796:
1788:"Specifically, facial width/lower face height gets smaller (i.e., the lower face grows more than the width of the face), cheekbone prominence gets smaller (i.e., the width of the face at the mouth—a measure of relative jaw width—grows more than the width of the cheekbones), and lower face height/full face height gets larger (i.e., facial growth is focused in the lower face) as male adolescents develop. These results are consistent with the craniofacial literature that documents pronounced growth in the male mandible under the influence of exogenous T and during puberty . Similarly, the association between T and these mandible-inclusive facial ratios accords with Lefevre et al. , who found significant sexual dimorphism in these three ratios, but no adult sex difference in fWHR." See Table 1 and Figure 2 for cheekbone relation to testosterone levels.
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in a relatively constant daily amount according to a circadian profile. Small amounts of estrogens and progesterone are produced by the testes and the adrenal glands or are produced in the peripheral tissues, such as adipose tissue or liver, by the conversion of other precursor hormones . In contrast, females mainly produce estrogens and progesterone from the ovaries in a cyclical pattern, while a small amount of testosterone (T) is produced by the ovaries and adrenal glands.
1347:
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36:
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133:
1393:), waist-to-hip ratio, and especially waist-to-chest ratio in men have been shown in studies to rank as overall more desirable to women. To be deemed to have an "athletic built"/build is usually a reference to wide shoulders, a muscular upper body and well-developed upper-arm muscles which are all traits closely associated with
947:. Males and females generally have the same hormones, but blood concentrations and site sensitivity differs between males and females. Males produce primarily testosterone with small amounts of estrogen and progesterone, while women produce primarily estrogen and progesterone and small amounts of testosterone.
724:. Skeletal structure grows and changes only up to the point at which a human reaches adulthood and remains essentially the same for the rest of their life. Growth is usually completed between the ages of 13 and 18, at which time the epiphyseal plates of long bones close, allowing no further growth (see
2056:
Generally, females and males have the same hormones (i.e., estrogens, progesterone, and testosterone), but their production sites, their blood concentrations, and their interactions with different organs, systems, and apparatus are different . Males produce predominantly testosterone from the testes
1111:
helps build and maintain muscles through exercise. On average, men have around 5-20 times more testosterone than women and naturally and biologically males gain more muscle mass and size than women. However, women can also build muscle mass by increasing the testosterone level naturally. Prominent
1002:
892:
frames the overall shape of the body and does not alter much after maturity. Males are, on average, taller, but body shape may be analyzed after normalizing with respect to height. The length of each bone is constant, but the joint angle will change as the bone moves.
943:, resulting in hip sway. The upper limb in females have an outward angulation (carrying angle) at elbow level to accommodate the wider pelvis. After puberty, hips are generally wider than shoulders. However, not all females adhere to this stereotypical pattern of
2685:
The classical vision of beauty exemplified in Greek art, such as the 2nd century B.C. Venus de Milo (a.k.a. Aphrodite of Milos), was an ideal carried through millennia, laying the basis for much of
Western art's depictions of the human
1272:, those people with a larger waist (apple shaped) have higher health risks than those who carry excess weight on the hips and thighs (pear shaped). People with apple shaped bodies who carry excess weight are at greater risk of
2169:
1320:
but any fat reduction is not specific to the locale. Spot reduction exercises are not useful unless you plan proper exercise regime to lose overall calories. But exercising reduces fat throughout the body, and
839:
Because females have around 1/15 (6.67%) the amount of testosterone of a male, the testosterone-dependent features do not develop to the same extent, and female faces are generally more similar to those of
795:
1417:), as in 90-60-90 (centimeters) or 36–24–36 (inches) respectively. In this case, the waist–hip ratio is 60/90 or 24/36 = 0.67. Many terms or classifications are used to describe body shape types:
2738:
716:
is a complex phenomenon with sophisticated detail and function. The general shape or figure of a person is defined mainly by the molding of skeletal structures, as well as the distribution of
1432:
both in front view and profile view. The waist is narrower than the chest region due to the breasts, and narrower than the hip region due to the width of the buttocks, which results in an
2138:
1635:
2179:
2070:
1196:. Mammary glands do not contain muscle tissue. The shape of female breasts is affected by age, genetic factors, and body weight. Women's breasts tend to grow larger after
1200:, due to increase in fatty deposits caused by decreasing levels of estrogen. The loss of elasticity from connective tissue associated with menopause also causes sagging.
