204:: when a common/animate noun is the subject of a transitive verb, e.g., "The child eats the apple", the subject is marked by the nominative case. By contrast, when a neuter noun is the subject of a transitive verb, e.g., "The spear kills the soldier", the subject of the sentence is marked by the ergative case; hence, only neuter nouns show the ergative case in their declension, which means that common/animate nouns show 8 cases, while neuter nouns show 9 cases. Inflected adjectives always have the ergative case in their declension, but this case is used only when an adjective is referred to a neuter noun in the ergative case, i.e., followed by a transitive verb; consequently, adjectival declension shows 9 cases. Personal pronouns as the subject are always in the nominative case; the subject of an intransitive verb always take the nominative ending as well.
69:
For instance, nouns in a-stem and t-stem are common/animate and, given how productive was the formation of words in the a-stem and t-stem, many words in
Hittite indicating inanimate objects are actually in the common/animate gender in the nominative and accusative. The other gender, the neuter/inanimate, is referred to objects, including parts of the body, and abstract concepts or collective nouns, e.g. "family, assembly, troops, humanity". Some common examples of neuter declension are the u-stem nouns and the nouns formed by the suffixes -ātar, -eššar and the suffix for collective nouns -a(i)-. Words derived by common/animate gender roots through neuter suffixes are neuter.
158:(also known as "directive" and "terminative") is used to indicate the motion to or toward/in direction of a place. Verbs are always directive (e.g., "I go/come/travel to Rome; I carry the merchandize to Rome") and never stative (e.g., "I am in Rome") and describe the act of walking/perambulating. By contrast, a verb like "pour" has a direction but it's not a perambulatory movement. Sometimes, the allative is substituted by the accusative, which is called "accusative of direction" in this context.
1436:ḫi-conjugation verbs often have a consonantal root; most roots ends either in a single consonant, either non-geminated or geminated. Some verbs have an a-stem or i-stem root. Part of the a-stem model of conjugation was then generalized to part of the i-stem conjugation; this new model of conjugation is called 'mixed inflection'.
2241:
Personal pronouns are inflected according to their case. They have an enclitic version as well, which can be used as a direct or indirect object (acc-dat). The third person has only the enclitical version and distinguishes between common/animate gender and neuter gender. The following table contains
1395:
Yes-no questions were marked using prosodic features such as rising intonation. In writing, they were partially left unmarked: Scribes in
Assyria and Babylonia who wrote Akkadian in cuneiform script (and later Hittites as well) sometimes indicated the interrogative intonation by a plene spelling of
180:
marks the (concrete or abstract/intangible) tool through which an action is performed in OH; as in many other Indo-European languages (e.g., balto-slavic languages), it also has a sociative/comitative meaning, i.e., it marks the person an action is performed with. It also expresses the cause of an
68:
masculine and feminine into a single common/animate gender or an archaic system in which there was already a common gender. Nouns referred to living beings (humans, animals and Gods) are usually found in the common/animate gender, but some inanimate objects actually have the common/animate gender.
216:, "man", a-stem noun (common/animate gender, thus a name without the ergative case). The letter "š" is always pronounced as /s/, while "z" is always pronounced /ts/ and derives from an ancient */ti/ or */tj/. For instance, in mi-verb declension, the 3rd person singular ending in the present tense
2507:
Both ordinal and cardinal numbers in
Hittite were often written with ciphers instead of syllables, which makes both the reconstruction of their pronunciation and their translation in context difficult. Hence, most number are indicated by the Arabic cipher and their ending, e.g. "one" in the
513:. Vocative and allative case have no plural counterpart neither in Old Hittite (OH), nor in Middle Hittite (ME) and New Hittite (NE). As already stated, due to syncretism, the ending of ablative and instrumental in the plural coincide. The instrumental case has two possible endings (
2153:
form is attested yet. The verb "to be" can be omitted in the present tense in sentences containing a predicate nominative (e.g., "I am a man"), thus creating a nominal sentence. Consequently, adjectives referred to the proedicate nominative take the nominative case as well.
2443:
Demonstrative pronouns are put before the noun; the are inflected according to the case and the gender of the noun they refer to. Hittite has a three-way system to indicate position: near to the speaker, near to the listener and far from both ("here-there-yonder").
2346:
Possessive pronouns have an earlier enclitic version and a later full/analytical version placed before the noun. Possessive pronouns are inflected according to cases and take the gender of the noun they refer to. The following table shows the nominative form:
1420:-conjugation. The names are drawn by the ending of the first person singular in the present tense. Rose (2006) lists 132 ḫi-verbs and interprets the ḫi-mi oppositions as vestiges of a system of grammatical voice ("centripetal voice" vs. "centrifugal voice").
1387:
Hittite syntax shows one noteworthy feature that is typical of
Anatolian languages: commonly, the beginning of a sentence or clause is composed of either a sentence-connecting particle or otherwise a fronted or topicalized form, and a "chain" of fixed-order
123:
is used to mark the indirect object and the static position/location. It also mark a position/location with motion verbs (e.g., "I pour wine into the glass"). In
Hittite, it is also used in some fixed temporal expression, e.g., "at night, in
1448:
for the past time); the difference between the present and the future can be disambiguated through an analytical construction. Additionally, the verbal system displays two infinitive forms, one verbal substantive, a supine and a participle.
1424:
mi-conjugation verbs are divided into vowel-stem verbs (verbs whose root ends in a vowel) and consonant-stem verbs; the latter category includes both verbs with bare roots and verbs ending with infixes and suffixes added to the root, e.g.,
131:
marks the direct object of a transitive verb (e.g., "I eat the apple"); in causative constructions (e.g., "He makes his ox cross the river"), a double accusative is found. Double accusative in
Hittite is also used in the sentence "make
2124:
is the "categorical negative", an emphatic negation in an obvious context which can be translated as "certainly not", e.g., "A blind man certainly doesn't see, a deaf man certainly doesn't hear, a lame man certainly doesn't run".
72:
The only reference to a female gender, which however does not erase the two-gender system "common-neuter gender", is the infix -(š)šara-, used to indicate female gender for humans and deities.
169:"). This kind of ablative is called "perlative ablative". In NH, the ablative was then used to mark the agent of an action in passive constructions (e.g., "The city was destroyed
525:/ephentesis in environment of a preceding dental consonant. Some tracks of this presumed ending can be found in irregular instrumental endings, in names such as genu (knee) >
165:
is used to mark motion from a place or a beginning point in time (e.g., from now on). It is also used to mark movement through a place or object (e.g., "I get inside the house
1452:
Modality (e.g. "could, would, should, must") in conveyed in
Hittite through modal particles and adverbs instead of modal verbs. Both verb class have some verbs that contain
2508:
nominative common/animate gender is known as "1-aš". Number "one" was reconstructed by
Goedegebuure (2006) as *šia-. Numbers from one to four are declined in Hittite.
