History of photography - Knowledge (XXG)

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viscous nature the prepared canvas, as is not the case with the mirror, retains a facsimile of the image. The mirror represents images faithfully, but retains none; our canvas reflects them no less faithfully, but retains them all. This impression of the image is instantaneous. The canvas is then removed and deposited in a dark place. An hour later the impression is dry, and you have a picture the more precious in that no art can imitate its truthfulness." De la Roche thus imagined a process that made use of a special substance in combination with the qualities of a mirror, rather than the camera obscura. The dark place in which the pictures dried suggests that he thought about the light sensitivity of the material, but he attributed the effect to its viscous nature.

912:. The calotype had yet another distinction compared to other early photographic processes, in that the finished product lacked fine clarity due to its translucent paper negative. This was seen as a positive attribute for portraits because it softened the appearance of the human face. Talbot patented this process, which greatly limited its adoption, and spent many years pressing lawsuits against alleged infringers. He attempted to enforce a very broad interpretation of his patent, earning himself the ill will of photographers who were using the related glass-based processes later introduced by other inventors, but he was eventually defeated. Nonetheless, Talbot's developed-out silver halide negative process is the basic technology used by chemical film cameras today. 1857: 1253: 1617: 1235: 1876: 1023: 626:. Davy added that the method could be used for objects that are partly opaque and partly transparent to create accurate representations of, for instance, "the woody fibres of leaves and the wings of insects". He also found that solar microscope images of small objects were easily captured on prepared paper. Davy, apparently unaware or forgetful of Scheele's discovery, concluded that substances should be found to eliminate (or deactivate) the unexposed particles in silver nitrate or silver chloride "to render the process as useful as it is elegant". Wedgwood may have prematurely abandoned his experiments because of his frail and failing health. He died at age 34 in 1805. 1273: 1042: 1199: 1080: 1574: 996: 771: 1286: 142: 670: 746:, applied to the surface of the pewter and allowed to dry before use. After a very long exposure in the camera (traditionally said to be eight hours, but now believed to be several days), the bitumen was sufficiently hardened in proportion to its exposure to light that the unhardened part could be removed with a solvent, leaving a positive image with the light areas represented by hardened bitumen and the dark areas by bare pewter. To see the image plainly, the plate had to be lit and viewed in such a way that the bare metal appeared dark and the bitumen relatively light. 1593: 377: 1061: 1008: 1511: 1895: 1842: 302: 877: 686: 819: 1461:

portrait required several minutes with the subject stationary. This was because the grains absorbed color fairly slowly, and a filter of a yellowish-orange color was required to keep the photograph from coming out excessively blue. Although necessary, the filter had the effect of reducing the amount of light that was absorbed. Another drawback was that the image could only be enlarged so much before the many dots that made up the image would become apparent.

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did not manage to properly fix his images and abandoned the project after hearing of the Daguerreotype process in 1839 and did not properly publish any of his findings. He reportedly referred to the technique as "photographie" (in French) as early as 1833, also helped by a suggestion of De Mello. Some extant photographic contact prints are believed to have been made in circa 1833 and kept in the collection of IMS.

5537: 1979: 3254:(Paris, France: Alphonse Giroux et Cie., 1839). On page 11, for example, Daguerre states: "Cette surabondance contribue à donner des tons roux, même en enlevant entièrement l'iode au moyen d'un lavage à l'hyposulfite de soude ou au sel marin." (This overabundance contributes towards giving red tones, even while completely removing the iodine by means of a rinse in sodium hyposulfite or in sea salt.) 310: 5548: 1654: 45: 206:

August 19 the technical details were made public in a meeting of the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Fine Arts in the Palace of Institute. (For granting the rights of the inventions to the public, Daguerre and Niépce were awarded generous annuities for life.) When the metal based daguerreotype process was demonstrated formally to the public, the competitor approach of paper-based

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Daguerre's studio, under his close supervision, to Academy members and other distinguished guests. Arrangements were made for the French government to buy the rights in exchange for pensions for Niépce's son and Daguerre and present the invention to the world (with the exception of Great Britain, where an agent for Daguerre

334:(or Ibn al-Haytham) is said to be the first that actually built a camera obscura. Until the 16th century the camera obscura was mainly used to study optics and astronomy, especially to safely watch solar eclipses without damaging the eyes. In the later half of the 16th century some technical improvements were developed: a 661:

and, much later, the unsupported year 1780 was attached to it. As Arago indicated the first years of the 19th century and a date prior to the 1802 publication of Wedgwood's process, this would mean that Charles' demonstrations took place in 1800 or 1801, assuming that Arago was this accurate almost 40 years later.

1530: 1436:, working unknown to each other during the 1860s, famously unveiled their nearly identical ideas on the same day in 1869. Included were methods for viewing a set of three color-filtered black-and-white photographs in color without having to project them, and for using them to make full-color prints on paper. 1234: 660:

mentioned it at his introduction of the details of the daguerreotype to the world in 1839. He later wrote that the first idea of fixing the images of the camera obscura or the solar microscope with chemical substances belonged to Charles. Later historians probably only built on Arago's information,

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described something quite similar to (color) photography, a process that fixes fleeting images formed by rays of light: "They coat a piece of canvas with this material, and place it in front of the object to capture. The first effect of this cloth is similar to that of a mirror, but by means of its

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or pinhole image, can project a (reversed) image through a small opening onto an opposite surface. This principle may have been known and used in prehistoric times. The earliest known written record of the camera obscura is to be found in the 4th century BCE, in two different places in parallel: by

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process, the first publicly announced and commercially viable photographic process. The daguerreotype required only minutes of exposure in the camera, and produced clear, finely detailed results. On August 2, 1839 Daguerre demonstrated the details of the process to the Chamber of Peers in Paris. On

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Autochrome plates had an integral mosaic filter layer with roughly five million previously dyed potato grains per square inch added to the surface. Then through the use of a rolling press, five tons of pressure were used to flatten the grains, enabling every one of them to capture and absorb color

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developed his own photographic technique in 1832 or 1833 in Brazil, with some help of pharmacist Joaquim Corrêa de Mello (1816–1877). Looking for another method to copy graphic designs he captured their images on paper treated with silver nitrate as contact prints or in a camera obscura device. He

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in December 1802, appeared in chemistry textbooks as early as 1803, was translated into French and was published in German in 1811. Readers of the article may have been discouraged to find a fixer, because the highly acclaimed scientist Davy had already tried and failed. Apparently the article was

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was used to develop each plate into a transparent positive that could be viewed directly or projected with an ordinary projector. One of the drawbacks of the technology was an exposure time of at least a second in bright daylight, with the time required quickly increasing in poor light. An indoor

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solution that was recommended to him as a light-sensitive substance. Wedgwood did manage to copy painted glass plates and captured shadows on white leather, as well as on paper moistened with a silver nitrate solution. Attempts to preserve the results with their "distinct tints of brown or black,

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Note: In the process discussed here, the "Fixing" step is mentioned. This is a step in the negative development process as well as in the chemical printing process. (Of course not required in digital printing). At this stage, all remaining light-sensitive materials are removed so that the product

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image of the subject being viewed, on the surface upon which the artist is drawing. The artist sees both scene and drawing surface simultaneously, as in a photographic double exposure. This allows the artist to duplicate key points of the scene on the drawing surface, thus aiding in the accurate

