731:, a white opposition party, had been formed by ex-Rhodesian Front MP Allan Savory in 1972. They were a moderate group which advocated more moves towards including the African population in internal politics. Early in June 1974, Savory made a speech at Hartley in which he was reported as saying that if he had been a black Rhodesian, he would be a terrorist. The uproar was such that Savory was forced from the leadership (replaced by Gibbs) and resigned from the party on 16 June. Despite the turmoil, the Rhodesia Party managed to nominate candidates in 40 out of the 50 seats. 77% of the white minority population voted for the
38:
30:
599:
all other policies. Economically, at least, the government's policies were quite liberal. Thus, many state benefits were provided to the white minority. The black opposition conversely wanted an end to racial discrimination within the state and absolute political equality for all races. Outside of the area of race, that is, economically and socially, it was more conservative. It advocated less government interference in the economy and free trade. In May 1965, the
Rhodesian Front Party again won the general election.
865:, stiffened the morale of Rhodesians and their overseas supporters. Lord Richard produced regular news reports such as the Thames TV 'Frontline Rhodesia' features. These reports typically contrasted the incompetent insurgents with the "superbly professional" government troops, both black and white. A group of ZANLA insurgents killed Lord Richard on 20 April 1978 when he parachuted into enemy territory with a Rhodesian airborne unit and landed in the middle of a group of ZANLA fighters.
524:
debts, leaving the
British liable while at the same time balancing its budget. The United Nations imposed economic sanctions in 1968 after having adopted Resolution 216 condemning the declaration of independence as one "made by a racist minority." The economic sanctions though were only partly successful; some strategic minerals, especially chromium, were exported to willing buyers in Europe and North America, which resulted in a strengthening of the economy.
73:
663:
538:
1014:. The sanctions obliged Rhodesian industry to diversify and create many import-substitution undertakings to compensate for loss of traditional sources of imports. Rhodesian processing of local raw materials also grew rapidly. Major growth industries included steel and steel products, heavy equipment, transportation equipment, ferrochrome, textiles, and food processing.
947:, as early as 1976. "PK" had been a hard-line opponent of any form of compromise with domestic opposition or the international community since before UDI. Van der Byl was quoted as saying, "it is better to fight to the last man and the last cartridge and die with some honour. Because, what is being presented to us here is a degree of humiliation ..."
970:), as had Sithole, who had formed a breakaway party from ZANU, called ZANU Ndonga. In the face of a white exodus, Ian Smith made an agreement with Muzorewa and Sithole, known as the Internal Settlement. This led to the holding of new elections in 1979, in which black Africans would be in the majority for the first time. The country was renamed
750:), killing 632 people and injuring 4,410. The new Mozambican government threw its full weight behind the ZANLA cause and Rhodesia's entire border with Mozambique became a front line across which guerrillas began to operate freely. Zambia became another front which was opened when the Zambian government also gave sanctuary to the guerrillas.
1002:
regime was forced to depend on South Africa for access to the outside world. Real gross domestic product (GDP) declined between 1974 and 1979, before full independence in 1980. An increasing proportion of the national budget, an estimated 30%–40% per year, was allocated to defence, and a large budget
900:
rounds into the main oil storage depot – the most heavily defended economic asset in the country. The storage tanks burned for five days, giving off a column of smoke that could be seen 80 miles away. Half a million barrels of petroleum product (comprising
Rhodesia's strategic oil reserve) were lost.
