produced its first newspapers in the 16th century. However, Germany was divided into so many competing states that before

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After 1600 the national governments in France and England began printing official newsletters. In 1622 the first English-language weekly magazine, "A current of General News", was published and distributed in

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surmises, the steady increase of "the scope of news available to us and the speed with which it is transmitted". Before the printing press was invented, word of mouth was the primary source of news. Returning

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morning newspaper circulation in Britain, 45 percent of the evening and 15 percent of the Sunday circulation. He eagerly tried to turn it into political power, especially in attacking the government in the

671:. Newspapers (and to a lesser extent, magazines) have always been the primary medium of journalists since the 18th century, radio and television in the 20th century, and the Internet in the 21st century. 765: 2024:, however, says, "Northcliffe could destroy when he used the news properly. He could not step into the vacant place. He aspired to power instead of influence, and as a result, forfeited both." 1402:

By the late 1630s manuscript news-sheets diminished in importance because of their limited circulation and high costs. Scholars suppose that the first newspaper printed in Italy was edited in

1949:) began publication. It was published twice a week. Other English papers started to publish three times a week, and later the first daily papers emerged. Publication was controlled under the 1683:

British influence extended globally through its colonies and its informal business relationships with merchants in major cities. They needed up-to-date market and political information. The

1412:, printed from 1639, shall be considered the oldest printed newspaper in Italy. By the mid-seventeenth century irregularly printed news-sheets had become routine in many Italian cities. The 1091:

advocated vigorously for the rights of the lower classes against the enemies of the people Marat hated; it closed when he was assassinated. After 1800 Napoleon reimposed strict censorship.

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there is a precise definition: “the daily newse or intelligence written from Italie, namely from Rome and Venice, tales running newes.” Florio records another two connected terms: the verb

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1920s, however, there was a much greater emphasis on advertising and expanding circulation, and much less interest in the sort of advocacy journalism that had inspired the revolutionaries.

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spans the growth of technology and trade, marked by the advent of specialized techniques for gathering and disseminating information on a regular basis that has caused, as one history of

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to use printing technology (which they viewed as a threat to their job security), and clients desiring the status offered by hand-written information as opposed to the "vulgar" print.

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was the hub of two networks, one linking France, Britain, Germany, and the Netherlands; the other linking Italy, Spain and Portugal. Favorite topics included wars, military affairs,

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Before the development of the first regularly issued printed newspapers in the mid-17th century, from about 1500 to 1700, hand-written newsletters, known by various names such as

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few small local ads. They were expensive, and most readers went to a café to look over the latest issue. There were major national papers in each capital city, such as the London

3333: 2173:). With the coming of digital journalism in the 21st Century, newspapers faced a business crisis as readers turned to the internet for news and advertisers followed them. 1395:

did not appear in Italy until the first half of the seventeenth century. Possible reasons for this were easier avoidance of censorship in hand-written form, reluctance of

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By 1900 popular journalism in Britain aimed at the largest possible audience, including the working class, had proven a success and made its profits through advertising.

1575:, Camillo Ugoni and its other contributors to introduce a more dignified and courageous method of criticism. After its suppression and the falling off in interest of the 1262:. They promoted nationalism in India, as Knight introduced the people to the power of the press and made them familiar with political issues and the political process. 1992: 3645: 1439: 1327:, explaining his reasons for choosing the place where he would work as a contemporary historian, offer one explanation. He says he needed 'a city like that which 995: 1069:

was one of France's first journalists. He disseminated the weekly news of music, dance and Parisian society from 1650 until 1665 in verse, in what he called a

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In Jamaica, there were a number of newspapers that represented the views of the white planters who owned slaves. These newspapers included titles such as the

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as an additional result of the internet, whereby some struggling for-profit outlets convert to nonprofit status to survive and other nonprofit startups like

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in September 2005 represented another instance of Western animosity toward Islam and were so sacrilegious that the perpetrators deserved severe punishment.

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scandalous) comments on public affairs that they became censored by the Pope and several copyists were imprisoned or executed. The celebrated Roman jurist

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Stephen Botein, Jack R. Censer, and Harriet Ritvo, "The periodical press in eighteenth-century English and French society: a cross-cultural approach."

1344:, one of the many adventurous historian-gazetteers of the period, had declared 'Rome, as you know the place where all the news in the world is found. 3820:(Peter Lang Publishing; 2010) 242 pages. Examines the rapid growth of magazines throughout the 20th century and analyzes the form's current decline. 1500:(1740–1770), founded by him, and after the first two years almost entirely written by him. Its learning and impartiality gave it much authority. The 663:, travelers brought news back to the mainland, and this was then picked up by pedlars and traveling players and spread from town to town. Ancient 3885:, Winter 2009, Vol. 26 Issue 1, pp 148–155, stresses the tension between the imperative form of business model and the dominating culture of news 3700:

Verboord, Marc, and Susanne Janssen. "Arts Journalism And Its Packaging In France, Germany, The Netherlands And The United States, 1955–2005."

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Huang, C. "Towards a broadloid press approach: The transformation of China's newspaper industry since the 2000s." Journalism 19 (2015): 1–16.

