327:. Of the Vietnamese not born in the United States, 11 persons had entered the U.S. before 1950, while 95% of the number of foreign-born Vietnamese had entered the U.S. since 1975. Many of the Vietnamese refugees in Houston had experienced trauma in their journeys to the U.S. and had experienced problems with families and personal issues after settling in the United States. Out of 114 Vietnamese women who were a part of a late 1980s study of refugee women in Houston, the majority reported having problems with family, finances, and/or health and/or reported being depressed, nervous, and/or anxious.
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born abroad. Within the city of
Houston, that year there were 18,453 ethnic Vietnamese, with 84% of them being born outside of the United States. As of 1990 the Vietnamese, along with the Chinese, were one of the two largest Asian immigrant groups to Houston, with 15,568 Vietnamese living there. Rodriguez wrote that because the Vietnamese started building their institutions in Houston in the 1970s while the Chinese had already been established in Houston, "the Vietnamese in the Houston area have not reached the same level of mainstream incorporation in the late 1990s that the Chinese have."
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517:. Midtown was in proximity and was relatively inexpensive. Midtown became a center of business and religion for ethnic Vietnamese across the Houston area even though very few ethnic Vietnamese actually resided in Midtown. By 1991 this Little Saigon had Vietnamese restaurants, hair salons, car shops, and travel agencies, and as of 2000 businesses there included grocery stores, medical and legal offices, restaurants, music and video stores, hair styling shops, business service offices, and jewelry stores. Mimi Swartz of
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252:, which was active from 1975 to 1988, designated Houston as a major resettling site for Vietnamese. Texas received many Vietnamese refugees in the late 1970s because it had a warm climate, an expanding economy, and a location in proximity to the ocean. Vietnamese from fishing and shrimping backgrounds saw Houston as a good settlement point due to its proximity to the
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532:, despite the beautification projects occurring. Hope Roth stated circa 2017 that pressure from other new developments and increase in costs related to land and space caused a decline in Little Saigon. Roth stated that many of the area restaurants still remain, but increasingly cater more to mainstream American tastes. In 2010 Denny Lee of
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their support for particular political parties. With
Vietnam itself moving towards more open market and free trade policies despite perceptions of human rights and freedom of press abuse in Vietnam, Vietnamese Americans have become more apolitical and less antagonistic towards the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
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installed
Vietnamese street signs along Milam Street in Midtown was passed. Vietnamese street signs have denoted the area since 1998. In 2004, this area was officially named "Little Saigon" by the city of Houston. The redevelopment of Midtown Houston from run-down to upscale increased property values and
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was $ 39,318. During 1990, Vietnamese in
Houston had a more numerous presence in craft and manual occupations and a less numerous presence in high-skilled administrative, managerial, and professional occupations than the Chinese did, and the Vietnamese had a greater occupational distribution than the
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With the
Vietnamese immigrant waves after the Vietnam War, the U.S. government provided housing, health care, transportation, welfare assistance, initial education, and job training. Nestor Rodriguez, author of "Hispanic and Asian Immigration Waves in Houston", wrote that the "majority of credit" for
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and independents. In 2020 Vietnamese
Americans in Houston were relatively more conservative compared to other Asian ethnic groups. However, worldwide condemnation of Donald Trump and criticism of Vietnamese supporters of Donald Trump have created a generational shear between Vietnamese Americans and
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Immediately after the
Vietnam War, many ethnic Vietnamese became shrimpers. Jessica Chew, author of "Vietnamese and Chinese American Cultures: Destination Houston," wrote that "In Houston, the shrimping business acted as a central part of the Vietnamese community, which was familiar with the trade."
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after U.S. government intervention. The political prisoners had mental and physical illnesses due to imprisonment, and they had the most difficult time fitting in to the United States. In 1990 in
Greater Houston there were 33,000 ethnic Vietnamese, including those born in the United States and those
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assigned to the west side division, soon found that his phone never stopped ringing. 'They called me all the time. In the middle of the night, all the time,' he said. His language skills were in such demand that even though he was fresh out of the academy Nguyen was working on major investigations."
