3310:
595:, which were considered as part of a subfamily called Dinotoxodontinae, while dental characteristics and the frontal prominence bring it closer to another subfamily, the Haplodontotheriinae; Saint-André considered it as part of the latter group in its initial description in 1992. However, it seems that the traits that distinguish these subfamilies are actually found in different genera and therefore is better only distinguish between the primitive forms grouped in Nesodontinae and the more advanced Toxodontinae, including
5150:
2456:
367:
142:
554:
121:
2450:
2444:
5156:
536:, a well-developed middle lobe and a complex contour in the posterior lobe of the upper molar, apart from a sharp posterior edge in the upper third molar (M3), while in the second lower molar (m2) the lingual surface of the trigonid is much longer. The upper premolars lack of lingual folds and the upper molars lacking of the bifurcated lingual fold, a trait shared with advanced toxodontids such as
5144:
3305:
430:
MNHN BOL V 3291 corresponds to the partial skull of a juvenile individual, which comes from Cerro
Pisakeri, also near to Achiri, recovered by the joint expedition of the French Institute of Andean Studies (IFEA) and The Geological Service of Bolivia (GEOBOL) in 1989. These remains were the basis for
1471:, but during the Late Miocene it was at an altitude of 1,600 to 1,200 metres (5,200 to 3,900 ft), with an average temperature of 20 °C (68 °F). In this warmer environment were found plants typical from a subtropical dry forest, with plants of the genus
1620:
ng, n. sp. du Miocène supérieur de l'Altiplano bolivien et le statut des
Dinotoxodontinés (Mammalia, Notoungulata). Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences. Série 2, Mécanique, Physique, Chimie, Sciences de l'univers, Sciences de la Terre, 316(4),
463:
is high and elongated; in the holotype specimen it measures 527 millimetres (20.7 in) in length, while in the juvenile specimen it reaches 469 millimetres (18.5 in). The most notable characteristic of this is the elevation of the
575:. This type of structure may have served these toxodontids to maintain static their legs while standing, facilitating them to maintain this posture for long periods throughout the day without fatigue, as in modern horses and rhinoceroses.
492:. In dorsal view, the skull is triangular in shape. The mandible has a notorious projection pointing downwards into the mandibular ramus, at the level of the lower third molar (m3), a feature seen in other toxodontids such as
472:, forming a large sagittal crest, which is more developed in the adult individual, and also presents in the anterior frontal area a sort of triangular "shield", which may have served as a point of attachment for a
590:
molars and the development of four large frontal hypselodont incisors of continuous growth. However, it is more difficult to establish its position within this family, since it has features in common with
1726:
Pujos, F., Antoine, P. O., Mamani Quispe, B., Abello, A., & Andrade Flores, R. (2012, September). The
Miocene vertebrate faunas of Achiri, Bolivia. In Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology (Vol. 32, pp.
1708:
Gregory-Wodzicki, K. M. (2002). A late
Miocene subtropical-dry flora from the northern Altiplano, Bolivia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 180(4), 331-348.
435:
in 1993 by French paleontologist Pierre-Antoine Saint-André. The name of the genus commemorates the scientific work of
Professor Hoffstetter, while the name of the species,
1657:
Forasiepi, A. A. M.; Cerdeño, E.; Bond, M.; Schmidt, G. I.; Naipauer, M.; Straehl, F. R.; Martinelli, A. N. G.; Garrido, A. C.; Schmitz, M. D.; Crowley, J. L. (2014).
5220:
386:, Bolivia. These volcanic sediments have been dated in 10.35 million years, which indicates that they are of the Late Miocene and would correspond to the
5279:
5207:
1755:
5314:
5319:
3309:
1717:
Saint-Andre, P. A. (1994). Contribution à l'étude des grands mammifères du Néogène de l'Altiplano bolivien (Doctoral dissertation).
