398:—who may have already traveled to Livonia—as Meinhard's replacement. In 1198 Berthold arrived with a large contingent of crusaders and commenced a campaign of forced Christianization. Latvian legend tells that Berthold galloped ahead of his forces in battle, was surrounded and drew back in fright as someone realizing they have stepped on an asp, at which point the Liv warrior Imants (or, Imauts) struck and speared him to death. Ecclesiastical history faults Berthold's unruly horse for his untimely demise.
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160:, it was already an established trade center in the early Middle Ages along the Dvina-Dnieper trade route to Byzantium. Christianity had come to Latvia as early as the 9th century, but it was the arrival of the Crusades at the end of the 12th century which brought the Germans and forcible conversion to Christianity; the German hegemony instituted over the Baltics lasted until independence—and is still preserved today in
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1083:, Latvia's last pre-Soviet president. During this period of political change, some local Russians and Ukrainians lost their citizenship, and fled to Russia and the West. Nearly all of the Jewish populace emigrated out of the country. The flight of post-war settlers restored Riga's ethnic Latvian majority. Neverthlesess, certain neighborhoods remain majority Russian. Joining
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609:). The Hansa developed out of an association of merchants into a loose trade and political union of North German and Baltic cities and towns. Due to its economic protectionist policies which favored its German members, the League was very successful, but its exclusionist policies produced competitors. Back in 1298 citizens of Riga and
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Square prompting the
British embassy to issue advice to tourists to behave in a responsible way when drinking. The number of tourists has continued to increase and 2006 saw an 18% rise in the number of people staying in Latvian hotels relative to 2005, the largest increase in the E.U. and well above the European average of 2.4%.
904:. A democratic, parliamentary system of government with a President was instituted. Latvian was recognized as the official language of Latvia. Latvia was admitted to the League of Nations. The United Kingdom and Germany replaced Russia as Latvia's major trade partners. As a sign of the times, Latvia's first Prime Minister,
1138:
resulted in cheaper flights from other
European cities such as London and Berlin and consequently a substantial increase in numbers of tourists. However concerns have been expressed about the misbehaviour of some groups of tourists after two British tourists were caught urinating in Freedom Monument
801:
in 1891 as the official language in the Baltic provinces. All birth, marriage and death records were kept in German up to that year. Latvians began to supplant
Germans as the largest ethnic group in the city in the mid-19th century, however, and by 1897 the population was 45% Latvian (up from 23.6%
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in western Latvia, with a church built in 1045 by Danish merchants, but arriving as early as 870 with the Swedes; Orthodox
Christianity being brought to central and eastern Latvia by missionaries. Many Latvians had been already baptised prior to Meinhard's arrival. Meinhard's mission, nevertheless,
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and Poland and between Sweden, Denmark and Norway limited its influence. Nevertheless, the Hansa was instrumental in giving Riga economic and political stability, thus providing the city with a strong foundation which endured the political conflagrations that were to come, down to modern times. As
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By the end of the 19th. century Riga had become one of the most industrially advanced and economically prosperous cities in the entire Empire, and of the 800,000 industrial workers in the Baltic provinces, over half worked there. By 1900, Riga was the third largest city in Russia after Moscow and
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Albert tended to Riga's ecclesiastical life, consecrating the Dom
Cathedral, building St. Jacob's Church for the Livonians' use, outside the city wall, and founding a parochial school at the Church of St. George, all in 1226. He also vindicated his earlier losses, conquering Oesel in 1227 (the
565:), and conquered both Estonian and Livonian territory, clashing with the Germans—who even attempted to assassinate Valdemar. Albert was able to reach an accommodation a year later, however, and in 1222 Valdemar returned all Livonian lands and possessions to Albert's control.
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led to a situation in the late 1980s in which many Soviet republics, including Latvia, were able to regain their liberty and freedom, although some
Latvian cities including Riga suffered unsuccessful attempts by Soviet OMON to restore local Soviet authority (see
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391:. When the Livs failed to renounce their pagan ways, Meinhard grew impatient and plotted to convert them forcibly. The Livs, however, thwarted his attempt to leave for Gotland to gather forces, and Meinhard died in Ikšķile in 1196, having failed his mission.