780:
Rhodesia began to lose vital economic and military support from South Africa, which, while sympathetic to the white minority government, never accorded it diplomatic recognition. The South
Africans placed limits on the fuel and munitions they supplied to the Rhodesian military. They also withdrew the
648:
was held with the
Rhodesian Front easily winning. Ian Smith portrayed his government as not being racialist, and sought to postpone the question of what to do about the problems in the farming industry until after the election. Indeed, he was able to do so because more radical and more racist parties
606:
By the time of the early 1970s, the issue of race began to dominate all others and the regime started to repress its white opponents. By 1975, although officially democratic, the regime had started to lock up even peaceful opponents of white domination. Black
Rhodesians regarded their legal situation
1027:
In 1966 the
Ministry of Education announced they would be implementing a "New Plan" for the education of African children. This involved a reduction having four teachers for the first five grades of primary school where previously there had been five and reducing the length of primary education from
622:
began campaigns of guerrilla warfare around 1966. Initially, it was rather sporadic, limited in its scope and consequences. It increased dramatically after 1972, causing destruction, economic dislocation, casualties, and a slump in white morale. In 1974, the major
African nationalists groups, (ZAPU)
602:
In 1969, the constitution was modified. The most significant 1969 modification was the formal separation of two electoral rolls by race. The A roll was reserved for
Europeans and the B roll for non-Europeans. The Assembly constituencies were reformed so that there were 50 A roll, and 8 B roll seats.
598:
party with support mainly from the working class and recent immigrants. The main white opposition was the
Rhodesia Party which had support from the business elite, the professional class and from second or third generation Rhodesians. There were two areas of political life: that of race, and that of
523:
Britain did not respond to the UDI with force. Instead it attempted using economic sanctions. This included ending the link between sterling and the Rhodesian currency, seizing assets and banning the import of Rhodesian tobacco. Smith's government retaliated by defaulting on its (British-guaranteed)
849:
spores. These biological attacks had little impact on the fighting capability of ZANLA, but caused considerable distress to the local population. Over 10,000 people contracted anthrax in the period 1978 to 1980, of whom 200 died. The facts about this episode became known during the hearings of the
993:
economy experienced a modest boom in the early 1970s. Real per capita earnings for blacks and whites reached record highs, although the disparity in incomes between blacks and whites remained, with blacks earning only about one-tenth as much as whites. After 1975, however, Rhodesia's economy was
817:
By early 1978, militant victories put the Rhodesian armed forces on the defensive. The government abandoned its early strategy of trying to defend the borders in favour of trying to defend key economic areas and lines of communication with South Africa, while the rest of the countryside became a
921:) with the stated intention of assassinating him. Nkomo and his family left hastily a few hours before the raid – having clearly been warned that the raid was coming. Rumours of treachery circulated within Rhodesia. It was variously suggested that the army command had been penetrated by British
908:
The Rhodesian army continued its "mobile counter-offensive" strategy of holding key positions ("vital asset ground") while carrying out raids into the no-go areas and into neighbouring countries. These raids became increasingly costly and unproductive. For example, in April 1979 special forces
640:
and saw the government as tyrannical. The guerrilla movement had a communist ideology and was partially funded by the Soviet Union and China. Initially, the war was very one-sided since the Rhodesian government was able to deploy an overwhelming superiority in manpower, firepower and mobility.
519:
as nominal head of state, but she refused to accept the title of Queen of Rhodesia, and Sir Humphrey Gibbs, still internationally recognised as the only legal authority in Rhodesia, refused to recognise Smith's authority. Smith responded by ignoring Sir Humphrey and appointing the Deputy Prime
800:
with the Black African states ended up with Rhodesia being offered as the "sacrificial lamb" to buy more time for South Africa. Other observers perceive South Africa's distancing itself from Rhodesia as being an early move in the process that led to majority rule in South Africa itself.
764:
in 1975 also altered the power balance in another way. It forced South Africa and the United States to rethink their attitudes to the area, to protect their economic and political interests. Attempts were made by both countries to pressure Smith into accepting majority rule. With
603:
In addition, the tribal chiefs were able to elect another 8 members. Effectively, the result was that 270,000 whites had 50 seats and 6 million Africans had 16 seats in the Assembly. These reforms served only to reinforce black rejection of the system.
954:, but there were elements in Rhodesia, mainly embittered former security force personnel, who forcibly opposed majority rule up to and well beyond independence. New white immigrants continued to arrive in Rhodesia right up to the eve of independence.
965:
Continuing talks failed to bring the two sides to an agreement, despite changes to the nationalist "line-up", now called the Patriotic Front (PF), a union of ZANU and ZAPU. Muzorewa had since formed a new party, the United African National Council
904:
The government's defence spending increased from R$ 30m, 8.5% of the national budget in 1971 to 1972, to R$ 400m in 1978 to 1979, 47% of the national budget. In 1980 the post-independence government of Zimbabwe inherited a US$ 700m national debt.
