192:"Another boy, aged 6 years, with marked moral defect was unable to keep his attention even to a game for more than a very short time, and as might be expected, the failure of attention was very noticeable at school, with the result that in some cases the child was backward in school attainments, although in manner and ordinary conversation he appeared as bright and intelligent as any child could be." He proposed a biological predisposition to this behavioral condition that was probably hereditary in some children and the result of pre- or postnatal injury in others.
298:) even though the professionals were aware that many of the children so diagnosed exhibited attention deficits without any signs of hyperactivity. In 1980, the DSM-III introduced the term "ADD (Attention-Deficit Disorder) with or without hyperactivity." That terminology (ADD) technically expired with the revision in 1987 to ADHD in the DSM-III-R. In the DSM-IV, published in 1994, ADHD with sub-types was presented. The DSM-IV-TR was released in 2000, primarily to correct factual errors and make changes to reflect recent research; ADHD was largely unchanged.
82:
adequate accuracy. Such people only hear half of everything; they memorize or inform only half of it or do it in a messy manner. According to a proverb they generally know a little bit of all and nothing of the whole…. They are mostly reckless, often copious considering imprudent projects, but they are also most inconstant in execution. They treat everything in a light manner since they are not attentive enough to feel denigration or disadvantages.
139:." Dr. Crichton suggested that these children needed special educational intervention and noted that it was obvious that they had a problem attending even how hard they did try. "Every public teacher must have observed that there are many to whom the dryness and difficulties of the Latin and Greek grammars are so disgusting that neither the terrors of the rod, nor the indulgence of kind intreaty can cause them to give their attention to them."
1322:
318:
showed a 66% continuation of symptoms into adulthood, contrasted with a lower 31% reported by
Gittleman et al. in 1985. Research continued, often based on the model that ADHD could only be continued and not recognized and diagnosed newly in adults and adolescents. Publications by individuals, including Kelly and Ramundo as well as Hallowell and Ratey in the 1990s, complicated this model by not only leading to
317:
In the 1970s, American research began to study the symptoms and development of children diagnosed with ADHD. By the 1980s, research was published confirming the continuation of ADHD symptoms beyond childhood. Some controversy exists over the findings of scholars such as
Gabrielle Weiss in 1986, which
181:
He described 43 children who had serious problems with sustained attention and self-regulation, who were often aggressive, defiant, resistant to discipline, excessively emotional or passionate, which showed little inhibitory volition, and could not learn from the consequences of their actions; though
308:
Even today, the ADHD terminology is objectionable to many. There is some preference for using the ADHD-I, ADD, and AADD terminology when describing individuals lacking the hyperactivity component, especially among older adolescents and adults who find the term "hyperactive" inaccurate, inappropriate
130:
In this disease of attention, if it can with propriety be called so, every impression seems to agitate the person, and gives him or her an unnatural degree of mental restlessness. People walking up and down the room, a slight noise in the same, the moving of a table, the shutting a door suddenly, a
117:
The incapacity of attending with a necessary degree of constancy to any one object, almost always arises from an unnatural or morbid sensibility of the nerves, by which means this faculty is incessantly withdrawn from one impression to another. It may be either born with a person, or it may be the
208:
from 1917 to 1918 and the pandemic of influenza from 1919 to 1920 led to terminology which referred to "brain damage." This would also be called "post-encephalitic behavior disorder." The association of symptoms similar to ADHD in the surviving children eventually led later authors to speculate
81:
An inattentive person won't remark anything but will be shallow everywhere. He studies his matters only superficially; his judgements are erroneous and he misconceives the worth of things because he does not spend enough time and patience to search a matter individually or by the piece with the
290:
The clinical definition of "ADHD" dates to the mid-20th century, but was known by other names. Physicians developed a diagnosis for a set of conditions variously referred to as "minimal brain damage", "minimal brain dysfunction", "minimal brain disorder", "learning/behavioral disabilities" and
121:
When born with a person it becomes evident at a very early period of life, and has a very bad effect, inasmuch as it renders him incapable of attending with constancy to any one object of education. But it seldom is in so great a degree as totally to impede all instruction; and what is very
112:
Crichton had received some of his medical training in
Germany and may well have known Weikard given that his training occurred in several of the towns where Weikard was known to have practiced medicine. More detailed in his observation than Weikard, Crichton described attention problems as:
142:
Both
Melchior Adam Weikard and Alexander Crichton wrote about the occupationally disabling features of this disorder, including attentional problems, restlessness, early onset, and how it can affect schooling, without any of the moralism introduced by George Still and later authors.
