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as a dangerous narcotic drug, and illegal to possess or use it. The penalty for marijuana possession in China is disputed from various sources, but according to the Law on Public
Security Administration Punishments, marijuana smokers shall be detained for 10 to 15 days and fined a maximum of 2,000
355:
For those who begin practicing the Tao it is not necessary to go into the mountains. … Some with purifying incense and sprinkling and sweeping are also able to call down the
Perfected Immortals. The followers of the Lady Wei and of Hsu are of this
317:. However, the Yunnan government began an eradication campaign in 1998 to make the province "cannabis free" by 2000, resulting in less wild and commercially grown cannabis. A similar campaign has also caused a rise in marijuana prices in
1014:. From ancient Chinese fumigation techniques with "toxic smokes" for pests and "holy smokes" for demons, "what started as a 'smoking out' of undesirable things, changed now to a 'smoking in' of heavenly things into oneself."
241:
Cannabis has been confirmed to have originated in
Northwest China before the Ancient Chinese domesticated the plant to India and other parts of Asia, particularly the Central Asian steppe in 10,000 BC. In the 19th century,
2462:
343:無上秘要 ("Supreme Secret Essentials") that cannabis was added into ritual incense-burners, and suggested the ancient Taoists experimented systematically with "hallucinogenic smokes". The
298:
2429:
1525:
396:五臟經 ("Five Viscera Classic") says, "If you wish to command demonic apparitions to present themselves you should constantly eat the inflorescences of the hemp plant."
217:
by itself. Historical
Chinese medical texts (c. 200 CE) through contemporary twentieth century Chinese medical literature discuss individual terms for ma, including
2507:
2452:
2447:
1440:
384:(456-536), who also wrote the first commentaries to the Shangqing canon, says, "Hemp-seeds (麻勃) are very little used in medicine, but the magician-technicians (
1093:
Science and
Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology; Part 2, Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Magisteries of Gold and Immortality
2401:
1212:
History of
Soybeans and Soyfoods in China and Taiwan, and in Chinese Cookbooks, Restaurants, and Chinese Work with Soyfoods Outside China (1024 BCE to 2014)
1337:
1139:
Botanicon
Sinicum: Notes on Chinese Botany from Native and Western Sources. Part III, Botanical Investigations in the Materia Medica of the Ancient Chinese
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414:, where cannabis "was supposed to be gathered on the seventh day of the seventh month, a day of séance banquets in the Taoist communities."
1954:
258:, legally and under tariff, until 1934 when Chinese authorities cut off the legal trade, though smuggling continued for some years after.
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2020:
213:. Dama is sometimes used to describe industrial hemp, as there is a negative connotation meaning "numbness" associated with the word
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Science and
Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology; Part 4, Spagyrical Discovery and Invention
742:"Cannabis in Chinese Medicine: Are Some Traditional Indications Referenced in Ancient Literature Related to Cannabinoids?"
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it will give one preternatural knowledge of events in the future." A 6th-century AD Taoist medical work, the
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has been used to describe the cannabis plant since before the invention of writing five-thousand years ago.
403:, "the Hemp Damsel", with early Daoist religious usages of cannabis, pointing out that Magu was goddess of
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Wang, Qingbin; Shi, Guanming (1999). "Industrial Hemp: China's
Experience and Global Implications".
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604:"The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean"
229:, referring to specific parts of the male and female flowers of a cannabis plant with differing
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860:"Public Security Administration Punishment Law of The People's Republic of China, Article 72"
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1287:
Touw, Mia (1981). "The
Religious and Medicinal Uses of Cannabis in China, India and Tibet".
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369:
365:
185:
49:
17:
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380:名醫別錄 ("Supplementary Records of Famous Physicians"), written by the Taoist pharmacologist
310:
59:
966:
347:元始上真眾仙記 ("Records of the Assemblies of the Perfected Immortals"), which is attributed to
180:, meaning "bitter." Evidence of the earliest human cultivation of cannabis was found in
812:
946:
Wang, Q; Shi, G (1999). "Industrial Hemp: China's Experience and Global Implications".
899:"'Cannabis' ontologies I: Conceptual issues with Cannabis and cannabinoids terminology"
768:
741:
725:
251:
2714:
1381:
1258:
Li, Hui-Lin (1974). "An Archaeological and Historical Account of Cannabis in China".
932:
373:
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205:
is often paired with the Chinese word for "big" or "great" to form the compound word
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being a major center. Tens of thousands of kilograms annually were exported to
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Beginning around the 4th century, Taoist texts mentioned using cannabis in
1308:
691:
376:, and Needham proposed Yang was "aided almost certainly by cannabis". The
198:
many times. An early song refers to young women weaving ma into clothing.
404:
318:
243:
142:
84:
1186:
Hanson, Glen R.; Venturelli, Peter J.; Fleckenstein, Annette E. (2014).