1285:
2555:
1228:. A person with a BMI below 18.5 is classed as underweight, between 18.5 and 24.9 is ideal, above 24.9 is overweight and a BMI of 30 or higher is defined as obese.
818:
A more prominent brow bone (bone across the centre of the forehead from around the middle of eyebrow across to the middle of the other) and a larger nose bone.
2113:
997:
The rear view of a naked adult man with a "V-shaped body". Male
Musculature Study - photograph by Albert Londe, Paul Marie Louis Pierre Richer (MET, 2012.59)
1982:
699:
1575:
However, one expert suggested that her "almost matronly representation" was meant to convey an "impressive appearance" rather than "ideal female beauty".
1248:. This is because a body's shape implies an individual's hormone levels during puberty, which implies fertility, and it also indicates current levels of
1656:
Perrett DI, Lee KJ, Penton-Voak I, Rowland D, Yoshikawa S, Burt DM, et al. (August 1998). "Effects of sexual dimorphism on facial attractiveness".
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of the body. Posture also affects body shape as different postures significantly alter body measurements, which thus can alter a body's shape.
2201:"QuickStats: Mean Percentage Body Fat,* by Age Group and Sex --- National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, United States, 1999--2004†"
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and the estrogen produced by ovaries declines, fat migrates from their buttocks, hips and thighs to their waists. Later fat is stored in the
1631:
2304:"Benefits of estrogen replacement for skeletal muscle mass and function in post-menopausal females: evidence from human and animal studies"
1292:(WtHR) should not exceed 0.5, and that this rule applies to everyone from the age of five and is irrespective of gender, ethnicity or BMI.
2078:
965:
An adult man with a "V-shaped body"; pronounced shoulder width and expanded chest, both traits typically associated with male physique
283:
2799:
Swami V (2006). "The
Influence of Body Weight and Shape in Determining Female and Male Physical Attractiveness". In Kindes MV (ed.).
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1940:
240:
119:
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reduces fat in the belly. This, however, is now proven to be a misconception; these exercises may change body shape by improving
1005:
The rear view of a naked adult woman with pronounced hip width and large buttocks, both typically associated with female physique
2664:
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A high facial width-to-height ratio. However some studies dispute this, and testosterone reduces cheekbone prominence in males.
692:
468:
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structure, muscles and fat distribution may change from time to time, depending on food habits, exercises and hormone levels.
2739:"Interactions between height and shoulder‑to‑hip ratio influence women's perceptions of men's attractiveness and masculinity"
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2632:"Says Venus de Milo was not a Flapper; Osteopath Says She Was Neurasthenic, as Her Stomach Was Not in Proper Place"
2117:
1887:
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159:
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in females is shorter and wider, and also directed more toward the rear (see image). This sometimes affects their
79:
2763:
2581:"Obesity: identification and classification of overweight and obesity (update) Recommendations 1.2.25 and 1.2.26"
1990:
1849:
Saeki T, Furukawa T, Shimizu Y (1997). "Dynamic clothing simulation based on skeletal motion of the human body".
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especially has a complicated cultural history. The science of measuring and assessing body shape is called
2510:"Assessing the female figure identification technique's reliability as a body shape classification system"
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The general body shapes of female and male bodies both have significant social and cultural symbolism.
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2440:. The Surveillance of Risk Factors Report Series (SuRF). World Health Organization. 2005. p. 22.