382:, located in the northwestern part of the Bolivian highlands, to 5 kilometres (3.1 mi). near to the village of Achiri in the
5149:
1765:
141:
2455:
1748:
5309:
332:
2449:
5304:
1585:
4421:
4505:
2443:
2372:
1741:
5284:
5175:
5143:
5155:
5028:
5246:
4815:
263:
3304:
3175:
1530:
4944:
4923:
4850:
4732:
4263:
4081:
3991:
3191:
1992:
1242:
1163:
5289:
4449:
4428:
4186:
4130:
3948:
3758:
3581:
2846:
1957:
1460:
379:
328:
283:
4871:
4463:
4298:
3660:
3242:
2695:
2147:
1630:
Shockey, B. J. (2001). Specialized knee joints in some extinct, endemic, South
American herbivores.
4829:
4618:
4583:
4405:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4256:
4214:
4151:
4074:
3927:
3857:
3618:
3611:
3500:
3493:
2972:
2951:
2855:
2602:
2531:
1517:
1455:
1086:
981:
892:
542:
532:
4937:
4725:
4667:
4560:
4491:
4456:
4200:
3934:
3486:
3479:
3398:
3212:
2958:
2869:
2804:
2790:
2488:
1838:
5294:
5274:
4916:
4611:
4312:
4172:
4165:
4137:
4102:
4088:
3941:
3913:
3835:
3639:
3625:
3604:
3521:
3198:
2937:
2818:
2395:
2008:
1877:
1862:
1688:
1012:
635:
423:
355:
136:
5251:
4193:
4067:
3977:
3899:
3163:
2595:
2277:
1950:
1928:
1914:
1884:
4158:
4109:
3405:
3228:
3046:
1870:
1848:
1561:
691:
366:
5233:
5225:
5014:
4864:
4857:
4484:
4375:
3955:
3786:
3560:
3551:
3419:
3282:
2797:
2748:
2716:
2416:
2358:
2319:
2305:
2220:
1500:
1491:
1479:
448:
5238:
4553:
5021:
5000:
4900:
4688:
4604:
4470:
3970:
3449:
3081:
3067:
3002:
2902:
2730:
2681:
2386:
2349:
2257:
2236:
2206:
2101:
2001:
1733:
1678:
1670:
553:
383:
120:
5299:
4984:
4972:
4808:
4574:
4519:
4442:
4384:
4044:
3574:
3109:
3032:
2876:
2709:
2651:
2623:
2586:
2559:
1557:
1505:
753:
4878:
4716:
4702:
4695:
4681:
4391:
4095:
3984:
3920:
3885:
3849:
3779:
3667:
3567:
3470:
3442:
3428:
3364:
3340:
3184:
3116:
3102:
3088:
2944:
2916:
2883:
2811:
2774:
2761:
2409:
2402:
2365:
2328:
2284:
2243:
2168:
2154:
2110:
1943:
1921:
1898:
1795:
1544:
508:
444:
403:
5268:
5065:
5049:
5007:
4993:
4822:
4799:
4764:
4746:
4646:
4639:
4498:
4361:
4242:
4235:
4116:
3878:
3808:
3751:
3681:
3385:
3095:
3074:
3018:
2702:
2193:
2131:
2015:
1818:
1692:
1566:
1548:
1513:
1211:
500:
324:
78:
38:
530:. Molar teeth have lingual folds with less depths than in other toxodontids such as
5109:
5093:
5072:
5035:
4909:
4836:
4785:
4739:
4660:
4632:
4597:
4532:
4228:
4058:
4030:
4021:
4009:
3864:
3842:
3822:
3801:
3765:
3744:
3723:
3716:
3707:
3695:
3653:
3435:
3327:
3137:
3025:
2825:
2723:
2688:
2674:
2667:
2630:
2616:
2609:
2335:
2140:
1553:
1292:
784:
610:
488:
465:
340:
312:
305:
222:
209:
196:
5198:
5116:
5102:
5079:
4843:
4674:
4653:
4590:
4221:
4207:
4179:
3963:
3646:
3595:
3507:
3456:
3371:
3357:
3251:
3221:
3130:
3123:
3060:
3011:
2988:
2930:
2783:
2572:
2545:
2523:
2516:
2500:
2270:
2175:
2041:
2029:
1810:
1658:
1591:
1259:
923:
868:
666:
494:
53:
5058:
4951:
4354:
4345:
3906:
3892:
3871:
3794:
3539:
3289:
3053:
3039:
2923:
2862:
2473:
2089:
2064:
1814:
1674:
1643:
Bond, Mariano (2016). Ungulados nativos de Sudamérica. Una corta síntesis. En
1539:
1526:
1509:
477:
473:
469:
399:
302:
98:
63:
1645:
Historia evolutiva y paleobiogeográfica de los vertebrados de América del Sur
565:
has an elongated trochlear medial crest at its lower end, in the area of the
4958:
4777:
4625:
4435:
4414:
4249:
4123:
3772:
3674:
3632:
3350:
2637:
2538:
2509:
2291:
2161:
1964:
1907:
1855:
1659:"New toxodontid (Notoungulata) from the Early Miocene of Mendoza, Argentina"
1535:
1522:
1496:
1473:
1468:
1450:
1187:
1062:
708:
602:
587:
387:
153:
103:
47:
525:
517:
514:
5192:
4546:
4539:
4477:
4305:
3737:
3730:
3514:
3258:
2981:
2660:
2298:
2229:
2117:
2071:
2050:
1978:
1971:
1936:
1783:
1485:
1309:
482:
427:
391:
173:
93:
88:
73:
68:
58:
5212:
4930:
4319:
4291:
4037:
1683:
1464:
1029:
940:
826:
809:
571:
407:
336:
316:
108:
83:
30:
2832:
2057:
1789:
1777:
411:
320:
308:
183:
163:
34:
5169:
586:
is clearly a toxodontid, identified by characteristics such as the
1495:, a notoungulate that constitutes a fossil guide of the area; the
552:
440:
419:
365:
298:
1467:. The area is today at about 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) above
566:
415:
5173:
3325:
2471:
1808:
1737:
447:
of the animal, reminiscent of the crown of the emperors of the
398:, a partial skull and mandible of an adult individual, plus
378:
were discovered in a volcanic tuff in the 6th member of the
1489:, whereas the contemporary fauna includes the mesotheriid
128:
Skeletal drawing of the skull of the adult holotype of
5090:
5046:
4981:
4969:
4897:
4796:
4761:
4713:
4571:
4516:
4402:
4372:
4342:
4055:
4018:
4006:
3819:
3704:
3692:
3592:
3548:
3536:
3467:
3416:
3382:
3239:
3209:
3172:
3160:
2999:
2969:
2899:
2843:
2771:
2758:
2745:
2648:
2583:
2556:
2497:
2485:
2383:
2346:
2316:
2254:
2217:
2190:
2128:
2098:
2086:
2038:
2026:
1989:
1895:
1835:
422:, retrieved by the expedition of the paleontologist
5182:
5089:
5045:
4980:
4968:
4896:
4795:
4760:
4712:
4570:
4515:
4401:
4371:
4341:
4054:
4017:
4005:
3818:
3703:
3691:
3591:
3547:
3535:
3466:
3415:
3381:
3338:
3272:
3238:
3208:
3171:
3159:
2998:
2968:
2897:
2842:
2770:
2756:
2744:
2647:
2582:
2555:
2496:
2484:
2382:
2345:
2315:
2253:
2216:
2189:
2127:
2097:
2085:
2037:
2025:
1988:
1894:
1834:
1704:
1702:
1449:is one of the few toxodonts found in the Bolivian
1647:. Contribuciones del MACN, Número 6. p. 296-301.
522:in the holotype; in the juvenile paratype it is
390:mammal-age. The uncovered remains include the
1749:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
431:the designation of the new genus and species
8:
1552:, along ground sloths like scelidotheriids,
5170:
5086:
4977:
4893:
4769:
4524:
4368:
4014:
3827:
3700:
3544:
3390:
3335:
3322:
3168:
2908:
2767:
2753:
2564:
2493:
2481:
2468:
2262:
2198:
2094:
2034:
1831:
1827:
1805:
1756:
1742:
1734:
605:based in the analysis of Analía Forasiepi
119:
20:
1682:
1453:, apart from another Late Miocene genus,
557:Life restoration, showing a frontal horn
354:The genus is named after paleontologist
1578:
358:, who discovered the fossil in 1969.