665:"The Religious and Medicinal Uses of Cannabis in China, India and Tibet"
1386:
1271:
389:
348:
247:
88:
1418:
1053:
146:
105:) and some forms of medicine. Historically, cannabis has been used in
336:
297:
On another hand, cannabis seeds have been continuously listed in the
181:
122:
1315:
301:
and hemp has never been prohibited in the history of the country.
110:
106:
92:
79:
1209:
Shurtleff, William; Huang, H.T.; Aoyagi, Akiko (June 22, 2014).
291:
290:. However, the cultivation of cannabis for industrial purposes (
158:
114:
102:
69:
1422:
1319:
835:
Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland: China's Muslim Borderland
574:
874:"Cannabis Use in China – Laws, History, Uses and More Info"
265:
in 2015, cannabis use was on the rise among Chinese youth.
793:"Cannabis originated in China, genetic analysis reveals"
364:魏華存 (252-334) and Xu Mi 許謐 (303-376) founded the Taoist
1243:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 85–.
368:. The Shangqing scriptures were supposedly dictated to
2676:
1073:
Joseph Needham, Ho Ping-Yu, and Lu Gwei-djen (1980).
339:. Needham cited the (ca. 570 AD) Taoist encyclopedia
740:
Brand, E. Joseph; Zhao, Zhongzhen (March 10, 2017).
650:
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1978:
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68:
58:
48:
984:Labrousse, Alain; Laniel, Laurent (29 June 2013).
1147:Clarke, Robert; Merlin, Mark (1 September 2013).
518:
516:
157:by 2700 BCE, is the oldest recorded name for the
1237:Alain Labrousse; Laurent Laniel (29 June 2013).
639:The Mysterious Origins of the Word 'Marijuana'
246:province was a major producer and exporter of
1434:
1331:
542:
121:, as well as for some ritual purposes within
8:
29:
1052:. Little, Brown and Company. Archived from
1049:The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Substances
2412:
1460:
1441:
1427:
1419:
1338:
1324:
1316:
1116:Marihuana: the first twelve thousand years
575:Hanson, Venturelli & Fleckenstein 2014
37:
1240:The World Geopolitics of Drugs, 1998/1999
987:The World Geopolitics of Drugs, 1999/1999
914:
767:
757:
641:", Sino-Platonic Papers, 153 (July 2005)
504:
372:(330-c. 386) in nightly revelations from
188:prose and poems, including poetry in the
2683:
838:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 364–.
633:
631:
480:
388:術家) say that if one consumes them with
294:) has never been prohibited in China.
2656:Adult lifetime cannabis use by country
525:"History of Cannabis in Ancient China"
145:, is represented by the Han character
137:
28:
399:Joseph Needham connected myths about
279:Convention on Psychotropic Substances
7:
1118:. New York City: Plenum Publishers.
1096:. Cambridge University Press, p. 152
586:
523:Jann Gumbiner Ph.D. (May 10, 2011),
486:
484:
309:Cannabis plants are widely grown in
1194:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
1157:Cannabis: Evolution and Ethnobotany
832:S. Frederick Starr (4 March 2015).
172:might share a common root with the
651:Shurtleff, Huang & Aoyagi 2014
25:
2698:
2686:
2402:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1526:Democratic Republic of the Congo
948:Review of Agricultural Economics
897:Riboulet-Zemouli, Kenzi (2020).
719:Qian, Zhang (February 8, 2014).
493:Review of Agricultural Economics
438:
424:
313:, especially around the city of
101:except for industrial purposes (
1112:"Cannabis in the Ancient World"
2651:Annual cannabis use by country
1301:10.1080/02791072.1981.10471447
1161:University of California Press
1077:. Cambridge University Press,
1023:Needham and Lu (1974), p. 152.
817:. The Society. 1871. pp.
814:Journal of the Society of Arts
684:10.1080/02791072.1981.10471447
345:Yuanshi shangzhen zhongxian ji
43:Location of China (dark green)
1:
1289:Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
672:Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
903:Drug Science, Policy and Law
791:Metcalfe, Tom (2021-07-17).
99:Cannabis is illegal in China
18:History of cannabis in China
965:Allen, Greg (May 1, 1999).
459:History of medical cannabis
263:Ministry of Public Security
2737:
2661:Cannabis political parties
612:Princeton University Press
328:
275:People's Republic of China
1046:Rudgley, Richard (1998).
746:Frontiers in Pharmacology
36:
2666:Timeline of cannabis law
2468:Legality by jurisdiction
2430:Legality by jurisdiction
1511:Central African Republic
1110:Abel, Ernest L. (1980).
916:10.1177/2050324520945797
759:10.3389/fphar.2017.00108
1090:Needham, Joseph. 1974.