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The commercial introduction of computer-based electronic digital cameras in the 1990s soon revolutionized photography. During the first decade of the 21st century, traditional film-based photochemical methods were increasingly marginalized as the practical advantages of the new technology became

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the image by removing the remaining silver iodide. On 7 January 1839, this first complete practical photographic process was announced at a meeting of the French Academy of Sciences, and the news quickly spread. At first, all details of the process were withheld and specimens were shown only at

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in 1838, is generally accepted as the earliest photograph to include people. It is a view of a busy street, but because the exposure lasted for several minutes the moving traffic left no trace. Only the two men near the bottom left corner, one of them apparently having his boots polished by the

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The notion that light can affect various substances—for instance, the sun tanning of skin or fading of textile—must have been around since very early times. Ideas of fixing the images seen in mirrors or other ways of creating images automatically may also have been in people's minds long before

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began working on in the 1890s and commercially introduced in 1907. It was based on one of Louis Duclos du Haroun's ideas: instead of taking three separate photographs through color filters, take one through a mosaic of tiny color filters overlaid on the emulsion and view the results through an

719:, darkest where the camera image was lightest and vice versa, and they were not permanent in the sense of being reasonably light-fast; like earlier experimenters, Niépce could find no way to prevent the coating from darkening all over when it was exposed to light for viewing. Disenchanted with 512:

of words to the bottle. The stencils produced copies of the text in dark red, almost violet characters on the surface of the otherwise whitish contents. The impressions persisted until they were erased by shaking the bottle or until overall exposure to light obliterated them. Schulze named the

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was the first to write a description of using the camera obscura as a drawing aid in his popular and influential books. Della Porta's proposal was widely adopted by artists and since the 17th century portable versions of the camera obscura were commonly used—first as a tent, later as boxes.

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was already demonstrated in London (but with less publicity). Subsequent innovations made photography easier and more versatile. New materials reduced the required camera exposure time from minutes to seconds, and eventually to a small fraction of a second; new photographic media were more

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Nineteenth-century experimentation with photographic processes frequently became proprietary. The German-born, New Orleans photographer Theodore Lilienthal successfully sought legal redress in an 1881 infringement case involving his "Lambert Process" in the Eastern District of Louisiana.

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is believed to have been the first person to have thought of creating permanent pictures by capturing camera images on material coated with a light-sensitive chemical. He originally wanted to capture the images of a camera obscura, but found they were too faint to have an effect upon the

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substance "Scotophors" when he published his findings in 1719. He thought the discovery could be applied to detect whether metals or minerals contained any silver and hoped that further experimentation by others would lead to some other useful results. Schulze's process resembled later

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widely appreciated and the image quality of moderately priced digital cameras was continually improved. Especially since cameras became a standard feature on smartphones, taking pictures (and instantly publishing them online) has become a ubiquitous everyday practice around the world.

2989:. Retrieved 25 May 2013. The traditional estimate of eight or nine hours originated in the 1950s and is based mainly on the fact that sunlight strikes the buildings as if from an arc across the sky, an effect which several days of continuous exposure would also produce. 388:

is an instrument, designed to support semi-automated portrait. It was invented in the 18th century and was abandoned when light-sensitive materials were discovered. It was popular for several decades. The sitter sat in a wooden frame and turned to the side to pose. A

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from Helmut Gernsheim's article, "The 150th Anniversary of Photography," in History of Photography, Vol. I, No. 1, January 1977: ...In 1822, Niépce coated a glass plate... The sunlight passing through... This first permanent example... was destroyed... some years

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had already succeeded in creating stabilized photographic negatives on paper in 1835, but worked on perfecting his own process after reading early reports of Daguerre's invention. In early 1839, he acquired a key improvement, an effective fixer, from his friend

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camera went on the market with the slogan "You press the button, we do the rest". Now anyone could take a photograph and leave the complex parts of the process to others, and photography became available for the mass-market in 1901 with the introduction of the

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refined the bitumen process, substituting a more sensitive resin and a very different post-exposure treatment that yielded higher-quality and more easily viewed images. Exposure times in the camera, although substantially reduced, were still measured in hours.

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identical mosaic. If the individual filter elements were small enough, the three primary colors of red, blue, and green would blend together in the eye and produce the same additive color synthesis as the filtered projection of three separate photographs.

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Competing screen plate products soon appeared, and film-based versions were eventually made. All were expensive, and until the 1930s none was "fast" enough for hand-held snapshot-taking, so they mostly served a niche market of affluent advanced amateurs.

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Niépce died suddenly in 1833, leaving his notes to Daguerre. More interested in silver-based processes than Niépce had been, Daguerre experimented with photographing camera images directly onto a mirror-like silver-surfaced plate that had been fumed with

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was advertising prices ranging from 50 cents to $ 10. However, daguerreotypes were fragile and difficult to copy. Photographers encouraged chemists to refine the process of making many copies cheaply, which eventually led them back to Talbot's process.

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image projection, the second is the discovery that some substances are visibly altered by exposure to light. There are no artifacts or descriptions that indicate any attempt to capture images with light sensitive materials prior to the 18th century.

2627:. In Appendix A (pp. 217-227), Litchfield evaluates assertions that Schulze's experiments should be called photography and includes a complete English translation (from the original Latin) of Schulze's 1719 account of them as reprinted in 1727. 3623: 1727:

bubble memory. Merging these two initiatives, Boyle and Smith conceived of the design of what they termed "Charge 'Bubble' Devices". The essence of the design was the ability to transfer charge along the surface of a semiconductor. It was

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Davy seems not to have continued the experiments. Although the journal of the nascent Royal Institution probably reached its very small group of members, the article must have been read eventually by many more people. It was reviewed by

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developed his mirror stereoscope around 1832, but did not really publicize his invention until June 1838. He recognized the possibility of a combination with photography soon after Daguerre and Talbot announced their inventions and got

1485:, an "instant" slide film that used the Autochrome's additive principle, was available until 2003, but the few color print and slide films still being made in 2015 all use the multilayer emulsion approach pioneered by Kodachrome. 567:

Although Thomas Wedgwood felt inspired by Scheele's writings in general, he must have missed or forgotten these experiments; he found no method to fix the photogram and shadow images he managed to capture around 1800 (see below).

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on light-sensitive paper at the start of the 19th century, prior to Wedgwood. Charles died in 1823 without having documented the process, but purportedly demonstrated it in his lectures at the Louvre. It was not publicized until

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anything like photography was developed. However, there seem to be no historical records of any ideas even remotely resembling photography before 1700, despite early knowledge of light-sensitive materials and the camera obscura.

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dissolved the silver chloride, but not the dark particles. This discovery could have been used to stabilize or "fix" a camera image captured with silver chloride, but was not picked up by the earliest photography experimenters.