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317:
2463:"Scan posture definition and hip girth measurement: the impact on clothing design and body scanning"
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1489: – Cumulative product of the human female skeletal structure and distribution of muscle and fat
1405:
to women and also associated with higher intelligence, good leadership qualities and better health.
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Classifications of female body sizes are mainly based on the circumference of the bust–waist–hip (
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is closely associated with traits that are considered typical of either sex. The body mass index (
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Rectangle or straight or banana: The hip, waist, and shoulder sections are relatively similar.
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1224:(BMI). Depending on the BMI, a body may be referred to as underweight, normal, overweight, or
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236:
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Hodges-Simeon, Carolyn R.; Sobraske, Katherine N. Hanson; Samore, Theodore (14 April 2016).
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1802:"Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance"
1732:"Facial Width-To-Height Ratio (fWHR) Is Not Associated with Adolescent Testosterone Levels"
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reduces fat in specific parts of the body —for example, that exercising muscles around the
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2700:"Creating the Past: The VĂ©nus de Milo and the Hellenistic Reception of Classical Greece"
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2015:
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Pear or spoon or bell: The hip section is wider than the upper body, mainly in females.
1309:
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The
Sectional Anatomy Learning System - E-Book: Concepts and Applications 2-Volume Set
1610:
2841:
2541:
1919:
1693:
1545: – Effort to improve purported human genetic quality (discredited fringe theory)
1421:
V shape: Males tend to have proportionally smaller buttocks, bigger chests and wider
1353:
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880:
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626:
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231:
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151:. Women typically have wider hips than shoulders, while the reverse is true for men.
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fluctuations. Inherited genes play a large part in the development of body shape.
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483:
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413:
2525:
2478:
1425:, wider latissimus dorsi and a small waist which makes for a V-shape of the torso.
2619:... "the most perfect all-over beauty of all time." Runner-up: the Venus de Milo.
1756:
2408:
Essentials of Breast
Surgery: A Volume in the Surgical Foundations Series E-Book
1394:
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211:
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35:
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Handelsman, David J; Hirschberg, Angelica L; Bermon, Stephane (October 2018).
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1892:
The
Harriet and Robert Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health
1835:
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storage in the body, which results in more fat stored in the female body.
2715:
1817:
1685:
1168:, which develop in puberty from the influence of various hormones such as
2580:
2319:
1542:
1439:
Apple: The stomach region is wider than the hip section, mainly in males.
1422:
1301:
1181:
1173:
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136:
1507: – Composite of the organism's observable characteristics or traits
763:
mass may change due to exercise, and fat distribution may change due to
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Secondary sexual characteristics occur as part of the pubertal process
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1044:
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are higher for females, as this may serve as an energy reserve for
931:
is flatter, more rounded and proportionally larger, the head of the
866:
857:
2092:
1677:
1429:
1428:
Hourglass shape: The female body is significantly narrower in the
1398:
1129:
1087:
1060:
1059:, similar to males. Thus females generally have relatively narrow
1000:
992:
960:
932:
418:
144:
131:
1483: – Slang term for a body shape particular to middle-aged men
883:
relative to males in the same population. (Images not to scale.)
832:
811:
433:
132:
1477: – Measures used for fitting clothing ("Vital statistics")
2224:
Most J, Dervis S, Haman F, Adamo KB, Redman LM (August 2019).
1075:
1010:
973:
occurs as part of the male pubertal process. Expansion of the
822:
140:
29:
2016:"Gender in Endocrine Diseases: Role of Sex Gonadal Hormones"
1632:"Lateral Synovial Joint Loading Explained In Simple English"
1308:
of the body and also for health. It is a common belief that
810:
Due to the action of testosterone, males may develop these
2508:
Parker CJ, Hayes SG, Brownbridge K, Gill S (August 2021).
