2881:
63:, portray a set of values that suit the strong leader of a small tribe. Valour and success are the principal qualities of a hero and are generally not constrained by moral considerations. Revenge and vendetta are appropriate activities for heroes. The gods that appear in such epics are not defenders of moral values but are capricious forces of nature and are to be feared and propitiated.
157:, in which "the desires of the inferior many are controlled by the wisdom and desires of the superior few". In contrast, democracy would lead to the degradation of culture and morality, with him arguing that "extreme freedom can't be expected to lead to anything but a change to extreme slavery". Whereas ordinary people were living in an illusion, demonstrated by the
215:. The highest form of life is, however, purely intellectual activity. However, the virtues for him are merely the means to an end. Furthermore, he disagreed with Plato on there being a universal transcendental good, instead seeing ethics as practical and particular. Rather, the virtues should be based on finding the
38:
behavior, moral concepts (such as justice, virtue, duty) and moral language. Ethics or moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that "involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior". The field of ethics, along with aesthetics, concerns matters of value, and
234:
taught that the greatest good was pleasure and freedom from pain. However, the latter was more important, as indulgences should be avoided so they did not lead to want and therefore suffering. Instead, the
Epicureans emphasized the quiet enjoyment of pleasures, especially mental pleasure, free of
610:
Kant's philosophy marks a number of important conceptual shifts in philosophical thinking about ethics. Kant argues that questions about happiness should not be a focus in ethical thought, because ethics should be universal while happiness may involve very different modes of life for different
557:
theory, according to which the nature of humans determines what is right and wrong. For example, murder is wrong because life is essential to humans so depriving someone of it is inherently an evil. Education is needed for humans, and is their right, because their intellectual nature requires
437:
across time. The second Noble Truth was that all human suffering is caused by desire that cannot be satisfied, and that only be renouncing the desire could the suffering be ended, which was the Third Noble Truth. The final Noble Truth was that desire could only be relinquished by following
692:, asserted the inalienable moral rights of humans to life, education, and other basic goods. Another response to the atrocities of World War II included existential reflections on the meaning of life, leading to approaches to ethics based on "the situation" and personal interaction.
172:
builds upon Plato's with important variations. Aristotle defined the good as "that at which all things aim". While many different goods were being pursued by different people and activities, that good which is being pursued for its own sake was the supreme good, or what he called
683:
develop his 'ethics of the other' and situate ethics as 'first philosophy'. This philosophy showed a focus on the relation to the other in distress as central to the development of ethics and placed ethical theories center-stage in philosophy. Also, in reaction to the
Holocaust,
602:
to us, a command that, of its nature, ought to be obeyed. An action is only truly moral if done from a sense of duty, and the most valuable thing is a human will that has decided to act rightly. To decide what duty requires, Kant proposes the principle of
42:
Various ethical theories pose various answers to the question "What is the greatest good?" and elaborate a complete set of proper behaviors for individuals and groups. Ethical theories are closely related to forms of life in various social orders.
118:, he articulates the greatest good as the transcendent "form of good itself". In his personal life, Socrates lived extremely morally. He was chaste, disciplined, pious, responsible, and cared for his friends In the so-called
239:, the Stoics thought the greatest good not pleasure but reason and everything in accord with reason, even if painful. Hence, they praised the life of reason lived in accordance with nature. They had been influenced by the
165:
suggested that objective definitions, as looked for by
Socrates, did actually exist. The highest form was that of the Good, which gave purpose for everything in the world and could only be understood by the philosophers.
259:
also developed the concept of morality being based on concentric circles of proximity to the individual, such as family, community and humanity, with the process of bringing the self and the other together called
503:, who lived around the same time as the Buddha, was focused mostly on ethical philosophy. He was especially interested in how to create a harmonious society, which he believed was based on two human qualities:
611:
individuals. He also believed this approach was necessary if an ethical theory was to avoid becoming 'heteronomous'; that is, locating the source of proper moral motivation outside of properly moral concerns.
386:, according to which enlightenment came through a perfectly ethical life that necessitated a complete renunciation of the killing of any living beings, including the smallest of insects. The other one was
230:, debated the conditions of the good life. Both of these schools argued that tranquility should be the aim of life but disagreed on the mean of getting there despite both claiming the Socratic tradition.