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Infelise, Mario. "Roman Avvisi: Information and Politics in the Seventeenth Century." Court and Politics in Papal Rome, 1492–1700. Cambridge:

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Infelise, Mario. "Roman Avvisi: Information and Politics in the Seventeenth Century." Court and Politics in Papal Rome, 1492–1700. Cambridge:

734: 3610: 3358: 2847: 2820: 1246:), published every Tuesday by Pt. Jugal Kishore Shukla. Maulawi Muhammad Baqir in 1836 founded the first Urdu-language newspaper the Delhi 3874:

Espejo, Carmen. "European Communication Networks in the Early Modern Age: A new framework of interpretation for the birth of journalism,"

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Meserve, Margaret. "News from Negroponte: Politics, Popular Opinion, and Information Exchange in the First Decade of the Italian Press?."

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Espejo, Carmen. "European communication networks in the early modern age: A new framework of interpretation for the birth of journalism."

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Carmen Espejo, "European Communication Networks in the Early Modern Age: A new framework of interpretation for the birth of journalism,"

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Carmen Espejo, "European communication networks in the early modern age: A new framework of interpretation for the birth of journalism."

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The Rise of Western Journalism 1815–1914: Essays on the Press in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States

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and faster printing presses in the 1840s helped expand the press of the nation, as it experienced rapid economic and demographic growth.

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argued that the revelation of state secrets by the writers of newsletters was a crime that had to be punished no less seriously than the

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The Rise of Western Journalism 1815–1914: Essays on the Press in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain and the United States

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The Rise of Western Journalism 1815–1914: Essays on the Press in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain and the United States

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Mme de Staël influential article “Sulla maniera e l'utilità delle traduzioni”, published on the first issue of the Italian journal

2394: 3337: 1619:, consisting of reprints of documents with historical dissertations, dates from 1842, and was founded by Vieusseux and Gino Capponi. 994:

The appearance of a dozen editorial cartoons ridiculing Mohammed set off Muslim outrage and violent threats around the world. (see:

3129: 3091: 2995: 2962: 2793: 2017: 2755: 1408: 3106: 1505: 626: 1733:, budding businessmen who represented the new class of light-skinned Jamaicans taking over post-Emancipation Jamaica. While the 2314: 2231: 2081: 1206: 1187: 941: 72: 3903: 3519: 2070: 2066: 1563:(1816–1840) was founded at Milan by the favour of the Austrian government, and the editorship was offered to and declined by 926: 3675:

Vine, Josie. "If I Must Die, Let Me Die Drinking at an Inn': The Tradition of Alcohol Consumption in Australian Journalism"

3019: 2104:. The press became a key support element to the country's political parties, but also for organized religious institutions. 1567:. It rendered service to Italian literature by its opposition to the Della-Cruscan tyranny. Another Milanese serial was the 3632: 1879:

defined as “an intelligencer or such as have daily occurrences.” Towards the end of the sixteenth century the Italian term

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in 1636 by Amador Massi and Lorenzo Landi, but no issue was discovered to confirm that conjecture, therefore the newspaper

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The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture: The transformation of the political culture, 1789–1848

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often wrote this information down. This transmission of news was highly unreliable and died out with the invention of the

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O'Malley says the criticism went too far because there was much of value in the deep scholarship of the earlier period.

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Lehmann, Ulrich. "Le mot dans la mode: Fashion and literary journalism in Nineteenth-century France." (2009): 296–313.

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was a weekly political and literary review, which after eight years of existence gave place to a daily newspaper, the

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Timothy B. Weston, "China, professional journalism, and liberal internationalism in the era of the First World War."

1791:, seized Mais's manuscript, arrested Mais himself, and convicted him of seditious libel, jailing him for six months. 1315:

set up news services, the regularity of which may have been dictated by the postal service network in their region.

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was established in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1827. Much later Argentina founded its newspapers in Buenos Aires:

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s publication) were honest; "Most of the others, from top to bottom, have news columns for sale". He reported that

727:. Literacy rates were low in comparison to today, and these news publications were often read aloud (literacy and 3718: 3523: 1473: 1469: 1427: 3172: 2142: 2052: 2048: 1283:, were the fastest and most efficient means by which military and political news could be circulated in Italy. 339: 279: 158: 153: 87: 3265:(London: Longman, Green, Longman and Robert, 1862) vol. II, p. 32, letters to Antony Bacon 15 and 20 May 1596. 3224: 2553:

Natascha Vittinghoff, "Unity vs. uniformity: Liang Qichao and the invention of a" new journalism" for China."

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meaning “to write or report daily occurrences one to another, to tell flying tales” and the profession of

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Danish news media first appeared in the 1540s, when handwritten fly sheets reported on the news. In 1666,

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The Oxford Critical and Cultural History of Modernist Magazines: Volume I: Britain and Ireland 1880–1955

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Burrowes, Carl Patrick. "Property, Power and Press Freedom: Emergence of the Fourth Estate, 1640–1789,"

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The International Distribution of News: The Associated Press, Press Association, and Reuters, 1848–1947

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After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739–1842,

1895:, widely used in Venice with the same meaning, was carried to England as the word report. Consequently 1336:

knowledgeable about the affairs of princes. Siri was referring to Venice, but Rome, the capital of the

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Niels Thomsen, "Why Study Press History? A reexamination of its purpose and of Danish contributions."

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were more conservative in their coverage of such events and more preoccupied with commercial matters.

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In 1974, James W. Carey identified the 'Problem of Journalism History'. The field was dominated by a

2093: 2013: 1957: 1608: 1223: 905: 440: 349: 329: 324: 289: 259: 178: 1643:(1866) soon acquired a well-deserved reputation as a high-class review and magazine; its rival, the 2712: 2101: 1592: 1571:(1818–1820), which although it only lived two years, will be remembered for the endeavours made by 1414: 1385: 1341: 1148: 1061: 808:

The news circulated between newsletters through well-established channels in 17th-century Europe.