167:
From the 13th century to the birth of nationalism in the 19th and independence in the 20th, Latvia's and Riga's history are intertwined, a chronicle of the rise and fall of surrounding foreign powers over the
Latvians and their territory. As a member of the
409:, as Bishop of Livonia in 1199. A year later, Albert landed in Riga with 23 ships and 500 Westphalian crusaders. In 1201 he transferred the seat of the Livonian bishopric from Ikšķile to Riga, extorting by force agreement to do so from the elders of Riga.
545:
Albert's knitting of ecclesiastical and secular interests under his person began to fray. Riga's merchant citizenry chafed and sought greater autonomy; in 1221 they acquired the right to independently self-administer Riga and adopted a city constitution.
362:), about 20 km upstream from Riga. With their assistance and promise to convert, he built a castle and church of stone—a method heretofore unknown by the Livs and of great value to them in building stronger fortifications against their own enemies.
1005:. Forced industrialization and planned large-scale immigration of large numbers of non-Latvians from other Soviet republics into Riga, particularly Russians, changed the demographic composition of Riga. High-density apartment developments, such as
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Albert's difficulties with Riga's citizenry continued. With papal intervention, a settlement was reached in 1225 whereby they ceased to pay tax to the Bishop of Riga and acquired the right to elect their magistrates and town councilors.
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Albert had ensured Riga's commercial future by obtaining papal bulls which decreed that all German merchants had to conduct their Baltic trade through Riga. In 1211, Riga minted its first coinage, and Albert laid the cornerstone for the
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train station, named after a prominent
Latvian communist became Zemitani. The Lenin statue that stood alongside the Freedom monument was removed amid nationalist celebrations. The highway connecting Riga to Jūrmala was renamed after
480:
with Riga as capital and Albert as prince. The surrounding areas of
Livonia also came under levy to the Holy Roman Empire. To promote a permanent military presence, territorial ownership was divided between the Church and the
292:
meaning loop, referring to the ancient natural harbor formed by the tributary loop of the
Daugava and being and earlier and common Liv place name for such formations. The evidence is conclusive, however, that
210:
Dvina-Dnieper navigation route via portage to Byzantium. A sheltered natural harbor 15 km upriver from the mouth of the Daugava—the site of today's Riga—has been recorded as an area of settlement, the
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in 1867), 23.8% German (down from 42.9% in 1867 and 39.7% in 1881), 16.1% Russian, 6% Jewish, 4.8% Polish, 2.3% Lithuanian, and 1.3% Estonian. By 1913 Riga was just 13.5% German. The rise of a Latvian
793:
in Riga, successors to Albert's merchants and crusaders, clung to their dominant position despite demographic changes. Riga even employed German as its official language of administration until the
553:—then under Danish suzerainty—to Baltic commerce in 1218. Fresh crusaders could no longer reach Riga, which continued to be under threat from the Livs. Albert was compelled to seek assistance from
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giving Polotsk to Riga. Albert died in January 1229. While he failed his aspiration to be anointed archbishop the German hegemony he established over the Baltics would last for seven centuries.
520:
Opening the Dvina expanded German trade to Vitebsk, Smolensk, and Novgorod. Riga's rapid growth prompted its withdrawal from Bremen's jurisdiction to become an autonomous episcopal see in 1213.
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The name Riga is given to itself from the great quantity which were to be found along the banks of the Duna of buildings or granaries which the Livs in their own language are wont to call Rias.
2082:
The modern Latvian word is "rija" (REE-ya), a farm building (with a heating apparatus and a packed clay floor) for drying and threshing crops; or the room of such a building for drying grain.
269:("ancient hill"), later razed in the 18th century, becoming the site of Riga's Esplanade. It also testifies to Riga having long been a trading center by the 12th century, referring to it as
414:
376:
351:
542:"). In 1225 it became a Holy Ghost Hospital of Germany—a lepers' hospital, although no cases of leprosy were ever recorded there. (In 1330 it became the site of the new Riga Castle.)