887:, and the subsequent massacre of its survivors, is widely considered to be the event that finally destroyed the Rhodesians' will to continue the war. Although militarily insignificant, the loss of this aircraft (and a second Viscount, the
623:
and (ZANU), were united into the "Patriotic Front" and combined their military forces, at least nominally. These guerrilla raids led to escalation in white emigration from Rhodesia. This violent struggle became known as the
1472:
1677:
293:
792:-dominated South Africa partly led South Africa to withdraw its aid to Rhodesia. Ian Smith said in his memoirs that even though many white South Africans supported Rhodesia, South African Prime Minister
1114:
833:
During the closing stages of the conflict, the Rhodesian government resorted to biological warfare. Watercourses at several sites close to the Mozambique border were deliberately contaminated with
785:
worked together to place pressure on Smith to agree to a form of majority rule. The Rhodesians now offered more concessions, but those concessions were insufficient to end the war.
1283:
680:
555:
1689:
1591:
508:
475:
332:
977:
However, the new state was not recognised by the international community, which continued to press for a settlement involving the Patriotic Front. Finally in 1979 under the
1555:
851:
1007:
896:
The Rhodesians' means to continue the war were also eroding fast. In December 1978, a ZANLA unit penetrated the outskirts of Salisbury and fired a volley of rockets and
805:
In 1976 South Africa saw settlement of the Rhodesian question as vital on several fronts: to cauterise the wound of the psychological blow … caused by her defeat in the
594:
held power from 1962 until 1979, forming the majority in a parliament, in which 50 of the 66 seats were reserved for the white minority of the country. It was a broadly
502:
940:) was court martialled and dismissed for insubordination. Meanwhile, support for ZANU-PF was growing amongst the black soldiers who made up 70% of the Rhodesian army.
862:
994:
undermined by the cumulative effects of sanctions, declining earnings from commodity exports, worsening guerilla conflict, and increasing white emigration. When
453:
742:
in 1975. Rhodesia now found itself almost entirely surrounded by hostile states and even South Africa, its only real ally, was pressing for a settlement. The
1888:
1328:
636:
Atrocities were committed by both sides. The government labelled its opponents terrorists and saw itself as legitimate. ZAPU and ZANU saw themselves as
943:
By the end of 1978, the need to cut a deal was apparent to most Rhodesians, but not to all. Ian Smith had dismissed his intransigent Defence Minister,
1968:
1194:
181:
1812:
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was imprisoned without trial. Although legal, it was emblematic of a regime that disregarded human rights as part of its fight against terrorism.
1859:
1548:
1252:
1237:
1225:
1839:
1667:
379:
273:
981:, its legal status as the British colony of Southern Rhodesia was restored, in preparation for free elections and independence as Zimbabwe.
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jets. Those forces could still launch raids on enemy bases, but Rhodesia faced diplomatic isolation, economic collapse and military defeat.
1751:
1682:
1583:
1299:
307:
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In 1979, some special forces units were accused of using counter terrorist operations as cover for ivory poaching and smuggling. Colonel
1953:
1280:
2141:
2083:
1864:
627:, lasting from 1966 to 1979. The accounts of some of these guerrilla incursions into Rhodesia are described in the Peter Stiff novel,
347:
1943:
1894:
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or that people in the Rhodesian establishment were positioning themselves for life after independence. The loyalty of the country's
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577:
446:
283:
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1699:
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1615:
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645:
263:
80:
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1900:
1085:
774:
1471:
Kenrick, David. "Pioneers and progress: white Rhodesian nation-building c. 1964–1979" (PhD. Diss. University of Oxford, 2016)
753:
In the early 1970s, informal attempts at settlement were renewed between the United Kingdom and the Rhodesian administration.
2020:
1807:
1499:
Watts, Carl. "'Moments of tension and drama': the Rhodesian problem at the Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Meetings, 1964–65."