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to thank him "for your instructions as to the Silver Pictures, about which, when at home, I will make some experiments". This letter (now lost) is believed to have been written in 1790, 1791 or 1799. In 1802, an account by

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In this 1893 multiple-exposure trick photo, the photographer appears to be photographing himself. It satirizes studio equipment and procedures that were nearly obsolete by then. Note the clamp to hold the sitter's head

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invented a process for making photographs on glass in 1841; it was recognized on June 17, 1852, in Paris by the Académie National Agricole, Manufacturière et Commerciale. In 1847, Nicephore Niépce's cousin, the chemist

1894: 790:. As with the bitumen process, the result appeared as a positive when it was suitably lit and viewed. Exposure times were still impractically long until Daguerre made the pivotal discovery that an invisibly slight or 1285: 974:, dithionite was not required in the developing process. In 1881, he published his discovery. Berkeley's formula contained pyrogallol, sulfite, and citric acid. Ammonia was added just before use to make the formula 2492: 1592: 196:

first managed to fix an image that was captured with a camera, but at least eight hours or even several days of exposure in the camera were required and the earliest results were very crude. Niépce's associate

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film, available for 16 mm home movies in 1935 and 35 mm slides in 1936. It captured the red, green, and blue color components in three layers of emulsion. A complex processing operation produced

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in March 1849. A stereoscopic portrait of Adamson in the University of St Andrews Library Photographic Archive, dated "circa 1845', may be one of these sets. A stereoscopic daguerreotype portrait of

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The box type camera obscura was the basis for photographic cameras, as used in the earliest attempts to capture natural images in light sensitive materials. This was the first step in the path that

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particles had been dissolved was darkened by sunlight. After experiments with threads that had created lines on the bottled substance after he placed it in direct sunlight for a while, he applied

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process, which, like Daguerre's process, used the principle of chemical development of a faint or invisible "latent" image to reduce the exposure time to a few minutes. Paper with a coating of

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as early as the year of 1848, but exposures lasting for hours or days were required and the captured colors were so light-sensitive they would only bear very brief inspection in dim light.

1138:. Other mid-nineteenth-century photographers established the medium as a more precise means than engraving or lithography of making a record of landscapes and architecture: for example, 681:. The plate was exposed under an ordinary engraving and copied it by photographic means. This was a step towards the first permanent photograph from nature taken with a camera obscura. 2151: 2963: 3866:

Manitta, Guglielmo (2024). Storia e origini della fotografia. Dalla camera oscura alle conseguenze dell'annuncio di Daguerre (1500-1839). Il Convivio Editore. ISBN 978-88-3274-7287.

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image. Unlike a daguerreotype, which could only be copied by photographing it with a camera, a calotype negative could be used to make a large number of positive prints by simple

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per pixel, i.e., stark black and white with no intermediate gray tones, but by combining multiple scans of the photograph done with different black-white threshold settings,

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Facts Worth Knowing Selected Mainly from the Scientific American for Household, Workshop, and Farm Embracing Practical and Useful Information for Every Branch of Industry

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emulsion; the Langenheim brothers of Philadelphia and John Whipple and William Breed Jones of Boston also invented workable negative-on-glass processes in the mid-1840s.

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pairs for the stereoscope. He received the first results in October 1840, but was not fully satisfied as the angle between the shots was very big. Between 1841 and 1842

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cartoon satirized problems with posing for Daguerreotypes: slight movement during exposure resulted in blurred features, red-blindness made rosy complexions look dark.

1142:'s broad range of photographs of Rome, the interior of the Vatican, and the surrounding countryside became a sophisticated tourist's visual record of his own travels. 711:, was a French aristocrat, scientist, and chemist. His family fortune allowed him to engage in inventions and scientific research. In 1816, using paper coated with 552:

and determined that light darkened it by disintegrating it into microscopic dark particles of metallic silver. Of greater potential usefulness, Scheele found that

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By mid-February successful attempts to replicate "M. Daguerre's beautiful discovery", using chemicals on paper, had already taken place in Germany and England:

2710: 1413:, so the result was very imperfect and the demonstration was soon forgotten. Maxwell's method is now most widely known through the early 20th century work of 2319: 3644: 5495: 5447: 3884: 3082: 798:

fumes. This brought the required exposure time down to a few minutes under optimum conditions. A strong hot solution of common salt served to stabilize or

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image. Maxwell's method of taking three separate filtered black-and-white photographs continued to serve special purposes into the 1950s and beyond, and

587:, but Larry J. Schaaf in his history of photography considered her work on silver chemistry to represent a major step in the development of photography. 2246: 1180:, to replace the photographic plate so that a photographer no longer needed to carry boxes of plates and toxic chemicals around. In July 1888 Eastman's 177:

used a light-sensitive slurry to capture images of cut-out letters on a bottle. However, he did not pursue making these results permanent. Around 1800,

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Technology and art: the birth and early years of photography: the proceedings of the Royal Photographic Historical Group conference 1-3 September 1989

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made the first reliably documented, although unsuccessful attempt at capturing camera images in permanent form. His experiments did produce detailed

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combined the high quality known from the Daguerreotype with the multiple print options known from the calotype and was commonly used for decades.

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An essay on combustion, with a view to a new art of dying and painting. Wherein the phlogistic and antiphlogistic hypotheses are proven erroneous

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A mid-19th century "Brady stand" armrest table, used to help subjects keep still during long exposures. It was named for famous US photographer

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and their microscopic size allowing the illusion that the colors are merged. The final step was adding a coat of the light-capturing substance

4203: 3950: 3481: 3327: 3194: 2849: 2824: 2648: 2514:"Septem planetarum terrestrium spagirica recensio. Qua perspicue declaratur ratio nominis Hermetici, analogia metallorum cum microcosmo, ..." 2486: 2276: 2222: 2145: 2135: 5500: 3161: 2961: 2115: 1414: 2398: 3333: 2517: 2021: 873:. The “Steinheil method" produced pictures with a diameter of 4 cm, and negatives were rephotographed to create positive versions. 560:

Scheele also noted that red light did not have much effect on silver chloride, a phenomenon that would later be applied in photographic

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sensibly differing in intensity" failed. It is unclear when Wedgwood's experiments took place. He may have started before 1790;

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described her experiments of the effects of light on silver salts. She is better known for her discovery of what is now called

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in Kingston College's Wheatstone collection and on loan to Bradford National Media Museum, dated "circa 1848", may be older.

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An Account of a Method of Copying Paintings upon Glass, and of Making Profiles, by the Agency of Light upon Nitrate of Silver

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popularized casual use by amateurs. In the mid-20th century, developments made it possible for amateurs to take pictures in

141: 3563: 2662:... But the first person to use this property to produce a photographic image was German physicist Johann Heinrich Schulze. 669: 5044: 4976: 4729: 4251: 3498: 1680:

drum scanner, so that alphanumeric characters, diagrams, photographs and other graphics could be transferred into digital

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developed a stereoscope with lenses and a binocular camera in 1844. He presented two stereoscopic self portraits made by

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however, who discovered that the CCD could be used as an imaging sensor. The CCD has increasingly been replaced by the

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has been a popular medium for storing and sharing photos ever since the first photograph was published on the web by

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Schaaf, Larry J. (1990). "The first fifty years of British photography, 1794-1844". In Pritchard, Michael (ed.).

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reported the invention of photography to stunned listeners by displaying the first photo taken in Egypt; that of

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had also developed a method of photography but delayed announcing it, and so was not recognized as its inventor.