1127:
549:
That same year Albert was compelled to recognize Danish rule over lands they had conquered in Estonia and Livonia. This setback dated to the Archbishop of Bremen's closure of
172:, Riga's prosperity grew throughout the 13th–15th centuries—with Riga to become a major center of commerce and later, industry, of whatever empire it found itself subject of.
425:) myth created by later German and ecclesiastical historians that Germans discovered Livonia and brought civilization and religion to the virulently anti-Christian pagans.
254:, Kursified Livs, and Livs of the Daugava river basin. They occupied themselves mainly with crafts in bone, wood, amber, and iron; fishing, animal husbandry, and trading.
998:
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has been speculated to be related to ancient Celts—based on root similarity to words such as Rigomagos and Rigodunon, or that it is a corrupted borrowing from the Liv
182:
a World Heritage site in recognition of its Art Nouveau architecture, widely considered the greatest collection in Europe, and for its 19th-century buildings in wood.
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After more than 700 years of German, Swedish and Russian rule, Latvia, with Riga as its capital city, declared its independence on 18 November 1918. During the
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Church history relates that the Livonians were converted by 1206, "baptized in a body" after their defeat at Turaida by German forces including the Liv king
810:
with the founding of the Riga Latvian Association in 1868 and the organization of the first national song festival in 1873. The nationalist movement of the
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of 11 November 1918, Germany had to renounce that treaty, as did Russia, leaving Latvia and the other Baltic States in a position to claim independence.
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in 1522, ending the power of the archbishops. In 1524, a venerated statue of the Virgin Mary in the Cathedral was denounced as a witch, and given a
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tribe who had arrived during the 5th and 6th centuries, about the same time that Riga began to develop as a center of Viking trade during the early
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468:—who had been baptized under Meinhard around 1189, likely by Theodoric. 1207 marked Albert's start on fortification of the town (the city gates,
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the influence of the Hansa waned, Riga became the object of foreign military, political, religious and economic aspirations. Riga accepted the
445:
Albert established ecclesiastical rule and introduced the Visby code of law. To insure his conquest and defend German merchant trade, the monk
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at a shopping center in Riga, causing Latvia’s worst post-independence disaster with the deaths of 54 rush hour shoppers and rescue personnel.
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issued a bull declaring a crusade against the Livonians, promising forgiveness of sins to all participants. Hartwig consecrated his nephew,
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Riga nomen sortita est suum ab aedificiis vel horreis quorum a litus Dunae magna fuit copia, quas livones sua lingua Rias vocare soliti.
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Riga was described at this time as a vibrant, grand and imposing city and earned the title of "Paris of the North" from its visitors.
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In Riga, Soviet street names and monuments were removed. Lenin Prospect once again became Brīvības (Freedom) Boulevard, and the
1021:. By 1975 less than 40% of Riga's inhabitants were ethnically Latvian, a percentage which has risen since Latvian independence.
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German traders began visiting Riga and its environs with increasing frequency toward the second half of the 12th century, via
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convened in 1669, although its powers were already weakened by the end of the 14th century, when political alliances between
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was no less than mass conversion of the pagans to Catholicism. He settled among the Livs of the Daugava valley at Ikšķile (
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489:, who had sought half, a third. Until then, it had been customary for crusaders to serve for a year and then return home.
301:, for warehouse, the "y" sound of the "j" later transcribed and hardened in German to a "g"—most notably, Riga is named
68:
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336:. Bremen merchants shipwrecked at the mouth of the Daugava established a trading outpost near Riga in 1158. The monk
517:, already captured in 1209, to Albert, recognizing his authority over the Livs and ending their tribute to Polotsk.
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streets offer glimpses into Riga's residents of the 12th century. These show that Riga was inhabited mainly by the
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505:. Riga was not yet secure as an alliance of tribes failed to take Riga. In 1212, Albert led a campaign to compel
75:
2108:
Dollinger, P. The Emergence of International Business 1200–1800, 1964; translated Macmillan and Co edition, 1970
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during a period in which the city retained a great deal of self-government autonomy. In 1710, in the course of
578:
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owes its name to its already-established role in commerce between East and West, as a borrowing of the Latvian
597:
Riga served as a gateway to trade with the Baltic tribes and with Russia. In 1282 Riga became a member of the
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as an independent country on 17 September 1991. All Russian military forces were removed from 1992 to 1994.