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As of 2006, the largest concentrations of
Vietnamese immigrants and Vietnamese Americans are on the southwest, northwest, and southeast sides of Houston, with the southwest side having the largest concentration and the northwest having the second largest. In Southwest Houston, the major Vietnamese
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with a library card. "Thong Nguyen, a 13-year HPD veteran, was one of the first
Vietnamese officers to join the department, and his language skills were put to work immediately and often. Houston's Vietnamese population was growing in the 1980s, and officers often faced language barriers. Nguyen,
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stated in 1991 that in what is now Midtown, "Little Saigon is a place to begin easing into a new country." Due to the actions of a group of Vietnamese-American leaders led by My Michael Cao, who served as the President of the Vietnamese Community of Houston and Vicinity (VNCH), a resolution that
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In 1990 there were 31,056 ethnic Vietnamese in Harris County, making up 28.3% of the county's Asians. By 1990 the Vietnamese became the largest Asian ethnic group in the county. In 2000 the Vietnamese population in the county was 55,489, 28.7% of the Asians in the county. From 2000 to 2010 the
256:. The first wave, compared to the later two waves, was more highly educated, had more knowledge about American society, and had relatively more capital. Because, at that time, the American population felt "war guilt", the first wave received a more positive reception than the other two waves.
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record and had no democracy, so the installation of the consulate should not be allowed. The governments of the U.S. and Vietnam officially agreed to open the Consulate-General of Vietnam in Houston in August 2009, and the consulate held its official inauguration on March 25, 2010.
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In early 1975, fewer than 100 ethnic Vietnamese lived in Greater Houston. They included thirty to fifty students, twenty to forty wives of former U.S. servicemen, and some teachers. The first wave of immigration arrived in Houston after the end of the Vietnam War, when
979:), Holy Rosary Parish, Our Lady of Lavang (Giáo Xứ Đức Mẹ Lavang), Our Lady of Lourdes, and Vietnamese Martyrs (Giáo Xứ Các Thánh Tử Đạo Việt Nam). In 1999 there were four Vietnamese Catholic churches and five other churches with large numbers of Vietnamese people.
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to most Houstonians, locals still call this southwest area of Houston "Bellaire". The city of Houston has formally renamed the area the International District (Greater Houston). Although the area is primarily Vietnamese and Chinese, there are also large numbers of
771:. As of 2016, the college system does not require English language proficiency for enrollment. Vietnamese immigrants, among other immigrant groups, continue to benefit from the college's full-time 18-month English proficiency program and remedial courses.
421:, Harris County had 80,409 ethnic Vietnamese, making up 28.7% of the Asians in the county. As of the same year, 15% of the Asians in Fort Bend County were of Vietnamese origins, making them the third largest Asian ethnic group in the county.
315:" who came from 1978 to 1982. They were socioeconomically poorer than the first wave, and their children did not have as high of a performance in academics as the children of the first-wave immigrants had. Stephen Klineberg, a
323:. As of June 2, 1980, the Vietnamese had become a significant ethnic minority in the area. With about 25,000 Vietnamese at that time, Greater Houston had the second highest Vietnamese population in the United States, after
825:) is a Vietnamese radio station co-owned by Duong Phuc and Vu Thanh Thuy. In 2007, it possessed over 80 contributing hosts and 35 employees, including full-time and part-time staff. That year, Cynthia Leonor Garza of the
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for District F, proposed creating a "Little Saigon" district, consisting of commercial areas along Bellaire Boulevard from Cook Road to Turtlewood. Some persons in Alief expressed opposition to the idea, saying it was
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successfully resettling Vietnamese and Indochinese in Houston was given to charitable and religious organizations and individuals. The tasks the organizations and individuals did included acquainting refugees with the
479:, Da Lat Village, Hue Village, Saigon Village, St. Joseph Village, St. Mary Village, and Thanh Tam Village. Of the larger villages, five are on Broadway Street and Park Place Boulevard in southeast Houston.
