History of slavery in Maryland

1502: 30: 737: 273:: An Act for the Liberties of the People and An Act Limiting the Times of Servants. The legal status of Africans initially remained undefined; since they were not English subjects, they were considered foreigners. Colonial courts tended to rule that any person who accepted Christian baptism should be freed. In order to protect the property rights of slaveholders, the colony passed laws to clarify the legal position. In 1692 the Maryland Assembly passed a law explicitly forbidding "miscegenation"—marriage between different races. It never controlled the abuse by white men of enslaved African women. 1359: 1271: 100: 1552: 1450: 168: 957: 322:. The early years included slaves who were African Creoles, descendants of African women and Portuguese men who worked at the slave ports. In addition, mixed-race children were born to slave women and white fathers. Numerous free families of color were formed during the colonial years by formal and informal unions between free white women and African-descended men, whether free, indentured or enslaved. Although born free to white women, the 1371: 1093: 423: 888: 1006:

great body of the African people from our State. The President of the Maryland Colonization Society points to this in his address, where he says "the object of Colonization is to prepare a home in Africa for the free colored people of the State, to which they may remove when the advantages which it offers, and above all the pressure of irresistible circumstances in this country, shall excite them to emigrate.

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process of African colonization. Most of the money would be spent on the colony itself, to make it attractive to settlers. Free passage was offered, plus rent, 5 acres (20,000 m) of land to farm, and low-interest loans which would eventually be forgiven if the settlers chose to remain in the colony. The remainder was spent on agents paid to publicize the new colony.

975:, who was a substantial slaveholder. Although Carroll supported the gradual abolition of slavery, he did not free his own slaves, perhaps fearing that they might be rendered destitute by the difficulties of earning a living in the discriminatory society. Carroll introduced a bill for the gradual abolition of slavery in the Maryland senate but it did not pass. 1406:, which permitted the Union army to enlist African-American soldiers, and barred the army from recapturing runaway slaves. In the same month Lincoln offered to buy out Maryland slaveholders, offering $ 300 (~$ 7,136 in 2023) for each emancipated slave, but Crisfield (unwisely as it turned out) rejected this offer. 92:, some slaveholders freed their slaves. In addition, numerous free families of color had started during the colonial era with mixed-race children born free as a result of unions between white women and African-descended men. Although the colonial and state legislatures passed restrictions against manumissions and 350:

1670s, and poorer planters followed suit by c.1700. Enslaved Africans cost more than servants, so initially only the wealthy could invest in slavery. By the end of the seventeenth century, planters shifted away from indentured servants, and in favor of the importation and enslavement of African people.

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Further legislation would follow, entrenching and deepening the institution of slavery. Following the lead of Virginia, in 1671 the Assembly passed an Act stating expressly that baptism of a slave would not lead to freedom. Prior to this some slaves had sued for freedom based on having been baptized.

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In this way the institution of slavery in Maryland was made self-perpetuating, as the slaves had good enough health to reproduce. The numbers of slaves in Maryland was increased even more by continued imports up until 1808. By making slave status dependent on the mother, according to the principle of

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Maryland remained a slave state, but the tide was turning. In 1863 and 1864 growing numbers of Maryland slaves simply left their plantations to join the Union Army, accepting the promise of military service in return for freedom. One effect of this was to bring slave auctions to an end, as any slave

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were given a deadline to leave the state after gaining freedom, unless a court of law found them to be of such "extraordinary good conduct and character" that they might be permitted to remain. A slaveholder who manumitted a slave was required to report that action and person to the authorities, and

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in Maryland and its members had long tolerated slavery. Despite a firm stand for the spiritual equality of black people, Jesuit missioners also continued to own slaves on their plantations. The distinction of being spiritually equal to white men was meaningless to the slaves, of course. The Catholic

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population comprised 49.1% of the total number of African Americans in the state. The small state of Maryland was home to nearly 84,000 free blacks in 1860, by far the most of any state; the state had ranked as having the highest number of free blacks since 1810. In addition, by this time, the vast

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The colored man look to Africa, as his only hope of preservation and of happiness ... it can not be denied that the question is fraught with great difficulties and perplexities, but ... it will be found that this course of procedure ... will ... at no very distant period, secure the removal of the

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The opinion was ... whispered that my master was my father; but of the correctness of this opinion I know nothing. ... My mother and I were separated when I was but an infant. ... It common custom, in the part of Maryland from which I ran away, to part children from their mothers at a very early

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The Methodist movement in the United States as a whole was not of one voice on the subject of slavery. By the antebellum years in the South, most Methodist congregations supported the institution and preachers had made their peace with it, working to improve conditions of the institution. Ministers

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are large and spacious habitations, widely separated, composed of a number of buildings and surrounded by plantations extending farther than the eye can reach, cultivated ... by unhappy black men whom European avarice brings hither ... Their furniture is of the most costly wood, and rarest marbles,

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and other infectious diseases. This took a heavy toll, putting many of them out of action for some time. The survivors joined other British units and continued to serve throughout the war. Blacks were often the first to come forward to volunteer, and a total of 12,000 blacks served with the British

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of 1676 led planters to worry about the prospective dangers of creating a large class of restless, landless, and relatively poor white men (most of them former indentured servants). Wealthy Virginia and Maryland planters began to buy slaves in preference to indentured servants during the 1660s and

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At this early stage in Maryland history, slaves were not especially numerous in the Province, being greatly outnumbered by indentured servants from England. The full effect of such harsh slave laws did not become evident until after large-scale importation of Africans began in earnest in the 1690s.

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On November 1, 1864, after a year-long debate, a state referendum was put forth on the slavery question: although tied to the larger referendum on changes to the state constitution, the slavery component was extremely well known and hotly debated. The citizens of Maryland voted to abolish slavery,

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seconded the motion. Since Kennedy was the former speaker of the Maryland General Assembly, as well as being a respected Maryland author, his support carried enormous weight in the party. A vote was taken and the motion passed. However, the people of Maryland as a whole were by then divided on the

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By the 1850s few Marylanders still believed that colonization was the solution to the perceived problems of slavery and free blacks in society. Although one in every six Maryland families still held slaves, most slaveholders held only a few per household. Support for the institution of slavery was

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For braver souls, impatient with efforts to abolish slavery within the law, there were always illegal methods. Slaves escaped independently; most often they were young males, as they could move more freely than women with children. Free blacks and white supporters of abolition of slavery gradually

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In 1832 the legislature placed new restrictions on the liberty of free blacks, in order to encourage emigration. They were not permitted to vote, serve on juries, or hold public office. Unemployed adult free people of color without visible means of support could be re-enslaved at the discretion of

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approach of England, in which the social status of children of English subjects depended on their father. In the colonies, children would take the status of their mothers and thus be born into slavery if their mothers were enslaved, regardless if their fathers were white, English and Christian, as

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Be it enacted by the Right Honorable, the Lord Proprietary, by the advice and consent of the Upper and Lower House of this present General Assembly, that all negroes or other slaves already within the Province, and all negroes and other slaves to be hereafter imported into the Province shall serve