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independence on 21 August 1991 and that independence was recognized by Soviet Union on 6 September 1991.
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Today, 1201 is still celebrated as the founding of Riga by Albert—integral to the "bringer of culture" (
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2232:
Ihsa Latwijas Whesture Skolai un wispahribai (A Brief History of Latvia for Scholastic and general use)
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709:
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370:, was eager to expand Bremen's power and properties northward and consecrated Meinhard as Bishop of
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461:") in 1202 under the aegis of Albert (who was away in Germany), open to both nobles and merchants.
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273:(ancient port), and describes dwellings and warehouses used to store mostly corn, flax, and hides.
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concluded a treaty, whereby pagan Lithuanian garrison would defend them from the depredations of
577:), and saw the solidification of his early gains as the city of Riga concluded a treaty with the
363:
2575:
The Dynamics of Economic Culture in the North Sea and Baltic Region. Uitgeverij Verloren, 2007.
1986:, LATVIJAS VĒSTURES INSTITŪTA ŽURNĀLS (Journal of the Latvian Historical Institute), 2005, No. 3
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Crusader Castles of the Teutonic Knights (2): The Stone Castles of Latvia and Estonia 1185–1560
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1087:, free travel and restoration of civic society is slowly but surely bringing Riga back to its
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or Dvina River. The statue floated, so it was denounced as a witch and burnt at Kubsberg.
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Pronouncing the "i" and "e" separately, REE-eh, is the best approximation to the Latvian
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557:, who had his own designs on the eastern Baltic, having occupied Oesel (the island of
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485:, with the Church taking Riga and two thirds of all lands conquered and granting the
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in 1184. Christianity had established itself in Latvia more than a century earlier:
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978:'s behest, after 700 years in Riga. The city's Jewish community was forced into a
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In 1945 Latvia was once again subjected to Soviet domination. Many Latvians were
938:
1950 USSR stamp commemorating ten years of Soviet rule in Latvia; it depicts the
900:(1918–1940), Riga and Latvia shifted their focus from Russia to the countries of
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1201 was equally significant in marking the first arrival of German merchants in
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Today, Riga and its environs are home to close to half of Latvia's inhabitants.
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ad usus pauperum infirmantium hospitale in nova civitate Rige construximusus
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2395:
Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medicin
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in the Maskavas neighbourhood, and concentration camps were constructed in
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During these many centuries of war and changes of power in the Baltic, the
550:
958:; thousands of Latvians were arrested, tortured, executed and deported to
915:
401:
The Church mobilized to avenge Berthold's death and defeat of his forces.
2251:
Moeller et al. History of the Christian Church. MacMillan & Co. 1893.
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558:
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to grant German merchants free river passage. Polotsk conceded Kukenois (
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Lansdell, H. "Baltic Russia", Harper's New Monthly Magazine, July 1890.
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749:, largely retaining their privileges. Riga was made the capital of the
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Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
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not only for political and economic gain but also in favour of German
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2024:, entry in the Latvian Encyclopedia dictionary, retrieved 7 July 2008
1880:
735:
215:, as early as the 2nd century, when ancient sources already refer to
141:
2480:
The Conversion of Europe: From Paganism to Christianity, 371–1386 AD
773:
280:
Fragment of medieval Riga defensive wall at the Jāņa sēta, Old Riga.
265:
mentions Riga's earliest recorded fortifications upon a promontory,
561:) in 1206. The Danes landed in Livonia, built a fortress at Reval (
234:
Archeological digs at the sites of Riga Town Hall (Albert) Square (
2704:"British embassy warns tourists in Latvia: think before you drink"
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is confirmed by the German historian Dionysius Fabricius (1610): "
275:
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Under the supremacy of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden
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investing Albert with Livonia as a fief and principality of the
161:
125:
2012:
Vauchez et al. Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. Routledge, 2001
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besieged Riga. Along with the other Livonian towns and gentry,
1801:
818:
during the city's rapid industrialization, culminating in the
18:
1959:"Teritorija un administratīvās robežas vēsturiskā skatījumā"
1652:
1488:
1324:
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692:, which ended the war for Riga in 1581. In 1621, during the
148:, at a natural harbor not far upriver from the mouth of the
144:, begins as early as the 2nd century with a settlement, the
1961:(in Latvian). Cities Environmental Reports on the Internet
908:, had studied agriculture and worked as a lecturer at the
523:
The oldest parts of Riga were devastated by fire in 1215.