795:(1618). By 1650, 30 German cities had active gazettes. A semi-yearly news chronicle, in Latin, the 708: 607: 502: 409: 299: 249: 239: 213: 143: 97: 3607: 2837: 1953:, but the act's lapses from 1679 to 1685 and from 1695 onwards encouraged a number of new titles. 3280: 2592:

Thorkild Kjærgaard, "The rise of press and public opinion in eighteenth‐century Denmark—Norway."

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made this sketch of herself interviewing a Methodist minister in 1908 for his views on marriage.

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rather than a matching English term or the anglicised word “gazette.” In the same time the term

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and small booklets (for longer narratives, often written in a letter format), often containing

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brought out at Parma (1688–1690) and at Modena (1692–1697) a periodical with a similar title.

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Tom O'Malley, "History, Historians and the Writing Newspaper History in the UK c.1945–1962,"

2810: 1663:, conducted by the marchese Manfredo di Passano, a chief of the moderate clerical party, the 691:, a Venetian coin of the time, the name of which eventually came to mean "newspaper". These 3079: 2894: 2862:

Edwin Hirschmann, "An Editor Speaks for the Natives: Robert Knight in 19th Century India,"

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Royal Gazette, The Diary and Kingston Daily Advertiser, Cornwall Chronicle, Cornwall Gazette

1596: 1556: 755:("trade fair reports") which were semi-annual news compilations for the large book fairs at 711:—sharing some characteristics of newspapers, though usually not considered true newspapers. 518: 475: 470: 399: 369: 319: 274: 173: 3811:

Magazines and the Making of America: Modernization, Community, and Print Culture, 1741–1860

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Mass media and historical change: Germany in international perspective, 1400 to the present

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Mass Media and Historical Change: Germany in International Perspective, 1400 to the Present

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edited by Brendan Dooley and Sabrina Baron. (2001) pp. 123–50, especially p. 123.

998:) Some members of the Muslim community decided the caricatures in the Copenhagen newspaper 3725: 3649: 3614: 3387: 2310: 2256: 2126:

began to play a major role in American journalism. Technological advancements such as the

1969:'s first but short-lived newspaper. Only 12 editions were published during 1660 and 1661. 1726: 1516: 1337: 1082: 1000: 962: 579: 374: 294: 148: 138: 3881:

Daly, Chris. "The Historiography of Journalism History: Part 2: 'Toward a New Theory,'"

3225:"Polska. Środki przekazu. Prasa, Encyklopedia PWN: źródło wiarygodnej i rzetelnej wiedzy" 2540:

Zhang Tao, "Protestant missionary publishing and the birth of Chinese elite journalism."

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During the 19th century, newspapers began to expand and appear outside the cities of the

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J. Lee. Thompson, "Fleet Street Colossus: The Rise and Fall of Northcliffe, 1896–1922."

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History of Polish journalism dates to the 15th century. The first Polish newspaper was

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Stephen MacKinnon, “Toward a History of the Chinese Press in the Republican Period,”

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sought for a historian, that is, where there was a great and powerful court, full of

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was founded in Valparaiso, Chile, in 1827. The most influential newspaper in Peru,

1584: 1139: 955: 834: 751: 724: 564: 445: 435: 695:

were handwritten newsletters and used to convey political, military, and economic

3787: 3119: 3027: 2882: 2123: 2028: 2005: 1850: 1604: 1564: 1164: 1129: 523: 92: 27:"History of media" redirects here. For the history of other forms of media, see 3629:

Voices of the New Arab Public: Iraq, Al-Jazeera, and Middle East Politics Today

2366:

Posts, Newsletters, Newspapers: England in a European system of communications,

1492:

was first published at Venice in 1696. One of the many merits of the antiquary

1422:

still existing and published with the same name, was established in June 1664.

1159:

was simultaneously subsidized by the French government, German government, and

3794:

Fireside Politics: Radio and Political Culture in the United States, 1920–1940

3424: 2208: 2166: 2151: 2134: 1987: 1925: 1861: 1756: 1752: 1332: 1111: 1066: 1036: 770: 716: 651: 544: 489: 455: 264: 218: 102: 62: 39: 3475:

David Paul Nord, "The History of Journalism and the History of the Book," in

2906: 2521: 3057: 3005: 2728:

M. Patricia Dougherty, "The French Catholic press and the July Revolution."

2303: 2251: 2157:

In the late 20th century, much of American journalism merged into big media

2127: 2084:

began as a "humble" affair and became a political force in the campaign for

1991:

held the world record for daily circulation until his death. Prime Minister

1962: 1929: 1476:(1710), continued after 1718 by Pietro Zeno, and after 1728 by Mastraca and 1222:

The first newspaper in India was circulated in 1780 under the editorship of

1081:

periodicals played central roles as propaganda organs for various factions.

813: 784: 720: 549: 498: 425: 3679:(Griffith Centre for Cultural Research, Griffith University, vol 10, 2010) 3598:

Global journalism education in the 21st century: Challenges and innovations

2972: 1849:

began to spread from Italy to England. The definition given to the term by

1635:, which has been the type followed by so many continental periodicals. The 1298:

Used to convey political, military and economic news quickly, hand-written

3080:"From Valuable Brands and Games Directors Play to Bail-Outs and Bad Boys" 2133:

By 1900, major newspapers had become profitable powerhouses of advocacy,

1966: 1899:(reporter) became synonymous with a compiler of newsletters or gazettes. 1403: 1328: 656: 508: 2607:

The history makers: The press of Europe from its beginnings through 1965

2181:

Journalism historian David Nord has argued that in the 1960s and 1970s:

1142:

wrote in 1940 that of the more than 100 daily newspapers in Paris, two (

805:

between 1594 and 1635, but it was not the model for other publications.