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Marylanders might agree in principle that slavery could and should be abolished, but they were slow to achieve it statewide. Although the need for slaves had declined with the shift away from tobacco culture, and slaves were being sold to the Deep South, slavery was still too deeply embedded into

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In December 1831, the Maryland state legislature appropriated $ 10,000 for twenty-six years to transport free blacks and formerly enslaved people from the United States to Africa. The act authorized appropriation of funds of up to $ 20,000 a year, up to a total of $ 200,000, in order to begin the

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New Testament writings were sometimes used to support the case for slavery as well. Some of the writings of Paul, especially in Ephesians, instruct slaves to remain obedient to their masters. Southern ideology after the Revolution developed to argue a paternalistic point of view, that slavery was

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colony and slave society, requiring extensive numbers of field hands for the labor-intensive commodity crop of tobacco. In 1700, the province had a population of about 25,000, and by 1750 that number had grown more than five times to 130,000. By 1755, about 40 percent of Maryland's population was

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During the eighteenth century the number of enslaved Africans imported into Maryland greatly increased, as the labor-intensive tobacco economy became dominant, and the colony developed into a slave society. In 1700 there were about 25,000 people in Maryland and by 1750 that had grown more than 5

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Nothing can be conceived more inert than a slave; his unwilling labour is discovered in every step he takes; he moves not if he can avoid it; if the eyes of the overseer be off him, he sleeps. The ox and horse, driven by the slave, appear to sleep also; all is listless inactivity; all motion is

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as the chief commodity crop, as the market for cash crops was strong in Europe. Tobacco was labor-intensive in both cultivation and processing, and planters struggled to manage workers as tobacco prices declined in the late 17th century, even as farms became larger and more efficient. At first,

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beneficial for enslaved people as well as the people who held them in slavery. They said that Christian planters could concentrate on improving treatment of slaves and that the people in bondage were offered protections from many ills, and treated better than industrial workers in the North.

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At this stage there were few voices of dissent among whites in Maryland. Although only the wealthy could afford slaves, poor whites who did not own slaves may have aspired to own them someday. The identity of many whites in Maryland, and the South in general, was tied up in the idea of

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to sugar cane plantations in Louisiana in the Deep South. This was historically one of the largest single slave sales in colonial Maryland. The Jesuits' plantations had not been managed profitably, and they wanted to devote their funds to urban areas, including their schools, such as

627:(and their congregants) often cited Old Testament scriptures as justification, which they interpreted as representing slavery as a part of the natural order of things. Eventually the Methodist Church split into two regional associations over the issue of slavery before the Civil War. 1290:, Maryland had a population divided over politics as war approached, with supporters of both North and South. The western and northern parts of the state, especially those Marylanders of German origin, held fewer slaves and tended to favor remaining in the Union, while the 549:; ultimately, more than 5,000 African Americans (many of them enslaved) served in Patriot military units during the war. Thousands of slaves in the South left their plantations to join the British. Keeping their promise, the British transported about 3,000 freed slaves to 1310:), some citizens in slaveholding areas began forming local militias. Of the 1860 population of 687,000, about 60,000 men joined the Union and about 5,000 fought for the Confederacy. The political sentiments of each group generally reflected their economic interests. 341:

The Act was apparently intended to save the souls of the enslaved; the legislature did not want to discourage slaveholders from baptizing his human property for fear of losing it. In practice, such laws permitted both Christianity and slavery to develop hand in hand.

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had been formed during colonial times from unions between free white women and men of African descent and various social classes, and their descendants were among the free. As children took their status from their mothers, these mixed-race children were born free.

365: 318:, the reference to "negroes and other slaves" may imply that, as in Massachusetts, Virginia and the Carolinas, the colonists may have enslaved local Indians. Alternatively, the wording in the Act may have been intended to apply to slaves of African origin but of 389:

times to 130,000. A great proportion of the population was enslaved. By 1755, about 40% of Maryland's population was black and these persons were overwhelmingly enslaved. The southern plantation counties had majority-slave populations by the end of the century.

52:, slavery declined in Maryland as an institution earlier, and it had the largest free black population by 1860 of any state. The early settlements and population centers of the province tended to cluster around the rivers and other waterways that empty into the 1441:, Creswell outpolled Crisfield by a margin of 6,742 votes to 5,482, with Union soldiers effectively deciding the vote in favor of Creswell. The Civil War was not yet over, but slavery in Maryland had at last run its course. The abolitionists had almost won. 1078:, for two decades the president of the MSCS, and later president of the ACS, proclaimed that settlers would be motivated by the "desire to better one's condition", and that sooner or later "every free person of color" would be persuaded to leave Maryland. 1501: 1488:

On December 16, 1863, a special meeting of the Central Committee of the Union Party of Maryland was called on the issue of slavery in the state (the Union Party was the most powerful legalized political party in the state at the time). At the meeting,

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black enslaved people, with African Americans slaves concentrated in the Tidewater counties where tobacco was grown. Planters relied on the extensive system of rivers to transport their produce from inland plantations to the Atlantic coast for export.

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by a slaveholder. Responding to Methodist and Quaker persuasion, as well as revolutionary ideals and lower labor needs, in the first two decades after the war, a number of slaveholders freed their slaves. In 1815 the Methodists and Quakers formed the

1350:'s swift action to suppress dissent in the state. The belated assistance of Governor Hicks also played an important role; although initially indecisive, he co-operated with federal officials to stop further violence and prevent a move to secession. 1386:

Emancipation remained by no means a foregone conclusion at the start of the war, though events soon began to move against slaveholding interests in Maryland. On December 16, 1861, a bill was presented to Congress to emancipate enslaved people in

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issue, and so twelve months of campaigning and lobbying on the issue followed throughout the state. During this effort, Kennedy signed his name to a party pamphlet, calling for "immediate emancipation" of all slaves that was widely circulated.

2680:"Immediate emancipation in Maryland. Proceedings of the Union State Central Committee, at a meeting held in Temperance Temple, Baltimore, Wednesday, December 16, 1863", 24 pages, Publisher: Cornell University Library (January 1, 1863), 466:. The British, desperately short of manpower, sought to enlist African Americans as soldiers to fight on behalf of the Crown, promising them liberty in exchange. As a result of the looming crisis in 1775 the Royal Governor of Virginia, 213:, prospered enough to acquire slaves or indentured servants. This evidence suggests that racial attitudes were much more flexible in the colonies in the 17th century than they later became, when slavery was hardened as a racial caste. 1337:, burn the railroad bridges and cut the telegraph lines leading to Baltimore to prevent further troops from entering the state. Hicks reportedly approved this proposal. These actions were addressed in the famous federal court case of 640:

46 And ye shall take them as an inheritance for your children after you, to inherit them for a possession; they shall be your bondmen for ever: but over your brethren the children of Israel, ye shall not rule one over another with

1429:, which declared all enslaved people in Southern states to be free. The order went into effect in January 1863, but Maryland, like other border states, was exempted since it had remained loyal to the Union at the outbreak of war. 2739: 1068:

county clerks who did not do so could be fined. To carry out the removal of free blacks from the state, the Maryland State Colonization Society was established. It was similar to the national American Colonization Society.