1609:. The National Honor Society in Psychology. Archived from
1603:"An Evolutionary Theory of Female Physical Attractiveness"
1533: – Evolved difference in sex-specific characteristics
1495: – A pattern of limb movements made during locomotion
2585:
National
Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)
1957:"Clues To Mysteries Of Physical Attractiveness Revealed"
1851:
International
Journal of Clothing Science and Technology
1378:
is considered a symbol of young male beauty and strength
919:
in females) cause a widening of the pelvis as a part of
2558:. Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. Archived from
1013:
distribution, which is correlated to current levels of
2833:
Clues to
Mysteries Of Physical Attractiveness Revealed
1471: – Relative weight based on mass and height (BMI)
923:. Hence females generally have wider hips, permitting
755:
of the male and female body occurs for the purpose of
1894:. Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health
1397:, similarly to other specifics of the male sex, like
1361:
has been described as a "classical vision of beauty".
731:
Many aspects of body shape vary with gender and the
2071:"Waistline Worries: Turning Apples Back Into Pears"
911:occurs as part of the female pubertal process, and
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2384:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 624.
2381:Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility
2651:Venus de Milo ... That lady of renowned beauty...
1515: – Physical configurations of the human body
1286:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
2378:Fritz, Marc A.; Speroff, Leon (28 March 2012).
1539: – Taxonomy to categorize human physiques
1459: – Aesthetic perception of one's own body
875:Comparison between a male (left) and a female
2803:. New York: Nova Publishers. pp. 36–51.
2139:"Why men store fat in bellies, women on hips"
693:
8:
2456:
2454:
2275:Kopala, Mary; Keitel, Merle (11 July 2003).
2014:Lauretta, R; Sansone, M; Sansone, A (2018).
1596:
1594:
1592:
1527: – Difference between males and females
1521: – Internal framework of the human body
1465: – Proportions of the human body in art
1882:
1880:
1220:and walking style. This is measured using
1216:affects the human body's shape as well as
700:
686:
154:
2357:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 108.
2327:
2251:
2241:
2226:"Energy Intake Requirements in Pregnancy"
2041:
2031:
1825:
1773:
1755:
1067:make for a wider hip section and a lower
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2411:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 16.
2351:Applegate, Edith MS (25 February 2009).
1537:Somatotype and constitutional psychology
1063:and large buttocks, and this along with
1039:Estrogen causes fat to be stored in the
2114:"Abdominal fat and what to do about it"
2075:National Women's Health Resource Center
1588:
1568:
1064:
166:
2020:International Journal of Endocrinology
1983:"The secondary sexual characteristics"
1086:. Males generally deposit fat around
879:(right). Females generally have wider
1888:"Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology"
1322:
1270:Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada
1252:. A pleasing shape also implies good
1132:and stomach respectively, as well as
989:Fat distribution, muscles and tissues
7:
2002:Hips grow wider than their shoulders
1916:Gender differences in Human skeleton
58:adding citations to reliable sources
2828:Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology
2405:Sabel, Michael S. (23 April 2009).
1935:(3rd ed.). Edward Arnold Ltd.
284:Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome
25:
2663:CBS News Staff (August 5, 2011).
2461:Gill S, Parker CJ (August 2017).
2281:. SAGE Publications. p. 94.
2447:from the original on 2022-10-09.
2308:The Eurasian Journal of Medicine
1501: – Look, outward phenotype
1366:
1345:
1112:muscles of the body include the
935:may pass during childbirth. The
865:
856:
794:
785:
34:
2704:American Journal of Archaeology
2170:"Sex hormone making women fat?"
1638:from the original on 2021-01-26
1236:Body shape has effects on body
1051:in females. When females reach
1009:Body shape is affected by body
814:-bone features during puberty:
804:Classical female and male faces
45:needs additional citations for
2605:. May 28, 1945. Archived from
1094:(producing an "apple shape").
1080:Body fat percentage guidelines
657:Social determinants of obesity
1:
2737:Dolan, Eric W. (2023-01-14).
2526:10.1080/00140139.2021.1902572
2479:10.1080/00140139.2016.1251621
1401:. These traits are seen more
1333:to remove fat from the body.