1102:
In 2001, Riga celebrated its 800th anniversary as a city.
995:
deported to Siberia and other regions of the Soviet Union
2421:
Crusade and Conversion on the Baltic Frontier, 1150–1500
2073:
Fabrius, D. Livonicae Historiae Compendiosa Series, 1610
2440:. American Ecclesiastical Review. Dolphin Press. 1917.
1984:
Rīgā Peldu ielā atrastais 13. gadsimta monētu depozīts
1893:
Rune Edberg: Vägen till Palteskiuborg, English Summary
1128:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
621:. The military contract remained in force until 1313.
206:) has been a trade route since antiquity, part of the
2706:. Monsters and Critics. 15 March 2007. Archived from
2493:
Handbook for Travelers in Russia, Poland, and Finland
850:
was signed giving the Baltic countries to Germany as
2299:. Trīs Zvaigznes, Stockholm. 1953–1955 (in Latvian)
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
956:Soviet occupation and annexation of Latvia in 1940
530:1220 – Deed, Riga's hospital for the indigent sick
496:Courtyard of the Dom Church, cornerstone laid 1211
2342:Volume XLVI, January–October 1921. Philadelphia.
2064:, as "Ria" would result in an "i" not "ee" sound.
219:as a kingdom. It was subsequently settled by the
164:'s Jugendstil (German Art Nouveau) architecture.
2682:"UK tourist urinates in Freedom Monument square"
1017:ringed the city's edge, linked to the center by
534:In 1220 Albert established a hospital under the
2247:
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1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
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777:A view of Riga on a postcard from around 1900.
2234:, Cooperative Society "School", Cēsis: 1920.
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
429:Ascent of Riga as a center of German commerce
8:
2516:
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2506:The Popes and the Baltic Crusades, 1147–1254
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2431:
2429:
1852:Museum of the History of Riga and Navigation
1147:
1054:The policy of economic reform introduced as
769:Industrial harbor city of the Russian Empire
723:, Riga withstood a siege by Russian forces.
676:, Riga for twenty years had the status of a
2525:. Cambridge University Press. p. 706.
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786:in terms of numbers of industrial workers.
2641:"Riga mourns Maxima roof collapse victims"
2625:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1146:
885:and demobilizing German soldiers, and the
684:before it came under the influence of the
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2285:
2283:
1148:Historical population of Riga (1767-2020)
1024:In 1986 the modern landmark of Riga, the
759:emergence as the strongest Northern power
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2660:"Latvia prepares for a tourist invasion"
2523:The new Cambridge medieval history.Vol-6
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974:were forcibly repatriated to Germany at
824:Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party
442:, traveling via the Dvina and overland.
120:
2595:The Soviet Union : a short history
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2224:
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2179:
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1953:
1951:
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846:marched into Riga in 1917. In 1918 the
451:Order of Livonian Brothers of the Sword
2618:
2354:, Scholastic Library Publishing, 2005.
2340:The American Catholic Quarterly Review
726:Riga remained the largest city of the
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
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1992:
1883:, UNESCO site, retrieved 25 July 2009
1028:, whose design is reminiscent of the
7:
2741:Timeline of Riga § Bibliography
2189:. 10th ed. 1998. Memento, Stockholm.
751:Governorate of Riga (later: Livonia)
696:, Riga and the outlying fortress of
47:adding citations to reliable sources
2438:The Ecclesiastical Review, Vol. LVI
472:, are first mentioned in 1210) and
2658:Charles, Jonathan (30 June 2005).