870: 862: 827: 3892: 1060: 5376: 4971: 4699: 4491: 1684:. One of the first photographs scanned was a picture of Kirsch's infant son Walden. The resolution was 176x176 1349: 351: 218: 3294: 2349: 1936: 1409:, who had proposed the method in 1855. The photographic emulsions then in use were insensitive to most of the 854:

scientist who had previously shown that hyposulfite of soda (commonly called "hypo" and now known formally as

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Storia e origini della fotografia. Dalla camera oscura alle conseguenze dell'annuncio di Daguerre (1500-1839)

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The earliest known surviving heliographic engraving, made in 1822. It was printed from a metal plate made by

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sensitive to the rest of the spectrum, gradually introduced into commercial use beginning in the mid-1880s.

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used this process. Carroll refers to the process as "Talbotype" in the story "A Photographer's Day Out".

896:"sensitive paper" experiments required camera exposures of an hour or more. In 1841, Talbot invented the 708: 193: 5457: 5252: 5160: 5155: 5140: 5130: 5105: 5090: 4951: 4884: 4854: 4814: 4724: 4714: 4551: 4430: 4393: 4316: 3792:"SEAC and the Start of Image Processing at the National Bureau of Standards – Earliest Image Processing" 3435: 2593: 2573: 2572:

The title page dated 1719 of a section (of a 1721 book) containing the original publication can be seen

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shot in August 1841. Wheatstone also obtained daguerreotype stereograms from Mr. Beard in 1841 and from

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A comparison of common print sizes used in photographic studios during the 19th century. Sizes are in

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and Harold Lowes stated their — incorrect — belief that this was the first photograph of a wild bird.

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process, it was the most common commercial process until the late 1850s when it was superseded by the

777:, self-portrait, probably October or November 1839, an approximately quarter plate size daguerreotype. 5541: 5150: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5095: 4749: 4668: 4638: 4591: 4536: 4526: 4451: 4276: 4223: 3936: 3319:

The Focal encyclopedia of photography: digital imaging, theory and applications, history, and science

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produced on such a plate by a much shorter exposure could be "developed" to full visibility by

450:(film or print) can be exposed to light without the image being further affected by the light. 5361: 5297: 5284: 5215: 4879: 4804: 4794: 4784: 4769: 4633: 4601: 4461: 4296: 4067: 3826: 3704: 3679: 3477: 3447: 3439: 3323: 3190: 2845: 2820: 2644: 2482: 2459: 2272: 2218: 2141: 2111: 1881: 1666: 1627: 1521: 1478: 1371: 1365: 1177: 1150: 1146: 1088: 949: 812: 795: 715:, he succeeded in photographing the images formed in a small camera, but the photographs were 657: 639:

not noted by Niépce or Daguerre, and by Talbot only after he had developed his own processes.

619: 576: 255: 235: 223: 151: 3317: 2931:"Nicéphore Niépce House Museum inventor of photography - Nicephore Niepce House Photo Museum" 2638: 2513: 2399:"Technology of photography - Black & White Processing, Printing, Developing | Britannica" 5416: 5366: 5324: 5309: 5292: 5262: 5257: 4901: 4859: 4809: 4571: 4531: 4471: 4326: 3736: 3455: 2732: 2447: 2442: 1985: 1729: 1540: 1536: 1410: 1375: 1335: 1319: 1242: 1186: 913: 842: 774: 735: 339: 3878: 3858: 3762: 1904:, the first correctly exposed photograph of a solar eclipse using the daguerreotype process 807:

it) as a free gift. Complete instructions were made public on 19 August 1839. Known as the

150:

1826 or 1827, believed to be the earliest surviving camera photograph. Original (left) and

5421: 5329: 4946: 4694: 4576: 4271: 4218: 4213: 4181: 4166: 4124: 3907: 3861:

Photography Theory and Practice, being an English edition of "La Technique Photographique"

3229: 3222: 3121: 3092:. See the included footnote #1 (by Larry Schaaf?) for context. Accessed 11 September 2014. 3089: 3040: 2986: 2967: 2580: 2454: 1866: 1787: 1712: 1704: 1681: 1658: 1390: 1353: 1339: 1331: 893: 712: 648: 610: 549: 473: 359: 239: 3114: 2624: 1885: 3587: 1168:

came about from a series of refinements and improvements in the first 20 years. In 1884

5198: 5024: 4966: 4734: 4415: 4321: 4306: 4301: 4196: 4003: 3993: 3983: 3033: 1989: 1847: 1783: 1757: 1453: 1386: 1345: 1169: 967: 754: 700: 631: 601: 467: 420: 385: 347: 331: 318: 290: 259: 198: 166: 3619:

Bulletins de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique

17: 5567: 5351: 5319: 5304: 5269: 5029: 4874: 4839: 4789: 4425: 4398: 4378: 4346: 4291: 3078: 2016: 1827: 1724: 1708: 1670: 1457: 1394: 953: 920: 909: 901: 847: 808: 787: 720: 696: 414: 202: 2999: 2084: 403: 5517: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5356: 5242: 5237: 4891: 4611: 4581: 4363: 4358: 4341: 4186: 4008: 3998: 3988: 3427: 2056: 2051: 1921: 1768: 1741: 1720: 1673: 1433: 1327: 1225: 1119: 1101: 1013: 923:

made the first glass negative, but his process was difficult to reproduce. Slovene

791: 743: 615: 186: 3799: 3645:"Stereoscopic Daguerreotype Portrait of Faraday | Science Museum Group Collection" 3249: 3136: 1954:

a shoemaker aged 100, born in 1745, possibly the earliest-born person photographed

1456:, after which a color image could be imprinted and developed. In order to see it, 309: 1047:

The 1866 "Jumelle de Nicour", an early attempt at a small-format, portable camera

5522: 5386: 5381: 5314: 5227: 5064: 5039: 4869: 4864: 4849: 4704: 4586: 4566: 4435: 4336: 4228: 4191: 4161: 4114: 4082: 4077: 4038: 3959: 3922: 3849: 3555: 3280:, Henry Fox Talbot, United States Patent Office, patent no. 5171, June 26, 1847. 1819: 1764: 1653: 1309: 1127: 1068: 924: 678: 564:

as a method of seeing black-and-white prints without harming their development.

501: 470:

black, and that paper wrapped around silver nitrate for a year will turn black.

463: 161: 44: 3354:

Richard G. Condon (1989). "The History and Development of Arctic Photography".

2320:"Did You Know? This is the First-ever Photograph of Human Captured on a Camera" 393:

connected to a pencil produced a contour line on a plate within a few minutes.

5512: 5034: 5014: 4928: 4918: 4779: 4744: 4719: 4648: 4388: 4373: 4353: 4235: 4171: 4087: 4033: 1607: 1599: 1482: 1469: 1440: 1032: 652: 606: 390: 214: 2938: 5426: 4999: 4961: 4923: 4819: 4709: 4176: 4139: 4134: 4119: 4072: 4055: 3459: 1807: 1733: 1716: 1693: 1677: 1544: 1330:

made calotypes of statues, buildings and portraits, including a portrait of

1130:

pictures, the second by his record of the disassembly and reconstruction of

739: 584: 527: 517:

techniques and is sometimes regarded as the very first form of photography.

514: 484: 323: 231: 182: 3894:

The Silver Canvas: Daguerreotype Masterpieces from the J. Paul Getty Museum

3451: 3393:

Levenson, G. I. P (May 1993). "Berkeley, overlooked man of photo science".