945:secondary sex characteristics
290:Metabolically healthy obesity
27:General shape of a human body
2278:Handbook of Counseling Women
2178:. 2009-04-07. Archived from
2147:. 2011-01-03. Archived from
1757:10.1371/journal.pone.0153083
1707:Holden C (August 20, 2008).
1329:is surgery commonly used in
977:is caused by the effects of
447:Obesity-associated morbidity
1933:Knight's Forensic Pathology
1931:Saukko P, Knight B (2004).
1475:Bust/waist/hip measurements
642:Obesity and the environment
2869:
2302:Tiidus, PM (August 2011).
1337:Social and cultural ideals
1244:, and has a major role in
1101:
1028:
954:
900:
774:
1920:Sexual dimorphism in Hips
1863:10.1108/09556229710168414
1525:Sex differences in humans
1499:Human physical appearance
265:Classification of obesity
2801:Body Image: New Research
2762:Williams LA (May 2012).
1709:"The Face of Aggression"
1288:advises that a person's
1031:Android fat distribution
662:Social stigma of obesity
2853:Physical attractiveness
1513:List of human positions
1387:Physical attractiveness
1284:. The United Kingdom's
1035:Gynoid fat distribution
622:Fat acceptance movement
529:Anti-obesity medication
217:Gestational weight gain
2599:"People: Just Deserts"
1304:are practiced for the
1006:
998:
966:
957:Masculine beauty ideal
921:sexual differentiation
152:
2787:...and athletic built
2716:10.3764/aja.109.2.227
1818:10.1210/er.2018-00020
1556:Waist-to-height ratio
1325:depends on hormones.
1290:waist-to-height ratio
1232:Body posture and gait
1004:
996:
964:
927:. Because the female
775:Further information:
647:Obesity and sexuality
522:Management of obesity
398:Binge eating disorder
358:Waist-to-height ratio
135:
2556:"Assess your weight"
2320:10.5152/eajm.2011.24
2033:10.1155/2018/4847376
1375:Michelangelo's David
1296:Fitness and exercise
1194:human growth hormone
1071:compared to males.
632:Health at Every Size
584:Weight loss coaching
318:Body adiposity index
54:improve this article
2675:on January 29, 2010
1748:2016PLoSO..1153083H
1670:1998Natur.394..884P
1403:sexually attractive
1331:developed societies
1323:where fat is stored
1300:Different forms of
1274:high blood pressure
1246:physical attraction
1074:Estrogen increases
759:. In adult humans,
652:Sedentary lifestyle
464:Fatty liver disease
428:Starvation response
328:Body fat percentage
275:Genetics of obesity
2698:Kousser R (2005).
2639:The New York Times
2609:on August 11, 2009
2243:10.3390/nu11081812
2175:The Times of India
2144:The Times of India
1634:. 19 August 2012.
1164:due to functional
1007:
999:
967:
890:Skeletal structure
848:Skeletal structure
489:Obesity and cancer
370:Related conditions
280:Metabolic syndrome
153:
139:depiction of nude
2810:978-1-60021-059-4
2434:The SuRF Report 2
2418:978-0-323-07464-3
2391:978-1-4511-4847-3
2364:978-0-323-27754-9
2288:978-1-4522-6285-7
1806:Endocrine Reviews
1664:(6696): 884–887.
1531:Sexual dimorphism
1487:Female body shape
1310:targeted exercise
1268:According to the
1128:(abdomen) in the
915:(the predominant
903:Female body shape
831:A more prominent
733:female body shape
710:
709:
539:Bariatric surgery
348:Relative Fat Mass
237:Childhood obesity
227:Weight management
168:Human body weight
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
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2815:
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2671:. Archived from
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2641:. April 29, 1922
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2568:
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2520:(8): 1035–1051.
2505:
2499:
2498:
2473:(8): 1123–1136.