315:whose remains were discovered in the
7:
339:. The only described species is the
1459:, which has also been found in the
1284:
1234:
1227:
1203:
1179:
1155:
1078:
1054:
1004:
997:
973:
966:
915:
908:
884:
860:
801:
776:
769:
745:
683:
658:
651:
627:
620:
14:
5280:Miocene mammals of South America
5154:
5148:
5142:
3308:
3303:
2454:
2448:
2442:
1512:, octodontoids, caviods and the
426:in 1969. A second specimen, the
140:
1766:South American native ungulates
1525:have been found remains of the
1:
5315:Fossil taxa described in 1993
1632:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
1164:Posnanskytherium desaguaderoi
480:and some toxodontids such as
311:, belonging to the subfamily
5320:Prehistoric placental genera
1663:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
754:Proadinotherium leptognathum
1616:Saint-Andre, P. A. (1993).
982:Andinotoxodon bolivariensis
5336:
1212:Pericotoxodon platignathus
5140:
4772:
4527:
3830:
3393:
3334:
3321:
3301:
2911:
2567:
2480:
2467:
2440:
2265:
2201:
1830:
1826:
1804:
1772:
1675:10.1007/s12542-014-0233-5
1306:
1289:
1282:
1256:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1208:
1201:
1184:
1177:
1160:
1153:
1100:
1087:Ocnerotherium intermedium
1083:
1076:
1059:
1052:
1026:
1009:
1002:
995:
978:
971:
964:
937:
920:
913:
906:
889:
882:
865:
858:
823:
806:
799:
781:
774:
767:
750:
743:
705:
688:
681:
663:
656:
649:
632:
625:
269:
262:
137:Scientific classification
135:
127:
118:
23:
1821:, and other minor groups
1618:Hoffstetterius imperator
1104:Hoffstetterius imperator
433:Hoffstetterius imperator
344:Hoffstetterius imperator
276:Hoffstetterius imperator
16:Extinct genus of mammals
1243:Calchaquitherium mixtum
893:Hyperoxotodon speciosus
1013:Dinotoxodon paranensis
692:Scarritia canquelensis
609:. (2014), showing the
558:
443:) refers to the great
371:
370:The juvenile specimen.
317:Middle to Late Miocene
5247:Paleobiology Database
636:Pampahippus arenalesi
556:
402:remains including an
369:
2847:Sparnotheriodontinae
1260:Mixotoxodon larensis
924:Nonotherium henningi
5029:Pseudohegetotherium
4406:Oldfieldthomasiidae
3494:Edvardotrouessartia
2952:Pseudobrachytherium
1293:Paratrigodon euguii
869:Palyeidodon obtusum
476:horn, as in modern
414:, part of the left
5310:Fossils of Bolivia
4917:Archaeotypotherium
4816:Caraguatypotherium
2396:Granastrapotherium
827:Nesodon imbricatus
559:
424:Robert Hoffstetter
372:
356:Robert Hoffstetter
46:11.608–5.332
5262:
5261:
5234:Open Tree of Life
5176:Taxon identifiers
5167:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5138:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5015:Hemihegetotherium
4892:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4865:Pseudotypotherium
4858:Plesiotypotherium
4756:
4755:
4376:Archaeopithecidae
4337:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4001:
4000:
3552:Homalodotheriidae
3531:
3530:
3420:Henricosborniidae
3317:
3316:
3299:
3298:
3268:
3267:
3176:Amilnedwardsiidae
3155:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3146:
2893:
2892:
2798:Guilielmofloweria
2749:Proterotherioidea
2740:
2739:
2717:Scalabrinitherium
2463:
2462:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2417:Xenastrapotherium
2359:Astrapothericulus
2320:Albertogaudryinae
2306:Parastrapotherium
2221:Trigonostylopidae
2185:
2184:
2081:
2080:
1531:Trachycalyptoides
1501:Hemihegetotherium
1492:Plesiotypotherium
1438:
1437:
1429:
1428:
1420:
1419:
1411:
1410:
1402:
1401:
1393:
1392:
1384:
1383:
1375:
1374:
1366:
1365:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1321:
1320:
1271:
1270:
1142:
1141:
1133:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1115:
1114:
1063:Gyrinodon quassus
1041:
1040:
1030:Toxodon platensis
953:
952:
847:
846:
838:
837:
810:Nesodon taweretus
729:
728:
720:
719:
709:Leonitinia gaudri
449:Holy Roman Empire
333:La Paz Department
290:
289:
255:H. imperator
243:
242:Saint-André, 1993
5327:
5255:
5254:
5242:
5241:
5229:
5228:
5216:
5215:
5203:
5202:
5201:
5171:
5158:
5152:
5146:
5092:
5087:
5048:
5022:Prohegetotherium
5001:Hegetotheriopsis
4983:
4978:
4971:
4945:Protarchaeohyrax
4924:Bryanpattersonia
4901:Archaeohyracidae
4899:
4894:
4851:Microtypotherium
4798:
4770:
4763:
4733:Guilielmoscottia
4715:
4689:Progaleopithecus
4605:Brucemacfaddenia
4573:
4525:
4518:
4471:Oldfieldthomasia
4404:
4374:
4369:
4344:
4264:Posnanskytherium
4082:Calchaquitherium
4057:
4020:
4015:
4008:
3992:Trimerostephanos
3828:
3821:
3706:
3701:
3694:
3594:
3550:
3545:
3538:
3469:
3450:Peripantostylops
3418:
3391:
3384:
3336:
3323:
3312:
3307:
3241:
3211:
3192:Ernestohaeckelia
3174:
3169:
3162:
3082:Paramacrauchenia
3068:Neobrachytherium
3003:Proterotheriinae
3001:
2971:
2909:
2903:Proterotheriidae
2901:
2845:
2773:
2768:
2760:
2754:
2747:
2731:Xenorhinotherium
2682:Macraucheniopsis
2650:
2585:
2565:
2558:
2499:
2494:
2487:
2482:
2469:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2387:Uruguaytheriinae
2385:
2350:Astrapotheriinae
2348:
2318:
2263:
2258:Astrapotheriidae
2256:
2237:Tetragonostylops
2219:
2207:Eoastrapostylops
2199:
2192:
2130:
2102:Colombitheriidae
2100:
2095:
2088:
2040:
2035:
2028:
2002:Asmithwoodwardia
1993:Protolipternidae
1991:
1897:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1806:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1735:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1697:
1696:
1686:
1654:
1648:
1641:
1635:
1628:
1622:
1614:
1595:
1583:
1285:
1235:
1228:
1204:
1188:Pisanodon nazari
1180:
1156:
1079:
1055:
1005:
998:
974:
967:
916:
909:
885:
861:
802:
777:
770:
746:
684:
659:
652:
628:
621:
529:
528:
527:
521:
520:
519:
516:
384:Pacajes Province
278:
274:
241:
234:
221:
208:
195:
145:
144:
123:
113:
50:
31:Mid-Late Miocene
29:Temporal range:
21:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5305:Neogene Bolivia
5265:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5250:
5245:
5237:
5232:
5224:
5219:
5211:
5206:
5197:
5196:
5191:
5178:
5168:
5159:
5122:
5085:
5041:
4985:Hegetotheriinae
4973:Hegetotheriidae
4964:
4884:
4809:Altitypotherium
4791:
4752:
4708:
4575:Interatheriinae
4566:
4520:Interatheriidae
4511:
4450:Itaboraitherium
4443:Dolichostylodon
4429:Camargomendesia
4422:Brachystephanus
4397:
4385:Archaeopithecus
4367:
4325:
4187:Neoadinotherium
4131:Haplodontherium
4050:
4045:Proadinotherium
3997:
3814:
3759:Henricofilholia
3687:
3587:
3582:Trigonolophodon
3575:Homalodotherium
3527:
3462:
3411:
3377:
3330:
3313:
3295:
3264:
3234:
3204:
3143:
3110:Tetramerorhinus
3033:Diplasiotherium
2994:
2964:
2905:
2889:
2877:Sparnotheriodon
2838:
2764:
2736:
2710:Promacrauchenia
2652:Macraucheniinae
2643:
2624:Phoenixauchenia
2587:Cramaucheniinae
2578:
2560:Macraucheniidae
2551:
2476:
2459:
2422:
2378:
2341:
2311:
2249:
2212:
2181:
2123:
2077:
2021:
1984:
1958:Ricardocifellia
1890:
1822:
1800:
1768:
1762:
1732:
1731:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1700:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1642:
1638:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1598:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1508:, rodents like
1461:Nabón Formation
1444:
1442:Paleoenviroment
1439:
1430:
1421:
1412:
1403:
1394:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1340:
1331:
1322:
1310:Trigodon gaudri
1272:
1143:
1134:
1125:
1116:
1042:
954:
848:
839:
730:
721:
581:
524:
523:
513:
512:
457:
380:Mauri Formation
374:The remains of
364:
352:
329:Mauri Formation
286:
280:
272:
271:
258:
240:
232:
219:
206:
193:
139:
114:
112:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
45:
44:
42:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5333:
5331:
5323:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5267:
5266:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5256:
5243:
5230:
5217:
5204:
5188:
5186:
5184:Hoffstetterius
5180:
5179:
5174:
5165:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5113:
5106:
5098:
5096:
5084:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5062:
5054:
5052:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5032:
5025:
5018:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4989:
4987:
4975:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4941:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4913:
4905:
4903:
4890:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4879:Typotheriopsis
4875:
4872:Rusconitherium
4868:
4861:
4854:
4847:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4819:
4812:
4804:
4802:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4782:
4773:
4767:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4721:
4719:
4717:Notopithecinae
4710:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4703:Santiagorothia
4699:
4696:Protypotherium
4692:
4685:
4682:Proargyrohyrax
4678:
4671:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4601:
4594:
4587:
4579:
4577:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4557:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4528:
4522:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4464:Maxschlosseria
4460:
4453:
4446:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4410:
4408:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4392:Teratopithecus
4388:
4380:
4378:
4366:
4365:
4358:
4350:
4348:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4299:Toxodontherium
4295:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4145:Hoffstetterius
4141:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4096:Charruatoxodon
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4063:
4061:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4026:
4024:
4012:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3988:
3985:Teushentherium
3981:
3974:
3967:
3960:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3921:Pascualihippus
3917:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3889:
3886:Moqueguahippus
3882:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3850:Deuterotherium
3846:
3839:
3831:
3825:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3783:
3780:Martinmiguelia
3776:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3712:
3710:
3698:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3668:Pleurostylodon
3664:
3661:Pleurocoelodon
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3600:
3598:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3568:Chasicotherium
3564:
3556:
3554:
3542:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3475:
3473:
3471:Notostylopidae
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3443:Othnielmarshia
3439:
3432:
3429:Henricosbornia
3424:
3422:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3402:
3394:
3388:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3368:
3365:Carolodarwinia
3361:
3354:
3346:
3344:
3341:incertae sedis
3332:
3331:
3326:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3286:
3278:
3276:
3274:Incertae sedis
3270:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3255:
3247:
3245:
3243:Notonychopidae
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3225:
3217:
3215:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3185:Amilnedwardsia
3180:
3178:
3166:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3117:Thoatheriopsis
3113:
3106:
3103:Proterotherium
3099:
3092:
3089:Picturotherium
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3007:
3005:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2985:
2977:
2975:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2945:Prothoatherium
2941:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2917:Mesolicaphrium
2912:
2906:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2884:Victorlemoinea
2880:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2851:
2849:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2812:Paranisolambda
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2779:
2777:
2775:Anisolambdinae
2765:
2762:Anisolambdidae
2757:
2751:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2696:Oxyodontherium
2692:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2656:
2654:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2591:
2589:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2568:
2562:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2520:
2513:
2505:
2503:
2491:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2410:Uruguaytherium
2406:
2403:Hilarcotherium
2399:
2391:
2389:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2369:
2366:Astrapotherium
2362:
2354:
2352:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2332:
2329:Albertogaudrya
2324:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2285:Comahuetherium
2281:
2274:
2266:
2260:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2244:Trigonostylops
2240:
2233:
2225:
2223:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2202:
2196:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2172:
2169:Propyrotherium
2165:
2158:
2155:Carolozittelia
2151:
2148:Berracotherium
2144:
2136:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2114:
2111:Colombitherium
2106:
2104:
2092:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2046:
2044:
2032:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1944:Paulogervaisia
1940:
1933:
1925:
1922:Ernestokokenia
1918:
1911:
1903:
1901:
1899:Didolodontidae
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1859:
1852:
1844:
1842:
1824:
1823:
1809:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1796:Laurasiatheria
1792:
1786:
1780:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1738:
1730:
1729:
1719:
1710:
1698:
1669:(3): 611–634.