2200:The Tolstoys: Genealogy and Origin
997:, usually being accused of having
860:Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)
14:
2467:The Popes and the Baltic Crusades
1126:On 1 July 2016 Latvia joined the
922:– a popular meeting place in Riga
912:in the United States of America.
871:Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic
854:. Riga became the capital of the
455:Fratres Militiae Christi Livoniae
2728:Baltic Outlook, August 2007, p56
1806:
1112:On 1 May 2004 Latvia joined the
869:, the city was contested by the
856:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
593:Classical view of Riga's Skyline
23:
2684:. The Baltic Times. 21 May 2007
2218:. Axel Menges, Stuttgart. 1999.
1105:On 29 March 2004 Latvia joined
305:(no "g") in English geographer
259:Chronicle of Henry of Livonia (
34:needs additional citations for
2521:McKitterick, Rosamond (1995).
2406:Turnbull, S.; ill. Dennis, P.
2262:The History of Estonian People
1943:Latvia as an Independent State
1001:or of supporting the post-war
968:German occupation in 1941–1944
887:Latvian Provisional Government
814:was followed by the socialist
694:Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625)
686:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
585:Member of the Hanseatic League
1:
2762:Holocaust locations in Latvia
2397:. Georg Reimer, Berlin. 1861.
2310:Theologische Realenzyklopädie
2036:Did Celts Inhabit the Baltics
1847:History of the Jews in Latvia
1143:Historical population of Riga
830:Capital of independent Latvia
721:Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658)
340:, a missionary, arrived from
2495:. London, John Murray, 1888.
2038:(1911 Dzimtene's Vēstnesis (
1067:). Latvia declared its full
2167:, Robert Appleton Co., 1907
1094:Latvia formally joined the
1050:Restoration of independence
999:collaborated with the Nazis
940:Latvian Academy of Sciences
867:Latvian War of Independence
761:was formalised through the
755:Sweden's northern dominance
387:) in 1186, with Ikšķile as
368:Prince-Archbishop of Bremen
178:UNESCO has declared Riga's
2778:
2738:
2552:The Reformation: A History
2410:. Osprey Publishing. 2004.
2338:, ed. Cororan, J.A. et al.
2312:. Walter de Gruyter, 1993.
1151:
808:Latvian National Awakening
806:made Riga a center of the
747:Riga capitulated to Russia
284:The origin of the name of
16:Aspect of Lativian history
2469:, 1147–1254. Brill. 2006.
2336:Catholic Origin of Latvia
1945:. Latvian Legation. 1947.
1859:, multiple sieges of Riga
1799:
1178:—
834:The 20th century brought
311:The Principal Navigations
2423:. Ashgate, London. 2001.
2379:The Medieval Chronicle V
2368:, Retrieved 29 July 2009
2264:. Boreas Pub. Co., 1952.
2198:Tolstoy-Miloslavsky, D.
2051:, retrieved 24 July 2009
1895:, retrieved 24 July 2009
1134:In 2004, the arrival of
889:. For more details, see
757:had ended, and Russia's
708:, who intervened in the
579:Principality of Smolensk
573:concluding event of the
555:King Valdemar of Denmark
394:Hartwig appointed abbot
128:skyline from across the
2597:. Hoboken, New Jersey.
2504:Fonnesberg-Schmidt, I.
2482:. Harper Collins. 1991.
2465:Fonnesberg-Schmidt, I.
2454:Encyclopædia Britannica
2275:Old Riga: Tourist Guide
2047:9 December 2008 at the
1881:Historic Centre of Riga
1026:Riga Radio and TV Tower
881:battalions composed of
848:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
820:1905 Russian Revolution
700:came under the rule of
668:With the demise of the
661:Johann Christoph Brotze
242:) and at the corner of
2365:Doma vēsture (history)
2352:Encyclopedia Americana
2163:Laffort, R. (censor),
1046:
1003:anti-Soviet Resistance
947:
942:on Bruņinieku iela in
930:Soviet and Nazi period
923:
910:University of Nebraska
838:and the impact of the
778:
665:
594:
531:
497:
422:
384:
359:
281:
239:
133:
2165:Catholic Encyclopedia
1119:On 21 November 2013,
1038:
937:
918:
776:
656:
592:
529:
495:
279:
124:
2593:Edele, Mark (2019).
