823:
1507:...if we see the nebulae all receding from our position in space, then every other observer, no matter where he may be located, will see the nebulae all receding from his position. However, the assumption is adopted. There must be no favoured location in the Universe, no centre, no boundary; all must see the Universe alike. And, in order to ensure this situation, the cosmologist postulates spatial isotropy and spatial homogeneity, which is his way of stating that the Universe must be pretty much alike everywhere and in all directions."
1193:
923:
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22:
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1800:"Their cosmography as far as we know anything about it was practically of one type up til the time of the white man's arrival upon the scene. That of the Borneo Dayaks may furnish us with some idea of it. 'They consider the Earth to be a flat surface, whilst the heavens are a dome, a kind of glass shade which covers the Earth and comes in contact with it at the horizon.'" Lucien Levy-Bruhl,
1351:
2647:
2611:
1027:
2635:
1335:
rather "the common centre of gravity of the Earth, the Sun and all the
Planets is to be esteem'd the Centre of the World", and this centre of gravity "either is at rest or moves uniformly forward in a right line" (Newton adopted the "at rest" alternative in view of common consent that the centre, wherever it was, was at rest).
1487:, and they enabled the distance of Great Andromeda Nebula to be determined. His measurement demonstrated conclusively that this feature was not a cluster of stars and gas within this galaxy, but an entirely separate galaxy located a significant distance from the Milky Way. This proved the existence of other galaxies.
1300:
these "stars" relative to
Jupiter were changing in a way that would have been inexplicable if they had really been fixed stars. On 10 January Galileo noted that one of them had disappeared, an observation which he attributed to its being hidden behind Jupiter. Within a few days he concluded that they were
1299:
On 7 January 1610 Galileo used his telescope, with optics superior to what had been available before. He described "three fixed stars, totally invisible by their smallness", all close to
Jupiter, and lying on a straight line through it. Observations on subsequent nights showed that the positions of
1334:
view of the Solar System – developed in a somewhat modern way, because already in the mid-1680s he recognised the "deviation of the Sun" from the centre of gravity of the Solar System. For Newton, it was not precisely the centre of the Sun or any other body that could be considered at rest, but
1323:, which held that all heavenly bodies should circle the Earth. Many astronomers and philosophers initially refused to believe that Galileo could have discovered such a thing; by showing that, like Earth, other planets could also have moons of their own that followed prescribed paths, and hence that
938:
or place of prayer as the axis. Altars, incense sticks, candles and torches form the axis by sending a column of smoke, and prayer, toward heaven. The architecture of sacred places often reflects this role. "Every temple or palace--and by extension, every sacred city or royal residence--is a Sacred
1458:
and Curtis took place, concerning the nature of the Milky Way, spiral nebulae, and the dimensions of the
Universe. To support his claim that the Great Andromeda Nebula (M31) was an external galaxy, Curtis also noted the appearance of dark lanes resembling the dust clouds in this galaxy, as well as
1546:
is an extension of the
Copernican principle which states that the Universe is homogeneous (the same observational evidence is available to observers at different locations in the Universe) and isotropic (the same observational evidence is available by looking in any direction in the Universe). A
1135:(384–322 BC) provided observational arguments supporting the idea of a spherical Earth, namely that different stars are visible in different locations, travelers going south see southern constellations rise higher above the horizon, and the shadow of Earth on the Moon during a
1262:), in 1543, the year of his death, though he had formulated the theory several decades earlier. Copernicus' ideas were not immediately accepted, but they did begin a paradigm shift away from the Ptolemaic geocentric model to a heliocentric model. The
1636:
Copernican heliocenterism held that the Sun itself was the center of the entire
Universe. As it is modernly understood, Heliocenterism refers to the much narrower concept that the Sun is the center of the Solar System, not the center of the entire
62:, based on astronomical observation; this model proposed that the center of the Universe lies at the center of a spherical, stationary Earth, around which the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars rotate. With the development of the
1804:(repr. Boston: Beacon, 1966) 353; "The usual primitive conception of the world's form ... flat and round below and surmounted above by a solid firmament in the shape of an inverted bowl." H. B. Alexander,
1592:
1384:, akin to the Solar System but on a much larger scale. The resulting disk of stars can be seen as a band on the sky from the Earth's perspective inside the disk. In a treatise in 1755,
2150:
1511:
The redshift observations of Hubble, in which galaxies appear to be moving away from us at a rate proportional to their distance from us, are now understood to be associated with the
819:(also cosmic axis, world axis, world pillar, columna cerului, center of the world) is a point described as the center of the world, the connection between it and Heaven, or both.