56:
Hittite distinguishes between two genders, common (animate) and neuter (inanimate). The distinction between genders is fairly rudimentary since it is made only in the
106:); the last four usages are called "genitive of material", "genitive of contents", "objective genitive" and "partitive genitive". The genitive case is also used with
1396:
the vowel in the final syllable of the central word in the interrogative clause. Nevertheless, the use of this device in
Hittite was rare and probably not codified.
75:
The nominal system consists of the following 9 cases: nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative-locative, ablative, ergative, allative, and instrumental.
144:
like..." (e.g., "I treated them like mothers and fathers"). To conclude, accusative in
Hittite marks the time extent/duration, e.g. "I had reigned for ten years".
2008:
A simple example of conjugation in the present tense is ḫarzi ('to have, to hold'); the verb belongs to the mi-conjugation verb class and is non-ablauting:
3957:
1412:, the verb system in Hittite is morphologically relatively uncomplicated. There are two general verbal classes according to which verbs are inflected, the
581:
Adjectives in a-stem share the same endings of noun declension; their gender depends from the gender of the noun they refer to (common/animate or neuter).
562:
in NH are archaisms. In NH, all the three plural suffixes for nouns of common gender in the two strong cases (nominative and accusative) collapsed into
64:
case, and the same noun is sometimes attested in both genders. It is still debated whether or not this reflects a prehistoric merger of inherited
1444:), two moods (indicative and imperative), two aspects (perfective and imperfective), and two tenses (present for the present and future time and
3894:
3869:
3844:
3819:
3794:
3769:
3744:
3710:
3685:
3651:
3626:
3601:
3576:
3551:
3526:
3501:
3476:
3451:
3426:
3401:
3376:
3351:
3326:
3301:
3276:
3251:
3226:
3201:
3176:
2877:
2783:
5076:
474:
Given that the nominal root ends with the thematic vowel -a and some suffixes starts in a vowel, the final -a in the root is elided (e.g.,
181:
action and, in OH, it marks the agent of an action in passive contructions. In NH, the instrumental was substituted by the ablative, as in
212:
The basic scheme of suffixation is given in the table below, which is valid for almost all nouns and adjectives. The sample word shown is
140:" (e.g., "I refuse to make him my husband") and, from this expression, double accusative was used in the later coined structure "Treat
501:(sometimes indicated as the "zero-ending" -∅). As for the neuter accusative plural, names belonging to the common/animate gender take
2929:
2896:
2858:
2836:
2817:
1841:
is identical in the present and imperative tense, thus the context helps disambiguating between the two tenses. In the preterite,
5160:
2128:
Negative adverbs are usually put right before the verb, in pre-verbal position; in rhethorical questions and emphatic questions,
5228:
4889:
4688:
3986:
3950:
5122:
4011:
3913:
2746:
Hittite glossary: words of known or conjectured meaning, with Sumerian ideograms and Accadian words common in Hittite texts
4001:
3981:
2145:
The verb is conjugated in the present tense and belong to the mi-conjugation verbal class. In the first person plural, no
1845:
is used with vocalic stem, i.e., a verbal root that ends in a vowel, which is then deleted. In the preperite, the neding
3996:
65:
4318:
4172:
3571:. Languages of the ancient near east / editoral board Gonzalo Rubio. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns. pp. 83–84.
5183:
4826:
4016:
3943:
2798:
Die Sprache der Hethiter, ihr Bau und ihre Zugehörigkeit zum indogermanischen Sprachstamm. Ein Entzifferungsversuch
4735:
5223:
5058:
4864:
4698:
4177:
3789:. Languages of the ancient near east / editoral board Gonzalo Rubio. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns. p. 188.
3739:. Languages of the ancient near east / editoral board Gonzalo Rubio. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns. p. 345.
3596:. Languages of the ancient near east / editoral board Gonzalo Rubio. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns. p. 348.
3321:. Languages of the ancient near east / editoral board Gonzalo Rubio. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns. p. 267.
3246:. Languages of the ancient near east / editoral board Gonzalo Rubio. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns. p. 255.
2120:
can be used with the imperative or, in NH, with the present with an imperatival negative meaning. Another use of
151:
is used in invocations (exclamations containing a direct address to humans or deities during a prayer or ritual).
3705:. Languages of the ancient near east / editoral board Gonzalo Rubio. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns. p. 74.
3496:. Languages of the ancient near east / editoral board Gonzalo Rubio. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns. p. 73.
3446:. Languages of the ancient near east / editoral board Gonzalo Rubio. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns. p. 77.
3371:. Languages of the ancient near east / editoral board Gonzalo Rubio. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns. p. 69.
3221:. Languages of the ancient near east / editoral board Gonzalo Rubio. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns. p. 65.
3171:. Languages of the ancient near east / editoral board Gonzalo Rubio. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns. p. 64.
4710:
4899:
4235:
4230:
4162:
4033:
4021:
4006:
4979:
4846:
4461:
4338:
4212:
40:
4922:
5194:
5045:
4693:
4675:
4489:
25:
5025:
4558:
4484:
4403:
4112:
4097:
2793:
5178:
5173:
4780:
4622:
4494:
4070:
1378:
4969:
4912:
4755:
4660:
4426:
4353:
4313:
4298:
4280:
4242:
4092:
4042:
3970:
3139:
3050:
3021:
4836:
1997:
The Set I endings are default; the Set II endings are taken primarily by monosyllabic ablauting
110:
in OH (in NH, a case shift happened from genitive to dative-locative except in the posposition
5168:
5132:
5084:
4859:
4831:
4813:
4793:
4650:
4533:
4479:
4368:
4358:
4303:
4202:
4150:
4102:
4087:
4050:
3920:
3890:
3865:
3840:
3815:
3790:
3765:
3740:
3706:
3681:
3647:
3622:
3597:
3572:
3547:
3522:
3497:
3472:
3447:
3422:
3397:
3372:
3347:
3322:
3297:
3272:
3247:
3222:
3197:
3172:
2925:
2892:
2873:
2854:
2832:
2813:
2779:
446:
36:
32:
3935:
5145:
4992:
4930:
4874:
4869:
4821:
4725:
4720:
4645:
4568:
4548:
4523:
4515:
4456:
4431:
4421:
4416:
4333:
4290:
4267:
4257:
4247:
4189:
4127:
3131:
3042:
3013:
201:
21:
5140:
5094:
5017:
5007:
4997:
4987:
4879:
4854:
4788:
4765:
4760:
4630:
4596:
4591:
4581:
4576:
4538:
4528:
4451:
4436:
4411:
4386:
4376:
4348:
4343:
4328:
4275:
4252:
4217:
4197:
4140:
4117:
4107:
4077:
4065:
2691:
2687:
2670:
2653:
2617:
2580:
2576:
2556:
61:
5202:
5150:
5099:
5035:
5030:
4964:
4959:
4803:
4715:
4705:
4683:
4640:
4635:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4586:
4553:
4441:
4381:
4323:
4308:
4207:
4135:
4082:
4055:
3889:. Languages of the ancient near east. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns. pp. 154–157.