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719:. By 2013, due to concerns about discrimination against Asians and immigration policies and the lessening importance of anti-Communism, the political preferences of ethnic Vietnamese had shifted towards
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The presence of Vietnamese immigrants led to the development of Vietnamese restaurants throughout Houston. Some establishments from Vietnamese restaurateurs offer Vietnamese-style crawfish, a mixture of
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area in high numbers. Around 1974 Vietnamese immigrants began coming to the Gulf Coast to work in the shrimping industry, whence many ethnic Vietnamese entered the fishing trade and related businesses.
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than the average population of Vietnam. Douglas Pike, a historian, said that the people were "urban, upper class, well-educated, and familiar with American lifestyles." Many Vietnamese were flown to
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in the U.S. Since its first launch in Houston in 2011, Tre has gained favorable responses from readers and recognition within the community. Tre's circulation is about 8,000 free copies, covering
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372:. In 2006 Greater Houston had around 58,000 Vietnamese and Vietnamese Americans, giving it the third largest such community of all U.S. metropolitan areas. By 2007 many Vietnamese Americans in
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690:. Most of the "you buy, we fry" restaurants in Houston are operated by Vietnamese immigrants and Vietnamese Americans. Carl Bankston, an associate professor of Asian studies and sociology at
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453:. The area includes hundreds of Vietnamese businesses, including churches, community centers, grocery stores, investor offices, legal offices, medical offices, realtor offices, temples, and
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provided assistance to refugees. Sometimes private organizations received assistance from the government. In the 1970s thousands of Vietnamese refugees moved to
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originated from Thailand. The temple is open to followers of all religions, and it has perfumed halls. Ming Shui Huang was appointed volunteer manager in 2000.
956:. The temple was established in 1999 by a Vietnamese couple, Charles Loi Ngo and Carolyn, the former originating from China. They decided to build a temple to
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783:(ethnic Chinese) influence on Vietnamese cuisine served in Houston. Suzanne Chew, mother of Jessica Chew, stated that the situation is a "Chinese mix".
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In 1999 the Houston area had about 30,000 ethnic Vietnamese Catholics. Vietnamese Catholic churches in the area include Christ Incarnate Word Parish (
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Of Vietnamese immigrants of the third wave of immigration, as of 2006 many lived in specific multifamily "village" complexes. The complexes include
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In 1990 the median household income of Vietnamese people in Harris County was $ 22,284. In 1990 18% of Vietnamese workers in Harris County had
387:. Members of the Vietnamese-American community in Houston protested against the plan, arguing that the current Vietnamese government had a bad
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Hanson, Eric. "No failure to communicate with the police / HPD's multilingual officers discover language talents often useful, necessary."
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DIVERSITY AND TRANSFORMATION AMONG ASIANS IN HOUSTON: Findings from the Kinder Institute's Houston Area Asian Survey (1995, 2002, 2011)
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and Vietnamese Americans, making it the second largest Vietnamese American community in the United States of any city after that of
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Rodriguez, Nestor. "Hispanic and Asian Immigration Waves in Houston." in: Chafetz, Janet Salzman, and Helen Rose Ebaugh (editors),
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government fled Vietnam. The first wave consisted of a higher proportion of managers and professionals and a smaller proportion of
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Alternate link: "From the Ashes of the Cold War: Constructing a Southern Vietnamese Community and Identity in Houston"
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wrote that "had instantly become a flashpoint within the community". The sign is in the southwest Houston Chinatown.
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and detainees from Vietnam. In 1988 the Vietnamese government began releasing political prisoners and detainees
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2335:." Texas Guandi Temple. Retrieved on February 11, 2012. "The Texas Guandi Temple is in the hart [
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In 2020 a local man named Lê Hoàng Nguyên put up a bilingual English-Vietnamese billboard promoting the
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Content from America's Changing Neighborhoods: An Exploration of Diversity through Places (3 volumes)
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Content from America's Changing Neighborhoods: An Exploration of Diversity through Places (3 volumes)
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Content from America's Changing Neighborhoods: An Exploration of Diversity through Places (3 volumes)
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1614:"Black Lives Matter billboard sparks controversy, death threats in Houston's Vietnamese community"
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group held an anti-Vietnamese rally, and in an incident two Vietnamese fishing boats were burned.