70:
both advise farmers to leave some grain for poor gleaners, and promise favours from the gods for doing so. A number of ancient religions and ethical thinkers also put forward some version of the
2674:
247:. Whereas the Epicureans believed the universe was essentially meaningless, the Stoics believed that God (understood to be one with the universe) gave meaning to the world. In response to the
640:
Both
Kantianism and Utilitarianism provide ethical theories that can support contemporary liberal political developments, and associated enlightenment ways of conceiving of the individual.
66:
More strictly ethical claims are found occasionally in the literature of ancient civilizations that is aimed at lower classes of society. The
Sumerian Farmer's Almanac and the Egyptian
527:
should be the guiding principle of all actions. However, he also believed that different forms of behaviour were appropriate in different relationships. The second principle of
637:, the view that right actions are those that are likely to result in the greatest happiness of the greatest number. Utilitarianism remains popular in the twenty-first century.
334:, the illusion hiding reality, which requires both understanding the impermanence of material reality as well as the attainment of an understanding of the unity of the Self (
243:
and
Socrates' ascetism and indifference to adversity. The acceptance of the inevitable subsequently became a key aspect of their thinking, based also on their belief in
442:. The Eightfold Path consists of eight practices: right view, right resolve, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right
145:
argued that conventional morality was a ruse invented to keep the elite in power, which should be discarded in favour of self-interest. Plato responded by planning a
679:, led to a deepening appreciation of the reality of extreme evil. The Holocaust impacted other Jewish philosophers immensely, for instance, the post-war period saw
2650:
2920:
378:
increased in popularity, sometimes being a reaction to the prevailing social structures. Two significant belief systems emerged from this reaction.
2682:
723:. The revival of this ethical position congruently saw a return to engagement with earlier philosophers associated with moral philosophy such as
1657:
1585:
1564:
1331:
1304:
689:
296:, a conception of natural law and the duties required for the upholding of the natural order. Hinduism itself is viewed by its followers as
2698:
786:
1798:
1633:
1604:
1542:
122:, he raised the problem of whether divine action was motivated by it being good, or whether it was good because it was divine. In
1710:
195:, which Aristotle argues is the highest good for man. Following Plato, Aristotle gives a significant role in moral life to the
102:
aimed to establish moral truths by questioning the beliefs of others, rather than by explaining them directly. He opposed the
2915:
2666:
2483:
1900:
2730:
2690:
2603:
2362:
791:
403:
2905:
2658:
523:, encompassing all the qualities required for ideal behaviour between people. Confucious argued that a form of the
362:
the accumulated balance of good and bad actions by an individual. This was in turn used as a justification for the
2849:
1575:
767:
and other special fields. The development of new technologies produced many new issues requiring ethical debate.
660:, which believes ethical practices are merely evolved ways of behavior that led to evolutionary success, to the
558:
developing. Natural law theory remains at the heart of
Catholic moral teaching, for example in its positions on
2865:
2352:
2009:
1765:
418:
216:
67:
704:
150:
2342:
1943:
1895:
599:
2722:
2714:
2642:
2598:
1960:
1955:
1850:
566:
465:
363:
240:
2839:
2503:
1979:
1969:
1950:
1928:
1890:
1828:
1740:
1703:
760:
573:, the application of ethical principles to detailed cases of conscience, such as the conditions of a
439:
158:
2809:
2770:
2746:
2613:
2533:
2513:
2488:
2458:
1870:
1750:
716:
657:
336:
212:
169:
17:
531:
embodied this by establishing the need to follow tradition, rituals and other conventional norms.
460:
and sensual indulgence, which is defined as the Noble
Eightfold Path, or the Buddha's avoiding of
2804:
2799:
2634:
2573:
2443:
2031:
1938:
1923:
1875:
1823:
1621:
1530:
781:
712:
604:
123:
486:('emptiness') refers to the tenet that "all things are empty of intrinsic existence and nature (
298:
187:', and involves "living well and doing well", not mere pleasure (which will itself follow). A "
74:, at least in its negative version: do not do to others what you do not want done to yourself.