3839:. Languages of the ancient near east. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns. pp. 134–135.
3764:. Languages of the ancient near east. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns. pp. 341–434.
3271:. Languages of the ancient near east. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns. pp. 247–249.
2846:
5217:
5114:
5104:
5089:
5065:
5002:
4940:
4907:
4798:
4748:
4743:
4665:
4391:
4222:
4167:
4145:
4060:
3521:. Languages of the ancient near east. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns. pp. 79–82.
3143:
2974:
2952:
1441:
1405:
639:
In the following examples, all forms not directly attested are put between brackets.
536:
In MH, two more plural suffixes were created for the nominative and accusative (nom.
265:
197:; due to syncretism, the ending of ablative and instrumental in the plural coincide.
107:
3107:
Wittmann, Henri (1969). "A lexico-statistic inquiry into the diachrony of Hittite".
4884:
4770:
4543:
4446:
4157:
3117:
2805:
3864:. Languages of the ancient near east. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns. p. 147.
3814:. Languages of the ancient near east. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns. p. 243.
3680:. Languages of the ancient near east. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns. p. 181.
3646:. Languages of the ancient near east. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns. p. 180.
3621:. Languages of the ancient near east. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns. p. 225.
3396:. Languages of the ancient near east. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns. p. 183.
3296:. Languages of the ancient near east. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns. p. 263.
1849:
for 2nd person singular is used in a specific group of verbs, while the ending in
566:, with only some exceptions. In OH, the original suffix of the genitive plural is
3546:. Languages of the ancient near east. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns. p. 82.
3471:. Languages of the ancient near east. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns. p. 70.
3421:. Languages of the ancient near east. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns. p. 74.
3346:. Languages of the ancient near east. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns. p. 88.
3196:. Languages of the ancient near east. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns. p. 65.
83:
marks the subject of a sentence or the predicate nominative (e.g., "I am a man").
4935:
4655:
3102:
194:
3122:
Wittmann, Henri (1969). "The Indo-European drift and the position of Hittite".
3074:
189:
Hittite declension system also distinguishes between two numbers (singular and
2891:. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck.
1381:
1374:
550:). Then, the allative and instrumental cases both merged with dative-locative
493:
Neuter nouns in the accusative singular take -n only if the thematic vowel is
306:
241:
57:
28:
4951:
3928:
3087:
3085:
2116:
translates "don't...!" in orders and prohibitions ("imperatival negative");
1445:
522:
90:
marks the possessor, the material of an object (e.g., "A sword <made>
3148:
486:). Only in some rare instances that represent an innovation, a dat-loc. in
3064:
Wittmann, Henri (1969). "A note on the linguistic form of Hittite sheep".
2976:
Die Zwei Arzawa-Briefe: Die ältesten Urkunden in indogermanischer Sprache
1986:
comes from a pre-Hittite locative without the final part of the ending, *
1409:
1404:
When compared with other early-attested Indo-European languages, such as
430:
397:
374:
339:
289:
3004:
Sturtevant, Edgar H. (1932). "The Development of the Stops in Hittite".
5053:
3966:
2909:. Rev. ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1951. First edition: 1933.
2132:
put at the beginning of a sentence, before the subject (if expressed).
2001:
verbs. Within Set I verbs, the Ib endings are taken by stems ending in
490:
is found; some of these instances are foreign words and foreign names.
17:
3059:
3054:
3025:
2740:
2242:
the nominative cases of all pronouns and the enclitic form (acc-dat).
1453:
1389:
521:
is the oldest ending; it developed from an earlier ending -t through
370:
190:
2870:
L'alignement syntaxique dans les langues indo-européennes d'Anatolie
3135:
3046:
3017:
1837:
in the present tense in confined to nu-causative verbs; the ending
3033:
Sturtevant, Edgar H. (1940). "Evidence for voicing in Hittite g".
182:
2991:
Hrozný, Bedřich (1915). "Die Lösung des hethitischen Problems".
3939:
2708:
2636:
1857:
in the 3rd person singular is used in the i-stem verbs too.
3787:
A grammar of the Hittite language. pt. 1: Reference grammar
3737:
A grammar of the Hittite language. pt. 1: Reference grammar
3703:
A grammar of the Hittite language. pt. 1: Reference grammar
3594:
A grammar of the Hittite language. pt. 1: Reference grammar
3569:
A grammar of the Hittite language. pt. 1: Reference grammar
3494:
A grammar of the Hittite language. pt. 1: Reference grammar
3444:
A grammar of the Hittite language. pt. 1: Reference grammar
3369:
A grammar of the Hittite language. pt. 1: Reference grammar
3319:
A grammar of the Hittite language. pt. 1: Reference grammar
3244:
A grammar of the Hittite language. pt. 1: Reference grammar
3219:
A grammar of the Hittite language. pt. 1: Reference grammar
3169:
A grammar of the Hittite language. pt. 1: Reference grammar
3092:
Wittmann, Henri (1969). "The development of K in Hittite".
2922:
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages
94:"), the content of an object (e.g., "A vessel <full>
2447:
The pronouns "this, that" in the nominative singular are
2731:
Goetze, Albrecht (1954). Review of: Johannes Friedrich,
497:, e.g., yukan (plough). All the other neuter nouns take
220:
according to Hoffner and Melchert comes from an earlier
2965:
Sturtevant, Edgar H. A., & George Bechtel (1935).
3079:
Wittmann, Henri (1973) . "Some Hittite etymologies".