209:
that whenever the behavior pattern may be present, it may reflect an underlying disturbance of or damage to the brain. The syndrome came to be known as brain-injured child syndrome, to be amended later to minimal brain damage, and subsequently to minimal brain dysfunction.
291:"hyperactivity". Some of these labels became problematic as knowledge expanded. For example, as awareness grew that many children with no indication of brain damage also displayed the syndrome, the label which included the words "brain damage" did not seem appropriate.
195:
Many historians of ADHD have inferred that the children Still described in his series of three published lectures to the Royal
College of Physicians would likely have qualified for the current disorder of ADHD combined type, among other disorders.
73:. Weikard's text contained a description of ADHD-like behaviours, possibly the first ever such description in medical literature Weikard described many of the symptoms now associated with the inattentive dimension of ADHD in the
428:
Barkley, Russell A.; Peters, Helmut (November 2012). "The earliest reference to ADHD in the medical literature? Melchior Adam
Weikard's description in 1775 of attention deficit (Mangel der Aufmerksamkeit, Attentio Volubilis)".
330:. As analyzed by Conrad and Potter, "ironically, controversy about ADHD raises the public's awareness and increases the diffusion of information about the disorder, which can indirectly contribute to diagnostic expansion."
90:
The inattentive person is to be separated from the noise or any other objects; he is to be kept solitary, in the dark, when he is too active. The easily agile fibres are to be fixated by rubbing, cold baths, steel powder,
1256:
182:
their intellect was normal. He wrote: "I would point out that a notable feature in many of these cases of moral defect without general impairment of intellect is a quite abnormal incapacity for sustained attention.
1124:
1019:
23:, or ADHD, has gone through many changes over history, including "minimal brain damage", "minimal brain dysfunction", "learning/behavioral disabilities" and "hyperactivity". In the second edition of the
491:
An
Inquiry Into the Nature and Origin of Mental Derangement: Comprehending a Concise System of the Physiology and Pathology of the Human Mind. And a History of the Passions and Their Effects
185:
Dr. Still wrote: "there is a defect of moral consciousness which cannot be accounted for by any fault of environment". When Still was talking about moral control, he was referring to it as
39:
that "ADD (Attention-Deficit
Disorder) with or without hyperactivity" was introduced. In 1987 this label was further refined to "ADHD (Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)" in the
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74:
40:
36:
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slight excess of heat or of cold, too much light, or too little light, all destroy constant attention in such patients, inasmuch as it is easily excited by every impression.
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1325:
1005:
1130:
1048:
301:
Under the DSM-5, there are three ADHD presentations, including one which lacks the hyperactivity component. Approximately one-third of people with ADHD have the
518:
Palmer, Erica D; Finger, Stanley (May 2001). "An Early
Description of ADHD (Inattentive Subtype): Dr Alexander Crichton and 'Mental Restlessness' (1798)".
135:
Crichton noted that "…they have a particular name for the state of their nerves, which is expressive enough of their feelings. They say they have the
401:
1136:
1028:
20:
639:
763:
Conrad, Peter; Potter, Deborah (November 2000). "From
Hyperactive Children to ADHD Adults: Observations on the Expansion of Medical Categories".
189:
had done before him, but to Still, the moral control of behavior meant "the control of action in conformity with the idea of the good of all."
966:
922:
850:
813:
662:
1351:
1287:
738:
587:
Barkley, Russell A. (November 2006). "The Relevance of the Still Lectures to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Commentary".
381:
16:
Hyperactivity has long been part of the human condition, although hyperactive behaviour has not always been seen as problematic.
1307:
946:
874:
Gittelman, Rachel; Mannuzza, Salvatore; Shenker, Ronald; Bonagura, Noreen (October 1985). "Hyperactive boys almost grown up".
302:
1277:
1302:
165:
323:
305:, meaning that they do not have the hyperactive or overactive behavior components of the other ADHD presentations.
554:
Still, George F (12 April 1902). "The Goulstonian Lectures: On Some Abnormal Psychical Conditions in Children".