51:
The epic poems that stand at the beginning of many world literatures, such as the
Mesopotamian
2925:
2859:
2844:
2834:
2563:
2394:
2297:
2287:
2016:
1974:
1653:
1629:
1600:
1581:
1560:
1538:
1327:
1300:
520:
511:
469:
408:
275:
256:
119:
52:
1321:
2829:
2754:
2738:
2568:
2553:
2498:
2277:
2059:
2026:
2021:
1918:
1818:
1755:
1735:
1727:
680:
630:
505:
103:
482:
90:
a new moral approach emerged which used rational arguments instead, leading to the rise of
2930:
2910:
2884:
2618:
2357:
2312:
2272:
2220:
2165:
2155:
2079:
2054:
2036:
1989:
1880:
1813:
1808:
1696:
764:
756:
700:
574:
330:
248:
162:
99:
83:
1683:
448:('meditative absorption or union'; alternatively, equanimous meditative awareness). The
2854:
2608:
2508:
2493:
2468:
2463:
2347:
2237:
2175:
2094:
2084:
2074:
1984:
1865:
1860:
1845:
1785:
1770:
1745:
744:
740:
724:
695:
In the late 20th century, there was a so-called 'aretaic turn' and renewed interest in
634:
626:
620:
586:
550:
453:
236:
1647:
743:
continued to deal with issues of practice. The 1970s saw a revival of other fields of
2899:
2538:
2478:
2428:
2267:
2205:
2190:
2089:
2004:
1933:
1885:
1793:
1775:
1552:
752:
708:
696:
676:
653:
591:
559:
352:
1673:
141:, a concept which for Plato was inclusive of wider morality as well. In a dialogue,
2819:
2762:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2558:
2528:
2262:
2135:
2069:
2064:
1999:
1855:
1840:
720:
665:
661:
423:
142:
110:, insisting on the formulation of moral principles from beginning. As portrayed in
262:
1294:
2518:
2322:
2099:
1760:
1643:
1512:
T.F. McMahon, A brief history of
American business ethics, in R. Frederick, ed,
1396:
554:
546:
540:
524:
461:
286:
244:
188:
184:
154:
71:
413:
2578:
2548:
2543:
2523:
2473:
2384:
2242:
2185:
2145:
2140:
1910:
1833:
1448:
649:
457:
449:
391:
371:
223:
175:
91:
87:
31:
199:, fixed habits of behaviour that lead to good outcomes; the main virtues are
86:, which provided moral meaning but no comprehensive framework, from the 600s
2794:
2706:
2438:
2418:
2317:
2227:
2200:
2180:
2125:
1994:
1803:
748:
728:
672:
570:
500:
367:
302:, or the 'Eternal Law', which binds everyone. The four aims of Hinduism are
180:
652:, that is, philosophical theory on the nature of ethics. Views ranged from
429:
126:
he defends the notion that it is better to suffer injustice than to do it.
2824:
2789:
2423:
2408:
2332:
2327:
2292:
2282:
2195:
2130:
2104:
1684:
The Natural Law Tradition in Ethics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
1486:
Alasdair MacIntyre, 'Moral philosophy and contemporary social practice',
739:
While mid-twentieth century ethics mostly dealt with theoretical issues,
656:, which holds that moral truths are about mind-independent realities, to
488:
477:
473:
395:
387:
383:
281:
252:
231:
208:
153:
into which different societies could be divided, with the best one being
95:
35:
668:, which held that the entire notion of ethical obligation is a mistake.
2448:
2337:
2302:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2160:
2150:
707:". This approach was then furthered and popularized by figures such as
444:
379:
342:
204:
200:
196:
149:
and giving a metaphysical theory of what is good. He argued there were
138:
107:
94:
as a distinct mode of thought. This has been especially attributed to
2433:
2374:
2307:
2232:
2109:
1719:
776:
685:
456:, either to the spiritual practice that steers clear of both extreme
375:
304:
292:
227:
146:
27:
1678:
1094:
2413:
2403:
1451:(Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy), Retrieved 11 November 2019.
594:, in the 18th century, argued that right and wrong are founded on
394:. Other responses to the era included materialist schools such as
357:
310:
130:
111:
60:
56:
1386:, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990.
553:
developed a synthesis of Biblical and Aristotelian ethics called
2453:
2369:
2215:
2210:
2170:
595:
434:
316:
1692:
2379:
417:, the suffering that is part of life. This is also one of the
1674:
Ancient ethical theory (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
2675:
An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
191:" citizen who lives a life of virtue can expect to achieve
1688:
1577:
The Quest for a Moral Compass: A Global History of Ethics
1499:
R. Martensen, The history of bioethics: an essay review,
39:
thus comprises the branch of philosophy called axiology.