2491:) are derived from demonstrative pronouns as well as
98:"), the object of an action (e.g., "The destruction
5192:
5159:
5131:
5113:
5074:
5044:
5016:
4978:
4949:
4921:
4898:
4845:
4812:
4779:
4734:
4674:
4620:
4567:
4514:
4472:
4402:
4367:
4289:
4266:
4188:
4126:
4041:
4032:
2958:Goetze, Albrecht & Edgar H. Sturtevant (1938).
509:. Only names in i-stem take the dative-locative in
3785:Hoffner, Harry A.; Melchert, Harold Craig (2008).
3735:Hoffner, Harry A.; Melchert, Harold Craig (2008).
3701:Hoffner, Harry A.; Melchert, Harold Craig (2008).
3592:Hoffner, Harry A.; Melchert, Harold Craig (2008).
3567:Hoffner, Harry A.; Melchert, Harold Craig (2008).
3492:Hoffner, Harry A.; Melchert, Harold Craig (2008).
3442:Hoffner, Harry A.; Melchert, Harold Craig (2008).
3367:Hoffner, Harry A.; Melchert, Harold Craig (2008).
3317:Hoffner, Harry A.; Melchert, Harold Craig (2008).
3242:Hoffner, Harry A.; Melchert, Harold Craig (2008).
3217:Hoffner, Harry A.; Melchert, Harold Craig (2008).
3167:Hoffner, Harry A.; Melchert, Harold Craig (2008).
505:, while names belonging to the neuter gender take
24:has a highly conservative verbal system and rich
1459:The basic conjugational endings are as follows:
1174:An example of adjective declension (a-stem, OH)
3885:Hoffner, Harry A.; Melchert, H. Craig (2008).
3860:Hoffner, Harry A.; Melchert, H. Craig (2008).
3835:Hoffner, Harry A.; Melchert, H. Craig (2008).
3810:Hoffner, Harry A.; Melchert, H. Craig (2008).
3760:Hoffner, Harry A.; Melchert, H. Craig (2008).
3676:Hoffner, Harry A.; Melchert, H. Craig (2008).
3642:Hoffner, Harry A.; Melchert, H. Craig (2008).
3617:Hoffner, Harry A.; Melchert, H. Craig (2008).
3542:Hoffner, Harry A.; Melchert, H. Craig (2008).
3517:Hoffner, Harry A.; Melchert, H. Craig (2008).
3467:Hoffner, Harry A.; Melchert, H. Craig (2008).
3417:Hoffner, Harry A.; Melchert, H. Craig (2008).
3392:Hoffner, Harry A.; Melchert, H. Craig (2008).
3342:Hoffner, Harry A.; Melchert, H. Craig (2008).
3292:Hoffner, Harry A.; Melchert, H. Craig (2008).
3267:Hoffner, Harry A.; Melchert, H. Craig (2008).
3192:Hoffner, Harry A.; Melchert, H. Craig (2008).
2993:Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft
2774:Hoffner, Harry A.; Melchert, H. Craig (2008).
3951:
3124:International Journal of American Linguistics
8:
2800:. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung.
3666:Hoffner & Melchert (2008: 181-182, 184)
3041:(2). Linguistic Society of America: 81–87.
2969:. Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America.
2916:. Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America.
2907:Comparative Grammar of the Hittite Language
4038:
3958:
3944:
3936:
2510:
2349:
2244:
2156:
2112:("not"); nāwi translates "not yet", while
2010:
1184:
1182:("external"), inflected for both genders.
968:
641:
3006:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1866:
1461:
585:Examples of noun declension (a-stem, OH)
226:
102:") and a partitive construction (a part
3159:
2962:. New Haven: American Oriental Society.
2940:Sociolinguistics of the Luwian Language
3012:(1). American Oriental Society: 1–12.
2905:Sturtevant, Edgar H. A. (1933, 1951).
1966:comes from a pre-Hittite locative in
208:a-stem declension in Old Hittite (OH)
7:
2920:Watkins, Calvert (2004). "Hittite".
1853:is used in i-stem verbs; the ending
1456:vowels according to fixed patterns.
574:was coined in Late OH and displaced
517:) and, according to Hoffner (2008),
173:") instead of the instrumental case.
2812:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3725:Hoffner & Melchert (2008: 185)
2810:Hittite and the Indo-European Verb
14:
3887:A grammar of the Hittite language
3862:A grammar of the Hittite language
3837:A grammar of the Hittite language
3812:A grammar of the Hittite language
3762:A grammar of the Hittite language
3678:A grammar of the Hittite language
3644:A grammar of the Hittite language
3619:A grammar of the Hittite language
3544:A grammar of the Hittite language
3519:A grammar of the Hittite language
3469:A grammar of the Hittite language
3419:A grammar of the Hittite language
3394:A grammar of the Hittite language
3344:A grammar of the Hittite language
3294:A grammar of the Hittite language
3269:A grammar of the Hittite language
3194:A grammar of the Hittite language
2776:A Grammar of the Hittite Language
2752:, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 3–82.,
2471:). Their neuter counterparts are
1860:In the imperative, the ending in
1440:There are two voices (active and
193:) and shows indirect traces of a
2912:Sturtevant, Edgar H. A. (1940).
2889:The Hittite -hi/-mi conjugations
3927:Lauffenburger, Olivier (2006).
2761:Hittite Etymological Dictionary
1864:is used in nu-causative verbs.
39:, and is the earliest attested
3929:"The Hittite Grammar Homepage"
3921:Interlinear Morphemic Glossing
2851:Anatolian Historical Phonology
1:
2960:The Hittite Ritual of Tunnawi
2744:Sturtevant, Edgar H. (1931).
1974:showing vowel mutations and *
200:Hittite language is based on
47:Noun and adjective declension
3109:Indogermanische Forschungen
2914:The Indo-Hittite laryngeals
2872:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
2499:("now, then/in the past").
5245:
3916:Glossing Ancient Languages
3066:Revue hittite et asianique
2950:
1494:Indicative Present-Future
554:. The use of old allative
3977:
3919:(recommendations for the
3083:. 10, 19: 144–148, 39–43.
2938:Yakubovich, Ilya (2010).
2831:. Munich: Lincom Europa.
2487:. Adverbs "here, there" (
1912:
1907:
1819:
1804:
1789:
1721:
1709:
1694:
1679:
1603:
1591:
1576:
1561:
1493:
1474:
1471:
1469:
478:, "father" > dat-loc.
2973:Knudtzon, J. A. (1902).
2827:Luraghi, Silvia (1997).
2416:-šummiš; -šummet; anzel
1178:The adjective chosen is
4689:Central Atlas Tamazight
2868:Patri, Sylvain (2007).