666:, a group which sought protection for the increasing number of free blacks living in the state. By the time of the Civil War, 49.1% of Maryland blacks were free, including most of the large black population of Baltimore. 1536:

widely characterized by intimidation and fraud. The vote was carried only after Maryland's soldiers' votes were included in the count. Marylanders serving in the Union Army were overwhelmingly in favor (2,633 to 263).

1017:, That this society believe, and act upon the belief, that colonization tends to promote emancipation, by affording the emancipated slave a home where he can be happier than in this country, and so inducing masters to 345:

During the second half of the 17th century, the British economy gradually improved and the supply of British indentured servants declined, as poor Britons had better economic opportunities at home. At the same time,

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During the American Civil War, which was fought over the issue of slavery, Maryland remained in the Union, though a minority of its citizens – and virtually all of its slaveholders – were sympathetic toward the rebel

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Maryland society for the wealthiest whites to give it up voluntarily on a wide scale. Wealthy planters exercised considerable economic and political power in the state. Slavery did not end until after the Civil War.

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As the numbers of slaves seeking freedom in the North grew, so did the reward for their capture. In 1806, the reward offered for the recaptured slaves was $ 6, but by 1833 it had risen to $ 30. In 1844, recaptured

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launched the referendum campaign to end slavery in Maryland in 1863 with a motion for "immediate emancipation" in the state at a special meeting of the Union Party central committee. The motion was seconded by

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Maryland in Liberia: a History of the Colony Planted By the Maryland State Colonization Society Under the Auspices of the State of Maryland, U. S. At Cape Palmas on the South-West Coast of Africa, 1833–1853

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In general, the war left the institution of slavery largely unaffected, and the prosperous life of successful Maryland planters was revived. The writer Abbe Robin, who travelled through Maryland during the

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45 Moreover of the children of the strangers that do sojourn among you, of them shall ye buy, and of their families that are with you, which they begat in your land: and they shall be your possession.

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were free, and this free black population was more than in any other US city. Many planters in Maryland had freed their slaves in the years following the Revolutionary War. In addition, families of

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From the beginning, tobacco was the dominant cash crop in Maryland. Such was the importance of tobacco that, in the absence of sufficient silver coins, it served as the chief medium of exchange.

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to a colony to be established in Africa. But, by this time, most slaves and free blacks had been born in the United States, and wanted to gain their rights in the country they felt was theirs.

285:, the Assembly ruled that all enslaved people should be held in slavery for life, and that children of enslaved mothers should also be held in slavery for life. The 1664 Act read as follows: 1001:

by the printer John Murphy, Richard Sprigg Steuart set out his views on the subject of relocating freed slaves to Africa. Such opinions were likely widespread among Maryland slaveholders:

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The American Revolution had been fought for the cause of liberty of individual men, and many Marylanders who opposed slavery believed that Africans were equally men and should be free.

96:, by the time of the Civil War, slightly more than 49% of the black people (including people of color) in Maryland were free and the total of slaves had steadily declined since 1810. 3611: 3455: 3398: 494:, and thereby become liable to the Penalty the Law inflicts upon such Offenses; such as forfeiture of Life, confiscation of Lands, &. &. And I do hereby further declare all 145: 1480:

who had secured control of the state, and was framed by a Convention which met at Annapolis in April 1864. Article 24 of the constitution at last outlawed the practice of slavery.

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noted in 1748: "It is impossible for us to suppose these creatures to be men; because allowing them to be men, a suspicion would follow that we ourselves are not Christians."

3293: 2707:, "Slavery and Freedom on the Middle Ground: Maryland During the Nineteenth Century (Yale Historical Publications Series)", Publisher: Univ Tennessee Press; (July 30, 2012), 2886:

Discussion on American Slavery: Between George Thompson, Esq., Agent of the British and Foreign Society for the Abolition of Slavery Throughout the World, 17th of June, 1836

3460: 3323: 1294:– the three counties referred to as Southern Maryland which lay south of Washington, D.C.: Calvert, Charles and St. Mary's – with its slave economy, tended to support the 2517: 3587: 3551: 3386: 2951: 1605: 861:. After escaping in 1849, she returned secretly to the state several times, helping a total of 70 slaves (including relatives) make their way to freedom. She used the 1998: 3376: 3870: 3703: 3693: 417: 1395:, resisted the President, arguing that freedom would be worse for the slaves than slavery. Such arguments became increasingly ineffective as the war progressed. 3850: 3763: 3343: 774: 3353: 3328: 634:

44 Both thy bondmen, and thy bondmaids, which thou shalt have, shall be of the heathen that are round about you; of them shall ye buy bondmen and bondmaids.

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The wording of the 1664 Act suggests that Africans may not have been the only slaves in Maryland. Although there is no direct evidence of the enslavement of

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I do not recollect ever seeing my mother by the light of day. ... She would lie down with me, and get me to sleep, but long before I waked she was gone.

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officially condemned slavery. In 1784 the church threatened Methodist preachers with suspension if they held people in slavery. This was a period of the

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from England supplied much of the necessary labor but, as England's economy improved, fewer came to the colonies. Maryland colonists turned to importing

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could avoid sale, and win freedom, by simply offering to join the army. In 1863 Crisfield was defeated in local elections by the abolitionist candidate

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Facts and Opinions Touching the Real Origin, Character, and Influence of the American Colonization Society: Views of Wilberforce, Clarkson, and Others

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Facts and Opinions Touching the Real Origin, Character, and Influence of the American Colonization Society: Views of Wilberforce, Clarkson, and Others

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In 1753 the Maryland assembly took further harsh steps to institutionalize slavery, passing a law that prohibited any slaveholder from independently

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were freed on April 16, 1862, and slaveholders were duly compensated. In July 1862 Congress took a major step towards emancipation by passing the

704:. The Jesuits believed that their mission had to be redirected to urban areas, where the number of Catholic European immigrants were increasing. 566:

enriched by skilful and artistic work. Their elegant and light carriages are drawn by finely bred horses, and driven by richly apparelled slaves.

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to help slaves gain safety in Northern states. The many Indian trails and waterways of Maryland, and in particular the countless inlets of the

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The institution of slavery in Maryland had lasted just over 200 years, since the Assembly had first granted it formal legal status in 1663.

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controlled six plantations totaling nearly 12,000 acres, some of which had been donated to the church. In 1838 they ended slaveholding with

532:, wearing the motto "Liberty to Slaves", but this time they were defeated. The remains of their regiment were involved in the evacuation of 430: 186:

Since land was plentiful, and the demand for tobacco was growing, labor tended to be in short supply, especially at harvest time. The first

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was passed on November 1, 1864, and Article 24 prohibited the practice of slavery. The right to vote was extended to non-white males in the

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localized, varying according to its importance to the local economy and it continued to be integral to Southern Maryland's plantations.

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who would not do so unconditionally ... at a time not remote, slavery would cease in the state by the full consent of those interested.

983: 915: 882: 210: 202:. A significant number of Africans after them also gained freedom through fulfilling a work contract or for converting to Christianity. 2803: 2023: 3636: 3188: 3178: 3173: 3153: 2896:

Steven Mintz and Susan Kellogg. "Domestic Revolutions: A Social History of American Family Life" (The Free Press. New York. 1989). 31.