1501:
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1255:
1253:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1211:
1209:
1172:
1170:
1109:
1107:
1077:
1075:
1062:
1060:
1022:
1020:
1018:
933:
931:
607:: correct moral rules are those everyone could adopt.
864:
862:
398:, which embraced hedonism and rejected spirituality.
1679:
Ancient ethics (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
1597:
The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism
1384:
The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning
401:
The most important of the Buddha's teaching was the
2782:
2627:
2393:
2118:
2047:
1909:
1784:
1726:
747:, the consideration of detailed practical cases in
82:While Greek moral thought was originally based on
828:Merit and Responsibility: A Study in Greek Values
648:The early twentieth century saw many debates on
688:theories, as expressed for example in the 1948
452:refers to major aspects of the teaching of the
222:Later Greek schools of philosophy, such as the
1704:
1488:The Tasks of Philosophy Vol1: Selected Essays
8:
2651:Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel
1296:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations
913:Cf. Symposium, Phaedo, and Republic, Book I
351:also means breaking free from the cycle of
1711:
1697:
1689:
1323:Buddhist Moral Philosophy: An Introduction
826:(New York, 1998), ch. 1; A. W. H. Adkins,
699:. This turn is often traced to a paper by
810:
1649:Oxford Handbook of the History of Ethics
382:, formalised by the ascetic philosopher
183:' but may be more broadly described as '
2683:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals
803:
1516:, Oxford: Blackwell, 2002, pp. 342-52.
1399:(Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy).
1271:
562:and other controversial moral issues.
427:, the impermanence of everything, and
251:, the Stoics developed the concept of
1559:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1357:
1259:
1244:
1227:
1215:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1161:
1149:
1137:
1125:
1113:
1081:
1066:
1051:
1026:
1009:
997:
985:
973:
961:
949:
937:
922:
892:
880:
868:
690:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
569:led to the development of manuals of
7:
565:The Catholic practice of compulsory
421:which define life, the others being
2699:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
1652:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1099:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
787:History of ethics in Ancient Greece
519:, the highest principle, describes
18:History of ethics in Ancient Greece
328:is that only it can break through
137:, which was focused on conceiving
25:
1460:For example, Simone de Beauvoir,
1436:Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong
2921:History of science by discipline
2880:
2879:
407:, at the core of which were the
290:, which contains the concept of
179:, which has been translated as '
735:Professional and applied ethics
340:) and the foundation of being (
2667:The Theory of Moral Sentiments
2037:Value monism – Value pluralism
1624:; Charlotte B. Becker (2003).
1514:A Companion to Business Ethics
1320:Christopher W. Gowans (2014).
433:, or the non-existence of the
34:that examines right and wrong
1:
1326:. Routledge. pp. 69–70.
1299:. Routledge. pp. 68–69.
235:fear and anxiety. Founded by
2731:On the Genealogy of Morality
2691:Critique of Practical Reason
1382:A.R. Jonsen and S. Toulmin,
1626:A History of Western Ethics
1574:Malik, Kenan (2014-05-01).
1490:(Cambridge, 2006), pp. 109.
792:List of years in philosophy
404:Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta
2947:
2659:A Treatise of Human Nature
1477:(Oxford, 2002), pp. 13-14.
1412:(2nd ed, Cambridge, 1993).
618:
584:
538:
273:
2875:
1557:The Development of Ethics
1535:A Short History of Ethics
625:In 19th century Britain,
411:. The first of these was
2010:Universal prescriptivism
1595:Vetter, Tilmann (1988).
1423:Moral Realism: A Defence
856:(New York, 1996), ch. 1.
419:three marks of existence
255:. The Stoic philosopher
68:Instruction of Amenemope
1799:Artificial intelligence
1628:. New York: Routledge.
1462:The Ethics of Ambiguity
1397:Kant's moral philosophy
705:Modern Moral Philosophy
1371:Fundamentals of Ethics
1293:Paul Williams (2008).
600:Categorical Imperative
324:. The significance of
2916:History of philosophy
2723:The Methods of Ethics
1961:Divine command theory
1956:Ideal observer theory
1537:. London: Macmillan.
843:(Chicago, 1963), 108.
824:The Gifts of the Jews
355:which is governed by
2840:Political philosophy
1283:Kohn (1991), p. 143.