2778:. Winona: Eisenbrauns.
2733:Hethitisches Wörterbuch
2108:The negation adverb is
1868:Nonfinite Verbal Forms
52:Gender system and cases
5229:Indo-European grammars
2967:A Hittite Chrestomathy
2759:Puhvel, Jaan (1984–).
2735:(Heidelberg: Winter).
2439:Demonstrative pronouns
2383:-tiš; -tet; tuel, tue
2141:The verb "to be" in OH
2104:Basic negative adverbs
1377:language, with it has
114:, "in the manner of").
41:Indo-European language
2951:Further information:
2853:. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
2432:-šmiš; -šmet; ?
1982:mutation; the supine
1604:Indicative Preterite
1416:-conjugation and the
570:; then, a new suffix
558:and old instrumental
3914:Hittite in the wiki
2979:. Leipzig: Hinrichs.
2887:Rose, S. R. (2006).
2424:-šmiš; -šmet; šumel
1671:-at(i), -ta, -tat(i)
1513:-ḫaḫari (-ḫari, -ḫa)
1180:araḫzenaš, araḫzenan
529:, šākuwa (eye) >
4319:Old Church Slavonic
2573:*ter-(i)eš; *ter-e
2512:
2351:
2342:Possessive pronouns
2246:
2205:ešuwani (*asweni?)
2158:
2012:
1876:Verbal substantive
1869:
1466:
1464:Hittite Conjugation
1379:subject-object-verb
1186:
5184:Lingua Franca Nova
4827:Classical Japanese
2847:Melchert, H. Craig
2754:Language Monograph
2511:
2455:; their plural is
2350:
2245:
2157:
2011:
1867:
1462:
1392:is then appended.
1185:
167:through the window
142:somebody/something
31:. The language is
5211:
5210:
4865:Classical Chinese
4510:
4509:
3971:world's languages
3923:of Hittite texts)
3896:978-1-57506-119-1
3871:978-1-57506-119-1
3846:978-1-57506-119-1
3821:978-1-57506-119-1
3796:978-1-57506-119-1
3771:978-1-57506-119-1
3746:978-1-57506-119-1
3712:978-1-57506-119-1
3687:978-1-57506-119-1
3653:978-1-57506-119-1
3628:978-1-57506-119-1
3603:978-1-57506-119-1
3578:978-1-57506-119-1
3553:978-1-57506-119-1
3528:978-1-57506-119-1
3503:978-1-57506-119-1
3478:978-1-57506-119-1
3453:978-1-57506-119-1
3428:978-1-57506-119-1
3403:978-1-57506-119-1
3378:978-1-57506-119-1
3353:978-1-57506-119-1
3328:978-1-57506-119-1
3303:978-1-57506-119-1
3278:978-1-57506-119-1
3253:978-1-57506-119-1
3228:978-1-57506-119-1
3203:978-1-57506-119-1
3178:978-1-57506-119-1
2879:978-3-447-05612-0
2794:Hrozný, Friedrich
2785:978-1-57506-119-1
2763:. Berlin: Mouton.
2718:
2717:
2436:
2435:
2339:
2338:
2237:Personal pronouns
2229:
2228:
2101:
2100:
1960:
1959:
1831:
1830:
1643:-at, -ta, -tat(i)
1366:
1365:
1171:
1170:
967:
966:
472:
471:
161:By contrast, the
5236:
5224:Hittite language
4880:Mandarin Chinese
4711:Levantine Arabic
4039:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3937:
3932:
3901:
3900:
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3673:
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3408:
3407:
3389:
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3358:
3357:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3264:
3258:
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3232:
3214:
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3164:
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3101:
3084:
3073:
3058:
3029:
3000:
2985:Journal articles
2980:
2942:. Leiden: Brill.
2935:
2902:
2883:
2864:
2842:
2823:
2806:Jasanoff, Jay H.
2801:
2789:
2599:mi-e-(ya-)wa-aš
2519:Hitt (cardinal)
2513:
2352:
2247:
2159:
2013:
1870:
1467:
1400:Verb conjugation
1187:
969:
642:
227:
202:split ergativity
22:Hittite language
5244:
5243:
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5188:
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5077:Native American
5070:
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4917:
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4730:
4670:
4616:
4563:
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4468:
4398:
4363:
4285:
4262:
4184:
4163:Scottish Gaelic
4122:
4028:
3973:
3964:
3926:
3910:
3905:
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3897:
3884:
3883:
3879:
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2826:
2820:
2804:
2792:
2786:
2773:
2770:
2728:
2723:
2587:teriyan, terin
2522:Hitt (ordinal)
2505:
2441:
2344:
2239:
2234:
2143:
2138:
2106:
1962:The infinitive
1711:-er; -ar (rare)
1465:
1402:
1371:
1176:
587:
210:
121:dative-locative
54:
49:
12:
11:
5:
5242:
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5117:
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5110:
5108:
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5092:
5087:
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5020:
5014:
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5005:
5000:
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4990:
4984:
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4902:
4896:
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4882:
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4862:
4857:
4851:
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4818:
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4365:
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4346:
4341:
4339:Serbo-Croatian
4336:
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4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
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4293:
4287:
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4260:
4255:
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4245:
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4239:
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4225:
4220:
4215:
4213:Istro-Romanian
4210:
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4194:
4192:
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3908:External links
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3130:(3): 266–268.
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1146:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1132:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1087:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1057:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1004:
1002:
988:
980:
979:
976:
973:
965:
964:
957:
950:
942:
941:
938:
920:
912:
911:
896:
881:
873:
872:
858:
840:
832:
831:
813:
795:
787:
786:
768:
750:
742:
741:
738:
728:
720:
719:
716:
713:
705:
704:
683:
661:
653:
652:
649:
646:
637:
636:
616:
613:common/animate
586:
583:
470:
469:
460:
451:
443:
442:
439:
434:
426:
425:
416:
401:
393:
392:
387:
378:
366:
365:
348:
343:
335:
334:
321:
310:
302:
301:
298:
293:
285:
284:
277:
270:
262:
261:
250:
245:
237:
236:
233:
230:
209:
206:
187:
186:
174:
159:
152:
145:
138:something else
125:
116:
115:
84:
53:
50:
48:
45:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5241:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5204:
5201:
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5191:
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5112:
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5098:
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5019:
5015:
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5006:
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5001:
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4991:
4989:
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4955:
4953:
4948:
4942:
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4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4900:Austroasiatic
4897:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
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4682:
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4119:
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4059:
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4048:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4034:Indo-European
4031:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3987:Orthographies
3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3961:
3956:
3954:
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3360:
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3324:
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3305:
3299:
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3274:
3270:
3263:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3235:
3230:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3195:
3188:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3160:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3103:
3099:
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3088:
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3077:
3075:
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3067:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
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3040:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:Hittite texts
2947:Text editions
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2931:0-521-56256-2
2927:
2923:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2898:3-85124-704-3
2894:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2860:90-5183-697-X
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2838:3-89586-076-X
2834:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2819:0-19-924905-9
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2751:
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2738:
2734:
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2725:
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2713:
2710:
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2700:
2696:
2693:
2689:
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2675:
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2668:
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2598:
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2397:
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2357:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2318:šumeš; šumāš
2317:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
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2257:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2236:
2231:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2215:? (*ašteni?)