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On April 10, 1862, Congress declared that the Federal government would compensate slaveholders who freed their slaves. Slaves in the

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involving Massachusetts troops who were fired on by civilians while marching between railroad stations. After that, Baltimore Mayor

736: 250: 246: 73: 1827: 1810: 1493:, a state politician, put forward a motion calling for the party to work for "Immediate emancipation (of all slaves) in Maryland". 3381: 654: 510:

as soon as may be, for the more speedily reducing this Colony to a proper Sense of their Duty, to His MAJESTY'S Crown and Dignity.

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fetched $ 15 if recaptured within 30 miles (48 km) of the owner and $ 50 if captured more than 30 miles (48 km) away.

136:, which declared all slaves in states in rebellion to be free. The following year, Maryland held a constitutional convention. A 3768: 3228: 3193: 3098: 3073: 1358: 1056: 623:, and Methodists preached the spiritual equality of men, as well as licensing slaves and free blacks as preachers and deacons. 3218: 3413: 3213: 3163: 3143: 3118: 3108: 3093: 3068: 3048: 3023: 3013: 3003: 2712: 2685: 2092: 945:. Wanting to control its own territory and solve its perceived problems, the Maryland State Colonization Society founded the 503: 2164: 471: 337:

of Lord Calvert. After she married an enslaved African, her indenture was converted to slavery for life under the 1664 Act.

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had considered, but not enacted, two bills referring to slaves and proposing excepting them from rights shared by Christian

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from 1775 to 1783. This factor had the effect of forcing the rebels to also offer freedom to those who would serve in the

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Communications to the Board of Agriculture, on Subjects Relative to the Husbandry and Internal Improvement of the Country

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It became influential in its support for abolition, and Douglass spoke widely on the Northern abolition lecture circuit.

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his slaves. A slaveholder seeking manumission had to gain legislative approval for each act, meaning that few did so.

294:. And all children born of any negro or other slave shall be slaves as their fathers were for the term of their lives. 3818: 3438: 2866: 2847: 2628: 1916: 986:, who was on the board of Managers; his father James Steuart, who was vice-president; and his brother, the physician 521: 824:

Douglass wrote several autobiographies, eloquently describing his experiences in slavery in his 1845 autobiography,

663: 3725: 3656: 3646: 3592: 3561: 3526: 3490: 3233: 3203: 3158: 3058: 2916: 2362: 2316: 1771: 1585: 1477: 657:. Together they lobbied the legislature. In 1796 they gained repeal of the 1753 law that had prohibited individual 558: 529: 183:: "The general way of traffick and commerce there is chiefly by Barter, or exchange of one commodity for another". 89: 82: 3168: 3123: 3038: 926:, in 1816. The MSCS had strong Christian support and was the primary organization proposing "return" of all free 3778: 3631: 3078: 3043: 1557: 1438: 1426: 1375: 1363: 1299: 443: 377: 368:

A contract of Indenture signed by Henry Meyer in 1738. In early Maryland, indentured servants outnumbered slaves.

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local sheriffs. By this means the supporters of colonization hoped to encourage free blacks to leave the state.

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but only by a 1,000 vote margin, as the southern part of the state was heavily dependent on the slave economy.

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in 1619, rescued by the Dutch from a Portuguese slave ship. These individuals appear to have been treated as

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as the nearest free state. Supporters would shelter refugees, and sometimes give them food and clothing.

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in particular, of whom Maryland had more than any other state in the Union, were opposed to slavery on

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with mixed ancestry) and the threat they posed to slave societies, planters and others organized the

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Those looking for Biblical support cited Leviticus Chapter 25, verses 44–46, which state as follows:

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lasted over 200 years, from its beginnings in 1642 when the first Africans were brought as slaves to

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An animation showing when United States territories and states forbade or allowed slavery, 1789–1861

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on October 13, 1864, and was narrowly approved by a vote of 30,174 to 29,799 (50.3% to 49.7%) in a

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The society was founded in 1827, and its first president was the wealthy Maryland Catholic planter

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of September 22, 1862, freed all slaves in rebel States, but left slavery in Maryland unaffected.

1291: 1075: 752: 731: 479: 334: 266: 199: 45: 3813: 1511: 1278:, although a slaveholder, played an important role in preventing Maryland from seceding in 1861. 258: 326:

children were considered illegitimate and were apprenticed for lengthy periods into adulthood.

167: 2747: 2716: 2708: 2689: 2681: 2634: 2523: 2486: 2300: 2125: 2115: 2088: 1791: 1781: 1775: 1392: 1339: 927: 768: 533: 108: 17: 2884: 2191: 3418: 3243: 1645: 1388: 1346:

Maryland remained part of the Union during the United States Civil War, thanks to President

1326: 956: 923: 745: 705: 680: 546: 439: 66: 1370: 1092: 553:, where they granted them land. Others were taken to the Caribbean colonies, or to London. 3577: 3505: 3443: 1860: 1570: 1422: 1347: 1330: 1275: 1122: 620: 401: 112: 2234: 2230: 1684:

Free African Americans in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware

1010:

The society proposed from the outset "to be a remedy for slavery", and declared in 1833:

422: 1322: 1110: 1059:

in 1831 in Virginia, Maryland and other states passed laws restricting the freedoms of

979: 887: 854: 840: 803: 491: 447: 381: 53: 2740:"The not-quite-Free State: Maryland dragged its feet on emancipation during Civil War" 679:

Church in Maryland did more than just support the slavers, they were the slavers. The

3839: 3730: 3480: 3423: 1434: 1410: 1307: 994: 701: 693: 570:

Slave labor made possible the export-driven plantation economy. The English observer

191: 1417:, which was tactically inconclusive but strategically important. It took place near 1113:, afforded numerous ways to escape north by boat or land, with many people going to 561:, described the lifestyle enjoyed by families of wealth and status in the Province: 372: 364: 1529: 1490: 1453: 1114: 898: 756: 697: 612: 507: 435: 2837: 2447: 2193:

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. Written by himself

2143: 1873:

Maryland General Assembly (1664). "An Act Concerning Negroes & other Slaves".

233: 2168: 755:

remained in the North, where he became an influential national voice in favor of

3582: 3475: 3470: 2890: 1040: 1018: 658: 550: 405: 393: 330: 257:

The first documented Africans were brought to Maryland in 1642, as 13 slaves at

176: 2943: 1036: 3783: 3719: 1547: 1533: 1138: 1064: 978:

Many wealthy Maryland planters were members of the MSCS. Among these were the

866: 759:

and lectured widely about the abuses of slavery. Douglass was born a slave in

709: 487: 323: 307: 238: 2751: 2129: 1795: 789: 776: 2938: 2911: 2261: 1809:

Maryland General Assembly (1638). "An Act for the Liberties of the People".

1472:

which the state adopted late in that year. The document, which replaced the

1143: 998: 894:

thought African colonization was "the only hope" to end slavery in Maryland.

845: 616: 608: 78: 1826:

Maryland General Assembly (1638). "An Act Limiting the Times of Servants".