761:environmental ethics
440:Noble Eightfold Path
159:allegory of the cave
78:Ancient Greek ethics
2810:Evolutionary ethics
2771:Reasons and Persons
2747:A Theory of Justice
1901:Uncertain sentience
1622:Becker, Lawrence C.
1531:MacIntyre, Alasdair
1503:56 (2001), 168-175.
717:Rosalind Hursthouse
675:, such as those of
671:Reflections on the
658:evolutionary ethics
2805:Ethics in religion
2800:Descriptive ethics
2635:Nicomachean Ethics
1580:. Atlantic Books.
1421:R. Shafer-Landau,
1040:Aristotle's Ethics
782:Ethics in religion
713:Alasdair MacIntyre
605:universalizability
535:Natural law ethics
284:is in the epic of
280:The foundation of
219:between extremes.
170:Aristotle's ethics
133:'s ethics was the
59:and the Icelandic
2906:History of ethics
2893:
2892:
2860:Social philosophy
2845:Population ethics
2835:Philosophy of law
2815:History of ethics
2298:Political freedom
1975:Euthyphro dilemma
1766:Suffering-focused
1659:978-0-19-954597-1
1587:978-1-78239-030-5
1566:978-0-415-96824-9
1475:Virtues and Vices
1438:(New York, 1977).
1333:978-1-317-65934-1
1306:978-1-134-25056-1
1274:, pp. 11–14.
1164:, pp. 79–80.
1152:, pp. 77–78.
1042:(New York, 1988.)
904:Republic, Book VI
644:Twentieth century
598:, which issues a
478:Mahāyāna Buddhism
409:Four Noble Truths
308:(enlightenment),
276:Indian philosophy
120:Euthyphro dilemma
53:Epic of Gilgamesh
30:is the branch of
16:(Redirected from
2938:
2883:
2882:
2830:Moral psychology
2775:
2767:
2759:
2755:Practical Ethics
2751:
2743:
2739:Principia Ethica
2735:
2727:
2719:
2711:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2671:
2663:
2655:
2647:
2643:Ethics (Spinoza)
2639:
2278:Moral imperative
1736:Consequentialism
1713:
1706:
1699:
1690:
1663:
1639:
1610:
1591:
1570:
1548:
1517:
1510:
1504:
1497:
1491:
1484:
1478:
1471:
1465:
1464:. Citadel, 1949.
1458:
1452:
1449:Emmanuel Levinas
1445:
1439:
1432:
1426:
1419:
1413:
1410:Practical Ethics
1408:E.g. P. Singer,
1406:
1400:
1393:
1387:
1380:
1374:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1338:
1337:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1248:
1242:
1231:
1230:, p. 87-88.
1225:
1219:
1213:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1191:, p. 81-82.
1186:
1180:
1174:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1102:
1093:W. O. Stephens,
1091:
1085:
1079:
1070:
1064:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
935:
926:
925:, p. 21-22.
920:
914:
911:
905:
902:
896:
890:
884:
878:
872:
866:
857:
850:
844:
837:
831:
820:
814:
808:
681:Emmanuel Levinas
631:John Stuart Mill
320:(pleasure), and
129:The key work of
104:moral relativism
21:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2871:
2778:
2773:
2765:
2757:
2749:
2741:
2733:
2725:
2717:
2709:
2701:
2693:
2685:
2677:
2669:
2661:
2653:
2645:
2637:
2623:
2396:
2389:
2313:Self-discipline
2273:Moral hierarchy
2221:Problem of evil
2166:Double standard
2156:Culture of life
2114:
2043:
1990:Non-cognitivism
1905:
1780:
1722:
1717:
1670:
1660:
1642:
1636:
1620:
1617:
1615:Further reading
1607:
1594:
1588:
1573:
1567:
1551:
1545:
1529:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1511:
1507:
1498:
1494:
1485:
1481:
1473:Philippa Foot,
1472:
1468:
1459:
1455:
1446:
1442:
1433:
1429:
1425:(Oxford, 2003).
1420:
1416:
1407:
1403:
1394:
1390:
1381:
1377:
1373:(Oxford, 1983).
1368:
1364:
1356:
1341:
1334:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1292:
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1606:90-04-08959-4
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1360:, p. 98.
1359:
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1262:, p. 90.
1261:
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1246:
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1237:
1233:
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1218:, p. 87.