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2097:
2093:
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2088:
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2084:
2080:
2078:
2075:
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2065:
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2058:
2054:
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2049:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1889:
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1827:
1824:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1791:-weni (-wani)
1786:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1759:
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1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1475:Mediopassive
1468:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1442:medio-passive
1435:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1406:Ancient Greek
1399:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1373:Hittite is a
1368:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1318:
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1313:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1296:
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1269:
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1234:
1233:
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1217:
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1211:
1207:
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1199:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1173:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
987:
986:
982:
981:
977:
974:
971:
970:
962:
958:
955:
951:
949:
948:
944:
943:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
919:
918:
914:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
894:
890:
886:
882:
880:
879:
875:
874:
871:
867:
863:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
839:
838:
834:
833:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
794:
793:
789:
788:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
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763:
759:
755:
751:
749:
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743:
739:
737:
733:
729:
727:
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722:
721:
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714:
712:
711:
707:
706:
703:
699:
696:
692:
688:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
660:
659:
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654:
650:
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644:
643:
640:
635:
634:
629:
625:
621:
617:
615:
614:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
588:
584:
582:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
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549:
546:
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539:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
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491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
468:
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461:
459:
455:
452:
450:
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409:
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402:
400:
399:
395:
394:
391:
388:
386:
382:
379:
377:
376:
372:
368:
367:
364:
362:
359:
356:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
341:
337:
336:
333:
331:
328:
325:
322:
320:
318:
314:
311:
309:
308:
304:
303:
299:
297:
294:
292:
291:
287:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
274:
271:
269:
268:
264:
263:
260:
258:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
243:
239:
238:
234:
231:
229:
228:
225:
223:
219:
215:
207:
205:
203:
198:
196:
192:
184:
179:
175:
172:
168:
164:
160:
157:
153:
150:
146:
143:
139:
135:
130:
126:
122:
118:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
82:
78:
77:
76:
73:
70:
67:
63:
59:
51:
46:
44:
42:
38:
34:
30:
27:
23:
19:
5026:Massachusett
4980:Austronesian
4847:Sino-Tibetan
4501:
4113:West Frisian
4012:Prepositions
3991:
3915:
3886:
3880:
3861:
3855:
3836:
3830:
3811:
3805:
3786:
3780:
3761:
3755:
3736:
3730:
3721:
3702:
3696:
3677:
3671:
3662:
3643:
3637:
3618:
3612:
3593:
3587:
3568:
3562:
3543:
3537:
3518:
3512:
3493:
3487:
3468:
3462:
3443:
3437:
3418:
3412:
3393:
3387:
3368:
3362:
3343:
3337:
3318:
3312:
3293:
3287:
3268:
3262:
3243:
3237:
3218:
3212:
3193:
3187:
3168:
3162:
3127:
3123:
3112:
3108:
3097:
3093:
3080:
3069:
3065:
3038:
3034:
3009:
3005:
2996:
2992:
2975:
2966:
2959:
2939:
2921:
2913:
2906:
2888:
2869:
2850:
2828:
2809:
2797:
2775:
2760:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2736:
2732:
2726:Dictionaries
2702:
2681:
2664:
2647:
2630:
2624:
2611:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2574:
2568:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2506:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2404:
2393:
2391:
2384:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2345:
2334:
2331:
2330:-e > -at
2319:
2307:
2294:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2270:
2240:
2220:
2210:
2200:
2190:
2180:
2170:
2150:
2146:
2144:
2129:
2127:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2107:
2095:
2089:
2082:
2076:
2069:
2063:
2056:
2050:
2043:
2037:
2030:
2024:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1954:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1893:
1861:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1825:
1820:
1810:
1805:
1795:
1790:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1715:
1710:
1700:
1695:
1685:
1680:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1597:
1592:
1582:
1577:
1567:
1563:-weni; -meni
1562:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1486:
1480:
1458:
1451:
1439:
1430:
1426:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1394:
1386:
1372:
1355:
1354:
1344:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1314:
1305:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1284:
1277:
1276:
1267:
1260:
1259:
1246:
1245:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1201:
1179:
1177:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1149:
1136:
1135:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1112:
1104:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1082:
1074:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1052:
1040:
1039:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1008:
999:
995:
991:
984:
983:
960:
953:
946:
945:
935:
931:
927:
923:
916:
915:
907:
903:
899:
892:
888:
884:
877:
876:
869:
865:
861:
855:
851:
847:
843:
836:
835:
828:
824:
820:
816:
810:
806:
802:
798:
791:
790:
783:
779:
775:
771:
765:
761:
757:
753:
746:
745:
735:
731:
724:
723:
709:
708:
701:
697:
694:
690:
686:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
657:
656:
638:
632:
631:
627:
623:
619:
612:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
580:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
544:
540:
537:
535:
530:
526:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
492:
487:
483:
479:
475:
473:
466:
462:
457:
453:
448:Instrumental
447:
436:
429:
422:
418:
414:
411:
407:
403:
396:
389:
384:
380:
369:
363:
360:
357:
354:
350:
345:
338:
332:
329:
326:
323:
319:
316:
312:
305:
295:
288:
282:
279:
275:
272:
266:
259:
256:
252:
247:
240:
221:
217:
213:
211:
199:
188:
178:instrumental
177:
170:
166:
162:
155:
148:
141:
137:
133:
128:
120:
111:
108:pospositions
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
80:
74:
71:
55:
15:
5195:constructed
5179:Interlingue
5174:Interlingua
5046:Uto-Aztecan
4736:Niger–Congo
4676:Afroasiatic
4002:Determiners
3982:Phonologies
3081:Die Sprache
2924:: 551–575.
2739:30.401–405.