1063:, as slaveholders feared their effect on slave societies. Persons who were 949:

in West Africa, a short-lived independent state. In 1857 it was annexed by

2109: 1876:

Proceedings and Acts of the General Assembly January 1637/8-September 1664

1829:

Proceedings and Acts of the General Assembly January 1637/8-September 1664

1812:

Proceedings and Acts of the General Assembly January 1637/8-September 1664

910:

Concerned about the tensions of discrimination against free blacks (often

599: 81:

was the second-most important port in the eighteenth-century South, after

1379: 1287: 1283: 942: 541: 195: 49: 458:

was liberty, but only on behalf of white men, and certainly not slaves,

2912:

University of Maryland Special Collections Guide on Slavery in Maryland

2353:

New York, Moffat, Yard and Company, (1918). Retrieved January 21, 2010.

2295:

Bateman, Graham; Victoria Egan, Fiona Gold, and Philip Gardner (2000).

2026:

A Chesapeake Family and their Slaves: a Study in Historical Archaeology

950: 938: 650: 499: 319: 57: 520:

About 800 men joined up; some helped rout the Virginia militia at the

261:, the first English settlement in the Province. Earlier, in 1638, the 934: 187: 1313:

The first bloodshed of the Civil War occurred on April 19, 1861, in

486:... I do require every Person capable of bearing Arms, to resort to 1724:

American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia

696:

adjacent to Washington, D.C., and two new Catholic high schools in

2906: 1500: 1448: 1369: 1091: 1035: 982:, who owned considerable estates in the Chesapeake Bay, including 955: 897: 886: 844: 735: 598: 475: 463: 429: 421: 371: 363: 232: 166: 98: 28: 1413:'s invasion of Maryland was turned back by the Union army at the 506:,) free that are able and willing to bear Arms, they joining His 1780:. Vol. 1. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 239–240. 1662: 1660: 2947: 2825:

The Road to Disunion: Volume I: Secessionists at Bay, 1776–1854

2597:

The Confederate Army 1861–65: Missouri, Kentucky & Maryland

2466:

The Road to Disunion: Volume I: Secessionists at Bay, 1776–1854

2435:

The Road to Disunion: Volume I: Secessionists at Bay, 1776–1854

2416:

The Road to Disunion: Volume I: Secessionists at Bay, 1776–1854

2939:

Brief History of Maryland in Liberia at www.worldstatesmen.org

2114:. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. p. 129. 827:

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave

771:, probably in his grandmother's shack east of Tappers Corner ( 3339:

Slave labor on United States military installations 1799–1863

2869:

Underground Railroad in Delaware, Maryland, and West Virginia

2833:

On Afric's Shore: A History of Maryland in Liberia, 1834–1857

2519:

Underground Railroad in Delaware, Maryland, and West Virginia

2482:

Underground Railroad in Delaware, Maryland, and West Virginia

1919:

Underground Railroad in Delaware, Maryland, and West Virginia

1378:

are shown in red. Slave holding areas not covered, including

1484:

Special motion launches campaign to end slavery in the state

906:, published by the Maryland State Colonization Society, 1847 574:

wrote of agriculture in Virginia and Maryland in the 1790s:

2893:, 46 Washington Street (1836). Retrieved February 16, 2010. 2338:

Mercer University Press (1983). Retrieved January 21, 2010.

1105:

organized a number of safe places and guides, creating the

2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 33:

Piper Farm Slave Quarters, Sharpsburg (photographed 1933)

2144:"Pope Gregory XVI 3 December 1839 Condemning Slave Trade" 1879:. Vol. 1. Maryland State Archives. pp. 533–534. 1437:, amid allegations of vote-rigging by the Union army. In 2934:

Brief History of Maryland in Liberia at www.buckyogi.com

2815:

The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 1790 to c. 1870

2335:

Catholics in the Old South: Essays on Church and Culture

1505:"Thank God for Maryland Freeing Her Slaves" detail from 740:

Frederick Douglass in his painted portrait, held at the

708:

issued a resounding condemnation of slavery in his 1839

132:, Maryland was not included in President Lincoln's 1863 2907:

Legacy of Slavery in Maryland – Maryland State Archives

2861:, published by Jewitt, Proctor, and Worthington (1853). 2399:, published by Jewitt, Proctor, and Worthington (1853). 1983:

White, Deborah; Bay, Mia; Martin Jr., Waldo E. (2013).

1468:

The issue of slavery was finally confronted by the new

869:, Tubman helped more than 700 slaves escape during the 181:

America: Being an Accurate Description of the New World

1777:

History of the Negro Race in America from 1619 to 1880

1668:

The Encyclopedia of Colonial and Revolutionary America

865:

to make thirteen missions. While later working in the

615:

grounds. In 1780 the National Methodist Conference in

146:

Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

3309:

Slavery in the colonial history of the United States

2926:

Proceedings of the Maryland Colonization Society at

2879:

published by the Maryland State Colonization Society

1641:

Slavery in the colonial history of the United States

48:. While Maryland developed similarly to neighboring 3739: 3682: 3514: 3362: 3284: 3277: 3256: 3242: 2981: 2571:"Total Slave Population in US, 1790–1860, by State" 2428: 2426: 2409: 2407: 1832:. Vol. 1. Maryland State Archives. p. 80. 1815:. Vol. 1. Maryland State Archives. p. 41. 72:By the 18th century, Maryland had developed into a 3324:Slave markets and slave jails in the United States 2806:Civilization: The Six Killer Apps of Western Power 2771: 2769: 2767: 2550: 2548: 2546: 1985:Freedom on My Mind: A History of African Americans 1934:"Opinions: Five myths about why the South seceded" 1888: 1886: 603:An antislavery medallion of the early 19th century 245:. From an Abstract of Evidence delivered before a 171:Slaves processing tobacco in 17th-century Virginia 2600:Osprey Publishing (2008), Retrieved March 4, 2010 2333:Miller, Randall M., and Wakelyn, Jon L., p. 214, 2061:. Vol. 1–3. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press (1961). 1987:. Boston: Bedford St. Martin's. pp. 124–127. 674:Other churches in Maryland were pro-slavery. The 478:who were able to bear arms and join his Loyalist 3588:Movement to reopen the transatlantic slave trade 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2511: 2509: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1606:History of slavery in the United States by state 1159:Total Enslaved Population in Maryland 1790–1860 3377:Slavery as a positive good in the United States 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2366:, 1827, p. 251, edited by Ralph Randolph Gurley 2299:. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. pp. 161. 2196:(6 ed.). London: H.G. Collins. p. 10. 2165:"The Search for Frederick Douglass' Birthplace" 1861:Charles Calvert at http://mdroots.thinkport.org 809: 632: 484: 1461:, a prominent Maryland politician and author. 1354:Maryland left out of Emancipation Proclamation 751:After his escape from slavery as a young man, 418:History of Maryland in the American Revolution 3344:Slavery at American colleges and universities 2959: 2209:"Harriet Tubman's Daring Raid, 150 Years Ago" 2043:, Board of Agriculture, Great Britain (c1790) 1961:. Digital History. 2007-10-18. Archived from 515:Lord Dunmore's Proclamation, November 7, 1775 8: 3329:Kidnapping into slavery in the United States 2087:. New York, N.Y.: Routledge. pp. xiii. 655:Maryland Society of the Abolition of Slavery 3809:Family reunification ads after emancipation 721:Notable Maryland enslaved African-Americans 490:STANDARD, or be looked upon as Traitors to 3522:Slavery and the United States Constitution 3281: 2966: 2952: 2944: 2850:Somerset County, Maryland: a Brief History 2630:Somerset County, Maryland: a Brief History 2085:Jesuit Slaveholding in Maryland, 1717–1838 2053: 2051: 1704:, New York: Hill and Wang, 1993, pp. 81–82 941:in 1821–22, as a place in West Africa for 2555:Chapelle, Suzanne Ellery Greene, p. 148, 1696: 1694: 1692: 1678: 1676: 540:area. Their camp suffered an outbreak of 3612:Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution 1756:Chapelle, Suzanne Ellery Greene, p. 24, 1357: 1269: 649:In the mid-1790s the Methodists and the 3314:Indentured servitude in British America 1670:(New York: Facts on File, 1990), p. 257 1656: 306:Maryland, like Virginia, abandoned the 1726:(New York: Norton, 1975), pp. 154–157. 1026:Republic of Maryland founded in Africa 918:in 1817 as an auxiliary branch of the 474:that promised freedom to servants and 404:. As the French political philosopher 3871:Slavery in the United States by state 3754:Slavery during the American Civil War 3567:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves 2917:Gurley, Ralph Randolph, Ed., p. 251, 2350:Life of Charles Carroll of Carrollton 2317:Gurley, Ralph Randolph, Ed., p. 251, 229:Economic history of Colonial Maryland 7: 3851:African-American history of Maryland 2256:Johnson Lewis, Jone (29 July 2016). 965:American Declaration of Independence 692:, located near the busy port on the 283:Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore 3759:End of slavery in the United States 2928:Niles' National Register, Volume 47 2028:, Cambridge University Press (1994) 1611:Maryland State Colonization Society 1596:Female slavery in the United States 1528:The constitution was submitted for 1507:Thanksgiving-Day, November 24, 1864 1045:Maryland State Colonization Society 967:, and president of the MSCS in 1828 916:Maryland State Colonization Society 883:Maryland State Colonization Society 877:Maryland State Colonization Society 384:in 1761, accompanied by a slave boy 281:In 1664, under the governorship of 277:State establishes perpetual slavery 88:In the first two decades after the 3637:John Quincy Adams and abolitionism 2207:Maranzani, Barbara (31 May 2013). 2111:A History of Georgetown University 1932:Loewen, James (26 February 2011). 1737:American Slavery, American Freedom 1616:Maryland in the American Civil War 1261:Maryland in the American Civil War 492:His MAJESTY'S Crown and Government 25: 3804:Civil rights movement (1865–1896) 3749:Origins of the American Civil War 3456:African American founding fathers 3399:Education during the slave period 2817:Cambridge University Press (1977) 2797:Maryland: A History of Its People 2795:Chapelle, Suzanne Ellery Greene, 2557:Maryland: A History of Its People 2258:"Harriet Tubman in the Civil War" 1758:Maryland: A History of Its People 1591:Colonial South and the Chesapeake 1463:Photograph taken circa 1865–1880. 1445:The ending of slavery in Maryland 1329:requested that Maryland Governor 1298:if not outright secession. After 1282:Like other border states such as 990:, also on the board of Managers. 536:, after which they served in the 251:House of Commons of Great Britain 3552:History of slavery by U.S. state 3319:Slave trade in the United States 2364:The African Repository, Volume 3 1550: 1304:raid on Harper's Ferry, Virginia 360:Tobacco in the American colonies 163:Tobacco in the American colonies 67:indentured and enslaved Africans 2522:. Stackpole Books. p. 74. 2485:. Stackpole Books. p. 72. 2464:Freehling, William H., p. 207, 2433:Freehling, William H., p. 206, 2297:Encyclopedia of World Geography 1409:On September 17, 1862, General 984:Major General George H. Steuart 685:a mass sale of their 272 slaves 376:Charles Calvert, eldest son of 56:. Maryland planters cultivated 3846:History of slavery in Maryland 3414:List of American slave traders 3294:Slavery among Native Americans 2454:, Retrieved February 16, 2010. 2108:Curran, Robert Emmett (2010). 1999:"The Philipsburg Proclamation" 664:Protection Society of Maryland 502:, or others, (appertaining to 434:African-American soldier from 18:History of Slavery in Maryland 1: 3866:Slavery in the British Empire 3856:History of racism in Maryland 3622:George Washington and slavery 3501:American Colonization Society 3496:African-American slave owners 2877:Maryland Colonization Journal 2838:Latrobe, John H. B., p. 125, 2633:. History Press. p. 59. 2448:Latrobe, John H. B., p. 125, 2368:, Retrieved January 15, 2010. 2083:Murphy, S.J., Thomas (2001). 1959:"Lord Dunmore's Proclamation" 1566:African Americans in Maryland 1474:Maryland Constitution of 1851 1470:Maryland Constitution of 1864 1292:Tidewater Chesapeake Bay area 973:Charles Carroll of Carrollton 961:Charles Carroll of Carrollton 920:American Colonization Society 223:African Americans in Maryland 142:Maryland Constitution of 1867 69:to satisfy the labor demand. 3627:Thomas Jefferson and slavery 3372:American proslavery movement 3334:Slave states and free states 2975:Slavery in the United States 2881:Retrieved February 16, 2010. 2863:Retrieved February 16, 2010. 2819:Retrieved February 16, 2010. 2791:, Doubleday, New York (1929) 2782:General and cited references 2516:Switala, William J. (2004). 2479:Switala, William J. (2004). 2401:Retrieved February 16, 2010. 2190:Douglass, Frederick (1851). 