1217:
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1202:
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1179:, p. 81.
1178:
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1143:
1140:, p. 50.
1139:
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1131:
1128:, p. 48.
1127:
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1119:
1116:, p. 46.
1115:
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1100:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1084:, p. 45.
1083:
1078:
1076:
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1069:, p. 44.
1068:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1054:, p. 37.
1053:
1048:
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1035:
1032:
1029:, p. 34.
1028:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1012:, p. 33.
1011:
1006:
1003:
1000:, p. 29.
999:
994:
991:
988:, p. 28.
987:
982:
979:
976:, p. 27.
975:
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964:, p. 26.
963:
958:
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952:, p. 25.
951:
946:
943:
940:, p. 24.
939:
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910:
907:
901:
898:
895:, p. 20.
894:
889:
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883:, p. 18.
882:
877:
874:
871:, p. 12.
870:
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841:The Sumerians
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753:animal ethics
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709:Philippa Foot
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697:virtue ethics
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654:moral realism
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366:. During the
365:
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270:Indian ethics
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2814:
2763:After Virtue
2489:Schopenhauer
2263:Moral agency
2136:Common sense
2032:Universalism
2000:Expressivism
1980:Intuitionism
1951:Subjectivism
1896:Terraforming
1871:Professional
1648:
1644:Crisp, Roger
1625:
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1395:R. Johnson,
1391:
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1295:
1288:
1279:
1267:
1223:
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1157:
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1133:
1121:
1098:
1095:Stoic ethics
1089:
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1005:
993:
981:
969:
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945:
918:
909:
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852:J. Wattles,
848:
840:
835:
827:
823:
818:
806:
738:
721:Paul Ricoeur
694:
670:
666:J. L. Mackie
662:error theory
647:
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364:caste system
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297:
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189:great-souled
174:
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151:five regimes
143:Thrasymachus
134:
128:
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81:
65:
50:
41:
26:
2638:(c. 322 BC)
2504:Kierkegaard
2323:Stewardship
2100:Rousseauian
2017:Rationalism
1929:Cognitivism
1876:Programming
1851:Meat eating
1824:Engineering
1434:J. Mackie,
1369:J. Finnis,
1272:Vetter 1988
822:T. Cahill,
719:as well as
555:natural law
547:Middle Ages
541:Natural law
525:Golden Rule
287:Mahabharata
245:determinism
217:golden mean
185:flourishing
155:aristocracy
72:golden rule
2900:Categories
2534:Bonhoeffer
2243:Immorality
2186:Eudaimonia
2146:Conscience
2141:Compassion
2027:Skepticism
2022:Relativism
1939:Naturalism
1919:Absolutism
1891:Technology
1741:Deontology
1447:B. Bergo,
1358:Malik 2014
1260:Malik 2014
1245:Malik 2014
1228:Malik 2014
1216:Malik 2014
1201:Malik 2014
1189:Malik 2014
1177:Malik 2014
1162:Malik 2014
1150:Malik 2014
1138:Malik 2014
1126:Malik 2014
1114:Malik 2014
1082:Malik 2014
1067:Malik 2014
1052:Malik 2014
1027:Malik 2014
1010:Malik 2014
998:Malik 2014
986:Malik 2014
974:Malik 2014
962:Malik 2014
950:Malik 2014
938:Malik 2014
923:Malik 2014
893:Malik 2014
881:Malik 2014
869:Malik 2014
798:References
703:entitled "
650:metaethics
633:advocated
567:confession
521:humaneness
466:absolutism
462:eternalism
458:asceticism
450:Middle Way
392:the Buddha
372:asceticism
314:(wealth),
274:See also:
224:Epicureans
213:temperance
193:eudaimonia
176:eudaimonia
92:philosophy
55:, Homer's
32:philosophy
2795:Casuistry
2707:Either/Or
2614:Korsgaard
2609:Azurmendi
2574:MacIntyre
2514:Nietzsche
2444:Augustine
2439:Confucius
2419:Aristotle
2395:Ethicists
2353:Intrinsic
2318:Suffering
2228:Happiness
2201:Free will
2181:Etiquette
2126:Authority
2070:Epicurean
2065:Confucian
2060:Christian
1995:Emotivism
1819:Discourse
1756:Pragmatic
1728:Normative
1599:. BRILL.