1032:Needham and Lu (1974),
1010:Needham and Lu (1974),
191:Shi jing (Book of Odes)
135:Mandarin pronunciation:
2021:Bosnia and Herzegovina
141:), a Chinese word for
95:
2392:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1651:São Tomé and Principe
1531:Republic of the Congo
1361:Cannabis in Hong Kong
564:. 1716. p. 1515.
464:Cannabis in Hong Kong
83:
2646:Legality of cannabis
1955:United Arab Emirates
1556:Eswatini (Swaziland)
1163:. pp. 135–198.
1142:. Kelly & Walsh.
608:Prehistoric Textiles
454:Drug policy of China
299:Chinese Pharmacopeia
119:traditional medicine
2407:Trinidad and Tobago
2312:Antigua and Barbuda
1450:Cannabis by country
1408:Cannabis and Taoism
1149:"History of use of
1134:Bretschneider, Emil
909:: 205032452094579.
721:"Healing with hemp"
331:Cannabis and Taoism
194:, mention the word
153:, used to describe
33:
2347:Dominican Republic
1272:10.1007/bf02862859
1215:. Soyinfo Center.
663:Touw, Mia (1981).
543:Bretschneider 1895
96:
2721:Cannabis in China
2674:
2673:
2634:
2633:
2476:
2475:
1546:Equatorial Guinea
1416:
1415:
1366:Cannabis in Macau
1347:Cannabis in China
1250:978-94-017-3505-6
1222:978-1-928-91468-6
1201:978-1-284-05478-1
1192:Drugs and Society
1170:978-0-520-95457-1
1125:978-0-306-40496-2
845:978-1-317-45136-5
621:978-0-691-00224-8
561:Kangxi Dictionary
469:Cannabis in Macau
351:(283-343), says:
261:According to the
155:medical marijuana
129:Chinese etymology
87:by the roadside,
78:
77:
31:Cannabis in China
16:(Redirected from
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2503:Marshall Islands
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1266:(4): 437–448.
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1227:
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1200:
1183:
1169:
1153:use for fiber"
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1066:
1038:
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1016:
1003:
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726:Shanghai Daily
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600:Barber, E.J.W.
591:
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2152:Liechtenstein
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2088:New Caledonia
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1382:Gushi culture
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1056:on 2009-03-09
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715:
712:
701:on 2011-07-18
697:
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689:
685:
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666:
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653:, p. 45.
652:
647:
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637:Alan Piper, "
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556:"character 1"
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341:Wushang Biyao
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273:In 1985, the
268:
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256:British India
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174:Proto-Semitic
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128:
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2518:Cook Islands
1950:Turkmenistan
1910:Saudi Arabia
1772:
1676:South Africa
1666:Sierra Leone
1491:Burkina Faso
1392:Magu (deity)
1346:
1295:(1): 23–34.
1292:
1288:
1263:
1259:
1239:
1211:
1191:
1156:
1150:
1138:
1115:
1092:
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1069:
1058:. Retrieved
1054:the original
1048:
1041:
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1019:
1006:
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967:"China High"
960:
951:
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906:
902:
892:
881:. Retrieved
877:
868:
854:
834:
827:
813:
807:
798:Live Science
796:
786:
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714:
703:. Retrieved
696:the original
678:(1): 23–34.
675:
671:
658:
646:
607:
594:
582:
570:
559:
550:
538:
528:
496:
492:
446:China portal
398:
393:
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382:Tao Hongjing
378:Mingyi bielu
377:
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344:
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269:Legal status
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98:
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60:Recreational
26:
2513:New Zealand
2463:Non-medical
2397:Saint Lucia
2352:El Salvador
2259:Switzerland
2187:Netherlands
1900:Philippines
1840:South Korea
1835:North Korea
1743:Afghanistan
1581:Ivory Coast
1188:"Marijuana"
878:Sensi Seeds
305:Cultivation
277:joined the
231:cannabinoid
149:. The term
2508:Micronesia
2332:Costa Rica
2294:Montserrat
2229:San Marino
2182:Montenegro
2162:Luxembourg
2083:Martinique
2073:Guadeloupe
2006:Azerbaijan
1960:Uzbekistan
1935:Tajikistan
1850:Kyrgyzstan
1830:Kazakhstan
1790:East Timor
1753:Bangladesh
1727:Antarctica
1720:Antarctica
1661:Seychelles
1631:Mozambique
1621:Madagascar
1611:Mauritania
1506:Cape Verde
1457:By country
1060:2017-05-03
883:2020-12-02
705:2019-05-09
475:References
394:Wuzangjing
362:Wei Huacun
223:mahua (麻花)
219:mafen (麻蕡)
2626:Venezuela
2571:Argentina
2488:Australia
2362:Guatemala
2289:Gibraltar
2157:Lithuania
2051:Greenland
1920:Sri Lanka
1915:Singapore
1800:Indonesia
1778:Hong Kong
1616:Mauritius
1179:927967115
933:234435350
925:2050-3245
587:Abel 1980
501:CiteSeerX
412:Mount Tai
374:immortals
283:marijuana
227:mabo (麻勃)
211:大麻 (dàmá)
201:The word
164:The word
50:Medicinal
2715:Category
2693:Cannabis
2639:See also
2616:Suriname
2606:Paraguay
2591:Colombia
2498:Kiribati
2453:Timeline
2372:Honduras
2342:Dominica
2322:Barbados
2244:Slovenia
2239:Slovakia
2214:Portugal
2202:Svalbard
2026:Bulgaria
1940:Thailand
1895:Pakistan
1875:Mongolia
1870:Maldives
1865:Malaysia
1768:Cambodia
1711:Zimbabwe
1686:Tanzania
1561:Ethiopia
1536:Djibouti
1501:Cameroon
1486:Botswana
1280:19866569
1151:Cannabis
1136:(1895).