1467:
presented an elegant and simple astrophysical method to estimate the distance of M31. His result put the
Andromeda Nebula far outside this galaxy at a distance of about 450,000
1109:"Center" is well-defined in a Flat Earth model. A flat Earth would have a definite geographic center. There would also be a unique point at the exact center of a spherical
959:, with the vertical bar representing the union of Earth and heaven as the horizontal bars represent union of people to one another, with the altar at the intersection.
1319:
His observations of the satellites of
Jupiter created a revolution in astronomy: a planet with smaller planets orbiting it did not conform to the principles of
2360:
1347:). Thus, to astronomers of previous centuries, there was no distinction between a hypothetical center of the galaxy and a hypothetical center of the universe.
1435:
Nebula". Searching the photographic record, 11 more novae were discovered. Curtis noticed that novas in
Andromeda were drastically fainter than novas in the
782:
581:
58:, the central axis of a flat Earth that connects the Earth, heavens, and other realms together. In the 4th century BC Greece, philosophers developed the
2310:
131:
2081:
1557:
1503:). This raised the appearance of this galaxy being in the center of an expanding Universe, however, Hubble rejected the findings philosophically:
1443:
away. As a result, Curtis became a proponent of the so-called "island
Universes" hypothesis, which held that objects previously believed to be
318:
2556:
2689:
1925:
999:
creates a world center within the boundaries of its two-dimensional space analogous to that created in three-dimensional space by a shrine.
1327:
didn't apply only to the Earth, planets, and Sun, what Galileo had essentially done was to show that other planets might be "like Earth".
1646:
The work of Aristarchus's in which he proposed his heliocentric system has not survived. We only know of it now from a brief passage in
52:
Historically, different people have suggested various locations as the center of the Universe. Many mythological cosmologies included an
2430:
1254:
1835:
988:
70:
in the 16th century, the Sun was believed to be the center of the Universe, with the planets (including Earth) and stars orbiting it.
2320:
2030:
1984:
1895:
1739:
2353:
1531:
named the principle after Copernicus in the mid-20th century, although the principle itself dates back to the 16th-17th century
25:
Figure of the heavenly bodies — an illustration of the Ptolemaic geocentric system by Portuguese cosmographer and cartographer
1304:
Jupiter: Galileo stated that he had reached this conclusion on 11 January. He had discovered three of Jupiter's four largest
1276:
published his first two laws about planetary motion in 1609, having found them by analyzing the astronomical observations of
705:
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1408:
124:
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641:
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283:
101:
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See Curtis Wilson, "The Newtonian achievement in astronomy", pages 233–274 in R Taton & C Wilson (eds) (1989)
1343:
Before the 1920s, it was generally believed that there were no galaxies other than the Milky Way (see for example
2530:
1512:
1411:
proposed the Central Sun Hypothesis, according to which the stars of the universe revolved around a point in the
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86:
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1344:
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117:
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1868:
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1543:
1527:, named after Nicolaus Copernicus, states that the Earth is not in a central, specially favored position.