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559:
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conflict; to pre-empt possible Cuban intervention in Rhodesia and the possibility of South Africa being sucked into another
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1912:
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1411:
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52:
474:'s time as a state unrecognised by the international community following the predominantly white minority government's
2061:
1834:
1822:
1817:
922:
1375:
1363:
1347:
1457:
Brownell, Josiah. "Out of Time: Global Settlerism, Nostalgia, and the Selling of the Rhodesian Rebellion Overseas."
2272:
2164:
1938:
1829:
1115:"So Far and No Further!: Rhodesia's Bid for Independence During Her Retreat from Empire 1959–1965 By J. R. T. Wood"
1053:
479:
2247:
1963:
1719:
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P. K. van der Byl in 1977, commenting on a British peace plan. The Past is Another Country, Martin Meredith, p291
978:
876:
368:
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2010:
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personnel and equipment that they had previously provided to aid the war effort. In 1976 the South African and
225:
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At the time, some Rhodesians said the still embittered history between the British-dominated Rhodesia and the
1325:
2287:
2121:
2015:
1011:
673:
548:
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After several unsuccessful attempts to persuade Britain to grant independence, the government announced the
72:
1427:
728:
1870:
1802:
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1119:
884:
37:
29:
1191:
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2221:
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1958:
1933:
1918:
1882:
1792:
106:
520:
Minister Dupont, as the Officer Administrating the Government (best described as an interim Governor).
1506:
Watts, C. "Killing Kith and Kin: The Viability of British Military Intervention in Rhodesia, 1964–65"
1214:
1906:
1844:
1775:
1746:
1494:
The Zimbabwe African People's Union, 1961–87: a political history of insurgency in Southern Rhodesia
1249:
769:'s Zambian support the nationalist groups were convinced to come together under the united front of
2207:
2088:
2056:
2025:
1948:
1709:
1645:
637:
389:
250:
125:
61:
822:." Rhodesia's front-line forces never contained more than 25,000 troops, eight tanks (Polish made
746:
intensified during this period. There were 2,504 vehicle detonations of land mines (mainly Soviet
2169:
1694:
1635:
1268:
743:
624:
321:
236:
1303:
87:
2321:
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1923:
1849:
1714:
1662:
1595:
1579:
1156:
1125:
971:
944:
897:
490:
357:
160:
1097:
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1994:
880:
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629:
512:
412:
144:
2002:
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1415:
1351:
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838:
732:
720:
591:
486:
215:
1533:
2267:
2242:
2126:
1854:
1630:
766:
1487:
When a state turns on its citizens: 60 years of institutionalised violence in Zimbabwe
1048:
727:
re-elected, once more winning every one of the 50 seats reserved to white voters. The
607:
as morally unjustifiable and wanted full equality. From August 1964 to December 1974,
2336:
2299:
2282:
2116:
1756:
937:
893:, in 1979) demonstrated the reach of insurgents extended to Rhodesian civil society.
827:
770:
608:
2131:
2111:
2106:
2098:
910:
793:
516:
189:
17:
735:, again demonstrating their continued strong opposition to black majority rule.
662:
537:
489:
remained in government until 1 June 1979, when the country was reconstituted as
402:
1099:
calling on all States not to recognize the minority régime in Southern Rhodesia
511:(UDI) on 11 November 1965. Smith had sought to retain Rhodesia's link with the
2159:
2066:
1408:
1387:
1010:(UDI) in 1965, was given a major stimulus by the imposition of United Nations
995:
819:
797:
761:
747:
739:
2229:
2197:
999:
951:
933:
789:
738:
The situation changed suddenly after the end of Portuguese colonial rule in
724:
482:
205:
1466:
White Farmers in Rhodesia, 1890–1965: A History of the Marandellas District
813:
regional conflict without the support and endorsement of the western powers
1344:
2136:
1726:
1599:
1587:
1564:
1176:"Britain's Rebel Air Force: The War from the Air in Rhodesia 1965–1980".
1072:
990:
842:
810:
595:
471:
1515:
Unpopular sovereignty: Rhodesian independence and African decolonization
1761:
1443:. Salisbury (Harare): Ministry of Information, Immigration and Tourism.
901:
At a stroke, the country's annual budget deficit was increased by 20%.