2623:5-an, 5-in
2604:4-an, 4-in
2408:-šet; apel
2398:-šiš; apel
2306:wēš; anzāš
2191:He, she, it
2051:He, she, it
1885:Participle
1879:Infinitive
1833:The ending
1751:-∅ (-i, -t)
1722:Imperative
1623:-(ḫa)ḫat(i)
195:dual number
171:by the king
100:of the city
5218:Categories
4952:East Asian
4913:Vietnamese
4699:Historical
4661:Mingrelian
4427:Hindustani
4404:Indo-Aryan
4354:Slovincian
4314:Macedonian
4299:Belarusian
4281:Lithuanian
4243:Portuguese
4173:colloquial
3997:Adjectives
3154:References
3072:: 117–118.
2721:Literature
2707:10- (<
2690:nuntata),
2553:2-uš; 2-e
2390:His, her;
2315:You (all)
1681:-wen; -men
1568:-wašta(ti)
1382:word order
1375:head-final
307:Accusative
242:Nominative
129:accusative
104:of a whole
81:nominative
62:accusative
58:nominative
29:declension
5169:Esperanto
5161:auxiliary
5059:Classical
4970:Mongolian
4860:Cantonese
4794:Malayalam
4781:Dravidian
4651:Kabardian
4559:Meänkieli
4534:Hungarian
4359:Ukrainian
4304:Bulgarian
4203:Dalmatian
4103:Ripuarian
4098:Old Norse
4093:Norwegian
4088:Icelandic
4051:Afrikaans
3144:106405518
2711:*déḱm̥?)
2656:šaptam-)
2639:*swéḱs?)
2635:6- (<
2489:kā, apiya
2479:, plural
2380:Your/thy
2278:He, she;
2269:zik; zīk
2211:You (all)
2077:You (all)
1811:-dumat(i)
1771:-tu; -du
1741:-(ḫa)ḫaru
1716:-antat(i)
1598:-anta(ri)
1583:-duma(ri)
1553:-(t)a(ri)
1454:ablauting
1446:preterite
1222:, araḫzen
1212:, araḫzen
1193:Singular
975:Singular
648:Singular
606:, arunaš
590:antuḫšaš
523:anaptyxis
232:Singular
134:something
37:cuneiform
5133:artistic
5123:American
5085:Cherokee
4993:Hawaiian
4931:Has Hlai
4875:Kokborok
4870:Dzongkha
4832:Okinawan
4822:Japanese
4726:Ugaritic
4721:Tigrinya
4646:Georgian
4623:European
4549:Livonian
4524:Estonian
4480:Albanian
4457:Sanskrit
4432:Maithili
4422:Gujarati
4417:Bhojpuri
4334:Silesian
4258:Venetian
4248:Romanian
4227:Lombard
4178:literary
4043:Germanic
4017:Pronouns
3992:Grammars
3967:Grammars
3100:: 22–26.
3035:Language
2999:: 17–50.
2849:(1994).
2808:(2003).
2796:(1917).
2750:Language
2737:Language
2673:aitãta)
2532:*šia-aš
2355:Pronoun
2332:(MH, NH)
2261:ūk; -mu
2250:Pronoun
2232:Pronouns
2162:Pronoun
2136:Pronouns
2016:Pronoun
1796:-waštati
1508:-ḫi, -ḫe
1410:Sanskrit
1299:Dat-loc.
1240:- - -,
1237:- - -,
1084:Dat-loc.
837:Dat-loc.
622:, pedan
620:(plough)
602:, išḫāš
600:(mother)
598:, annaš
596:(father)
594:, attaš
548:-eš, -aš
541:-uš, -aš
515:-it, -et
431:Allative
398:Ablative
375:locative
340:Genitive
290:Vocative
267:Ergative
214:antuḫšaš
163:ablative
156:allative
149:vocative
124:Winter".
88:genitive
33:attested
5141:Klingon
5095:Miskito
5054:Nahuatl
5008:Tagalog
4998:Ilocano
4988:Cebuano
4923:Kra–Dai
4890:Tibetan
4855:Burmese
4837:Hachijō
4814:Japonic
4789:Kannada
4766:Swahili
4597:Turkmen
4592:Turkish
4539:Ingrian
4529:Finnish
4502:Hittite
4490:Ancient
4452:Punjabi
4437:Marathi
4412:Bengali
4387:Persian
4377:Kurdish
4369:Iranian
4349:Slovene
4329:Russian
4276:Latvian
4253:Spanish
4236:Western
4231:Eastern
4218:Italian
4198:Catalan
4141:Cornish
4118:Yiddish
4108:Swedish
4078:Faroese
4066:English
3969:of the
3115:: 1–10.
2829:Hittite
2768:Grammar
2620:paⁿta)
2536:šia-an
2516:Number
2503:Numbers
2467:(later
2459:(later
2369:; -met
2271:(rare);
2225:ašanzi
2151:*esweni
2147:*asweni
1968:*-wenti
1926:(gen. -
1882:Supine
1826:-antaru
1781:-(t)aru
1761:-ḫut(i)
1756:-∅ (-i)
1731:-(a)llu
1686:-waštat
1533:-ta(ti)
1489:-conj.
1483:-conj.
1472:Active
1390:clitics
1343:araḫzen
1328:araḫzen
1321:araḫzen
1304:araḫzen
1289:araḫzen
1283:araḫzen
1266:araḫzen
1218:araḫzen
1208:araḫzen
1196:Plural
978:Plural
868:, , išḫ
823:, , išḫ
734:, , išḫ
698:(irr.),
651:Plural
626:, ekan
624:(place)
578:in NH.
543:; acc.
531:šākuwat
273:-anz(a)
235:Plural
96:of wine
92:of iron
26:nominal
20:of the
18:grammar
5203:Lojban
5193:Other
5151:Quenya
5100:Navajo
5075:Other
5036:Ojibwe
5031:Munsee
4965:Korean
4960:Evenki
4950:Other
4804:Telugu
4756:Herero
4716:Somali
4706:Kabyle
4694:Hebrew
4684:Arabic
4641:Basque
4636:Adyghe
4631:Abkhaz
4621:Other
4602:Uyghur
4582:Kyrgyz
4577:Kazakh
4569:Turkic
4554:Udmurt
4516:Uralic
4442:Nepali
4382:Pashto
4344:Slovak
4324:Polish
4291:Slavic
4268:Baltic
4208:French
4190:Italic
4136:Breton
4128:Celtic
4083:German
4056:Danish
3893:
3868:
3843:
3818:
3793:
3768:
3743:
3709:
3684:
3650:
3625:
3600:
3575:
3550:
3525:
3500:
3475:
3450:
3425:
3400:
3375:
3350:
3325:
3300:
3275:
3250:
3225:
3200:
3175:
3142:
3094:Glossa
3055:408942
3053:
3026:593573
3024:
2928:
2895:
2876:
2857:
2835:
2816:
2782:
2756:No. 9.