3148:

Ph.D. Dissertation (Southampton: Southampton University, 2018), p. 279.

2510:"When the Local Paper Shrank, These Journalists Started an Alternative" 1718:. In 1826, two free coloureds, Edward Jordan and Robert Osborn founded 1396: 1243: 821: 809: 802: 792: 760: 688: 664: 559: 66: 2020:

said he was, "the greatest figure who ever strode down Fleet Street."

972:

the aggressive demands and actions of Japan against Chinese interests.

788: 700: 692: 660: 584: 3570:

The Man Who Owns the News: Inside the Secret World of Rupert Murdoch

3176: 2631:

Ana Belen Stage, "The Danish caricatures seen from the Arab world."

1867:

of 1598 is significant; under the Italian entry for the plural form

719:

format, which was often posted. These publications also appeared as

3639:

Arab Mass Media: Newspapers, Radio, and Television in Arab Politics

3596:

Desai, Mira K. "Journalism education in India: Maze or mosaic." in

3565:(2011) 13#1 pp2–66, compares Britain, France, and the United States 3319:

Matthias A. Shaaber, "The History of the First English Newspaper."

769:("Collection of all distinguished and memorable news"), started in 2147: 1998:

Socialist and labour newspapers also proliferated and in 1912 the

1515: 1375: 1303:

the middle of the 16th century Italian newsletter writers, called

1285: 1169: 1035: 733: 704: 2937:

De bonne main: les pourvoyeurs de nouvelles à Rome au xvii siècle

763:, starting in the 1580s. The first true newspaper was the weekly 3775:

Hampton, Mark, and Martin Conboy. "Journalism history—a debate"

1647:, being the special organ of the Florentine men of letters. The 1639:(1839) of Milan was suppressed in 1844 and revived in 1859. The 1425:

In 1668 the first Italian scientific journal was published, the

1291: 1133:

was modelled after the photojournalism of the American magazine

696: 554: 254: 57: 2772:

Grandeur and Misery: France’s Bid for Power in Europe 1914–1940

1595:, a principal writer. Some striking papers were contributed by 3549:

The invention of news: How the world came to know about itself

2447:"If You Can't Make Journalism Profitable, Make it non-Profit" 2883:"The Avvisi of Venice: Toward an Archaeology of Media Forms" 2292:

The Function of Newspapers in Society: A Global Perspective

1625:(1850), fortnightly, is still the organ of the Jesuits. The 3479:, edited by Barbie Zelizer. (London: Routledge, 2008) p 164 2456: 1047:

Under the ancien regime, the most prominent magazines were

731:

were, in a sense, existing side by side in this scenario).

3663:

The Fourth Estate: Journalism in Twentieth-Century Ireland

3396:

The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century British Politics

1751:

counted among its journalists progressive figures such as

1583:, a monthly periodical brought out at Florence in 1820 by 1488:

contributed, was published at Pisa from 1771 onwards. The

1995:

quipped it was "written by office boys for office boys".

1559:, and some of the first names in Italian literature. The 1242:

newspaper published in India, started from Calcutta (now

2485:"Independent websites team up to boost rural journalism" 2351:

Thomas Schroeder, "The Origins of the German Press," in

1729:

was founded by two Jamaican Jewish brothers, Joshua and

1172:

agency, which was largely controlled by the government.

1782:

campaigned for self-government, British prime minister

1629:(1852) was founded at Turin in emulation of the French 766:

Relation aller Fuernemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien

3826:

National and Transnational News Distribution 1400–1800

3670:

We Come From Jamaica: The National Movement, 1937–1962

3199:

We Come From Jamaica: The National Movement, 1937–1962

2051:

of the highly influential weekly magazine of opinion,

1109:

million in 1910. The major postwar success story was

3334:"The previous incarnations of the Caledonian Mercury" 3173:"DiGJamaica :: The Story of the Gleaner Company" 2988:

Storia del giornalismo italiano: dalle origini a oggi

2088:. Following independence, the first amendment to the 1591:, but suppressed in 1833 on account of an epigram of 1340:, was no different. Indeed, only a few years earlier 2760:. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 179–180. 2473:(Wiley-Blackwell, 2011), pp. 299, 313–314. 3818:

The Magazine Century: American Magazines Since 1900

3054:

World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers

2701:

Revolution in Print: The Press in France, 1775–1800

3746:The politics of information in Early Modern Europe 3488:James Carey, "The Problem of Journalism History," 2353:The Politics of Information in Early Modern Europe 1380:Title page of the third volume of Vittorio Siri's 2004:was launched as the first daily newspaper of the 783:from 1609, and gazettes soon were established in 3770:Crying the News: A History of America's Newsboys 3744:Baron, Sabrina Alcorn, and Brendan Dooley, eds. 3394:, "Northcliffe, Viscount." in John Ramsden, ed. 2990:(in Italian). Turin: UTET libreria. p. 15. 2100:. The American press grew rapidly following the 1887:in his own correspondence uses the Italian term 1659:(1882) was the organ of “Italia Irredenta.” The 2953:Castronovo, Valeri; Tranfaglia, Nicola (1976). 1924:, dated 14–17 May 1705 detailing the return of 1123:sponsored a highly successful women's magazine 1085:(1743–1793) was the most prominent editor. His 2842:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. A119. 2633:Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 2290:Shannon E. Martin and David A. Copeland, eds. 2154:, began to play increasingly important roles. 1547:(1819) of Rome. Among the contributors to the 1197:in 1871, no newspaper played a dominant role. 1188:History of newspaper publishing § Germany 3758:Moore, Paul S., and Sandra Gabriele, Sandra. 3121:Latin America: A Concise Interpretive History 2431:Rose F. Collins, and E. M. Palmegiano, eds. 2329:, 2002. pp. 212, 214, 216–217. 1845:By the end of the sixteenth century the word 996:Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy 627: 8: 3730:Collins, Ross F. and E. M. Palmegiano, eds. 3579:Collins, Ross F. and E. M. Palmegiano, eds. 3118:E. Bradford Burns; Julie A. Charlip (2002). 2688:The French press in the age of Enlightenment 2662:Père des Journalistes et Médecin des Pauvres 2077: Early American publishers and printers 1508:under the pseudonym of Aristarco Scannabue. 1207:History of newspaper publishing § India 963:overthrow of the old imperial regime in 1911 942:History of newspaper publishing § China 3576:, A media baron in Australia, UK and the US 2918: 2916: 2788:. Sterling Publishers Pvt Ltd. p. 19. 1983:Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe 1836:History of journalism in the United Kingdom 3477:Explorations in Communications and History 2839:Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates 2675:Comparative Studies in Society and History 1725:On the abolition of slavery in the 1830s, 1615:(1834), suppressed eight years later. The 634: 620: 35: 3840:Brooker, Peter, and Andrew Thacker, eds. 3563:Journalism & Communication Monographs 1504:(1763–1765) was brought out at Venice by 828:Revolutionary changes in the 19th century 3201:(Ottawa: Boyd McRubie, 2014), pp. 65–69. 3050:"Oldest newspapers still in circulation" 1916: 1687:was founded in Recife, Brazil, in 1825. 1579:the next of any merit to appear was the 3683:; bibliography on journalists, pp 34–39 2699:Robert Darnton and Daniel Roche, eds., 2283: 1351:differed between the two cities. Roman 536: 488: 417: 226: 130: 38: 2420:A Generation of Materialism, 1871–1900 1528:The next that deserve mention are the 1059:, founded in 1665 for scientists, and 3359:"Rare Books Collections – Newspapers" 2876: 2874: 2872: 7: 3871:, 2013, retrieved: January 28, 2013. 3622:After the Internet, Before Democracy 3107:Pernambuco.com, O INÍCIO DA HISTÓRIA 3784:Encyclopedia of American Journalism 3665:(Manchester University Press 2017). 3520:History of Journalism lecture notes 2957:(in Italian). Laterza. p. 20. 2508:Seelye, Katharine Q. (2021-06-20). 1215:For a more comprehensive list, see 1027:The first newspaper in France, the 946:For a more comprehensive list, see 824:in an 8- to 24-page quarto format. 699:quickly and efficiently throughout 687:("Written notices") which cost one 3813:(Princeton University Press, 2015) 3438:Politicians and the War, 1914–1916 2784:Parthasarathy, Rangaswami (2011). 2471:Journalism Today: A Themed History 2469:Jane L. Chapman and Nick Nuttall, 1532:(1806) of Naples, followed by the 25: 3631:(Columbia University Press 2006) 2815:. Upkar Prakashan. pp. 42–. 2812:Journalism And Mass Communication 2620:The Cartoons That Shook the World 2609:(LSU Press, 1966) pp 50 – 64, 433 2027:Other powerful editors included 1347:The content and character of the 816:, and court business and gossip. 744:from 1609, the earliest newspaper 3677:Australian Journalism Monographs 3617:, With bibliography pages 27–33. 3505:, (2012) 18#3, pp. 289–310. 2881:McIntyre, Jerilyn (1987-07-01). 2211: 1073:, assembled in three volumes of 596: 46: 3492:(1974) 1#1, pp. 3, 4. 3408:Oxford Dictionary of Quotations 3302:from the original on 2012-11-08 3252:(London: Blount, 1598), p. 145. 2649:Scandinavian Journal of History 2594:Scandinavian journal of History 2315:World Association of Newspapers 2232:History of newspaper publishing 2082:Journalism in the United States 1679:Latin America and the Caribbean 1119:In addition to its daily paper 912:grow to fill some of the void. 3741:59.2 (2006): 440–480. on 1470s 3175:. 12 June 2018. Archived from 3124:. Prentice Hall. p. 151. 2899:10.1080/00947679.1987.12066646 2384:(2011) 17#2, pp. 189–202. 2371:(2005) 11#1–2, pp. 21–36. 