749:bioethics
729:Aristotle
673:Holocaust
571:casuistry
501:Confucius
368:Axial Age
263:Oikeiôsis
257:Hierocles
181:happiness
84:mythology
2926:Morality
2885:Category
2825:Ideology
2790:Axiology
2619:Nussbaum
2569:Frankena
2564:Anscombe
2554:Williams
2509:Sidgwick
2429:Valluvar
2424:Diogenes
2409:Socrates
2333:Theodicy
2328:Sympathy
2293:Pacifism
2283:Morality
2196:Fidelity
2176:Equality
2131:Autonomy
2119:Concepts
2080:Feminist
2055:Buddhist
1985:Nihilism
1924:Axiology
1881:Research
1814:Computer
1809:Business
1646:(2013).
1555:(2007).
1533:(1998).
771:See also
575:just war
489:svabhava
474:nihilism
396:Charvaka
388:Buddhism
384:Mahavira
282:Hinduism
253:theodicy
232:Epicurus
209:prudence
135:Republic
116:Republic
108:Sophists
96:Socrates
2783:Related
2529:Tillich
2494:Bentham
2469:Spinoza
2464:Aquinas
2449:Mencius
2363:Western
2338:Torture
2303:Precept
2258:Loyalty
2253:Liberty
2248:Justice
2161:Dignity
2151:Consent
2095:Kantian
2085:Islamic
2048:Schools
1934:Realism
1866:Nursing
1861:Medical
1846:Machine
1786:Applied
1524:Sources
545:In the
483:śūnyatā
445:samadhi
430:anatman
380:Jainism
343:brahman
241:Cynics'
205:justice
201:courage
197:virtues
139:justice
124:Gorgias
106:of the
47:Origins
2931:Virtue
2911:Ethics
2774:(1984)
2766:(1981)
2758:(1979)
2750:(1971)
2742:(1903)
2734:(1887)
2726:(1874)
2718:(1861)
2710:(1843)
2702:(1820)
2694:(1788)
2686:(1785)
2678:(1780)
2670:(1759)
2662:(1740)
2654:(1726)
2646:(1677)
2604:Taylor
2589:Parfit
2584:Singer
2559:Mackie
2434:Cicero
2375:Virtue
2308:Rights
2233:Honour
2090:Jewish
1886:Sexual
1794:Animal
1776:Virtue
1720:Ethics
1656:
1632:
1603:
1584:
1563:
1541:
1330:
1303:
777:Ethics
686:rights
476:). In
468:) and
454:Buddha
424:anitya
414:duḥkha
376:hermit
349:Moksha
326:moksha
322:dharma
305:moksha
293:dharma
228:Stoics
161:, the
147:utopia
98:. The
28:Ethics
2866:Index
2628:Works
2599:Adams
2594:Nagel
2549:Dewey
2544:Rawls
2524:Barth
2519:Moore
2484:Hegel
2459:Xunzi
2414:Plato
2404:Laozi
2385:Wrong
2358:Japan
2348:Value
2343:Trust
2238:Ideal
2105:Stoic
1856:Media
1841:Legal
472:(and
358:karma
337:atman
311:artha
131:Plato
112:Plato
61:Eddas
57:Iliad
36:moral
2579:Hare
2539:Foot
2499:Mill
2479:Kant
2474:Hume
2454:Mozi
2370:Vice
2288:Norm
2216:Evil
2211:Good
2171:Duty
1911:Meta
1834:Land
1761:Role
1746:Care
1654:ISBN
1630:ISBN
1601:ISBN
1582:ISBN
1561:ISBN
1539:ISBN
1328:ISBN
1301:ISBN
727:and
629:and
596:duty
509:and
492:)".
464:(or
435:self
331:maya
317:kama
226:and
211:and
2380:Vow
2110:Tao
1804:Bio
1097:in
664:of
517:Ren
506:ren
114:'s
2902::
1342:^
1252:^
1235:^
1208:^
1169:^
1106:^
1074:^
1059:^
1017:^
930:^
861:^
763:,
759:,
755:,
751:,
731:.
715:,
711:,
577:.
549:,
529:li
512:li
480:,
370:,
347:.
266:.
207:,
203:,
88:BC
1712:e
1705:t
1698:v
1662:.
1638:.
1609:.
1590:.
1569:.
1547:.
1336:.
1309:.
1101:.
813:.
514:.
360:,
345:)
20:)
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