2547:MacCulloch, Diarmaid
2297:Latvju Enciklopēdija
2131:The Edinburgh Review
950:There then followed
844:Imperial German Army
538:for the poor sick ("
447:Theodoric of Estonia
338:Meinhard of Segeberg
313:, and the origin of
43:improve this article
2645:www.baltictimes.com
1149:
873:established by the
690:Treaty of Drohiczyn
434:Under Bishop Albert
396:Berthold of Hanover
152:. Later settled by
2040:Homeland Messenger
1982:, Celmiņš Andris.
1047:
948:
924:
840:Russian Revolution
779:
732:Great Northern War
678:Free Imperial City
666:
595:
532:
498:
282:
134:
2710:on 17 August 2007
2604:978-1-119-36741-3
2491:Michell, Thomas.
2456:. New York, 1911.
2277:, Spriditis, 1992
1842:History of Latvia
1833:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1795:
1794:
1642:
1641:
1478:
1477:
1314:
1313:
1136:low-cost airlines
1060:Mikhail Gorbachev
1058:by Soviet leader
1032:, was completed.
1019:electric railways
960:Gulag labor camps
891:History of Latvia
858:. Because of the
710:Thirty Years' War
702:Gustavus Adolphus
682:Holy Roman Empire
478:Holy Roman Empire
403:Pope Innocent III
180:historical center
140:, the capital of
119:
118:
111:
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58:"History of Riga"
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763:Treaty of Nystad
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1114:European Union
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1096:United Nations
1085:European Union
1081:Kārlis Ulmanis
1065:The Barricades
1051:
1048:
986:and at nearby
972:Baltic Germans
931:
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906:Kārlis Ulmanis
902:Western Europe
883:Baltic Germans
831:
828:
812:Young Latvians
791:Baltic Germans
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728:Swedish Empire
706:King of Sweden
670:Livonian Order
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639:trial by water
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2562:0-670-03296-4
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719:. During the
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2724:
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36:verification
33:
2555:. Penguin.
2450:Valdemar II
2419:Murray, A.
2377:Kooper, E.
2273:Zarina, D.
2202:. A2Z, 1991
2034:Endzelīns,
1817:Phabricator
1056:Perestroika
954:, with the
920:Laima Clock
896:During the
836:World War I
822:led by the
816:New Current
804:bourgeoisie
698:Daugavgriva
672:during the
659:Drawing by
635:Reformation
613:Grand Duke
346:Catholicism
240:Rātslaukums
229:Middle Ages
2751:Categories
2739:See also:
2662:. BBC News
2613:1055418938
2042:) No. 227)
1869:References
984:Kaiserwald
795:imposition
611:Lithuanian
605:, English
374:(from the
364:Hartwig II
69:newspapers
2621:cite book
2583:. P. 242.
2135:THE LETTS
2022:Esplanāde
1041:cathedral
1007:Purvciems
988:Salaspils
879:Freikorps
765:in 1721.
630:Lithuania
575:Chronicle
470:Rātsvārti
415:‹See Tfd›
389:bishopric
377:‹See Tfd›
352:‹See Tfd›
261:Chronicle
248:Ūdensvada
213:Duna Urbs
204:Old Norse
146:Duna urbs
2714:2 August
2688:2 August
2666:2 August
2549:(2003).
2045:Archived
1965:2 August
1836:See also
1069:de facto
1011:Zolitūde
875:Red Army
714:Lutheran
601:(German
559:Saaremaa
503:Riga Dom
440:Novgorod
309:'s 1589
217:Courland
208:Viking's
1819:and on
1788:693,046
1777:696,986
1766:701,064
1755:704,476
1744:698,529
1733:698,086
1722:701,185
1711:696,618
1700:699,203
1689:703,581
1678:709,145
1667:715,978
1635:717,371
1624:722,485
1613:727,578
1602:731,762
1591:735,241
1580:739,232
1569:747,157
1558:756,627
1547:764,329
1536:776,008
1525:786,612
1514:797,947
1503:810,172
1471:824,988
1460:843,552
1449:863,657
1438:889,741
1427:900,455
1416:909,135
1405:900,300
1394:835,500
1383:795,600
1372:731,800
1361:665,200
1350:580,400
1339:566,900
1310:+111.3%
1307:482,300
1296:228,200
1285:335,200
1274:353,800
1266:+104.2%
1263:377,900
1252:185,100
1241:517,500
1230:282,200
1219:169,300
1208:102,600
1200:+105.4%
1091:roots.