889:
846:
834:
687: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
562: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2201:
2180:
918:
914:
806:
757:
1478:
Langley, Michael. "The Historical Roots of the Rhodesian Problem."
641:
Containing the insurgency required little more than police action.
36:
28:
967:
823:
619:
615:
1537:
841:, an anti-coagulant commonly used as the active ingredient in
656:
531:
1527:
1006:
The manufacturing sector, already well-developed before the
1103: 12 November 1965. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
649:
had at that time been formed and stood in the election.
868:
The shooting down on 3 September 1978 of the civilian
1003:
deficit raised the public debt burden substantially.
950:
PK eventually retired to his country estate outside
777:. The imprisoned nationalist leaders were released.
2260:
2220:
2190:
2150:
2097:
2082:
2075:
2043:
1983:
1774:
1735:
1606:
1409:
saboteurs hit Zimbabwean military, partisan comment
1530:- An archive of the history and life of Rhodesia.
845:. Food stocks in the area were contaminated with
503:Unilateral Declaration of Independence (Rhodesia)
1213:, LSE conference, UDI – 40 years on abstracts
1549:
447:
8:
1326:The Fragility of Domestic Energy, see page 5
1147:"Robert Mugabe and the Betrayal of Zimbabwe"
1889:Southern Rhodesia African National Congress
1501:Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History
2094:
2079:
2049:
1987:
1780:
1739:
1556:
1542:
1534:
1510:, Vol. 16, No. 4 (2005), pp. 382–415.
1482:(Jan 1968), Vol. 18 Issue 1, p45-52 online
974:in 1979, with Muzorewa as Prime Minister.
454:
440:
46:
1043:
1041:
717:Rhodesia general election of 30 July 1974
703:Learn how and when to remove this message
578:Learn how and when to remove this message
1269:obituary of sixth Marquess of Salisbury
1037:
60:
49:
1969:Chemical weapons and biological agents
1690:Unilateral Declaration of Independence
1008:Unilateral Declaration of Independence
509:Unilateral Declaration of Independence
476:Unilateral Declaration of Independence
468:history of Rhodesia from 1965 to 1979
7:
1300:"The Viscount Disasters – The Story"
685:adding citations to reliable sources
560:adding citations to reliable sources
1459:Journal of Southern African Studies
852:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
1865:Responsible Government Association
1145:Norman, Andrew (8 February 2004).
25:
1895:Southern Rhodesia Communist Party
1489:(African Books Collective, 2011).
927:Central Intelligence Organisation
883:area by ZIPRA insurgents using a
857:The work of journalists such as
661:
536:
71:
1901:Southern Rhodesia Liberal Party
1086:United Nations Security Council
775:United African National Council
672:needs additional citations for
547:needs additional citations for
478:on 11 November 1965. Headed by
1700:1975 Victoria Falls Conference
1248:Southern African News Feature:
1236:Time magazine, 1 August 1978:
1224:Time magazine, 7 August 1978:
756:The coming of independence in
1:
1913:United National Federal Party
1678:Malayan Emergency involvement
1426:Time magazine, October 1977,
1192:appraisal of Rhodesia in 1976
194:
165:
149:
130:
111:
92:
1813:Ministry of External Affairs
1565:Southern Rhodesia / Rhodesia
1324:The Atlantic Monthly :
1267:The Guardian, 15 July 2003:
41:Flag of Rhodesia (1968–1979)
33:Flag of Rhodesia (1965–1968)
1517:(U of Chicago Press, 2015).
1496:(Africa World Press, 2005).
998:severed economic ties, the
497:Declaration of independence
274:Colony of Southern Rhodesia
2359:
1464:Hodder-Williams, Richard.
1364:report on Bush War, para 7
500:
2317:
2052:
1990:
1783:
1742:
1720:Lancaster House Agreement
1598:under UDI; 1980–present:
1572:
1508:Twentieth Century History
1281:caution, partisan comment
1197:11 September 2010 at the
1069:"Rhodesia breaks from UK"
979:Lancaster House Agreement
877:Air Rhodesia Flight RH825
783:United States governments
369:Lancaster House Agreement
333:Unilateral Declaration of
182:White settlement pre-1923
1954:Leader of the Opposition
308:Federation with Northern
284:World War II involvement
1428:The Land of Opportunity
1226:Rhodesia faces collapse
1152:McFarland & Company
1113:Wood, J. R. T. (2005).