2071:History of American newspapers 2067:History of American journalism 1695:, first appeared in 1839. The 927:History of Canadian newspapers 1: 3869:Institute of European History 3835:Institute of European History 3762:(U of Illinois Press, 2022) 3760:Sunday Paper: A Media History 3672:(Ottawa: Boyd McRubie, 2014). 3284:. 7 November 1665. p. 1. 3026:. 8 July 2011. Archived from 3020:"5 The top oldest newspapers" 2866:(1986) 63#2 pp. 260–267. 1909:History of British newspapers 1821:History of Russian journalism 1808:Merkuriusz Polski Ordynaryjny 585:Pundit / commentator 3554:Silberstein-Loeb, Jonathan. 3363:National Library of Scotland 2986:Farinelli, Giuseppe (2004). 2955:Storia della stampa italiana 2836:S. B. Bhattacherjee (2009). 2483:Bauder, David (2021-11-18). 2452:Ryerson Review of Journalism 2445:Iwanek, Marta (4 Oct 2011). 2267:United States defamation law 2122:. From the 1830s onward the 1801:History of Polish journalism 1771:, and future prime minister 1420:the world's oldest newspaper 1281:reporti, gazzette, ragguagli 1238:(The Rising Sun), the first 1182:History of German journalism 1018:History of French journalism 709:early modern era (1500–1800) 683:first published the monthly 123:Index of journalism articles 3086:. 23 July 2010. p. 7. 1496:was his connexion with the 1468:, founded with the help of 1217:List of newspapers in India 948:List of newspapers in China 776:Avisa Relation oder Zeitung 679:In 1556, the government of 3920: 3624:(2010), the media in China 3541:(Berghahn, 2015). 212 pp. 2924:Cambridge University Press 2327:Cambridge University Press 2141:, along with serious, and 2074: 2064: 1906: 1833: 1818: 1798: 1543:of the same city, and the 1440:Philosophical Transactions 1214: 1204: 1185: 1179: 1015: 945: 939: 924: 880: 862: 675:Early and basic journalism 26: 3524:Northern State University 3464:English History 1914–1945 3451:English History 1914–1945 1607:, helped by Tommaseo and 1474:Ludovico Antonio Muratori 1470:Francesco Scipione Maffei 608:Category: Journalism 3782:Vaughn, Stephen L., ed. 3522:. 2003. Wally Hastings, 3263:The Letters and the Life 2313:, A Newspaper Timeline, 2049:Henry William Massingham 1939:On 7 November 1665, The 1611:, and Palermo owned the 1362:crimen laesae maiestatis 3865:European History Online 3831:European History Online 3788:excerpt and text search 3697:(Berghahn Books, 2015). 3466:(1965), pp. 26–27. 2774:(1995) pp. 175–92. 2395:"The Age of Journalism" 2227:History of broadcasting 2193:of journalism history. 2113:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 1934:Battle of Cabrita Point 1745:People's National Party 1675:may also be mentioned. 1669:Fanfulla della Domenica 1589:Giovan Pietro Vieusseux 1534:Progresso delle scienze 865:History of broadcasting 798:Mercurius Gallobelgicus 738:Title page of Carolus' 545:Journalists (reporters) 3878:(2011) 17#2 pp 189–202 3711:17.2 (2011): 189–202. 3423:25.1 (2006): 115–138. 2161:(principally owned by 1936: 1613:Giornale di statistica 1530:Giornale enciclopedico 1525: 1445:Giornale de' Letterati 1428:Giornale de' Letterati 1388: 1295: 1044: 968:Paris Peace Conference 745: 113:Editorial independence 3904:History of journalism 3768:DiGirolamo, Vincent, 3739:Renaissance Quarterly 3421:Parliamentary History 3323:29.4 (1932): 551–587. 2770:Anthony Adamthwaite, 2732:12#4 (1998): 403–428. 2677:23#3 (1981): 464–490. 2635:7.3 (2006): 363–369. 2596:14.4 (1989): 215–230. 2583:83.2 (2010): 327–347. 2418:Carlton J. H. Hayes, 2342:17.2 (2011): 189–202. 2242:History of television 2120:Eastern United States 2086:American independence 2075:Further information: 2008:and labour movement. 1945:(at first called The 1920: 1811:, published in 1661. 1632:Revue des deux Mondes 1627:Rivista contemporanea 1599:. Naples had in 1832 1551:(1811) of Milan were 1519: 1379: 1289: 1039: 881:Further information: 737: 725:woodcut illustrations 648:history of journalism 603:Journalism portal 466:Pink-slime journalism 451:Horse race journalism 29:History of mass media 18:History of Journalism 3809:Haveman, Heather A. 3704:9#6 (2015): 829–852. 3398:(2002), p. 475. 3321:Studies in Philology 3212:We Come From Jamaica 2943:, 54, 1999, p. 1326. 2926:, 2002. pp. 212–213. 2864:Journalism Quarterly 2570:23#1 (1997) pp. 3–32 2557:23.1 (2002): 91–143. 2544:8.6 (2007): 879–897. 2459:on January 17, 2014. 2294:(Praeger, 2003) p. 2 2094:freedom of the press 2014:Shell Crisis of 1915 1958:Mercurius Caledonius 1685:Diário de Pernambuco 1649:Rassegna settimanale 1622:La Civiltà Cattolica 1536:(1833–1848) and the 1460:A much better known 1224:James Augustus Hicky 916:By country or region 906:nonprofit journalism 859:Radio and television 703:, more specifically 441:Freedom of the press 3883:American Journalism 3702:Journalism Practice 3620:Lagerkvist, Johan. 3547:Pettegree, Andrew. 3340:on 27 February 2014 3229:encyklopedia.pwn.pl 2809:Hena Naqvi (2007). 2786:Journalism in India 2713:Keith Michael Baker 2651:7.1–4 (1982): 1–13. 2555:Late Imperial China 2191:Whig interpretation 2102:American Revolution 2034:Manchester Guardian 1697:Jornal do Commercio 1673:Gazzetta letteraria 1577:Biblioteca italiana 1561:Biblioteca italiana 1522:Biblioteca Italiana 1490:Galleria di Minerva 1434:Journal des sçavans 1415:Gazzetta di Mantova 1386:Stefano della Bella 1342:Maiolino Bisaccioni 1065:, founded in 1631. 