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912:
358:
82:
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1483:
for the first time on astronomical photos of M31. These were made using the 2.5 metre (100 in)
1062:
containing heavenly bodies. Most pre-scientific cultures have had conceptions of a Flat Earth, including
2455:
2236:
2195:
1480:
1263:
1187:
916:
46:
1567:
1242:
The notion that the Earth revolves around the Sun had been proposed as early as the 3rd century BC by
1192:
2312:
The Accelerating Universe: Infinite Expansion, the Cosmological Constant, and the Beauty of the Cosmos
1778:
Editions Robert Lafont S. A. et Editions Jupiter: Paris, 1982. Penguin Books: London, 1996. pp.148-149
2522:
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2159:
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1207:
model in which the Earth and planets revolve around a relatively stationary Sun at the center of the
1163:
1031:
340:
2004:
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1602:
1249:
1034:(1888) depicts a traveller who arrives at the edge of a Flat Earth and sticks his head through the
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67:
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1218:
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2449:
2175:
2130:
1424:
1083:
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proposed such a model based on observation and measurement, leading to scientific acceptance of
1479:
settled the debate about whether other galaxies exist in 1925 when he identified extragalactic
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2369:
2316:
2050:
2026:
1980:
1921:
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1885:
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1735:
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1305:
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1079:
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2020:
1915:
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59:
26:
1976:
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1500:
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995:, or sacred pipe, represents a column of smoke (the soul) rising form a world center. A
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until the 17th century. It was also typically held in the aboriginal cultures of the
868:
802:
63:
29:, 1568 (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris), depicting Earth as the centre of the Universe
1920:(3rd paperback ed.). Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press. pp. 40–41.
963:
structures in Asian temples take the form of a stairway linking Earth and heaven. A
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1969:
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in a mosque also serve as connections of Earth and heaven. Structures such as the
1018:. Byzantine hymns speak of the Cross being "planted in the center of the earth."
2514:
2498:
2443:
2437:
2306:
2148:
Curtis, H. D. (1988). "Novae in Spiral Nebulae and the Island Universe Theory".
1377:
1277:
1015:
876:
842:
577:
85:, which lacks a destinct spatial central point, which is rather everywhere, for
2622:
1142:
This understanding was accompanied by models of the Universe that depicted the
2538:
2462:
2409:
1647:
1597:
1499:
of other galaxies is approximately proportional to their distance from Earth (
1440:
1071:
1043:
984:
952:
904:
864:
815:
369:
54:
1731:
A Study of the Geography of 1 Enoch 17-19: "no One Has Seen what I Have Seen"
2423:
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1103:
1059:
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1003:
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42:
38:
2125:
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1388:
elaborated on Wright's idea about the structure of the Milky Way. In 1785,
1350:
1174:
was the dominant model from the 4th century BC until the 17th century AD.
1139:
is round, and spheres cast circular shadows while discs generally do not.
2476:
1827:
1496:
1412:
1099:
1075:
980:
948:
944:
931:
855:
78:
2193:Öpik, E. (1922). "An estimate of the distance of the Andromeda Nebula".
1439:. Based on this, Curtis was able to estimate that Andromeda was 500,000
1106:
in the shape of an inverted bowl is common in pre-scientific societies.
1616:
1515:. All observers anywhere in the Universe will observe the same effect.
1289:
1167:
1026:
996:
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537:
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74:
2338:
1917:
Physics, the Human Adventure: From Copernicus to Einstein and Beyond
2634:
2258:
2231:
2216:
2171:
1280:. Kepler's third law was published in 1619. The first law was "The
1266:, as this paradigm shift would come to be called, would last until
1246:, but had received no support from most other ancient astronomers.
2381:
1761:
Mircea Eliade (tr. Willard Trask). 'Archetypes and Repetition' in
1678:"Where is the center of the Universe? Here, there, and everywhere"
1349:
1315:
Modern illustration of the cosmic neighborhood centered on the Sun
1310:
1301:
1281:
1191:
1095:
1047:
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919:
recognizes four other specific mountains as pillars of the world.
888:
821:
769:
329:
20:
1158:
circling the spherical Earth, including the noteworthy models of
1853:(National Academy of Sciences, 1998), p.27; also, Don O' Leary,
1787:
Mircea Eliade (tr. Philip Mairet). 'Symbolism of the Centre' in
1428:
1151:
1147:
891:, said to be the place on earth that was created first, and the
2342:
1607:
1401:
1143:
765:
96:
2022:
From Eudoxus to Einstein: A History of Mathematical Astronomy
1887:
From Eudoxus to Einstein: A History of Mathematical Astronomy
1810:
10: North American (repr. New York: Cooper Square, 1964) 249.