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2116:. Archived from
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2104:
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2101:
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2093:"Women's Health"
2089:
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2077:. Archived from
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2011:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1989:. Archived from
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1928:
1922:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1884:
1875:
1874:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1829:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1777:
1759:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1601:Singh D (2007).
1598:
1576:
1573:
1463:Body proportions
1370:
1349:
1282:high cholesterol
1264:Impact on health
1140:in the arms and
1126:rectus abdominis
1122:pectoral muscles
1114:latissimus dorsi
1025:Fat distribution
969:Widening of the
907:Widening of the
869:
860:
798:
789:
702:
695:
688:
579:Weight loss camp
574:Obesity medicine
454:Arteriosclerosis
338:Corpulence index
333:Body Shape Index
300:Set point theory
270:Exercise paradox
254:Medical concepts
222:Diet (nutrition)
176:General concepts
155:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2838:
2837:
2824:
2819:
2818:
2811:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2747:
2745:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2678:
2676:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2644:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2612:
2610:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2565:
2563:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2460:
2459:
2452:
2444:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2209:
2207:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2185:
2183:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2154:
2152:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2123:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1996:
1994:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1966:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1913:
1909:
1897:
1895:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1742:(4): e0153083.
1729:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1641:
1639:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1616:
1614:
1600:
1599:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1551:Waist–hip ratio
1469:Body mass index
1452:
1411:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1371:
1363:
1362:
1350:
1339:
1298:
1278:Type 2 diabetes
1266:
1234:
1222:Body Mass Index
1206:
1158:
1152:in the thighs.
1142:gluteus maximus
1106:
1100:
1069:waist–hip ratio
1037:
1029:Main articles:
1027:
991:
959:
953:
905:
899:
887:
886:
885:
884:
872:
871:
870:
862:
861:
850:
808:
807:
806:
805:
801:
800:
799:
791:
790:
779:
777:Facial skeleton
773:
771:Facial features
753:differentiation
745:
706:
677:
676:
602:
594:
593:
554:Caloric deficit
524:
514:
513:
509:Type 2 diabetes
459:Atherosclerosis
449:
439:
438:
409:Hyperthyroidism
386:Eating disorder
371:
363:
362:
353:Waist–hip ratio
323:Body mass index
313:
305:
304:
295:Obesity paradox
255:
247:
246:
177:
149:Pioneer plaques
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2866:
2864:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2823:
2822:External links
2820:
2817:
2816:
2809:
2791:
2774:
2754:
2729:
2690:
2655:
2623:
2590:
2572:
2547:
2500:
2450:
2424:
2417:
2397:
2390:
2370:
2363:
2343:
2294:
2287:
2267:
2216:
2192:
2161:
2130:
2105:
2084:
2081:on 2009-06-09.
2061:
2006:
1973:
1948:
1941:
1923:
1907:
1876:
1857:(3): 256–263.
1841:
1812:(5): 803–829.
1792:
1722:
1699:
1648:
1623:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1519:Human skeleton
1516:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1453:
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1372:
1365:
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1341:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1297:
1294:
1265:
1262:
1233:
1230:
1205:
1202:
1166:mammary glands
1157:
1154:
1099:
1096:
1026:
1023:
990:
987:
952:
949:
898:
895:
874:
873:
864:
863:
855:
854:
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851:
849:
846:
837:
836:
829:
826:
819:
803:
802:
793:
792:
784:
783:
782:
781:
780:
772:
769:
744:
741:
726:Human skeleton
708:
707:
705:
704:
697:
690:
682:
679:
678:
675:
674:
669:
667:Weight cutting
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
609:
603:
601:Social aspects
600:
599:
596:
595:
592:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
556:
551:
541:
536:
531:
525:
520:
519:
516:
515:
512:
511:
506:
501:
496:
494:Osteoarthritis
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
450:
445:
444:
441:
440:
437:
436:
431:
421:
416:
411:
406:
404:Food addiction
401:
383:
372:
369:
368:
365:
364:
361:
360:
355:
350:
345:
343:Lean body mass
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
314:
311:
310:
307:
306:
303:
302:
297:
292:
287:
277:
272:
267:
262:
260:Adipose tissue
256:
253:
252:
249:
248:
245:
244:
234:
229:
224:
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209:
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199:
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128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2865:
2854:
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2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2812:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2777:
2775:9781105713033
2771:
2767:
2766:
2758:
2755:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2710:(2): 227–50.