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Usually Vietnamese American businesses are located in the same areas that their clients live in.
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Historical Vietnamese business districts include one in the western end of the old Chinatown in
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513:. This area became known as "Vietnamtown". Vietnamese in Houston, in the 1970s, had settled
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By the end of the 1980s, the Vietnamese businesses had moved to Milam Street in what is now
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The Vietnamese coming into Houston in the 2000s and beyond came to find education and jobs.
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Orange County vs. Houston: Two Vietnamese-Food Meccas in America. Two Very Different Menus.
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stated that the station was a factor in migration of ethnic Vietnamese to Houston from the
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After the 1970s a group of ethnic Vietnamese moved to southeast Houston in an area within
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Religion and the New Immigrants: Continuities and Adaptations in Immigrant Congregations
2341:] of Houston, facing University of Houston across the wide and bustling Highway 45."
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Many Vietnamese who arrived as refugees in the 1970s were given vocational education at
403:. Others decided to start boycotting businesses owned by Lê Hoàng Nguyên. Dan Q. Dao of
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1646:"Why 'Black Lives Matter' Is So Divisive for Houston's Vietnamese American Community"
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960:(Guandi) after surviving an aggravated robbery which occurred at their store in the
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Also available in: Ebaugh, Helen Rose Fuchs, and Janet Saltzman Chafetz (editors).
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In 1995 ethnic Vietnamese in the Houston area initially had a preference for the
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The original Vietnamese area in Houston, "Vinatown", was established next to the
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2141:"Decades After Clashing With The Klan, A Thriving Vietnamese Community In Texas"
1982:
Roth, Hope (2017-09-21). "Little Saigon (Houston, Texas)". In Ueda, Reed (ed.).
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Roth, Hope (2017-09-21). "Little Saigon (Houston, Texas)". In Ueda, Reed (ed.).
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Roth, Hope (2017-09-21). "Little Saigon (Houston, Texas)". In Ueda, Reed (ed.).
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has Asian-American influences, with the pitmaster being of Vietnamese ancestry.
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1918:"Little Saigon tries to carry on / City pushing for ways to give area new life"
1874:"Little Saigon tries to carry on / City pushing for ways to give area new life"
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residents had animosity towards Vietnamese fishermen. Around the late 1970s in
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2644:"Welcome to Guandi's Temple – A Mystic Sanctuary of Asian Cultures in Houston"
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Houston's really good idea Bus tour celebrates communities that forged a city.
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Plan to create "Little Saigon District" on Bellaire Blvd. draws mixed reaction
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memorial, built in 2012, in the Universal Shopping Center in the new Chinatown
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on April 30, 1975. Thousands of Vietnamese people who had affiliations to the
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Tre Magazine is a Vietnamese language weekly publication, serving the large
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338:(HPD) increased in the 1980s as the city's Vietnamese population increased.
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Vara, Richard. "Area Asian Catholics to come together in celebration."
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2389:. Thursday July 17, 2003. ThisWeek 1. Retrieved on September 9, 2012.
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Constructing a Southern Vietnamese Community and Identity in Houston
577:, who were once the majority in the Little Saigon area prior to the
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The largest Vietnamese commercial district is now found in suburban
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By December 1991 over 60,000 Vietnamese persons resided in Houston.
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191:, Texas, and its environs. Vietnamese immigration has occurred in
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1029:, which is about a 16-year old Vietnamese boy living in Houston.
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were moving to Texas to take advantage of lower costs of living.
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2611:"Vietnamese and Chinese American Cultures: Destination Houston"
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Wray, Dianna. "Don't Call Al Hoang a Communist or He'll Sue."
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produced a special program on the holiday that aired in 1988.
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468:. The Midtown one, with 18 square blocks, is located south of
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Neighborhood's Alive tour hits city's multicultural hot spots
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Alief residents fight plan to create 'Little Saigon' district
1442:. Monday, September 29, 1997. p. 13 Metfront. Available from
2298:, December 1991. Vol. 19, No. 12. ISSN 0148-7736. START: p.