1076:Oškalns
964:Siberia
688:by the
680:of the
643:Daugava
641:in the
615:Vytenis
563:Tallinn
515:Jersika
511:Koknese
507:Polotsk
385:Livland
372:Livonia
360:Uexküll
342:Gotland
334:Gotland
236:Latvian
132:in 1547
130:Daugava
83:scholar
2611:
2601:
2579:
2559:
2529:
2137:, 1917
1375:+10.0%
1364:+14.6%
1342:+17.5%
1299:−31.9%
1255:−64.2%
1244:+83.4%
1233:+66.7%
1222:+65.0%
1211:+69.3%
1197:60,600
1189:+51.3%
1186:29,500
1175:19,500
1013:, and
980:ghetto
976:Hitler
970:. The
738:under
736:Russia
551:Lübeck
513:) and
419:German
407:Albert
381:German
356:German
225:Finnic
142:Latvia
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1791:−0.6%
1780:−0.6%
1769:−0.5%
1758:+0.9%
1747:+0.1%
1736:−0.4%
1725:+0.7%
1714:−0.4%
1703:−0.6%
1692:−0.8%
1681:−1.0%
1670:−0.2%
1638:−0.7%
1627:−0.7%
1616:−0.6%
1605:−0.5%
1594:−0.5%
1583:−1.1%
1572:−1.3%
1561:−1.0%
1550:−1.5%
1539:−1.3%
1528:−1.4%
1517:−1.5%
1506:−1.8%
1474:−2.2%
1463:−2.3%
1452:−2.9%
1441:−1.2%
1430:−1.0%
1419:+1.0%
1408:+7.8%
1397:+5.0%
1386:+8.7%
1353:+2.4%
1288:−5.3%
1277:−6.4%
607:Hansa
603:Hanse
536:Order
487:Order
483:Order
466:Kaupo
459:Order
317:from
290:ringa
244:Peldu
90:JSTOR
76:books
2716:2007
2690:2007
2668:2007
2627:link
2609:OCLC
2599:ISBN
2577:ISBN
2557:ISBN
2527:ISBN
2216:Riga
2062:rija
1967:2007
1785:2020
1774:2019
1763:2018
1752:2017
1741:2016
1730:2015
1719:2014
1708:2013
1697:2012
1686:2011
1675:2010
1664:2009
1653:Pop.
1649:Year
1632:2008
1621:2007
1610:2006
1599:2005
1588:2004
1577:2003
1566:2002
1555:2001
1544:2000
1533:1999
1522:1998
1511:1997
1500:1996
1489:Pop.
1485:Year
1468:1995
1457:1994
1446:1993
1435:1992
1424:1991
1413:1990
1402:1987
1391:1979
1380:1975
1369:1970
1358:1965
1347:1959
1336:1955
1325:Pop.
1321:Year
1304:1950
1293:1945
1282:1941
1271:1940
1260:1930
1249:1920
1238:1913
1227:1897
1216:1881
1205:1867
1194:1840
1183:1800
1172:1767
1161:Pop.
1157:Year
1107:NATO
1039:The
944:Riga
740:Tsar
626:Diet
319:rija
315:Riga
299:rija
295:Riga
286:Riga
257:The
252:Kurs
246:and
221:Livs
200:Dúna
190:The
162:Riga
158:Kurs
156:and
154:Livs
136:The
126:Riga
62:news
962:in
797:of
457:, "
325:" (
303:Rie
202:in
45:by
2753::
2643:.
2623:}}
2619:{{
2607:.
2513:^
2452:,
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2087:^
1991:^
1950:^
1900:^
1658:±%
1494:±%
1330:±%
1166:±%
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