1054:Encyclopædia Britannica
854:during the late 1990s.
264:World War I involvement
1871:Rhodesian Action Party
1705:1976 Geneva Conference
1350:13 August 2012 at the
1238:taking the chicken run
1190:APF newsletter, 1976:
1049:"Rhodesia and the UDI"
1028:eight years to seven.
909:carried out a raid on
885:surface-to-air missile
310:Rhodesia and Nyasaland
42:
34:
1944:Deputy Prime Minister
1919:United Rhodesia Party
1883:Rhodesia Labour Party
1747:Chimanimani Mountains
1485:Sachikonye, Lloyd M.
1461:43.4 (2017): 805–824.
1414:18 April 2007 at the
1407:Newsnet report :
1088: Session 20
863:Marquess of Salisbury
40:
32:
1997:(currency from 1970)
1907:United Federal Party
1845:Central Africa Party
1798:Legislative Assembly
1492:Sibanda, Eliakim M.
1331:25 June 2008 at the
1279:Nick Downie report:
1211:South Africa and UDI
1120:30° South Publishers
1101: S/RES/216(1965)
681:improve this article
556:improve this article
2343:History of Rhodesia
1710:Internal Settlement
1646:Second Matabele War
1439:Taylor, R. (1970).
1386:Rhodesia Worldwide:
1286:10 May 2006 at the
1255:11 May 2013 at the
1075:. 11 November 1965.
251:Second Matabele War
18:History of Rhodesia
2057:List of Rhodesians
2021:Telecommunications
2005:(currency to 1970)
1636:First Matabele War
1528:Window on Rhodesia
1376:report on Bush War
1374:Ian Beckett :
1362:Ian Beckett :
936:(commander of the
859:Lord Richard Cecil
744:Rhodesian Bush War
625:Rhodesian Bush War
380:British Dependency
362:June–December 1979
335:Independence (UDI)
322:Rhodesian Bush War
237:First Matabele War
107:Mapungubwe Kingdom
43:
35:
2330:
2329:
2313:
2312:
2256:
2255:
2216:
2215:
2039:
2038:
1979:
1978:
1850:Confederate Party
1840:Political parties
1818:Mission in Lisbon
1788:Political history
1770:
1769:
1715:Zimbabwe Rhodesia
1663:Southern Rhodesia
1596:Zimbabwe Rhodesia
1580:Southern Rhodesia
1468:(Springer, 1983).
1441:African Education
1023:African education
972:Zimbabwe Rhodesia
945:P. K. van der Byl
898:incendiary device
713:
712:
705:
644:In April 1970, a
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587:
580:
515:by keeping Queen
491:Zimbabwe Rhodesia
464:
463:
431:
430:
358:Zimbabwe-Rhodesia
294:Malayan Emergency
175:
174:
16:(Redirected from
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2050:
2006:
1998:
1988:
1823:Centre in Sydney
1781:
1752:Cities and towns
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1673:Second World War
1668:colonial history
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1315:
1313:
1311:
1302:. Archived from
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1216:
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1045:
929:became suspect.
913:'s residence in
870:Vickers Viscount
708:
701:
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694:
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657:
646:general election
638:freedom fighters
630:The Rain Goddess
583:
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563:
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513:British monarchy
456:
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442:
413:Second Congo War
397:
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226:BSA Company rule
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126:Zimbabwe Kingdom
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21:
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826:) and nine old
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1991:
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693:December 2021
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545:This section
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2278:Coat of arms
2076:Demographics
2011:Reserve Bank
1626:Company rule
1616:Pre-colonial
1607:
1576:Company rule
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1308:. Retrieved
1304:the original
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911:Joshua Nkomo
907:
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832:
816:
794:John Vorster
787:
779:
755:
752:
737:
714:
699:
690:
679:Please help
674:verification
671:
653:1972 to 1979
643:
635:
628:
613:
605:
601:
589:
574:
565:
554:Please help
549:verification
546:
528:1965 to 1972
522:
517:Elizabeth II
506:
467:
465:
256:
249:
242:
235:
190:Rozvi Empire
180:
44:
26:
2127:Rusape Jews
1586:; 1965–79:
1582:; 1953–63:
1578:; 1923–80:
1574:1890–1923:
1503:8.1 (2007).