1717:, December 1991. Vol. 19, No. 12. ISSN 0148-7736. START: p.
1500:, December 1991. Vol. 19, No. 12. ISSN 0148-7736. START: p.
1392:, December 1991. Vol. 19, No. 12. ISSN 0148-7736. START: p.
1124:, first Vietnamese American to be appointed judge in the USA
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As of 1991 there was a Vietnamese community magazine called
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The federal refugee resettlement system established by the
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Vietnamese American Medical Association of Greater Houston
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1446:, Record Number HSC09291441397. Available online from the
673:. In 1990, the median income of a Vietnamese household in
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wrote that "traces" of the Vietnamese community remained.
288:, where they encountered crime and tensions with existing
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Indochinese Assistance and Refugee Assistance Act of 1975
2581:"Asian Americans in Houston: A Kaleidoscope of Cultures"
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to a festival to honor to the Virgin Mary, crashed near
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counties. The publication's headquarters are located in
1136:, first Vietnamese American in the Houston City Council
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ended and refugees began coming to the United States.
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2073:. Wednesday June 29, 2016. Retrieved on July 2, 2016.
1283:"Exit Vietnam: Photo shows Vietnamese transformation"
2212:"Texas Meets China Meets Vietnam at Blood Bros. BBQ"
2056:. Thursday June 30, 2016. Retrieved on July 2, 2016.
425:
Vietnamese population in Harris County grew by 45%.
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1581:. Friday June 27, 2008. Retrieved on April 1, 2012.
856:, a newspaper of Mass Media Inc., was established.
2528:"Wendy Duong, the first Vietnamese American judge"
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1552:Tran, My-Thuan. "Flocking from SoCal to Houston."
711:; this was due to historic Republican support for
2363:. August 3, 2003. Retrieved on February 11, 2012.
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292:residents. In areas in Greater Houston along the
2763:"Vietnamese-Americans serve Houston's diversity"
2253:. July 31, 2007. Retrieved on February 13, 2015.
1900:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2739:, 2006. Volume 3, No. 1. p. 27-31, 63-66.
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552:Although the area today is now known simply as
545:, along Bellaire Boulevard west of the city of
172:Vietnamese culture memorial at Baldwin Park in
2491:. September 8, 2008. Retrieved on May 5, 2014.
2420:. February 27, 2003. Retrieved on May 3, 2014.
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1411:Houston Becoming Burgeoning Vietnamese Society
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849:is a Vietnamese magazine's branch in Houston.
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2718:, January 1, 2000. 0742503909, 9780742503908.
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1882:. Archived from the original on June 17, 2009
1785:"Vietnamese businesses moving out of Midtown"
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573:in the area, as well as a sizable number of
2483:Mass honors those lost in Sherman bus crash
2288:Swartz, Mimi. "Murder in the Melting Pot."
1707:Swartz, Mimi. "Murder in the Melting Pot."
1490:Swartz, Mimi. "Murder in the Melting Pot."
1382:Swartz, Mimi. "Murder in the Melting Pot."
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2469:, accessible with a library card and PIN.
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2241:Radio Saigon lures Vietnamese to Houston
1423:. June 2, 1980. Page 24. Retrieved from
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911:The first wave of immigrants was mostly
1813:A Marmac Guide to Houston and Galveston
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1600:Consulate General of Vietnam in Houston
1533:Harkinson, Josh. "Tale of Two Cities."
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1205:History of Mexican Americans in Houston
1200:History of Chinese Americans in Houston
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915:, but the subsequent waves were mostly
715:, as the Vietnamese coming opposed the
245:, before being transferred to Houston.
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449:and the surrounding areas, in the new
179:This article discusses the history of
2600:Center for Public History. Fall 2015.
1816:. Pelican Publishing. pp. 164–.
472:, and between Downtown and Montrose.