869:

and other local buildings. Kobell revealed his work in 1839, together with

865:

shot finely detailed salt-paper negatives of different perspectives of the

591:

Thomas Wedgwood and Humphry Davy: Fleeting detailed photograms (1790?–1802)

3900: 2979: 1707:

component in first-generation digital cameras. It was invented in 1969 by

730:

was created by Niépce in 1826 or 1827. It was made on a polished sheet of

618:

detailing Wedgwood's experiments was published in an early journal of the

5019: 4834: 4331: 4261: 4129: 4050: 4045: 3526:"Photography review; In a John Brown Portrait, The Essence of a Militant" 1823: 1799: 1564: 1402: 1323: 1263: 975: 897: 881: 851: 561: 509: 490: 207: 3367: 2842:

Out of the shadows: Herschel, Talbot, & the invention of photography

5059: 4208: 4154: 3748: 3474:

The Early American Daguearreotype: Cross Currents in Art and Technology

3443: 963: 933: 932:, published his invention of a process for making glass plates with an 553: 3239: : 131-133. On page 132 Herschel mentions the use of hyposulfite. 485:

Schulze's Scotophors: earliest fleeting letter photograms (circa 1717)

4606: 4023: 3973: 3251:

Historique et description des procédés du daguerréotype et du diorama

3138:

Historique et description des procédés du daguerréotype et du diorama

1811: 1803: 1477:

cyan, magenta, and yellow dye images in those layers, resulting in a

1135: 888:, circa 1849. The caption on the photo calls the process "Talbotype". 804: 783: 731: 505: 432: 424: 3740: 2583:. In the text Schulze claims he did the experiment two years earlier 1126:

helped popularize the new way of recording events, the first by his

281:), meaning "drawing, writing", together meaning "drawing of light". 3505:. Vol. 66, no. 6. Aramco Services Company. pp. 16–23 3290: 3034:"Fixation des images qui se forment au foyer d'une chambre obscure" 1075:), taken in 1884 — the earliest known photographs of any wild bird 5274: 4689: 4149: 3877: 3291:"Life and work of Janez Puhar | (accessed December 13, 2009)" 1815: 1775: 1685: 1669:

at the National Institute of Standards and Technology developed a

1652: 1181: 1078: 1059: 817: 769: 758: 684: 668: 497: 308: 300: 165:

began with the discovery of two critical principles: The first is

1374:

was sought from the very beginning. Results were demonstrated by

1035:, the oldest surviving successful aerial photograph, October 1860 723:, he turned his attention to light-sensitive organic substances. 1791: 1292: 572:

Elizabeth Fulhame and the effect of light on silver salts (1794)

335: 327: 3932: 1108:

The daguerreotype proved popular in response to the demand for

254:

The coining of the word "photography" is usually attributed to

3928: 3727:

Douglas R. Nickel (1992). "Autochromes by Clarence H. White".

1689: 1468:

A new era in color photography began with the introduction of

1016:'s assistant seated on Fenton's photographic van, Crimea, 1855 822:

An early European attempt at daguerreotype portraiture. Count

480:

1700 to 1802: earliest concepts and fleeting photogram results

38: 651:

is believed to have captured fleeting negative photograms of

2733:"Carl Wilhelm Scheele | Biography, Discoveries, & Facts" 1520:, the foremost early French pioneer of color photography by 643:

Jacques Charles: Fleeting silhouette photograms (circa 1801)

3901:

A History of Photography from its Beginnings Till the 1920s

1551:. It may be the oldest surviving color portrait photograph. 904:

was exposed in the camera and developed into a translucent

728:

oldest surviving photograph of the image formed in a camera

1439:

The first widely used method of color photography was the

786:

vapor, which reacted with the silver to form a coating of

222:

economical, sensitive or convenient. Since the 1850s, the

1888:

in 1857, the earliest surviving Japanese-made photograph

734:

and the light-sensitive substance was a thin coating of

520: 380:

Physiognotrace of Hans Lindholm by Gilles-Louis Chrétien

3910:

by Dr. Robert Leggat, now hosted by Dr Michael Prichard

3888:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 845–522. 3000:"Daguerre (1787–1851) and the Invention of Photography" 2623:, etc., London, Duckworth and Co. Out of copyright and 1100:

the first medal ever presented for nature photography.

704:

other, remained in one place long enough to be visible.

1001:

A photograph captured by Mary Dillwyn in Wales in 1853

521:

De la Roche's fictional image capturing process (1760)

2980:

Niépce House Museum: Invention of Photography, Part 3

476:

described how light darkened some chemicals in 1694.

364:

The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

3186:

The Pioneering Photographic Work of Hercule Florence

2844:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 23–25. 2595:

Bibliotheca Novissima Oberservationum ac Recensionum

2215:

The history of photography: from 1839 to the present

1156:

In America, by 1851 a broadsheet by daguerreotypist

548:

was studying the more intrinsically light-sensitive

350:

in 1568) gave a brighter and sharper image. In 1558

5488: 5435: 5340: 5283: 5189: 5073: 4985: 4937: 4677: 4444: 4244: 3966: 2176:

The Genesis of Photography with Hints on Developing

826:with his family, 3 or 4 November 1839. Possibly by 69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2957: 2955: 2866:Burning with Desire: The Conception of Photography 2478:Burning with Desire: The Conception of Photography 2239:"photography - Search Online Etymology Dictionary" 2129: 2127: 1774:1986 – Kodak scientists develop the world's first 2881:Tom Wedgwood, the First Photographer - Appendix B 2042:Photography by indigenous peoples of the Americas 2037:List of photographs considered the most important 2792:. London: Printed for the author, by J. Cooper. 2217:(5th ed.). New York: Museum of Modern Art. 1112:that emerged from the middle classes during the 3265:"1837: Die Erfindung der Fotografie in München" 3141:(Paris, France: Alphonse Giroux et Cie., 1839). 2300:Camera Obscura and World of Illusions Edinburgh 1719:as a memory device. The lab was working on the 539: 3852:Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography 3729:Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University 1381:The first color photograph was a set of three 1342:in 1842. None of these have yet been located. 1029:Boston, as the Eagle and the Wild Goose See It 3944: 2819:. Bath: RPS Historical Group. pp. 9–18. 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 1826:have been used by many millions of people to 1756:releases the first large image-capturing CCD 1516:An 1877 color photographic print on paper by 1500:The first durable color photograph, taken by 313:Principle of a box camera obscura with mirror 8: 3676:The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell 1622:Kodachrome photo by Chalmers Butterfield of 970:given off by the chemical dithionite in the 665:1816 to 1833: Niépce's earliest fixed images 5496:Conservation and restoration of photographs 3678:. Courier Dover Publications. p. 449. 3043:(Fixing of images formed at the focus of a 2137:Seizing the Light: A History of Photography 982:in London as Sulphur-Pyrogallol Developer. 609:wrote a letter to Thomas Wedgwood's father 5233:Comparison of digital and film photography 3951: 3937: 3929: 3233:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 1771:mosaic pattern for CCD color image sensors 647:French balloonist, professor and inventor 5453:Photographs considered the most important 3722: 3720: 2925: 2923: 2921: 962:discovered that with his own addition of 540:Scheele's forgotten chemical fixer (1777) 496:accidentally discovered that a slurry of 129:Learn how and when to remove this message 3160:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 2 June 2017. 2703:"Tiphaigne de la Roche – Giphantie,1760" 1863:Arthur Wellesley, the Duke of Wellington 1606:, 1908, made by the recently introduced 1443:plate, a process inventors and brothers 875: 766:1832 to 1840: Early monochrome processes 402: 375: 338:lens in the opening (first described by 140: 3582: 3580: 3476:. Cambridge: Massachusetts: MIT Press. 2068: 1837: 1676:version of an existing technology, the 1490: 1194: 991: 466:noted that sunlight will turn powdered 3896:Bates Lowry, Isabel Barrett Lowry 1998 3203:from the original on 28 September 2022 2713:from the original on 27 September 2017 1397:with similar filters. It was taken by 1393:and shown superimposed by using three 454:Before 1700: Light sensitive materials 3598:from the original on 24 December 2020 2884:. Duckworth and Co. pp. 228–240. 2775:. Duckworth and Co. pp. 185–205. 1798:). Since then sites and apps such as 952:. Photographer and children's author 664: 7: 3649:collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk 3278:Improvement in photographic pictures 2896:"The First Photograph — Heliography" 2878:Litchfield, Richard Buckley (1903). 2772:Tom Wedgwood, the First Photographer 2769:Litchfield, Richard Buckley (1903). 2643:. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 21–. 2621:Tom Wedgwood, the First Photographer 2619:Litchfield, Richard Buckley (1903). 2598:(in Latin). 1721. pp. 234–240. 2516:apud Wilh. Janssonium. 2 June 2018. 2290: 2288: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 1696:information could also be acquired. 1401:in 1861 for use in a lecture by the 67:adding citations to reliable sources 5448:Museums devoted to one photographer 3769:. The American Photography Museum. 3381:The Complete Works of Lewis Carroll 3164:from the original on 10 August 2020 2022:History of photographic lens design 1421:'s 1873 discovery of a way to make 4995:Timeline of photography technology 3767:The American Museum of Photography 3412:Cox, Rosamund Kidman, ed. (2014). 3183:Kossoy, Boris (14 December 2017). 2330:from the original on 10 April 2021 2027:Timeline of photography technology 1918:Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling 1657:Walden Kirsch as scanned into the 1643:Development of digital photography 978:. The new formula was sold by the 884:showing the American photographer 595:English photographer and inventor 189:found no way to fix these images. 25: 5579:Audiovisual introductions in 1822 3918:The University of Texas at Austin 3823:Scientific Charge Coupled Devices 3655:from the original on 12 July 2021 3588:"First 3D photo - the technology" 3499:"Capturing the Light of the Nile" 3414:Wildlife Photographer of the Year 3297:from the original on May 11, 2013 2796:from the original on 30 June 2021 1176:, developed dry gel on paper, or 185:, but Wedgwood and his associate 5584:History of science by discipline 5546: 5536: 5535: 3536:from the original on 2 July 2023 3432:Masterpieces of Bird Photography 3154:"Cronologia de Hercule Florence" 3068:(London), 21 February 1839, p.6. 2520:from the original on 2 July 2023 2448:A concise history of photography 2154:from the original on 2 July 2023 1988:on the day of his marriage with 1978: 1959: 1944: 1929: 1909: 1893: 1874: 1855: 1840: 1615: 1591: 1572: 1556: 1529: 1509: 1493: 1284: 1271: 1251: 1233: 1217: 1197: 1040: 1021: 1006: 994: 525:The early science fiction novel 305:Principle of the camera obscura 43: 5547: 3773:from the original on 2016-05-21 3626:from the original on 2023-07-02 3566:from the original on 2021-12-04 3524:Loke, Margarett (7 July 2000). 3336:from the original on 2023-07-02 3083:Herschel's letter to WHF Talbot 3014:from the original on 3 May 2012 2743:from the original on 5 May 2020 2684:from the original on 2022-09-28 2674:de la Roche, Tiphaigne (1760). 2602:from the original on 2017-09-30 2558:Sloane, Thomas O'Conor (1895). 2495:from the original on 2023-07-02 2249:from the original on 2017-07-02 2184:from the original on 2023-04-05 317:A natural phenomenon, known as 154:reoriented enhancement (right). 147:View from the Window at Le Gras 54:needs additional citations for 3923:The Prokudin-Gorsky Collection 3472:Gillespie, Sarah Kate (2016). 3077:e.g., a 9 May 1839 showing to 2458:. Courier Dover Publications. 2134:Hirsch, Robert (2 June 2018). 1902:solar eclipse of July 28, 1851 1: 5045:Painted photography backdrops 4977:Golden triangle (composition) 4252:35 mm equivalent focal length 3383:. Random House Modern Library 2625:available free at archive.org 2562:. S. S. Scranton and Company. 1970: 1703:(CCD) is the image-capturing 1567:by Gabriel Lippmann, 1891-99. 3674:James Clerk Maxwell (2003). 1834:Gallery of historical photos 1586:using Maxwell's method, 1911 1539:photographed by his brother 742:tar, which was dissolved in 258:in 1839. It is based on the 4755:Intentional camera movement 3322:. Focal Press. p. 38. 3221:John F. W. Herschel (1839) 3101:Daguerre (1839), pages 1-4. 2786:Fulhame, Elizabeth (1794). 2541:Geschichte der Photographie 2296:"What is a camera obscura?" 2174:"The Michigan Technic 1882 2106:Manitta, Guglielmo (2024). 1760:: 100 rows and 100 columns. 1417:. It was made practical by 1086:- Photograph of a Lapwing ( 1084:Lapwing incubating its eggs 861:In 1837, mineralist-writer 285:Early history of the camera 5610: 5443:Most expensive photographs 4800:Multi-exposure HDR capture 3925:at the Library of Congress 3821:Janesick, James R (2001). 3622:(in French). Hayez. 1849. 3008:Metropolitan Museum of Art 2864:Batchen, Geoffrey (1999). 2539:Eder, Josef Maria (1932). 2373:Institution, Smithsonian. 2267:Mulligan, Therese (2021). 2213:Newhall, Beaumont (1997). 1723:and on the development of 1646: 1547:print was sent in 1895 to 1385:photographs taken through 1363: 1307: 1098:Royal Photographic Society 944:In 1851, English sculptor 749:In partnership, Niépce in 436:rendering of perspective. 