826:
Mount Hermon in Lebanon was regarded in some cultures as the
1376:
might be a body of a huge number of stars held together by
2113:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
1447:
within the Milky Way were actually independent galaxies.
1338:
926:
A 1581 map depicting Jerusalem as the center of the world
1593:
List of places referred to as the Center of the Universe
1547:
homogeneous, isotropic Universe does not have a center.
1252:' major theory of a heliocentric model was published in
37:
is a concept that lacks a coherent definition in modern
2151:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
1890:. E-Libro. Cambridge University Press. p. 38,205.
1127:
The Flat Earth model gave way to an understanding of a
2062:
Text quotations are from 1729 translation of Newton's
1870:
History of the planetary systems from Thales to Kepler
2599:
1339:
Milky Way's Galactic Center as center of the Universe
81:, led to the development of cosmological models of a
1370:
An original theory or new hypothesis of the Universe
2491:
2376:
2025:. E-Libro. Cambridge University Press. p. 38.
89:from a shared central point in time, the Big Bang.
1968:
1851:Teaching about Evolution and the Nature of Science
73:In the early-20th century, the discovery of other
2232:"A spiral nebula as a stellar system, Messier 31"
1308:(moons). He discovered the fourth on 13 January.
1196:The heliocentric model from Nicolaus Copernicus'
1914:Holton, Gerald James; Brush, Stephen G. (2001).
1855:Roman Catholicism and Modern Science: A History
1505:
863:, while still maintaining a belief in a cosmic
1873:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 135–48.
2354:
1823:Science in the ancient world: an encyclopedia
1002:In medieval times some Christians thought of
125:
8:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1728:Kelley Coblentz Bautch (25 September 2003).
1419:The nonexistence of a center of the Universe
853:regarded several sites as places of earth's
1260:On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres
1229:
1216:
1014:), and was so represented in the so-called
955:. Cathedrals are laid out in the form of a
2361:
2347:
2339:
1203:Heliocentrism, or heliocentricism, is the
871:as the abode of the gods. Judaism has the
132:
118:
2295:. Cambridge University Press. p. 13.
2257:
2124:
2109:"XII. On the construction of the heavens"
1971:Galileo at Work: His Scientific Biography
1909:
1907:
1707:Science Questions with Surprising Answers
1113:(or a firmament that was a half-sphere).
1975:. University of Chicago Press. pp.
930:Sacred places constitute world centers (
2606:
2485:) may be read as "within" or "part of".
2275:The observational approach to cosmology
1668:
1629:
1558:Center of the universe (disambiguation)
939:Mountain, thus becoming a Centre." The
1774:Jean Chevalier and Alain Gheerbrandt.
1703:"Where is the center of the universe?"
1519:Copernican and cosmological principles
2547:History of the center of the Universe
907:is the omphalos. In addition to the
859:(navel) stone, notably the oracle at
49:, it has no distinct spatial center.
7:
2107:Herschel, William (1 January 1785).
754:
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2315:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 53.
1255:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
1198:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
1117:Earth as the center of the Universe
1006:as the center of the world (Latin:
1776:The Penguin Dictionary of Symbols.
1676:Lincoln, Don (27 September 2022).
1495:Hubble also demonstrated that the
989:indigenous peoples of the Americas
837:was regarded as the axis mundi in
14:
2557:Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex
1617:Three-torus model of the universe
1431:within what then was called the "
2657:
2645:
2633:
2621:
2609:
2582:
2570:
2047:The General History of Astronomy
1404:at the center of the Milky Way.
1372:, correctly speculated that the
1102:, and a flat Earth domed by the
1292:with the Sun at one of the two
991:also represent world axes. The
813:In religion and mythology, the
83:homogeneous, isotropic Universe
16:Historical concept in cosmology
1763:The Myth of the Eternal Return
1270:’s work over a century later.