7:
2995:Vietnamese-American culture in Texas
2460:Record: 3159522. Available from the
1023:Sherry Garland wrote the 1993 novel
2990:Vietnamese-American culture by city
2860:Houston Vietnamese Golf Association
2686:Kinder Institute for Urban Research
2676:Klineberg, Stephen L. and Jie Wu. "
1872:Nancy Sarnoff (November 28, 2004).
341:The third wave consisted of former
2456:. August 21, 1999. Religion p. 1.
977:Giáo Xứ Đức Kito Ngôi Lời Nhập Thể
584:In 2016 Steve Le, a member of the
399:movement. In response he received
280:groups and congregations, and the
14:
2975:Asian-American culture in Houston
2746:Dissertations and Theses, 406 p.
2412:Guandi Temple celebrates New Year
1592:Consul General's Letter to Reader
1573:Vietnam wants a Houston consulate
500:George R. Brown Convention Center
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2279:. Retrieved on October 24, 2014.
2268:. Thursday October 23, 2013. p.
2130:. Retrieved on January 20, 2012.
2120:. "Southern-Fried Asian to Go."
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445:business centers are located on
2165:Fernandez, Manny (2015-10-30).
1810:Kearney, Syd (September 2008).
1783:Hegstrom, Edward (2003-04-04).
1612:Britto, Brittany (2020-07-11).
1416:The New York Times News Service
530:Southwest Houston Little Saigon
2167:"A Global Community's College"
1543:. Retrieved on March 17, 2012.
1539:. Thursday December 15, 2005.
948:
939:
931:
875:Vietnamese immigrant community
483:Areas of Vietnamese settlement
311:The second wave consisted of "
274:International Rescue Committee
1:
2517:. Retrieved on June 15, 2016.
2467:website's newspaper databases
2210:Vaughn, Daniel (2019-08-26).
1916:Sarnoff, Nancy (2004-11-28).
1845:"City adopts 'Little Saigon'"
1602:. Retrieved on April 1, 2012.
926:temple, Texas Guandi Temple (
321:Vietnamese of Chinese descent
2108:. Retrieved on May 17, 2013.
2104:. Thursday May 16, 2013. p.
1562:. Retrieved on May 19, 2010.
1427:(13 of 56) on April 1, 2012.
1107:Saint Joseph Condominium in
1011:) is celebrated in Houston.
262:culture of the United States
16:Ethnic group's local history
2761:Patel, Purva (2005-04-29).
2126:. Thursday August 5, 2004.
1130:, chef, writer, and TV host
364:In 2005 Houston had 32,000
3011:
2094:Shilcutt, Katharine. "The
1644:Dao, Dan Q. (2020-09-03).
1069:signs in Vietnamese along
904:
717:Vietnamese Communist Party
385:a consulate within Houston
334:-speaking officers of the
272:groups and congregations,
2903:
2553:"City Council District F"
2016:Denny Lee (May 9, 2010).
769:Houston Community College
336:Houston Police Department
2980:Ethnic groups in Houston
2716:Rowman & Littlefield
2500:Chew, Jessica, p. 23-24.
2438:Tomkins-Walsh, p. 37-38.
2360:San Antonio Express-News
2239:Garza, Cynthia Leonor. "
1850:Houston Business Journal
1673:Klineberg and Wu, p. 12.
1524:Klineberg and Wu, p. 39.
491:Saigon Plaza in the new
203:, since 1975, after the
2642:Tomkins-Walsh, Teresa.
1195:Demographics of Houston
1142:(Casey Luong), musician
1046:Several streets in the
2662:Cite journal requires
2629:Cite journal requires
2532:Northwest Asian Weekly
2004:Previews of book pages
1970:Previews of book pages
1766:Previews of book pages
1448:Houston Public Library
1225:Little Saigon, Houston
1067:International District
976:
902:
810:
659:
502:, in proximity to the
495:
455:Vietnamese restaurants
441:
176:
2737:University of Houston
2598:University of Houston
2429:Tomkins-Walsh, p. 37.
2401:Tomkins-Walsh, p. 36.
2315:Tomkins-Walsh, p. 38.