2692:Luwian
2688:Lycian
2671:Lycian
2654:Luwian
2618:Luwian
2583:tari)
2581:Luwian
2579:trei,
2577:Lycian
2559:tuwa)
2557:Luwian
2463:) and
2429:Their
2373:ammel
2322:-šmaš
1972:-wonti
1964:-wanzi
1949:-annaš
1947:(gen.
1904:-wanzi
1896:(gen.
1787:Pl. 1
1727:Sg. 1
1701:-dumat
1677:Pl. 1
1633:-š; -t
1613:-(n)un
1609:Sg. 1
1559:Pl. 1
1499:Sg. 1
1369:Syntax
1356:Instr.
1349:- - -
1254:- - -
1151:Instr.
1144:- - -
1034:- - -
959:antuḫš
952:antuḫš
947:Instr.
940:- - -
922:antuḫš
898:antuḫš
883:antuḫš
860:antuḫš
842:antuḫš
827:> -
815:antuḫš
797:antuḫš
770:antuḫš
752:antūḫš
740:- - -
718:- - -
689:, atti
685:antuḫš
679:, arun
663:antuḫš
633:neuter
618:yukan
604:(lord)
552:-az(a)
484:*attai
482:, not
441:- - -
419:-az(a)
412:-az(a)
371:Dative
300:- - -
280:-antēš
191:plural
5146:Naʼvi
5105:Otomi
5090:Inuit
5066:Nawat
5018:Algic
5003:Malay
4908:Khmer
4799:Tamil
4761:Sotho
4749:Pular
4666:Ubykh
4612:Yakut
4607:Uzbek
4587:Tatar
4495:Koine
4485:Greek
4473:Other
4462:Vedic
4392:Tajik
4309:Czech
4223:Latin
4168:Welsh
4146:Irish
4061:Dutch
4022:Verbs
4007:Nouns
3140:S2CID
3051:JSTOR
3022:JSTOR
2694:nuwa
2665:Eight
2648:Seven
2569:Three
2497:apiya
2493:kinun
2421:Your
2366:-miš
2358:Hitt
2327:They
2310:-naš
2253:Hitt
2195:ēšzi
2185:ēšši
2175:ēšmi
2165:Verb
2130:natta
2110:natta
2019:Verb
1978:>
1955:-anna
1945:-ātar
1935:manzi
1914:-ant-
1839:-weni
1835:-meni
1821:-andu
1736:-allu
1666:-šta)
1653:-t(a)
1593:-anzi
1578:-teni
1431:-ešš-
1427:-nin-
1190:Case
1165:it/et
1158:it/et
1128:az(a)
1126:, ped
1121:az(a)
1119:, ped
1103:, ped
1093:, ped
1073:, ped
1063:, ped
994:, ped
972:Case
961:it/et
954:it/et
934:, išḫ
930:, ann
926:, att
908:az(a)
906:, ann
904:az(a)
902:, att
900:az(a)
893:az(a)
891:, ann
889:az(a)
887:, att
885:az(a)
864:, add
854:, išḫ
850:, ann
846:, att
819:, att
809:, išḫ
805:, ann
801:, att
782:, išḫ
780:(i)uš
778:, ann
774:, att
764:, išḫ
760:, ann
756:, att
730:, att
715:- - -
693:, ann
675:, išḫ
671:, ann
667:, att
645:Case
628:(ice)
608:(sea)
592:(man)
527:genut
476:attaš
353:>
313:-(a)n
183:Latin
136:into
5115:sign
4941:Thai
4885:Mizo
4771:Zulu
4744:Fula
4544:Komi
4447:Odia
4158:Manx
3891:ISBN
3866:ISBN
3841:ISBN
3816:ISBN
3791:ISBN
3766:ISBN
3741:ISBN
3707:ISBN
3682:ISBN
3648:ISBN
3623:ISBN
3598:ISBN
3573:ISBN
3548:ISBN
3523:ISBN
3498:ISBN
3473:ISBN
3448:ISBN
3423:ISBN
3398:ISBN
3373:ISBN
3348:ISBN
3323:ISBN
3298:ISBN
3273:ISBN
3248:ISBN
3223:ISBN
3198:ISBN
3173:ISBN
2926:ISBN
2893:ISBN
2874:ISBN
2855:ISBN
2833:ISBN
2814:ISBN
2780:ISBN
2686:9- (
2682:Nine
2669:8- (
2652:7- (
2616:5- (
2612:Five
2595:Four
2563:dān
2495:and
2483:and
2477:apāt
2475:and
2469:apūš
2453:apāš
2451:and
2413:Our
2403:Its
2392:its
2298:-at
2286:-aš
2273:-ta
2266:You
2221:They
2096:anzi
2094:ḫark
2090:They
2081:ḫart
2070:ueni
1992:-won
1990:or *
1988:-wen
1984:-wan
1970:or *
1924:-mar
1909:-wan
1898:-waš
1894:-war
1873:Set
1847:-šta
1806:-ten
1696:-ten
1618:-ḫun
1429:and
1408:and
1338:All.
1323:az(a
1316:Abl.
1278:Gen.
1261:Acc.
1247:Voc.
1232:Erg.
1203:Nom.
1137:All.
1114:Abl.
1097:, ek
1067:, ek
1054:Gen.
1041:Acc.
1027:Voc.
1010:Erg.
998:, ek
985:Nom.
917:All.
878:Abl.
792:Gen.
747:Acc.
725:Voc.
710:Erg.
658:Nom.
545:-uš,
538:-eš,
480:atti
222:*-ti
176:The
154:The
147:The
127:The
119:The
112:iwar
86:The
79:The
60:and
16:The
4936:Lao
4656:Laz
4151:Old
4071:Old
3132:doi
3043:doi
3014:doi
2709:PIE
2703:Ten
2637:PIE
2631:Six
2549:Two
2528:One
2485:apē
2465:apē
2461:kūš
2449:kāš
2363:My
2303:We
2293:It
2280:it
2181:You
2149:or
2083:enī
2068:ḫar
2055:ḫar
2042:ḫar
2038:You
2029:ḫar
1999:mi-
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