1056:Journal des sçavans 894:Rocky Mountain News 877:Internet journalism 801:, was published at 503:Newspaper of record 3823:Würgler, Andreas. 3792:Craig, Douglas B. 3777:Journalism Studies 3748:(Routledge, 2005). 3724:2016-10-21 at the 3648:2019-12-27 at the 3613:2020-06-09 at the 3490:Journalism History 3436:Lord Beaverbrook, 3281:The Oxford Gazette 3250:A Worlde of Wordes 2887:Journalism History 2605:Kenneth E. Olson, 2542:Journalism Studies 2514:The New York Times 2309:2012-01-11 at the 2039:James Louis Garvin 1973:include sections. 1951:Licensing Act 1662 1937: 1922:The London Gazette 1865:A Worlde of Wordes 1661:Rassegna nazionale 1538:Museo di scienze e 1526: 1498:Novelle letterarie 1450:Benedetto Bacchini 1389: 1384:(1652), etched by 1358:Prospero Farinacci 1296: 1271:Early developments 1253:The Times of India 1232:. On May 30, 1826 1161:Alexandre Stavisky 1117:Le Petit Parisien. 1075:La Muse Historique 1045: 1043:, 26 December 1786 870:Radio broadcasting 746: 3816:Summer, David E. 3786:(2007) 636 pages 3637:Rugh, William A. 3600:(2017): 113–136. 3572:(2008) 446 pages 3568:Wolff, Michael. 3551:(Yale UP, 2014). 3392:Colin Seymour-Ure 3369:on 20 August 2010 3060:on 7 January 2004 2935:Dooley, Brendan, 2849:978-81-207-4074-7 2822:978-81-7482-108-9 2422:(1941) pp 176–80. 2247:News broadcasting 2219:Journalism portal 2109:Marguerite Martyn 2098:freedom of speech 2090:U.S. Constitution 1913:Media of Scotland 1784:Winston Churchill 1657:Archivio trentino 1545:Giornale arcadico 1502:Frusta letteraria 1127:Another magazine 1071:gazette burlesque 1062:Gazette de France 1050:Mercure de France 1030:Gazette de France 902:Los Angeles Times 887:online newspapers 883:Online journalism 853:Yellow Journalism 779:was published in 644: 643: 529:Alternative media 481:Yellow journalism 118:Journalism school 16:(Redirected from 3911: 3668:Walters, Ewart. 3641:(Praeger, 2004) 3506: 3499: 3493: 3486: 3480: 3473: 3467: 3460: 3454: 3447: 3441: 3434: 3428: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3365:. Archived from 3355: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3345: 3336:. Archived from 3330: 3324: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3307: 3296:"Search Results" 3292: 3286: 3285: 3272: 3266: 3259: 3253: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3236: 3221: 3215: 3208: 3202: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3155: 3149: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3115: 3109: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3056:. Archived from 3046: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3016: 3010: 3009: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2950: 2944: 2933: 2927: 2920: 2911: 2910: 2878: 2867: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2781: 2775: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2748: 2742: 2739: 2733: 2726: 2720: 2710: 2704: 2697: 2691: 2684: 2678: 2671: 2665: 2658: 2652: 2645: 2639: 2629: 2623: 2622:(Yale UP, 2009). 2616: 2610: 2603: 2597: 2590: 2584: 2577: 2571: 2564: 2558: 2551: 2545: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2528: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2495: 2480: 2474: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2455:. Archived from 2442: 2436: 2429: 2423: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2406: 2397:. Archived from 2391: 2385: 2378: 2372: 2364:Paul Arblaster, 2362: 2356: 2349: 2343: 2336: 2330: 2323: 2317: 2301: 2295: 2288: 2262:Online newspaper 2237:History of radio 2221: 2216: 2215: 2214: 2018:Lord Beaverbrook 1883:became popular. 1775:, among others. 1731:Jacob De Cordova 1617:Archivio storico 1597:Giuseppe Mazzini 1506:Giuseppe Baretti 1431:, following the 1294:dated 4 Dec 1700 1154: 1149:Action Française 970:of 1919, and to 636: 629: 622: 601: 600: 599: 476:Propaganda model 471:Public relations 50: 36: 21: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3909: 3908: 3894: 3893: 3892: 3857:Wilke, Jürgen: 3854: 3848: 3806: 3800: 3755: 3726:Wayback Machine 3690: 3661:O'Brien, Mark. 3658: 3650:Wayback Machine 3615:Wayback Machine 3593: 3587: 3574:and text search 3534: 3532:Further reading 3529: 3526:, South Dakota. 3515: 3510: 3509: 3500: 3496: 3487: 3483: 3474: 3470: 3462:A.J.P. Taylor, 3461: 3457: 3449:A.J.P. Taylor, 3448: 3444: 3435: 3431: 3418: 3414: 3406: 3402: 3388:P. P. Catterall 3386: 3382: 3372: 3370: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3343: 3341: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3318: 3314: 3305: 3303: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3261:Francis Bacon, 3260: 3256: 3247: 3243: 3234: 3232: 3223: 3222: 3218: 3209: 3205: 3197:Ewart Walters, 3196: 3192: 3182: 3180: 3179:on 2 March 2019 3171: 3170: 3166: 3159:"Edward Jordon" 3157: 3156: 3152: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3063: 3061: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3033: 3031: 3030:on 10 June 2014 3018: 3017: 3013: 2998: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2965: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2934: 2930: 2921: 2914: 2880: 2879: 2870: 2861: 2857: 2850: 2835: 2834: 2830: 2823: 2808: 2807: 2803: 2796: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2769: 2765: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2741:Hutton 2:692-94 2740: 2736: 2727: 2723: 2711: 2707: 2698: 2694: 2685: 2681: 