1649:
1636:
1623:
1596:
1587:Hoffstetterius
1577:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1506:macraucheniids
1447:Hoffstetterius
1443:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1008:
1003:
1001:
996:
994:
991:
990:
987:
986:
977:
972:
970:
965:
963:
960:
959:
956:
955:
951:
950:
947:
946:
936:
933:
932:
929:
928:
919:
914:
912:
907:
905:
902:
901:
898:
897:
888:
883:
881:
878:
877:
874:
873:
864:
859:
857:
854:
853:
850:
849:
845:
844:
841:
840:
836:
835:
832:
831:
822:
819:
818:
815:
814:
805:
800:
798:
795:
794:
791:
790:
780:
775:
773:
768:
766:
763:
762:
759:
758:
749:
744:
742:
736:
735:
732:
731:
727:
726:
723:
722:
718:
717:
714:
713:
704:
701:
700:
697:
696:
687:
682:
680:
677:
676:
673:
672:
662:
657:
655:
650:
648:
645:
644:
641:
640:
631:
626:
624:
619:
615:Hoffstetterius
597:Hoffstetterius
584:Hoffstetterius
580:
579:Classification
577:
563:Hoffstetterius
509:dental formula
461:Hoffstetterius
456:
453:
445:sagittal crest
439:("emperor" in
376:Hoffstetterius
363:
360:
351:
348:
297:is an extinct
294:Hoffstetterius
288:
287:
281:
267:
266:
260:
259:
251:
249:
245:
244:
237:Hoffstetterius
230:
226:
225:
217:
213:
212:
204:
200:
199:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
133:
132:
125:
124:
116:
115:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
51:
28:
25:Hoffstetterius
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5332:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5285:Montehermosan
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5253:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5209:
5205:
5200:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5172:
5157:
5153:
5151:
5145:
5119:
5118:
5114:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5066:Propachyrucos
5063:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5050:Pachyrukhinae
5044:
5038:
5037:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5008:Hegetotherium
5005:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4994:Ethegotherium
4991:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4895:
4881:
4880:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4830:Eutypotherium
4827:
4825:
4824:
4823:Eotypotherium
4820:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4800:Mesotheriinae
4794:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4765:Mesotheriidae
4759:
4749:
4748:
4747:Transpithecus
4744:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4647:Interatherium
4644:
4642:
4641:
4640:Federicoanaya
4637:
4635:
4634:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4619:Choichephilum
4616:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4584:Archaeophylus
4581:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4506:Xenostephanus
4503:
4501:
4500:
4499:Ultrapithecus
4496:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4362:Griphotherion
4359:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4340:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4285:Stereotoxodon
4282:
4280:
4279:
4278:Stenotephanos
4275:
4273:
4272:
4271:Prototrigodon
4268:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4257:Plesiotoxodon
4254:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4243:Piauhytherium
4240:
4238:
4237:
4236:Pericotoxodon
4233:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4215:Ocnerotherium
4212:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4152:Hyperoxotodon
4149:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4117:Falcontoxodon
4114:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4075:Andinotoxodon
4072:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4004:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3928:Patagonhippus
3925:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3879:Mendozahippus
3876:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3858:Edvardocopeia
3855:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3809:Termastherium
3806:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3682:Thomashuxleya
3679:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3619:Distylophorus
3616:
3614:
3613:
3612:Coelostylodon
3609:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3534:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3501:Homalostylops