2709:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2640:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2562:on 2011-08-25
2561:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2443:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2401:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2374:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2347:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2314:(2): 109–14.
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2271:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2217:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2182:on 2011-08-11
2181:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2151:on 2012-01-14
2150:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2120:on 2011-09-28
2119:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2007:
2003:
1993:on 2011-09-27
1992:
1988:
1987:The Sex Atlas
1984:
1981:Haeberle EJ.
1977:
1974:
1963:. 24 May 2007
1962:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1942:0-340-76044-3
1938:
1934:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1723:
1710:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1678:10.1038/29772
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1649:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1613:on 2007-07-05
1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1572:
1569:
1562:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1354:Venus de Milo
1348:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1160:Females have
1155:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1120:in the back,
1119:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1003:
995:
988:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
963:
958:
950:
948:
946:
942:
941:walking style
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
904:
897:Female traits
896:
894:
891:
882:
878:
868:
859:
847:
845:
843:
834:
830:
827:
824:
820:
817:
816:
815:
813:
797:
788:
778:
770:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
742:
740:
738:
737:anthropometry
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
703:
698:
696:
691:
689:
684:
683:
681:
680:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
627:Fat fetishism
625:
623:
620:
617:
613:
610:
608:
605:
604:
598:
597:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
564:
560:
557:
555:
552:
549:
548:List of diets
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
526:
523:
518:
517:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
479:Heart disease
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
451:
448:
443:
442:
435:
432:
429:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
399:
395:
391:
387:
384:
381:
377:
374:
373:
367:
366:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
315:
309:
308:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
285:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
257:
251:
250:
242:
238:
235:
233:
232:Overnutrition
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
187:
183:
180:
179:
173:
172:
169:
165:
161:
157:
156:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2800:
2794:
2786:
2779:. Retrieved
2768:. Lulu.com.
2764:
2757:
2746:. Retrieved
2742:
2732:
2707:
2703:
2693:
2684:
2677:. Retrieved
2673:the original
2668:
2658:
2650:
2643:. Retrieved
2638:
2626:
2618:
2611:. Retrieved
2607:the original
2602:
2593:
2584:
2575:
2564:. Retrieved
2560:the original
2550:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2470:
2466:
2433:
2427:
2407:
2400:
2380:
2373:
2353:
2346:
2311:
2307:
2297:
2277:
2270:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2208:. Retrieved
2204:
2195:
2184:. Retrieved
2180:the original
2173:
2164:
2153:. Retrieved
2149:the original
2142:
2133:
2122:. Retrieved
2118:the original
2108:
2096:. Retrieved
2087:
2079:the original
2074:
2064:
2055:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2001:
1995:. Retrieved
1991:the original
1986:
1976:
1965:. Retrieved
1961:ScienceDaily
1960:
1951:
1932:
1926:
1910:
1902:
1896:. Retrieved
1891:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1787:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1713:. Retrieved
1702:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1640:. Retrieved
1626:
1615:. Retrieved
1611:the original
1606:
1571:
1412:
1384:
1373:
1352:
1299:
1267:
1250:sex hormones
1235:
1207:
1178:progesterone
1159:
1109:Testosterone
1107:
1104:Bodybuilding
1073:
1038:
1015:sex hormones
1008:
979:testosterone
968:
917:sex hormones
906:
888:
842:pre-pubertal
838:
809:
757:reproduction
746:
730:
713:
711:
672:Weight class
607:Comfort food
589:Yo-yo effect
484:Hypertension
474:Gynecomastia
414:Malnutrition
312:Measurements
241:Epidemiology
201:
186:Epidemiology
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
69:"Body shape"
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
18:Hip widening
2236:(8): 1812.