2672: 2668: 2660:Gérard Jubert, 2659: 2655: 2646: 2642: 2630: 2626: 2618:Jytte Klausen, 2617: 2613: 2604: 2600: 2591: 2587: 2581:Pacific Affairs 2578: 2574: 2565: 2561: 2552: 2548: 2539: 2535: 2526: 2524: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2493: 2491: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2468: 2464: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2430: 2426: 2417: 2413: 2404: 2402: 2393: 2392: 2388: 2379: 2375: 2363: 2359: 2350: 2346: 2337: 2333: 2324: 2320: 2311:Wayback Machine 2302: 2298: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2257:Online magazine 2217: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2179: 2079: 2073: 2065:Main articles: 2063: 1979: 1915: 1907:Main articles: 1905: 1843: 1838: 1832: 1823: 1817: 1803: 1797: 1727:Gleaner Company 1716:Jamaica Courant 1681: 1645:Rivista europea 1641:Nuova Antologia 1514: 1458: 1374: 1338:Catholic Church 1273: 1268: 1220: 1213: 1205:Main articles: 1203: 1190: 1184: 1178: 1152: 1106: 1097: 1088:L'Ami du peuple 1083:Jean-Paul Marat 1025: 1020: 1014: 1001:Jyllands-Posten 981: 951: 944: 938: 929: 923: 918: 898:Chicago Tribune 889: 879: 867: 861: 830: 685:Notizie scritte 677: 640: 597: 595: 375:Photojournalism 244:Interventionism 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3917: 3915: 3907: 3906: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3890:External links 3888: 3887: 3886: 3879: 3872: 3853: 3852:Historiography 3850: 3846: 3845: 3838: 3821: 3814: 3805: 3802: 3798: 3797: 3790: 3780: 3773: 3766: 3754: 3751: 3750: 3749: 3742: 3735: 3728: 3715: 3705: 3698: 3693:Bösch, Frank. 3689: 3686: 3685: 3684: 3673: 3666: 3657: 3656:British Empire 3654: 3653: 3652: 3635: 3625: 3618: 3604: 3592: 3589: 3585: 3584: 3577: 3566: 3559: 3552: 3545: 3537:Bösch, Frank. 3533: 3530: 3528: 3527: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3507: 3494: 3481: 3468: 3455: 3442: 3429: 3412: 3400: 3380: 3350: 3325: 3312: 3287: 3267: 3254: 3241: 3216: 3203: 3190: 3164: 3150: 3144:Michael Siva, 3137: 3130: 3110: 3099: 3092: 3071: 3041: 3024:Liverpool Echo 3011: 2996: 2978: 2963: 2945: 2928: 2912: 2893:(2–3): 68–77. 2868: 2855: 2848: 2828: 2821: 2801: 2794: 2776: 2763: 2743: 2734: 2730:French History 2721: 2705: 2692: 2679: 2666: 2653: 2640: 2624: 2611: 2598: 2585: 2572: 2559: 2546: 2533: 2500: 2475: 2462: 2437: 2424: 2411: 2386: 2373: 2357: 2344: 2331: 2318: 2296: 2282: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2198: 2187: 2186: 2178: 2177:Historiography 2175: 2171:Rupert Murdoch 2139:sensationalism 2062: 2059: 1993:Lord Salisbury 1978: 1975: 1947:Oxford Gazette 1942:London Gazette 1904: 1901: 1842: 1839: 1834:Main article: 1831: 1830:United Kingdom 1828: 1819:Main article: 1816: 1813: 1799:Main article: 1796: 1793: 1789:Public Opinion 1780:Public Opinion 1773:Michael Manley 1769:Peter Abrahams 1765:Louis Marriott 1749:Public Opinion 1740:Public Opinion 1680: 1677: 1667:of Turin, the 1573:Silvio Pellico 1524:, January 1816 1513: 1510: 1457: 1454: 1443:in style. 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Taylor 2019: 2015: 2009: 2007: 2003: 2002: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1989: 1984: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1968: 1965:in 1660, was 1964: 1960: 1959: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1943: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1885:Francis Bacon 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1840: 1837: 1829: 1827: 1822: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1809: 1802: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1665:Nuova rivista 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1523: 1518: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1494:Giovanni Lami 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1466:Apostolo Zeno 1463: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1446: 1442: 1441: 1436: 1435: 1430: 1429: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1416: 1411: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1371: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1325:Vittorio Siri 1321: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1293: 1288: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1261: 1260: 1259:The Statesman 1255: 1254: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1236: 1235:Udant Martand 1231: 1230: 1225: 1218: 1212: 1208: 1200: 1198: 1196: 1189: 1183: 1175: 1173: 1171: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1157:Bec et Ongles 1151: 1150: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1125:Marie-Claire. 1122: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1103: 1101: 1094: 1092: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1063: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1051: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1032: 1031: 1022: 1019: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1003: 1002: 997: 992: 988: 986: 978: 976: 973: 969: 964: 959: 958:(1873–1929). 957: 949: 943: 935: 933: 928: 920: 915: 913: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 888: 884: 876: 874: 871: 866: 858: 856: 854: 849: 845: 841: 836: 827: 825: 823: 817: 815: 811: 806: 804: 800: 799: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 777: 773:in 1605. 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