346:restricting the aperture ( 294: 288: 28: 5531: 3316:Michael R. Peres (2007). 3113:(Arago, François) (1839) 3032:(Arago, François) (1839) 2840:Schaaf, Larry J. (1992). 2528:– via Google Books. 2162:– via Google Books. 1865:, aged 74 or 75, made by 1790:in 1992 (an image of the 1445:Auguste and Louis Lumière 871:Carl August von Steinheil 828:Carl August von Steinheil 440:Light sensitive materials 423:used as a drawing aid by 5377:Digital image processing 3701:The Birth of Photography 2430:Universitat de Barcelona 2269:A history of Photography 1814:(discontinued in 2016), 1740:(APS), commonly used in 1304:Stereoscopic photography 738:, a naturally occurring 531:(1760) by the Frenchman 352:Giambattista della Porta 273:), meaning "light", and 219:William Henry Fox Talbot 78:"History of photography" 5050:Photography and the law 3885:Encyclopædia Britannica 3430:; Harold Lowes (1947), 3004:Timeline of Art History 2737:Encyclopedia Britannica 2423:"Stop Baths and Fixers" 2379:Smithsonian Institution 2110:. Il Convivio Editore. 1796:Les Horribles Cernettes 1754:Fairchild Semiconductor 1665:In 1957, a team led by 1415:Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii 960:Herbert Bowyer Berkeley 675:Joseph Nicéphore Niépce 494:Johann Heinrich Schulze 201:went on to develop the 175:Johann Heinrich Schulze 5574:History of photography 5397:Gelatin silver process 4421:Science of photography 4406:Photographic processes 4384:Perspective distortion 3763:"Potatoes to Pictures" 3497:Koehler, Jeff (2015). 2545:History of Photography 2077:"The First Photograph" 2032:Outline of photography 2010:History of Photography 1767:of Kodak develops the 1662: 1584:Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky 1428:Two French inventors, 1210:Philip Henry Delamotte 1124:Philip Henry Delamotte 1105: 1076: 946:Frederick Scott Archer 889: 831: 778: 705: 682: 679:"heliographic process" 581:An essay on combustion 408: 381: 314: 306: 217:processes invented by 155: 32:History of Photography 18:History of Photography 5594:Art history by medium 5589:History of technology 4855:Schlieren photography 4394:Photographic printing 4317:Exposure compensation 3436:William Collins, Sons 2004:History of the camera 1939:, made in Paris 1848. 1701:charge-coupled device 1656: 1518:Louis Ducos du Hauron 1430:Louis Ducos du Hauron 1419:Hermann Wilhelm Vogel 1370:A practical means of 1114:Industrial Revolution 1092:), for which in 1895 1082: 1063: 879: 821: 773: 688: 672: 544:In 1777, the chemist 533:Tiphaigne de la Roche 406: 379: 312: 304: 297:History of the camera 295:Further information: 226:with its glass-based 144: 29:For the journal, see 4639:Straight photography 4277:Chromatic aberration 3914:The First Photograph 3395:Photographic Journal 1828:share their pictures 1730:Dr. Michael Tompsett 1604:Alvin Langdon Coburn 1598:A color portrait of 1563:Color photograph of 1387:red, green, and blue 1166:photographic process 886:Frederick Langenheim 546:Carl Wilhelm Scheele 489:Around 1717, German 407:Camera-lucida-scheme 63:improve this article 5506:photographic plates 5191:Digital photography 4369:Hyperfocal distance 4282:Circle of confusion 3879:"Photography" 3703:. Ash & Grant. 3699:Brian, Coe (1976). 3356:Arctic Anthropology 2970:By Christine Sutton 2637:Susan Watt (2003). 2047:Women photographers 1738:active pixel sensor 1649:Digital photography 1458:reversal processing 1407:James Clerk Maxwell 1174:Rochester, New York 1158:Augustus Washington 980:Platinotype Company 867:Munich Frauenkirche 692:Boulevard du Temple 228:photographic plates 5010:Autochrome Lumière 5005:Analog photography 4830:Pigeon photography 4619:Social documentary 4098:discontinued films 3906:2013-02-25 at the 3530:The New York Times 3503:Saudi Aramco World 3228:2021-09-30 at the 3120:2012-09-15 at the 3115:"Le daguerreotype" 3088:2014-09-11 at the 3039:2015-11-20 at the 2985:2014-03-16 at the 2966:2023-07-02 at the 2579:2017-09-29 at the 2547:]. p. 32. 2453:2023-07-02 at the 2403:www.britannica.com 2326:. 19 August 2020. 2243:www.etymonline.com 2081:www.hrc.utexas.edu 2013:(academic journal) 1937:José de San Martín 1746:citizen journalism 1742:cell phone cameras 1663: 1632:West End of London 1624:Shaftesbury Avenue 1315:Charles Wheatstone 1206:The Crystal Palace 1132:The Crystal Palace 1106: 1096:received from the 1077: 890: 856:sodium thiosulfate 832: 779: 706: 683: 636:Edinburgh Magazine 409: 382: 315: 307: 156: 5561: 5560: 5362:Collodion process 5298:Chromogenic print 5285:Color photography 4795:Multiple exposure 4770:Lo-fi photography 4297:Color temperature 3483:978-0-262-03410-4 3329:978-0-240-80740-9 3196:978-1-315-46895-2 2902:on 6 October 2009 2851:978-0-300-05705-8 2826:978-0-9515322-0-1 2650:978-0-7614-1464-3 2488:978-0-262-52259-5 2443:Gernsheim, Helmut 2350:"Walter Benjamin" 2278:978-3-8365-4099-5 2271:. Koln: Taschen. 2224:978-0-87070-381-2 2147:978-0-697-14361-7 1924:in February 1848. 1882:Shimazu Nariakira 1667:Russell A. Kirsch 1628:Piccadilly Circus 1549:Elbridge T. Gerry 1522:subtractive color 1479:subtractive color 1372:color photography 1366:Color photography 1151:Ras El Tin Palace 1140:Robert Macpherson 1089:Vanellus vanellus 950:collodion process 930:Niépce St. Victor 836:Hércules Florence 813:collodion process 620:Royal Institution 577:Elizabeth Fulhame 326:in Greece and by 256:Sir John Herschel 224:collodion process 139: 138: 131: 113: 16:(Redirected from 5601: 5550: 5549: 5539: 5538: 5417:Print permanence 5367:Cross processing 5325:CMYK color model 5310:Color management 5263:Foveon X3 sensor 5258:Three-CCD camera 4902:Miniature faking 4860:Sabattier effect 4472:Astrophotography 4327:Zebra patterning 3953: 3946: 3939: 3930: 3889: 3881: 3837: 3836: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3798:. Archived from 3788: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3778: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3724: 3715: 3714: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3631: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3584: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3571: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3416:. Firefly Books. 3409: 3403: 3402: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3341: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3261: 3255: 3246: 3240: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3150: 3144: 3132: : 250-267. 3108: 3102: 3099: 3093: 3081:, documented by 3075: 3069: 3062: 3056: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3010:. October 2004. 2996: 2990: 2977: 2971: 2959: 2950: 2949: 2947: 2946: 2937:. Archived from 2927: 2916: 2915: 2909: 2907: 2898:. 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Archived from 2073: 1982: 1972: 1963: 1948: 1933: 1913: 1897: 1878: 1859: 1844: 1661:computer in 1957 1619: 1595: 1582:photographed by 1576: 1560: 1541:Edward Bierstadt 1537:Albert Bierstadt 1533: 1513: 1497: 1376:Edmond Becquerel 1336:Hippolyte Fizeau 1322:to produce some 1320:Henry Fox Talbot 1288: 1275: 1255: 1237: 1221: 1204:General view of 1201: 1164:Ultimately, the 1065:Ottomar Anschütz 1044: 1025: 1010: 998: 966:, to absorb the 914:Hippolyte Bayard 910:contact printing 863:Franz von Kobell 843:Henry Fox Talbot 775:Robert Cornelius 751:Chalon-sur-Saône 709:Nicéphore Niépce 504:into which some 340:Gerolamo Cardano 194:Nicéphore Niépce 134: 127: 123: 120: 114: 112: 71: 47: 39: 21: 5609: 5608: 5604: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5599: 5598: 5564: 5563: 5562: 5557: 5527: 5484: 5431: 5422:Push processing 5343: 5336: 5330:RGB color model 5279: 5185: 5069: 4981: 4947:Diagonal method 4933: 4673: 4577:Photojournalism 4440: 4272:Black-and-white 4240: 4219:Slide projector 4214:Movie projector 4093:available films 3962: 3957: 3908:Wayback Machine 3876: 3873: 3850:Hannavy, John. 3846: 3844:Further reading 3841: 3840: 3833: 3820: 3819: 3815: 3805: 3803: 3802:on 19 July 2014 3790: 3789: 3785: 3776: 3774: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3741:10.2307/3774691 3726: 3725: 3718: 3711: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3658: 3656: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3629: 3627: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3601: 3599: 3586: 3585: 3578: 3569: 3567: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3539: 3537: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3508: 3506: 3496: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3339: 3337: 3330: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3300: 3298: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3247: 3243: 3230:Wayback Machine 3220: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3197: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3167: 3165: 3152: 3151: 3147: 3122:Wayback Machine 3109: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3090:Wayback Machine 3076: 3072: 3063: 3059: 3041:Wayback Machine 3031: 3027: 3017: 3015: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2987:Wayback Machine 2978: 2974: 2968:Wayback Machine 2960: 2953: 2944: 2942: 2929: 2928: 2919: 2905: 2903: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2863: 2859: 2852: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2827: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2799: 2797: 2785: 2784: 2780: 2768: 2767: 2756: 2746: 2744: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2716: 2714: 2709:. 