1917:Switala, William J., p. 70, 1057:Nat Turner's Slave Rebellion 446:. Standing next to him is a 3876:St. Mary's County, Maryland 3652:Abraham Lincoln and slavery 2595:Field, Ron, et al., p. 33, 2385:Retrieved January 21, 2010. 2323:Retrieved January 15, 2010. 1702:American Slavery: 1619–1877 1047:, in an etching dated c1853 859:Dorchester County, Maryland 454:The principal cause of the 217:Import of enslaved Africans 3892: 3726:Children of the plantation 3657:Andrew Johnson and slavery 3647:Zachary Taylor and slavery 3593:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 3562:Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 3527:American slave court cases 3491:Amerindian slave ownership 2348:Leonard, Lewis A. p. 218, 2231:"Harriet Tubman Biography" 1772:George Washington Williams 1586:Children of the plantation 1374:Areas covered by the 1862 1258: 1223: 1194: 1085: 1029: 880: 838: 729: 653:drew together to form the 592: 559:American Revolutionary War 415: 357: 226: 220: 160: 83:Charleston, South Carolina 3779:Emancipation Proclamation 3704:Sexual relations and rape 3632:James Madison and slavery 2872:Retrieved August 12, 2010 2853:Retrieved August 11, 2010 2800:Retrieved August 10, 2010 2560:Retrieved August 10, 2010 2420:Retrieved March 12, 2010. 2024:Yentsch, Anne E, p. 265, 1922:Retrieved August 12, 2010 1761:Retrieved August 10, 2010 1666:John Mack Faragher, ed., 1558:American Civil War portal 1439:Somerset County, Maryland 1427:Emancipation Proclamation 1376:Emancipation Proclamation 1364:Emancipation Proclamation 1333:, a slaveholder from the 1129:Status of slavery in 1860 963:, planter, signer of the 902:Constitution and Laws of 857:was born into slavery in 742:National Portrait Gallery 444:1st Rhode Island Regiment 378:Benedict Swingate Calvert 263:Maryland General Assembly 190:to be brought to English 134:Emancipation Proclamation 115:advertise their jails in 3764:Compensated emancipation 2828:Retrieved March 12, 2010 2469:Retrieved March 12, 2010 2438:Retrieved March 12, 2010 2377:Richard Sprigg Steuart, 2014:, Black Loyalist website 1631:Scramble (slave auction) 522:Battle of Kemp's Landing 3861:Plantations in Maryland 3599:Partus sequitur ventrem 3542:Three-fifths Compromise 2823:Freehling, William H., 2813:Flint, John E., et al, 2787:Andrews, Matthew Page, 2414:Freehling, William H., 2045:Retrieved February 2013 1404:Second Confiscation Act 761:Talbot County, Maryland 302:partus sequitur ventrem 179:wrote in his 1670 book 44:, to its end after the 3674:Supreme Court Justices 3642:John Tyler and slavery 3617:Presidents and slavery 3606:Dred Scott v. Sandford 2919:The African Repository 2627:Rhodes, Jason (2007). 2319:The African Repository 2163:Amanda Barker (1996). 2057:Camerona, Richard M., 1516: 1495:John Pendleton Kennedy 1465: 1459:John Pendleton Kennedy 1383: 1367: 1325:, and former Governor 1279: 1142:majority of blacks in 1101: 1048: 1023: 1008: 997:in 1845, published in 988:Richard Sprigg Steuart 968: 907: 895: 892:Richard Sprigg Steuart 871:Raid at Combahee Ferry 850: 816: 748: 714:In supremo apostolatus 643: 604: 589:Methodists and Quakers 581: 568: 526:Battle of Great Bridge 518: 451: 427: 385: 369: 296: 254: 172: 138:new state constitution 120: 34: 3547:Slave and free states 3537:Fugitive Slave Clause 3451:List of abolitionists 3304:Slavery in New France 2867:Switala, William J., 2844:Retrieved Feb 16 2010 2705:Barbara Jeanne Fields 2059:Methodism and Society 1863:Retrieved Jan 24 2010 1524:Details of final vote 1504: 1452: 1373: 1361: 1273: 1095: 1039: 1012: 1003: 993:In an open letter to 959: 901: 890: 848: 739: 676:Roman Catholic Church 670:Roman Catholic Church 602: 595:The Bible and slavery 579:evidently compulsory. 576: 563: 472:issued a proclamation 433: 425: 375: 367: 287: 236: 221:Further information: 170: 102: 32: 3573:Gag rule (1836–1840) 3434:Underground Railroad 3409:Domestic slave trade 3394:Mandatory illiteracy 3299:Slavery in New Spain 3250:District of Columbia 2857:Stebbins, Giles B., 2809:Retrieved April 2013 2395:Stebbins, Giles B., 2379:Letter to John Carey 2071:www.biblegateway.com 1626:Republic of Maryland 1621:Province of Maryland 1576:Atlantic slave trade 1419:Sharpsburg, Maryland 1400:District of Columbia 1382:, are shown in blue. 1319:George William Brown 1148:free people of color 1107:Underground Railroad 1098:Underground Railroad 1096:Map showing various 1088:Underground Railroad 1082:Underground Railroad 1061:free people of color 1032:Republic of Maryland 947:Republic of Maryland 933:The ACS founded the 912:free people of color 863:Underground Railroad 584:Voices for abolition 329:In an unusual case, 243:Atlantic slave trade 207:free people of color 94:free people of color 3794:Radical Republicans 3741:Civil War and after 3669:Members of Congress 3486:List of plantations 3269:U.S. Virgin Islands 2789:History of Maryland 2452:, published in 1885 1601:Charlotte Gilchrist 1581:Chesapeake Colonies 1515:, December 3, 1864) 1160: 1137:By 1860 Maryland's 904:Maryland in Liberia 786: / 456:American Revolution 320:mixed-race ancestry 271:indentured servants 200:indentured servants 105:Bernard M. Campbell 63:indentured servants 38:Slavery in Maryland 3789:Reconstruction era 2171:on 7 December 2014 2073:Retrieved May 2012 2030:Retrieved Jan 2010 1722:Edmund S. Morgan, 1517: 1466: 1415:Battle of Antietam 1384: 1368: 1280: 1158: 1102: 1049: 969: 908: 896: 851: 790:38.8845°N 75.958°W 753:Frederick Douglass 749: 732:Frederick Douglass 726:Frederick Douglass 690:Georgetown College 605: 572:William Strickland 524:and fought in the 480:Ethiopian Regiment 452: 428: 386: 370: 354:Eighteenth century 335:indentured servant 333:was an Irish-born 255: 173: 126:Confederate States 121: 119:, January 19, 1844 35: 3833: 3832: 3829: 3828: 3799:Freedmen's Bureau 2804:Ferguson, Niall, 1476:, was pressed by 1393:John W. Crisfield 1340:Ex parte Merryman 1252: 1251: 1043:, founded by the 928:African Americans 496:indented Servants 412:Revolutionary War 347:Bacon's Rebellion 253:in 1790 and 1791. 117:The Baltimore Sun 109:Joseph S. Donovan 90:Revolutionary War 16:(Redirected from 3883: 3515:Law and politics 3439:Freedmen's towns 3419:Runaway slave ad 3282: 3244:Federal district 2968: 2961: 2954: 2945: 2776: 2773: 2762: 2761: 2759: 2758: 2736: 2723: 2702: 2696: 2678: 2661: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2624: 2601: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2582: 2573:. Archived from 2567: 2561: 2552: 2541: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2513: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2476: 2470: 2461: 2455: 2445: 2439: 2430: 2421: 2411: 2402: 2392: 2386: 2375: 2369: 2360: 2354: 2345: 2339: 2330: 2324: 2314: 2308: 2293: 2287: 2284: 2278: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2264:. Archived from 2253: 2247: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2235:A&E Networks 2227: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2187: 2181: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2167:. Archived from 2160: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2150: 2140: 2134: 2133: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2055: 2046: 2037: 2031: 2021: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2010: 2001:. Archived from 1995: 1989: 1988: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1971: 1970: 1955: 1949: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1929: 1923: 1914: 1893: 1890: 1881: 1880: 1870: 1864: 1858: 1852: 1849: 1843: 1842:Ferguson, p. 135 1840: 1834: 1833: 1823: 1817: 1816: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1768: 1762: 1753: 1740: 1733: 1727: 1720: 1714: 1711: 1705: 1698: 1687: 1680: 1671: 1664: 1646:Tobacco colonies 1560: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1509:by Thomas Nast ( 1389:Washington, D.C. 1327:Enoch Louis Lowe 1161: 924:Washington, D.C. 820: 801: 800: 798: 797: 796: 795:38.8845; -75.958 791: 787: 784: 783: 782: 779: 746:Washington, D.C. 706:Pope Gregory