2205:www.cdc.gov
2098:5 September
2026:: 4847376.
1409:Terminology
1395:masculinity
1327:Liposuction
1318:muscle tone
1214:underweight
951:Male traits
569:Liposuction
504:Sleep apnea
499:Prediabetes
212:Weight loss
207:Weight gain
197:Underweight
110:August 2015
2848:Body shape
2842:Categories
2765:Resurfaced
2748:2023-01-17
2566:2011-10-09
2514:Ergonomics
2467:Ergonomics
2210:2022-11-03
2186:2011-10-09
2155:2011-10-09
2124:2007-06-18
2069:Peeke PM.
1997:2011-10-09
1967:2011-10-09
1898:2011-10-09
1715:15 January
1642:2021-01-31
1617:2011-10-09
1583:References
1493:Human gait
1457:Body image
1210:overweight
1150:hamstrings
1146:quadriceps
1102:See also:
955:See also:
925:childbirth
901:See also:
844:children.
821:A heavier
743:Physiology
714:body shape
534:Bariatrics
424:Starvation
202:Body shape
192:Overweight
80:newspapers
2679:August 5,
2645:August 5,
2613:August 5,
2542:232231822
2230:Nutrients
1871:0955-6222
1766:1932-6203
1711:. Science
1694:204999982
1505:Phenotype
1434:hourglass
1423:shoulders
1302:exercises
1198:menopause
1190:prolactin
1170:thyroxine
1118:trapezius
1084:pregnancy
1065:wide hips
1053:menopause
1017:. Unlike
971:shoulders
913:estrogens
909:hip bones
616:Criticism
612:Fast food
147:from the
2724:36871977
2669:CBS News
2534:33719914
2495:23758581
2487:27764997
2442:Archived
2338:25610174
2262:31390778
2052:30420884
1836:30010735
1784:27078636
1736:PLOS ONE
1636:Archived
1543:Eugenics
1450:See also
1182:estrogen
1174:cortisol
1092:abdomens
1041:buttocks
559:Exercise
390:Anorexia
376:Diabetes
160:a series
158:Part of
137:Line art
2781:13 June
2743:PsyPost
2665:"Venus"
2587:. 2022.
2329:4261347
2253:6723706
2043:6215564
1827:6391653
1775:4831733
1744:Bibcode
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1666:Bibcode
1607:Psi Chi
1481:Dad bod
1357:at the
1306:fitness
1258:fitness
1238:posture
1218:posture
1186:insulin
1162:breasts
1156:Breasts
1138:triceps
1098:Muscles
1047:, and
983:puberty
981:during
975:ribcage
765:hormone
749:puberty
747:During
718:muscles
563:outline
544:Dieting
394:Bulimia
182:Obesity
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1399:beards
1359:Louvre
1254:health
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1192:, and
1134:biceps
1088:waists
1061:waists
1045:thighs
937:sacrum
929:pelvis
877:pelvis
812:facial
761:muscle
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637:Hunger
380:Type 1
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2686:form.
2635:(PDF)
2538:S2CID
2491:S2CID
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2438:(PDF)
1690:S2CID
1563:Notes
1430:waist
1314:belly
1226:obese
1130:chest
1057:belly
933:fetus
419:RED-S
145:woman
101:JSTOR
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2805:ISBN
2783:2020
2770:ISBN
2681:2011
2647:2011
2615:2011
2603:Time
2530:PMID
2483:PMID
2413:ISBN
2386:ISBN
2359:ISBN
2334:PMID
2283:ISBN
2258:PMID
2100:2015
2048:PMID
2024:2018
1937:ISBN
1918:and
1914:See
1867:ISSN
1832:PMID
1780:PMID
1762:ISSN
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2712:doi
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