2200:Chew, Jessica, p. 23.
2145:National Public Radio
2085:Chew, Jessica, p. 22.
2018:"36 Hours in Houston"
1558:. December 21, 2007.
900:
854:Saigon Houston Weekly
805:
650:
515:Allen Parkway Village
490:
436:
381:Government of Vietnam
286:Allen Parkway Village
171:
47:Hispanics and Latinos
2896:Vietnamese Americans
2846:United States portal
2703:, October 18, 2000.
2511:Shadow of the Dragon
2296:Emmis Communications
1990:. pp. 770–772.
1956:. pp. 770–772.
1752:. pp. 770–772.
1715:Emmis Communications
1498:Emmis Communications
1390:Emmis Communications
1210:Kim Sơn (restaurant)
1026:Shadow of the Dragon
819:Radio Saigon Houston
807:Radio Saigon Houston
586:Houston City Council
567:Indonesian Americans
440:in Southeast Houston
383:proposed installing
370:San Jose, California
181:Vietnamese Americans
28:Ethnicity in Houston
2481:Latson, Jennifer. "
1009:Vietnamese New Year
928:traditional Chinese
907:Religion in Houston
901:Texas Guandi Temple
571:Pakistani Americans
374:Southern California
343:political prisoners
325:Greater Los Angeles
235:blue-collar workers
216:1970s through 1990s
22:Part of a series on
2985:History of Houston
2733:The Houston Review
2379:Martin, Betty L. "
2331:2009-12-26 at the
2275:2014-10-24 at the
2171:The New York Times
2065:Willey, Jessica. "
1571:Moreno, Jenalia. "
1071:Bellaire Boulevard
1019:In popular culture
995:. 17 people died.
949:Dézhōu Guāndì Miào
936:simplified Chinese
903:
811:
747:. You can help by
688:Vietnamese cuisine
671:bachelor's degrees
660:
627:. You can help by
591:racial segregation
559:Filipino Americans
535:The New York Times
496:
447:Bellaire Boulevard
442:
397:Black Lives Matter
330:Demand for use of
266:Catholic Charities
177:
2962:
2961:
2768:Houston Chronicle
2711:, 9780759117129.
2604:Table of contents
2557:www.houstontx.gov
2488:Houston Chronicle
2463:Houston Chronicle
2453:Houston Chronicle
2417:Houston Chronicle
2386:Houston Chronicle
2250:Houston Chronicle
2053:Houston Chronicle
1923:Houston Chronicle
1879:Houston Chronicle
1823:978-1-58980-548-4
1790:Houston Chronicle
1619:Houston Chronicle
1578:Houston Chronicle
1555:Los Angeles Times
1439:Houston Chronicle
1291:. August 16, 2008
1288:Houston Chronicle
981:On August 8, 2008
828:Houston Chronicle
765:
764:
692:Tulane University
684:Louisiana cuisine
645:
644:
575:African Americans
477:Thai Xuan Village
451:Houston Chinatown
438:Thai Xuan Village
379:Around 2008, the
166:
165:
102:
95:
88:
81:
74:
62:
60:Central Americans
55:
37:African Americans
3002:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2866:
2848:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2820:
2815:
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2813:
2806:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2772:
2692:. February 2013.
2671:
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2427:
2421:
2410:Molnar, Josef. "
2408:
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2083:
2074:
2063:
2057:
2046:Turner, Allan. "
2044:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1926:. Archived from
1913:
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1899:
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1168:
1104:
1089:
1063:
1043:
952:) is located in
950:
941:
933:
852:In October 2006
846:Thoi Bao Houston
786:The barbecue at
760:
757:
739:
732:
709:Republican Party
675:Fort Bend County
640:
637:
619:
612:
604:(Gulf Freeway).
357:2000s and beyond
231:South Vietnamese
227:North Vietnamese
197:Fort Bend County
158:
151:
144:
98:
91:
84:
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70:
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19:
3010:
3009:
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2999:
2965:
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2963:
2958:
2925:Massachusetts (
2899:
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2844:
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2811:
2809:
2802:
2797:
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2792:
2785:. July 1, 2015.