1297:
957:
Driven to distraction: Recognizing and coping with attention deficit disorder from childhood through adulthood
326:. There exists significant social and medical debate surrounding medication. This is influenced by media and
1108:
205:
69:
77:. For instance, according to the English translation provided by Barkley and Peters, Weikard stated that:
409:
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339:
295:
235:
157:
64:
32:
1098:
631:
686:
Lange, Klaus W.; Reichl, Susanne; Lange, Katharina M.; Tucha, Lara; Tucha, Oliver (30 November 2010).
913:
You Mean I'm Not Lazy, Stupid, or Crazy?! A Self-Help Book for Adults with Attention Deficit Disorder
169:
55:
A number of early writers described human behaviour patterns similar to today's definitions of ADHD.
997:
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1168:
780:
612:
481:
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on ‘some abnormal psychical conditions in children’, which were published later the same year in
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805:
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The treatment of children with similar behavioral problems who had survived the epidemic of
1196:
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described, in 1798, a mental state much like the inattentive subtype of ADHD, in his book
887:
714:
687:
370:
344:
327:
319:
567:
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1083:
911:
186:
458:
616:
632:"ADHD's Dynamic History: The Effects of Continuously Changing Diagnostic Criteria"
955:
489:
1211:
1174:
1093:
1088:
841:
Hyperactive Children Grown Up: Empirical Findings and Theoretical Considerations
655:
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment
161:
743:
The History of Psychiatric Classification: From Ancient Egypt to Modern America
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704:
531:
402:"Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: An illustrated historical overview"
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442:
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450:
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294:
The DSM-II (1968) began to call it "Hyperkinetic Reaction of Childhood" (
92:
494:. Vol. 1. London: T. Cadell, Junior, and W. Davies. pp. 254–90
784:
213:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) terminology
1257:
List of investigational attention deficit hyperactivity disorder drugs
31:(1968), the condition was called "Hyperkinetic Reaction of Childhood"(
284:
ADHD with combined presentation (hyperactivity and inattentiveness)
776:
44:
992:
1001:
110:
An Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Mental Derangement.
95:, mineral waters, horseback riding, and gymnastic exercises.
688:"The history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder"
249:
Attention-Deficit Disorder with or without hyperactivity
400:
Warnke, Andreas; Riederer, Christian, eds. (May 2013).
271:
ADHD with inattentive presentation (no hyperactivity)
67:, a prominent German physician, published the textbook
804:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp.
1131:
ADHD Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation
86:
According to Weikard, the treatment recommended was:
75:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
25:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
837:
Weiss, Gabrielle; Hechtman, Lily Trokenberg (1986).
1283:
Deficits in attention, motor control and perception
1265:
1146:
1117:
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954:
910:
838:
692:ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders
369:
19:The terminology used to describe the symptoms of
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580:
549:
547:
545:
543:
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122:fortunate, it is generally diminished with age.
423:
421:
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303:predominantly inattentive presentation (ADHD-I)
43:and subsequent editions, including the current
476:
474:
472:
470:
468:
372:Hyperactive: The Controversial History of ADHD
1013:
8:
513:
511:
509:
160:(1868–1941), known as the father of British
1187:(Dexedrine, Zenzedi, ProCentra, and others)
1125:ADHD Predominantly Inattentive Presentation
1020:
1006:
998:
657:(3rd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
713:
703:
260:Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
1347:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
1029:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
216:
104:Scottish-born physician and author, Sir
21:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
360:
520:Child Psychology and Psychiatry Review
758:
756:
7:
909:Kelly, Kate; Ramundo, Peggy (1993).
888:10.1001/archpsyc.1985.01790330017002
395:
393:
279:ADHD with hyperactive presentation
234:Hyperkinetic Reaction of Childhood (
1288:Developmental coordination disorder
164:, gave a series of lectures to the
917:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
642:from the original on 3 March 2016.
14:
653:Barkley, Russell A., ed. (2006).
1321:
1320:
1308:Hunter versus farmer hypothesis
1165:(Ritalin, Concerta, and others)
486:"On Attention and its diseases"
313:Adult ADHD diagnostic expansion
200:Encephalitis epidemic 1917–1918
118:effect of accidental diseases.
876:Archives of General Psychiatry
589:Journal of Attention Disorders
431:Journal of Attention Disorders
1:
801:The Medicalization of Society
630:Ballas, Paul (2 April 2008).
568:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)74984-7
1278:Auditory processing disorder
961:. New York: Pantheon Books.
845:. New York: Guilford Press.
739:"The Development of the DSM"
322:, but through promoting the
1352:History of mental disorders
1303:Sensory processing disorder
166:Royal College of Physicians
126:Crichton further observed:
1368:
1266:Related or outdated topics
1181:, Adzenys XR, Dyanavel XR)
1137:ADHD Combined Presentation
324:social model of disability
1316:
737:Moon, Kathryn F. (2004).
705:10.1007/s12402-010-0045-8
532:10.1017/S1360641701002507
502:– via Google Books.
274:DSM-IV, DSM-IV-TR, DSM-5
273:
267:
168:in London under the name
152:Sir George Frederic Still
1298:Sluggish cognitive tempo
601:10.1177/1087054706288111
443:10.1177/1087054711432309
406:World Federation of ADHD
1109:Emotional dysregulation
638:. Remedy Health Media.
573:(subscription required)
368:Smith, Matthew (2012).
206:encephalitis lethargica
70:Der Philosophische Arzt
35:). It was in the 1980
1076:Major characteristics:
798:Conrad, Peter (2007).
133:
124:
100:Sir Alexander Crichton
97:
84:
1273:Delayed gratification
1171:(Focalin, Focalin XR)
340:History of psychiatry
309:and even derogatory.
296:Hyperkinetic disorder
236:Hyperkinetic disorder
158:George Frederic Still
128:
115:
88:
79:
65:Melchior Adam Weikard
59:Melchior Adam Weikard
33:Hyperkinetic disorder
1069:Epidemiology of ADHD
947:Hallowell, Edward M.
376:. London: Reaktion.
170:Goulstonian Lectures
993:adhd-federation.org
749:on 2 December 2013.
562:(4102): 1008–1013.
482:Crichton, Alexander
156:In March 1902, Sir
1293:Low arousal theory
1169:Dexmethylphenidate
1054:ADHD controversies
106:Alexander Crichton
1334:
1333:
1185:Dextroamphetamine
1099:Dopamine Dressing
968:978-0-679-42177-1
924:978-0-684-80116-2
852:978-0-89862-661-2
815:978-0-8018-8585-3
664:978-1-59385-210-8
350:Medical sociology
288:
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1250:Investigational:
1191:Lisdexamfetamine
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745:. Archived from
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408:. Archived from
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268:1994 to present
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1197:Methamphetamine
1163:Methylphenidate
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1059:ADHD management
1044:History of ADHD
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765:Social Problems
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1205:Non-stimulant:
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1049:ADHD in adults
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882:(10): 937–47.
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636:Health Central
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1242:(off-label)
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1222:(off-label)
1214:(Strattera)
1212:Atomoxetine
1175:Amphetamine
1156:Stimulants:
1148:Medications
1094:Infodumping
1089:Impulsivity
162:paediatrics
27:, known as
1341:Categories
1230:(Catapres
1224:, Intuniv)
1218:Guanfacine
356:References
263:DSM-III-R
175:The Lancet
1238:Bupropion
1234:, Kapvay)
1228:Clonidine
1199:(Desoxyn)
1193:(Vyvanse)
1177:(Evekeo,
1133:(ADHD-HI)
1118:Sub-types
1079:Attention
933:460451438
861:831281347
824:310089722
673:314550821
63:In 1775,
41:DSM-III-R
1326:Category
1244:, Zyban)
1179:Adderall
1139:(ADHD-C)
1127:(ADHD-I)
1104:Stimming
977:28631839
953:(1994).
724:21258430
640:Archived
609:17085623
484:(1798).
459:11508354
451:22323122
334:See also
252:DSM-III
93:cinchona
1220:(Tenex
896:4037987
785:3097135
715:3000907
617:7607232
498:19 June
241:DSM-II
137:fidgets
37:DSM-III
1031:(ADHD)
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220:Years
29:DSM-II
806:46–69
781:JSTOR
613:S2CID
455:S2CID
226:From
223:Name
45:DSM-5
973:OCLC
963:ISBN
929:OCLC
919:ISBN
892:PMID
857:OCLC
847:ISBN
820:OCLC
810:ISBN
720:PMID
669:OCLC
659:ISBN
605:PMID
500:2013
447:PMID
378:ISBN
884:doi
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