7 July 2015. 2701: 2700: 2696: 2687: 2685: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2618: 2614: 2605: 2603: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2581:Wayback Machine 2571: 2567: 2557: 2556: 2552: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2523: 2521: 2512: 2511: 2507: 2498: 2496: 2489: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2455:Wayback Machine 2441: 2437: 2425: 2421: 2420: 2416: 2407: 2405: 2397: 2396: 2392: 2383: 2381: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2358: 2356: 2348: 2347: 2343: 2333: 2331: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2304: 2302: 2294: 2293: 2286: 2279: 2266: 2265: 2261: 2252: 2250: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2225: 2212: 2211: 2196: 2187: 2185: 2172: 2171: 2167: 2157: 2155: 2148: 2140:. McGraw-Hill. 2133: 2132: 2125: 2118: 2105: 2104: 2100: 2090: 2088: 2075: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2000: 1993: 1983: 1974: 1967:Frédéric Chopin 1964: 1955: 1949: 1940: 1934: 1925: 1914: 1905: 1898: 1889: 1879: 1870: 1867:Antoine Claudet 1860: 1851: 1845: 1836: 1788:Tim Berners-Lee 1713:George E. Smith 1682:computer memory 1651: 1645: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1635: 1620: 1611: 1596: 1587: 1577: 1568: 1561: 1552: 1534: 1525: 1514: 1505: 1498: 1383:black-and-white 1368: 1362: 1354:Michael Faraday 1340:Antoine Claudet 1332:Charles Babbage 1312: 1306: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1289: 1280: 1276: 1267: 1256: 1247: 1238: 1229: 1222: 1213: 1208:at Sydenham by 1202: 1073:Ciconia ciconia 1058: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1036: 1026: 1017: 1011: 1002: 999: 942: 894:silver chloride 892:Talbot's early 768: 713:silver chloride 667: 649:Jacques Charles 645: 622:with the title 611:Josiah Wedgwood 597:Thomas Wedgwood 593: 574: 550:silver chloride 542: 523: 487: 482: 474:Wilhelm Homberg 456: 447: 442: 401: 374: 360:Walter Benjamin 342:in 1550) and a 299: 293: 287: 252: 240:black-and-white 179:Thomas Wedgwood 135: 124: 118: 115: 72: 70: 60: 48: 37: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5607: 5605: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5566: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5544: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5492: 5490: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5482: 5481: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5439: 5437: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5348: 5346: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5307: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5289: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5266: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5212: 5211: 5199:Digital camera 5195: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5077: 5075: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5025:Camera obscura 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4991: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4967:Rule of thirds 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4943: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4905: 4904: 4894: 4889: 4888: 4887: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4735:Harris shutter 4732: 4730:Hand-colouring 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4448: 4446: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4416:Red-eye effect 4413: 4408: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4350: 4349: 4344: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4322:Exposure value 4319: 4314: 4309: 4307:Depth of focus 4304: 4302:Depth of field 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4248: 4246: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4238: 4233: 4232: 4231: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4200: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4159: 4158: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4107: 4102: 4101: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4065: 4060: 4059: 4058: 4053: 4043: 4042: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3963: 3958: 3956: 3955: 3948: 3941: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3920: 3911: 3898: 3890: 3872: 3871:External links 3869: 3868: 3867: 3864: 3856: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3838: 3831: 3825:. SPIE Press. 3813: 3783: 3754: 3716: 3709: 3691: 3684: 3666: 3636: 3609: 3576: 3547: 3516: 3489: 3482: 3464: 3419: 3404: 3385: 3373: 3346: 3328: 3308: 3282: 3270: 3267:. 28 May 2024. 3256: 3241: 3214: 3195: 3175: 3145: 3143: 3142: 3133: 3126:Comptes rendus 3103: 3094: 3070: 3057: 3049:Comptes rendus 3045:camera obscura 3025: 2991: 2972: 2951: 2935:www.niepce.org 2917: 2887: 2870: 2857: 2850: 2832: 2825: 2807: 2778: 2754: 2724: 2694: 2666: 2649: 2629: 2612: 2585: 2565: 2550: 2531: 2505: 2487: 2467: 2435: 2414: 2390: 2365: 2341: 2311: 2284: 2277: 2259: 2230: 2223: 2194: 2165: 2146: 2123: 2116: 2098: 2087:on 8 June 2020 2067: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2006: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1994: 1990:Margarita Maza 1984: 1977: 1975: 1965: 1958: 1956: 1950: 1943: 1941: 1935: 1928: 1926: 1915: 1908: 1906: 1899: 1892: 1890: 1880: 1873: 1871: 1861: 1854: 1852: 1848:Andrew Jackson 1846: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1780: 1779: 1772: 1761: 1705:optoelectronic 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319:camera obscura 291:Camera obscura 289:Main article: 286: 283: 251: 248: 238:as well as in 199:Louis Daguerre 167:camera obscura 137: 136: 51: 49: 42: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5606: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5554: 5545: 5543: 5534: 5533: 5530: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5487: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5458:Photographers 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5352:Bleach bypass 5350: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5339: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5320:primary color 5318: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5305:Reversal film 5303: 5299: 5296: 5295: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5282: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5270:Image sharing 5268: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5188: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5171:United States 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5072: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5030:Daguerreotype 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4936: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4875:Stopping down 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4840:Rephotography 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4775:Long-exposure 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4467:Architectural 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4426:Shutter speed 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4379:Metering mode 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4339: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4292:Color balance 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4257:Angle of view 4255: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4234: 4230: 4227: 4226: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4204:Manufacturers 4202: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4164: 4163: 4160: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4112: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 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