XVI 547:Continental Army 516: 508:MAJESTY'S Troops 440:Continental Army 316:Native Americans 247:select committee 205:Some successful 21: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3881: 3880: 3836: 3835: 3834: 3825: 3814:Freedmen's town 3735: 3714:Slave marriages 3687:and procreation 3686: 3684: 3678: 3664:Vice presidents 3578:Nullifier Party 3557:Fugitive slaves 3510: 3506:Slave narrative 3444:Black Canadians 3364: 3358: 3273: 3252: 3238: 2977: 2972: 2903: 2889:, Published by 2848:Rhodes, Jason, 2831:Hall, Richard, 2784: 2779: 2775:Andrews, p. 554 2774: 2765: 2756: 2754: 2744:Washington Post 2738: 2737: 2726: 2703: 2699: 2679: 2664: 2660:Andrews, p. 553 2659: 2655: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2626: 2625: 2604: 2593: 2589: 2580: 2578: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2553: 2544: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2515: 2514: 2507: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2462: 2458: 2446: 2442: 2431: 2424: 2412: 2405: 2393: 2389: 2376: 2372: 2361: 2357: 2346: 2342: 2331: 2327: 2315: 2311: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2271: 2269: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2240: 2238: 2237:. 21 April 2016 2229: 2228: 2224: 2214: 2212: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2189: 2188: 2184: 2174: 2172: 2162: 2161: 2157: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2141: 2137: 2122: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2095: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2069: 2065: 2056: 2049: 2038: 2034: 2022: 2018: 2008: 2006: 1997: 1996: 1992: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1968: 1966: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1942: 1940: 1938:Washington Post 1931: 1930: 1926: 1915: 1896: 1892:Andrews, p. 191 1891: 1884: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1859: 1855: 1851:Andrews, p. 192 1850: 1846: 1841: 1837: 1825: 1824: 1820: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1788: 1770: 1769: 1765: 1754: 1743: 1735:Morgan (1975), 1734: 1730: 1721: 1717: 1713:Andrews, p. 146 1712: 1708: 1700:Peter Kolchin, 1699: 1690: 1681: 1674: 1665: 1658: 1654: 1571:Atlantic Creole 1556: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1526: 1512:Harper's Weekly 1486: 1447: 1423:executive order 1356: 1348:Abraham Lincoln 1331:Thomas H. Hicks 1268: 1266:Approach of war 1263: 1257: 1165: 1131: 1123:freedom seekers 1090: 1084: 1034: 1028: 885: 879: 843: 837: 822: 818: 813: 794: 792: 788: 785: 780: 777: 775: 773: 772: 734: 728: 723: 672: 621:Great Awakening 597: 591: 586: 530:Elizabeth River 517: 514: 438:serving in the 420: 414: 402:white supremacy 362: 356: 279: 259:St. Mary's City 231: 225: 219: 211:Anthony Johnson 165: 159: 154: 113:Hope H. Slatter 42:St. Mary's City 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3889: 3887: 3879: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3838: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3823: 3822: 3821: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3774:Colored Troops 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3745: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3716: 3711: 3709:Slave breeding 3706: 3701: 3699:Female slavery 3696: 3694:Sexual slavery 3690: 3688: 3685:sexual slavery 3680: 3679: 3677: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3660: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3614: 3609: 3602: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3518: 3516: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3447: 3446: 3441: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3404:Slave quarters 3401: 3396: 3391: 3390: 3389: 3379: 3374: 3368: 3366: 3365:social history 3360: 3359: 3357: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3290: 3288: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3271: 3266: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3253: 3248: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3184:South Carolina 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3149:North Carolina 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2978: 2973: 2971: 2970: 2963: 2956: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2923: 2914: 2909: 2902: 2901:External links 2899: 2898: 2897: 2894: 2882: 2873: 2864: 2854: 2845: 2835: 2829: 2820: 2810: 2801: 2792: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2777: 2763: 2746:. 2023-05-18. 2724: 2721:978-1572338517 2697: 2694:978-1429753241 2662: 2653: 2639: 2602: 2587: 2562: 2542: 2528: 2505: 2491: 2471: 2456: 2440: 2422: 2403: 2387: 2370: 2355: 2340: 2325: 2309: 2288: 2279: 2268:on 15 May 2016 2248: 2222: 2199: 2182: 2155: 2135: 2120: 2100: 2093: 2075: 2063: 2047: 2032: 2016: 1990: 1975: 1950: 1924: 1894: 1882: 1865: 1853: 1844: 1835: 1818: 1801: 1786: 1763: 1741: 1739:, pp. 327–328. 1728: 1715: 1706: 1688: 1682:Paul Heinegg, 1672: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1562: 1561: 1545: 1542: 1525: 1522: 1485: 1482: 1446: 1443: 1355: 1352: 1323:George P. Kane 1267: 1264: 1259:Main article: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1192: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1130: 1127: 1111:Chesapeake Bay 1086:Main article: 1083: 1080: 1030:Main article: 1027: 1024: 980:Steuart family 881:Main article: 878: 875: 855:Harriet Tubman 849:Harriet Tubman 841:Harriet Tubman 839:Main article: 836: 835:Harriet Tubman 833: 808: 804:Tuckahoe Creek 802:) and west of 730:Main article: 727: 724: 722: 719: 671: 668: 590: 587: 585: 582: 512: 448:white American 416:Main article: 413: 410: 382:John Hesselius 355: 352: 278: 275: 218: 215: 161:Main article: 158: 155: 153: 150: 103:Slave traders 54:Chesapeake Bay 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3888: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3738: 3732: 3731:Shadow family 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3681: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3619: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3532:Freedom suits 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3481:Planter class 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3424:Slave catcher 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3283: 3280: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3224:West Virginia 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3129:New Hampshire 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3089:Massachusetts 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2969: 2964: 2962: 2957: 2955: 2950: 2949: 2946: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2929: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2892: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2827: 2826: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2811: 2808: 2807: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2793: 2790: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2663: 2657: 2654: 2642: 2640:9781596292734 2636: 2632: 2631: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2598: 2591: 2588: 2577:on 2007-08-22 2576: 2572: 2566: 2563: 2559: 2558: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2531: 2529:9780811731430 2525: 2521: 2520: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2494: 2492:9780811731430 2488: 2484: 2483: 2475: 2472: 2468: 2467: 2460: 2457: 2453: 2451: 2444: 2441: 2437: 2436: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2417: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2398: 2391: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2365: 2359: 2356: 2352: 2351: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2336: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2320: 2313: 2310: 2306: 2305:1-56619-291-9 2302: 2298: 2292: 2289: 2283: 2280: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2252: 2249: 2236: 2232: 2226: 2223: 2211:. 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Knowledge (XXG)

History of slavery in Maryland

Index