65:
which gives the angle of the Sun from the horizon at noon, or the angle of a known star at night, was used from around the 15th to the 17th century. The observation of the Sun instead of
Polaris enabled the measurement of latitude in the
28:), in 325 BC. They used several methods to measure latitude, including the height of the Sun above the horizon at midday, measured using a
167:
166:
Semedo de Matos, Jorge (2015). "Tábuas
Solares na náutica portuguesa dos séculos XV e XVI". In Contente Domingues, Francisco (ed.).
189:
141:
194:
93:, which measures the length of a shadow, was used from the 16th century and saw iterative improvements such as the
114:
105:; the sextant eventually displaced the others, and is still used to this day. The sextant was mentioned by
62:
58:
above the horizon. This instrument could only be used in latitudes where
Polaris is close to the horizon.
136:
131:
74:
tables. One of the most famous tables, but certainly not the first one, was published in 1496 by the
98:
67:
126:
51:
146:
71:
47:(CE 70–130) was the first to assign a latitude and longitude to every place on his maps.
75:
44:
37:
33:
94:
183:
79:
32:(a word that originally meant an interpreter or judge); the length of the day at the
106:
25:
110:
24:
who voyaged to
Britain and beyond, as far as the Arctic Circle (observing the
109:(1643–1727) in his unpublished writings, and first implemented about 1730 by
90:
83:
17:
102:
55:
21:
29:
169:
D’Aquém, d’Além e d’Ultramar. Homenagem a António Dias
Farinha
54:
was used in equatorial regions, to measure the height of
16:
The Greeks studied the results of the measurements of
8:
97:. These were in use in parallel with the
158:
7:
172:. Lisboa: CHUL. pp. 1235–1250.
50:From the late 9th century CE, the
36:, and the elevation of the Sun at
14:
142:International Latitude Service
1:
211:
70:but required the use of
190:History of navigation
137:History of navigation
132:History of longitude
68:Southern hemisphere
63:mariner's astrolabe
127:History of geodesy
195:Ocean exploration
147:Ocean exploration
82:, then exiled in
72:solar declination
202:
174:
173:
163:
113:(1682–1744) and
20:by the explorer
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209:
205:
204:
203:
201:
200:
199:
180:
179:
178:
177:
165:
164:
160:
155:
123:
45:Marinus of Tyre
38:winter solstice
34:summer solstice
12:
11:
5:
208:
206:
198:
197:
192:
182:
181:
176:
175:
157:
156:
154:
151:
150:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
122:
119:
115:Thomas Godfrey
95:Davis quadrant
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
207:
196:
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185:
171:
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159:
152:
148:
145:
143:
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135:
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120:
118:
117:(1704–1749).
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112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
87:
85:
81:
80:Abraham Zacut
77:
73:
69:
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59:
57:
53:
52:Arabian Kamal
48:
46:
41:
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
168:
161:
107:Isaac Newton
88:
60:
49:
42:
26:midnight sun
15:
111:John Hadley
184:Categories
153:References
101:and early
43:The Greek
91:backstaff
76:Castilian
121:See also
84:Portugal
18:latitude
103:sextant
56:Polaris
22:Pytheas
99:octant
30:gnĹŤmĹŤn
89:The
78:Jew
61:The
186::
86:.
40:.
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