1:
1950:, invisible to the naked eye.
1857:(Continuum Books, 2006), p.5.
1178:Sun as center of the Universe
845:are introduced descending in
2690:Obsolete scientific theories
1578:Geographical centre of Earth
1407:The 19th century astronomer
1820:Lawson, Russell M. (2004).
1563:Cosmic microwave background
1471:, which is about 1,500,000
1046:model is a belief that the
911:, where it is believed the
77:and the development of the
2708:
2277:. Oxford University Press.
1807:The Mythology of All Races
1791:. Princeton, 1991. p.52-54
1409:Johann Heinrich von Mädler
1354:Great Andromeda Nebula by
1211:. The word comes from the
1181:
1120:
841:tradition, from where the
2565:
1535:away from the geocentric
1513:expansion of the universe
1230:
1217:
1094:(early centuries AD) and
913:peach tree of immortality
798:
110:
99:
2396:Local Interstellar Cloud
1967:Drake, Stillman (1978).
1184:Copernican heliocentrism
41:; according to standard
1867:Dreyer, J.L.E. (1906).
1765:. Princeton, 1971. p.12
1734:. BRILL. pp. 62–.
879:, Christianity has the
2508:To the Moon and Beyond
2273:Hubble, E. P. (1937).
2230:Hubble, E. P. (1929).
2126:10.1098/rstl.1785.0012
2066:, Book 3 (1729 vol.2)
1544:cosmological principle
1509:
1481:Cepheid variable stars
1361:
1330:Newton made clear his
1321:Aristotelian Cosmology
1316:
1200:
1039:
1022:Center of a flat Earth
927:
831:
175:−10 —
165:−11 —
155:−12 —
145:−13 —
35:center of the Universe
30:
2526:(1968 and 1977 films)
2456:Laniakea Supercluster
2237:Astrophysical Journal
2196:Astrophysical Journal
2080:Evans, J. C. (1995).
2019:Linton, C.M. (2004).
1884:Linton, C.M. (2004).
1353:
1314:
1264:Copernican Revolution
1195:
1188:Copernican Revolution
1078:civilizations of the
1029:
925:
917:Chinese folk religion
825:
320:Accelerated expansion
265:−1 —
255:−2 —
245:−3 —
235:−4 —
225:−5 —
215:−6 —
205:−7 —
195:−8 —
185:−9 —
47:shape of the universe
24:
2680:History of astronomy
1610:– the center of the
1525:Copernican principle
1378:gravitational forces
1244:Aristarchus of Samos
1164:Aristotelian physics
1032:Flammarion engraving
538:NGC 188 star cluster
2470:Observable universe
2250:1929ApJ....69..103H
2209:1922ApJ....55..406O
2164:1988PASP..100....6C
1802:Primitive Mentality
1709:. 17 September 2013
1603:Religious cosmology
1250:Nicolaus Copernicus
975:, derived from the
662:Sexual reproduction
602:Earliest known life
68:Nicolaus Copernicus
2685:Physical cosmology
2552:Order of magnitude
2534:(1996 documentary)
2450:Virgo Supercluster
2431:Milky Way subgroup
1830:. pp. 29–30.
1789:Images and Symbols
1568:Earth's inner core
1491:Expanding Universe
1425:Heber Doust Curtis
1362:
1317:
1201:
1084:Hellenistic period
1040:
928:
832:
726:Cambrian explosion
642:Atmospheric oxygen
341:Single-celled life
31:
2597:
2596:
2370:Location of Earth
1927:978-0-8135-2908-0
1653:The Sand Reckoner
1588:Illustris project
1380:rotating about a
1325:orbital mechanics
1156:naked eye planets
967:in a church or a
909:Kun Lun Mountains
811:
810:
803:billion years ago
777:
776:
753:
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518:Milky Way spirals
505:
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398:
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391:Earliest Universe
93:Outside astronomy
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2576:Astronomy portal
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2088:on 14 April 2016
2084:. Archived from
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2068:at pages 232–233
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2054:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2001:Sidereus Nuncius
1997:
1991:
1990:
1979:, 152, 157–163.