2760:
2757:
2755:Further reading
2752:
2690:Rice University
2661:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2628:
2618:
2613:
2609:Chew, Jessica.
2608:
2589:Houston History
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2333:Wayback Machine
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2277:Wayback Machine
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1161:
1148:, news reporter
1118:
1111:
1105:
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1090:
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1021:
1001:
909:
895:
862:
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816:
800:
788:Blood Bros. BBQ
777:
761:
755:
752:
745:needs expansion
730:
705:
641:
635:
632:
625:needs expansion
610:
485:
431:
417:As of the 2010
415:
359:
302:Seabrook, Texas
218:
213:
193:Greater Houston
162:
125:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3008:
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2987:
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2957:
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2942:
2937:Pennsylvania (
2935:
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2904:
2901:
2900:
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2877:
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2862:
2857:
2850:
2849:
2835:
2821:
2818:Vietnam portal
2807:
2804:History portal
2791:
2790:External links
2788:
2787:
2786:
2773:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2741:Available from
2721:
2720:
2719:
2701:AltaMira Press
2693:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2664:|journal=
2639:
2631:|journal=
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2110:
2098:-ndamentals."
2087:
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2036:
2023:New York Times
2008:
2006:CITED: p. 772.
1996:
1974:
1972:CITED: p. 771.
1962:
1940:
1908:
1864:
1853:. May 10, 2004
1836:
1822:
1802:
1770:
1768:CITED: p. 770.
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1477:Rodriguez, p.
1470:
1460:Rodriguez, p.
1453:
1429:
1421:The Times-News
1402:
1372:
1362:Rodriguez, p.
1355:
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1320:Rodriguez, p.
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1187:Vietnam portal
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1116:Notable people
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1099:
1097:
1091:
1084:
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1065:
1058:
1056:
1050:district have
1045:
1038:
1034:
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1005:Lunar New Year
1000:
997:
894:
891:
887:Garland, Texas
861:
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840:
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812:
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713:anti-Communism
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563:Arab Americans
526:property taxes
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254:Gulf of Mexico
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187:immigrants in
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225:fell to the
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2920:New Orleans
2918:Louisiana (
2898:by location
2856:(VAMA - GH)
2217:Bon Appétit
2118:Walsh, Robb
2029:October 19,
1886:October 19,
1857:October 19,
1829:October 19,
1425:Google News
1295:October 19,
1146:Chau Nguyen
1122:Wendy Duong
1093:Vietnam War
993:North Texas
966:Lord Brahma
579:Vietnam War
464:and one in
419:U.S. Census
317:sociologist
313:boat people
205:Vietnam War
2969:Categories
2723:Vu, Roy. "
2709:0759117128
2562:2020-08-28
2538:2020-08-28
2223:2020-12-22
2184:2016-11-03
2151:2018-11-27
1934:2022-07-06
1796:2022-07-06
1657:2020-09-21
1625:2020-09-21
1231:References
1109:Park Place
1052:Vietnamese
999:Recreation
973:Vietnamese
962:Fifth Ward
905:See also:
839:Newspapers
833:West Coast
696:Gulf Coast
658:restaurant
636:March 2012
600:and along
366:Vietnamese
332:Vietnamese
294:Gulf Coast
270:Protestant
185:Vietnamese
100:Vietnamese
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860:Magazines
779:There is
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678:Chinese.
598:Beltway 8
554:Chinatown
429:Geography
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2329:Archived
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2273:Archived
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1954:ABC-CLIO
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1159:See also
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985:Missouri
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913:Catholic
893:Religion
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781:Viet Hoa
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547:Bellaire
470:Downtown
347:en masse
243:Arkansas
79:Japanese
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2729:Archive
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2573:Sources
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2071:KTRK-TV
1596:Archive
1079:Houston
1073:in the
1048:Midtown
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989:Sherman
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809:offices
775:Cuisine
656:Kim Sơn
608:Economy
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466:Midtown
211:History
189:Houston
174:Midtown
106:Germans
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