1310:10 December
1178:Grub Street
820:no-go areas
423:Coup d'état
403:Gukurahundi
296:involvement
198: 1684
169: 1450
153: 1450
138: 1450
134: 1220
119: 1220
115: 1075
100: 1075
62:History of
2160:Afrikaners
2067:Rhodesiana
1803:Parliament
1683:Federation
1584:Federation
1090:Resolution
1032:References
996:Mozambique
843:rat poison
762:Mozambique
740:Mozambique
136: – c.
117: – c.
98: – c.
96: 900
2230:Afrikaans
2222:Languages
2198:Coloureds
1959:Provinces
1934:President
1808:Elections
1793:Districts
1736:Geography
1018:Education
1012:sanctions
1000:Ian Smith
991:Rhodesian
952:Cape Town
934:Reid-Daly
879:, in the
874:Hunyani,
872:airliner
790:Afrikaner
725:Ian Smith
483:Ian Smith
417:1998–2003
407:1982–1987
384:1979–1980
352:1965–1979
326:1964–1979
315:1953–1963
301:1948–1960
288:1939–1945
278:1923–1965
268:1914–1918
257:1896–1897
243:1893–1894
230:1890–1923
210:1823-1894
206:Mthwakazi
2337:Category
2322:Category
2300:Insignia
2293:national
2235:English
2137:Tokaleya
2089:diaspora
1929:Governor
1776:Politics
1727:Zimbabwe
1695:Bush War
1600:Zimbabwe
1594:; 1979:
1588:Rhodesia
1412:Archived
1348:Archived
1329:Archived
1284:Archived
1253:Archived
1195:Archived
1073:BBC News
811:Cold War
719:saw the
596:populist
472:Rhodesia
390:Zimbabwe
348:Rhodesia
64:Zimbabwe
53:a series
51:Part of
2261:Symbols
2248:Ndebele
2208:Indians
2202:Goffals
2181:Rhodies
2165:British
2122:Ndebele
2117:Manyika
2045:Society
2026:Tourism
1995:Dollar
1984:Economy
1949:Cabinet
1891:(SRANC)
1608:History
1096:.
985:Economy
890:Umniati
847:anthrax
835:cholera
807:Angolan
798:détente
470:covers
396:present
2305:Flower
2283:Emblem
2273:Anthem
2268:Animal
2191:Others
2170:Greeks
2003:Pound
1915:(UNFP)
1903:(SRLP)
1897:(SRCP)
1835:Police
1590:under
1473:online
1159:
1128:
1092:
919:Zambia
915:Lusaka
881:Kariba
758:Angola
485:, the
55:on the
2288:Flags
2243:Shona
2152:White
2142:Tonga
2132:Shona
2112:Lemba
2107:Kunda
2099:Black
1924:Queen
1909:(UFP)
1885:(RLP)
1873:(RAP)
1867:(RGA)
824:T-55s
748:TM46s
614:Both
394:1980–
200:–1834
171:–1760
155:–1683
2175:Jews
1879:(RF)
1388:"PK"
1312:2007
1157:ISBN
1126:ISBN
1122:2004
989:The
968:UANC
760:and
715:The
620:ZANU
618:and
616:ZAPU
590:The
466:The
427:2017
341:1965
220:1888
1592:UDI
1345:p88
1094:216
923:MI6
773:'s
723:of
683:by
558:by
2339::
1155:.
1149:.
1124:.
1117:.
1071:.
1051:.
1040:^
633:.
493:.
195:c.
166:c.
150:c.
131:c.
112:c.
93:c.
2204:)
2200:(
2183:"
2179:"
2091:)
2087:(
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1314:.
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966:(
917:(
706:)
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691:(
677:.
581:)
575:(
570:)
566:(
552:.
455:e
448:t
441:v
20:)
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