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1673:
1657:
1644:
1638:
1634:
1537:Ptolemaic system
1485:Hooker telescope
1459:the significant
1452:the Great Debate
1390:William Herschel
1345:The Great Debate
1235:
1234:
1222:
1221:
1172:geocentric model
1123:Geocentric model
1068:classical period
915:is located, the
897:Dome of the Rock
791:
760:
755:
746:Earliest mammals
740:
735:
720:
715:
702:Earliest animals
696:
691:
676:
671:
656:
651:
636:
631:
616:
611:
596:
591:
572:
567:
552:
547:
532:
527:
512:
507:
498:Andromeda Galaxy
492:
487:
472:
467:
459:
445:
440:
425:
420:
405:
400:
385:
380:
372:
332:
321:
310:
307:Matter-dominated
297:
286:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
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196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
134:
127:
120:
114:
104:
97:
60:geocentric model
45:theories on the
27:Bartolomeu Velho
2707:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2656:
2646:
2644:
2632:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2600:
2598:
2593:
2561:
2487:
2482:
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2479:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2372:
2367:
2337:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2089:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2061:
2057:
2049:, Volume, 2A',
2044:
2040:
2033:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2007:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1966:
1965:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1799:
1795:
1786:
1782:
1773:
1769:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1583:Great Attractor
1573:Galactic Center
1553:
1521:
1493:
1421:
1394:galactocentrism
1382:Galactic Center
1341:
1274:Johannes Kepler
1190:
1182:Main articles:
1180:
1129:Spherical Earth
1125:
1119:
1024:
1008:umbilicus mundi
881:Mount of Olives
807:
806:
794:
793:
792:
788:
786:
784:
781:
773:
772:
758:
749:
748:
738:
729:
728:
718:
709:
708:
694:
685:
684:
674:
665:
664:
654:
645:
644:
634:
625:
624:
622:Earliest oxygen
614:
605:
604:
594:
585:
584:
570:
561:
560:
550:
541:
540:
530:
521:
520:
510:
501:
500:
490:
481:
480:
470:
461:
460:
450:
443:
434:
433:
431:Earliest galaxy
423:
414:
413:
403:
394:
393:
383:
376:
375:
374:
370:
365:
364:
363:
360:
354:
353:
352:
345:
344:
343:
336:
335:
334:
330:
325:
324:
323:
319:
314:
313:
312:
308:
306:
301:
300:
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295:
290:
289:
288:
284:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
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249:
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244:
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237:
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232:
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224:
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199:
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187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
138:
112:
106:
103:Nature timeline
102:
95:
79:Big Bang theory
17:
12:
11:
5:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2654:
2642:
2630:
2618:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2579:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2536:
2528:
2520:
2512:
2504:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2343:
2336:
2335:
2321:
2298:
2280:
2265:
2259:10.1086/143167
2222:
2217:10.1086/142680
2185:
2172:10.1086/132128
2140:
2099:
2072:
2055:
2038:
2031:
2011:
1992:
1985:
1952:
1940:
1926:
1903:
1896:
1876:
1859:
1843:
1837:978-1851095346
1836:
1812:
1793:
1780:
1767:
1754:
1740:
1720:
1694:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1639:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1533:paradigm shift
1520:
1517:
1492:
1489:
1456:Harlow Shapley
1445:spiral nebulae
1420:
1417:
1368:, in his work
1340:
1337:
1179:
1176:
1121:Main article:
1118:
1115:
1050:'s shape is a
1023:
1020:
851:ancient Greeks
849:(1En6:6). The
809:
808:
800:
799:
796:
795:
780:
779:
778:
775:
774:
764:
763:
761:
751:
750:
744:
743:
741:
731:
730:
724:
723:
721:
711:
710:
700:
699:
697:
687:
686:
682:Earliest fungi
680:
679:
677:
667:
666:
660:
659:
657:
647:
646:
640:
639:
637:
627:
626:
620:
619:
617:
607:
606:
600:
599:
597:
587:
586:
576:
575:
573:
563:
562:
558:Alpha Centauri
556:
555:
553:
543:
542:
536:
535:
533:
523:
522:
516:
515:
513:
503:
502:
496:
495:
493:
483:
482:
478:Omega Centauri
476:
475:
473:
463:
462:
449:
448:
446:
436:
435:
429:
428:
426:
416:
415:
411:Earliest stars
409:
408:
406:
396:
395:
389:
388:
386:
377:
368:
367:
366:
357:
356:
355:
350:Photosynthesis
348:
347:
346:
339:
338:
337:
331:Water on Earth
328:
327:
326:
317:
316:
315:
304:
303:
302:
293:
292:
291:
282:
281:
280:
278:
275:0 —
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
140:
139:
137:
136:
129:
122:
111:
108:
107:
100:
94:
91:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2703:
2702:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2653:
2643:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2617:
2607:
2603:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2532:Cosmic Voyage
2529:
2527:
2525:
2524:Powers of Ten
2521:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2359:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2324:
2322:9780471437147
2318:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2269:
2266:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2189:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2144:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2032:9781139453790
2028:
2024:
2023:
2015:
2012:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1986:9780226162263
1982:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1941:
1929:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1897:9781139453790
1893:
1889:
1888:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1743:
1741:9789004131033
1737:
1733:
1732:
1724:
1721:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1623:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1529:Hermann Bondi
1526:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1461:Doppler shift
1457:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1398:heliocentrism
1395:
1391:
1387:
1386:Immanuel Kant
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1366:Thomas Wright
1360:
1357:
1356:Isaac Roberts
1352:
1348:
1346:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1137:lunar eclipse
1134:
1130:
1124:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1058:covered by a
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
937:
933:
924:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
869:Mount Olympus
866:
862:
858:
857:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
829:
824:
820:
818:
817:
804:
797:
790:
771:
767:
766:Earliest apes
762:
757:
756:
747:
742:
737:
736:
727:
722:
717:
716:
707:
703:
698:
693:
692:
683:
678:
673:
672:
663:
658:
653:
652:
643:
638:
633:
632:
623:
618:
613:
612:
603:
598:
593:
592:
583:
579:
574:
569:
568:
559:
554:
549:
548:
539:
534:
529:
528:
519:
514:
509:
508:
499:
494:
489:
488:
479:
474:
469:
468:
458:
454:
447:
442:
441:
432:
427:
422:
421:
412:
407:
402:
401:
392:
387:
382:
381:
378:
373:
362:
359:Multicellular
351:
342:
333:
322:
311:
298:
287:
279:
142:
141:
135:
130:
128:
123:
121:
116:
115:
109:
105:
98:
92:
90:
88:
87:space expands
84:
80:
76:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
56:
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
28:
23:
19:
2652:Solar System
2588:Space portal
2581:
2569:
2546:
2539:
2531:
2523:
2515:
2507:
2499:
2481:Each arrow (
2403:Local Bubble
2389:Solar System
2326:. Retrieved
2311:
2307:Livio, Mario
2301:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2268:
2241:
2235:
2225:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2090:. Retrieved
2086:the original
2082:"Our Galaxy"
2075:
2063:
2058:
2046:
2041:
2021:
2014:
2000:
1995:
1970:
1947:
1943:
1931:. Retrieved
1916:
1886:
1879:
1869:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1822:
1815:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1788:
1783:
1775:
1770:
1762:
1757:
1745:. Retrieved
1730:
1723:
1711:. Retrieved
1706:
1697:
1685:. Retrieved
1681:
1671:
1651:
1642:
1632:
1612:Solar System
1541:
1522:
1510:
1506:
1501:Hubble's law
1494:
1477:Edwin Hubble
1449:
1422:
1406:
1396:, a form of
1369:
1363:
1358:
1342:
1332:heliocentric
1329:
1318:
1298:
1272:
1268:Isaac Newton
1259:
1253:
1248:
1241:
1236:
1223:
1209:Solar System
1205:astronomical
1202:
1197:
1141:
1126:
1108:
1092:Gupta period
1041:
1016:T and O maps
1011:
1007:
1001:
947:, and later
929:
893:Temple Mount
887:, Islam has
873:Temple Mount
854:
835:Mount Hermon
833:
827:
814:
812:
582:Solar System
296:Reionization
72:
64:heliocentric
53:
51:
43:cosmological
34:
32:
18:
2518:(1968 film)
2516:Cosmic Zoom
2510:(1964 film)
2502:(1957 book)
2500:Cosmic View
2444:Local Sheet
2438:Local Group
2244:: 103–158.