778:28344554
602:(1991).
418:See also
405:Shandong
319:Xinjiang
244:Xinjiang
233:ratios.
143:cannabis
85:Cannabis
2679:Portals
2621:Uruguay
2596:Ecuador
2576:Bolivia
2555:Vanuatu
2481:Oceania
2458:Medical
2377:Jamaica
2357:Grenada
2317:Bahamas
2279:Bermuda
2269:Ukraine
2219:Romania
2172:Moldova
2135:History
2125:Ireland
2120:Iceland
2115:Hungary
2105:Germany
2100:Georgia
2093:Réunion
2063:Finland
2058:Estonia
2046:Denmark
2031:Croatia
2016:Belgium
2011:Belarus
2001:Armenia
1996:Austria
1991:Andorra
1986:Albania
1965:Vietnam
1880:Myanmar
1860:Lebanon
1748:Bahrain
1696:Tunisia
1671:Somalia
1656:Senegal
1641:Nigeria
1636:Namibia
1626:Morocco
1596:Liberia
1591:Lesotho
1551:Eritrea
1521:Comoros
1496:Burundi
1471:Algeria
1401:Related
1387:Hua Tuo
1375:History
1354:Regions
1309:7024492
1104:Sources
769:5345167
752:: 108.
692:7024492
390:ginseng
370:Yang Xi
349:Ge Hong
337:censers
252:Yarkand
250:, with
248:hashish
237:History
161:plant.
117:, as a
89:Jiuquan
64:Illegal
54:Illegal
2601:Guyana
2581:Brazil
2550:Tuvalu
2417:Canada
2387:Panama
2382:Mexico
2327:Belize
2264:Turkey
2254:Sweden
2234:Serbia
2224:Russia
2209:Poland
2197:Norway
2177:Monaco
2147:Latvia
2142:Kosovo
2110:Greece
2068:France
2036:Cyprus
1979:Europe
1945:Turkey
1930:Taiwan
1845:Kuwait
1825:Jordan
1815:Israel
1763:Brunei
1758:Bhutan
1706:Zambia
1701:Uganda
1646:Rwanda
1601:Malawi
1571:Gambia
1476:Angola
1464:Africa
1307:
1278:
1247:
1219:
1198:
1177:
1167:
1122:
1079:p. 213
1034:p. 151
1012:p. 150
994:
931:
923:
842:
776:
766:
690:
618:
503:
409:sacred
386:shujia
325:Taoism
225:, and
182:Taiwan
123:Taoism
2705:China
2586:Chile
2545:Tonga
2535:Samoa
2525:Palau
2367:Haiti
2249:Spain
2167:Malta
2130:Italy
1970:Yemen
1925:Syria
1905:Qatar
1885:Nepal
1820:Japan
1795:India
1783:Macau
1773:China
1681:Sudan
1586:Kenya
1576:Ghana
1566:Gabon
1541:Egypt
1481:Benin
1276:S2CID
929:S2CID
699:(PDF)
668:(PDF)
360:Lady
356:kind.
176:word
115:seeds
111:fiber
107:China
93:Gansu
74:Legal
2611:Peru
2493:Fiji
2337:Cuba
1890:Oman
1855:Laos
1810:Iraq
1805:Iran
1736:Asia
1691:Togo
1606:Mali
1516:Chad
1305:PMID
1245:ISBN
1217:ISBN
1196:ISBN
1175:OCLC
1165:ISBN
1120:ISBN
992:ISBN
921:ISSN
840:ISBN
774:PMID
688:PMID
616:ISBN
401:Magu
315:Dali
292:hemp
288:yuan
207:dama
159:hemp
133:Má (
109:for
103:hemp
70:Hemp
1297:doi
1268:doi
911:doi
819:647
764:PMC
754:doi
680:doi
407:'s
209:or
178:mrr
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170:Ma
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682::
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147:麻
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