2203:: 406–410.
2119:: 213–266.
2051:at page 233
1933:27 December
1441:light-years
1427:observed a
1278:Tycho Brahe
1239:"center").
951:, reflects
934:) with the
877:Mount Sinai
843:sons of God
371:Vertebrates
113:This box:
2674:Categories
2540:Cosmic Eye
2463:Local Hole
2410:Gould Belt
2008:(in Latin)
2005:1892, 3:81
1664:References
1648:Archimedes
1598:Multiverse
1465:Ernst Öpik
1463:. In 1922
1306:satellites
1228:"sun" and
1090:until the
1082:until the
1072:Bronze Age
1066:until the
1044:Flat Earth
985:totem pole
983:, and the
953:Mount Meru
905:Ise Shrine
865:world tree
828:axis mundi
816:axis mundi
457:black hole
55:axis mundi
2424:Milky Way
2417:Orion Arm
2293:Cosmology
2180:121590941
2135:186213203
2064:Principia
1682:Big Think
1637:Universe.
1450:In 1920,
1437:Milky Way
1433:Andromeda
1423:In 1917,
1400:with the
1374:Milky Way
1284:of every
1160:Aristotle
1133:Aristotle
1111:firmament
1104:firmament
1080:Near East
1060:firmament
1036:firmament
1010:, Greek:
1004:Jerusalem
839:Canaanite
451:Earliest
285:Dark Ages
66:model by
39:astronomy
2628:Religion
2477:Universe
2377:Included
2328:31 March
2309:(2001).
2291:(1952).
2289:H. Bondi
2092:25 April
1828:ABC-CLIO
1551:See also
1497:redshift
1454:between
1413:Pleiades
1364:In 1750
1302:orbiting
1100:Americas
1076:Iron Age
1012:Omphalos
981:Irminsul
949:Buddhism
945:Hinduism
932:omphalos
856:omphalos
75:galaxies
2664:Science
2616:History
2602:Portals
2492:Related
2246:Bibcode
2205:Bibcode
2160:Bibcode
1747:28 June
1290:ellipse
1237:kentron
1232:κέντρον
1170:. This
1168:Ptolemy
997:mandala
993:calumet
973:maypole
969:minaret
965:steeple
885:Calvary
867:and in
847:1 Enoch
759:←
739:←
719:←
695:←
675:←
655:←
635:←
615:←
595:←
571:←
551:←
531:←
511:←
491:←
471:←
444:←
424:←
404:←
384:←
270:–
260:–
250:–
240:–
230:–
220:–
210:–
200:–
190:–
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170:–
160:–
150:–
2542:(2012)
2472:
2465:
2458:
2433:
2426:
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2029:
1983:
1924:
1894:
1834:
1738:
1713:16 May
1687:16 May
1469:parsec
1359:(1899)
1288:is an
1286:planet
1225:helios
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1070:, the
1064:Greece
987:among
977:Saxons
961:Pagoda
903:, the
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861:Delphi
770:humans
706:plants
453:quasar
2640:Stars
2382:Earth
2176:S2CID
2158:: 6.
2131:S2CID
1624:Notes
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1219:ἥλιος
1213:Greek
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1088:India
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957:cross
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936:altar
889:Mecca
578:Earth
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1948:i.e.
1935:2009
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1892:ISBN
1832:ISBN
1749:2011
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