3498:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3386:Notioprogonia
3380:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3311:
3306:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3158:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3096:Prolicaphrium
3093:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3075:Neolicaphrium
3072:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3019:Brachytherium
3016:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2973:Megadolodinae
2967:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2896:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2856:Heteroglyphis
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2743:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2703:Paranauchenia
2700:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2603:Coniopternium
2600:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2532:Proheptaconus
2529:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2457:
2453:
2451:
2445:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2194:Astrapotheria
2188:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2132:Pyrotheriidae
2126:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2084:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2016:Protolipterna
2013:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1819:Astrapotheria
1816:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1723:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1558:nothrotheriid
1555:
1551:
1550:
1549:Kraglievichia
1546:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1518:Prolagostomus
1515:
1511:
1507:
1504:, remains of
1503:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1456:Andinotoxodon
1452:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1433:
1425:
1424:
1416:
1415:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1397:
1389:
1388:
1380:
1379:
1371:
1370:
1362:
1361:
1353:
1352:
1344:
1343:
1335:
1334:
1326:
1325:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1287:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1237:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1138:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1120:
1119:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1007:
1006:
1000:
999:
993:
992:
989:
988:
985:
984:
983:
976:
975:
969:
968:
962:
961:
958:
957:
949:
948:
945:
943:
942:
935:
934:
931:
930:
927:
926:
925:
918:
917:
911:
910:
904:
903:
900:
899:
896:
895:
894:
887:
886:
880:
879:
876:
875:
872:
871:
870:
863:
862:
856:
855:
852:
851:
843:
842:
834:
833:
830:
829:
828:
821:
820:
817:
816:
813:
812:
811:
804:
803:
797:
796:
793:
792:
789:
787:
786:
779:
778:
772:
771:
765:
764:
761:
760:
757:
756:
755:
748:
747:
741:
738:
737:
734:
733:
725:
724:
716:
715:
712:
711:
710:
703:
702:
699:
698:
695:
694:
693:
686:
685:
679:
678:
675:
674:
671:
669:
668:
661:
660:
654:
653:
647:
646:
643:
642:
639:
638:
637:
630:
629:
623:
622:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
598:
594:
593:Ocnerotherium
589:
585:
578:
576:
574:
573:
569:joint, as in
568:
564:
561:The femur of
555:
551:
549:
545:
544:
543:Stereotoxodon
539:
535:
534:
533:Ocnerotherium
510:
505:
503:
502:
501:Pericotoxodon
497:
496:
491:
490:
485:
484:
479:
475:
471:
467:
462:
459:The skull of
454:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
368:
361:
359:
357:
349:
347:
345:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:Montehermosan
322:
318:
314:
310:
307:
304:
300:
296:
295:
285:
282:Saint-André,
279:
277:
268:
265:
264:Binomial name
261:
257:
256:
250:
247:
246:
239:
238:
231:
228:
227:
224:
218:
215:
214:
211:
205:
202:
201:
198:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
143:
138:
134:
131:
126:
122:
117:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
49:
40:
39:Montehermosan
36:
32:
26:
22:
19:
5183:
5147:
5115:
5110:Paedotherium
5108:
5101:
5094:Pachyrukhini
5078:
5073:Prosotherium
5071:
5064:
5057:
5036:Sallatherium
5034:
5027:
5020:
5013:
5006:
4999:
4992:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4938:Pascualhyrax
4936:
4929:
4922:
4915:
4910:Archaeohyrax
4908:
4877:
4870:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4842:
4837:Hypsitherium
4835:
4828:
4821:
4814:
4807:
4786:Trachytherus
4784:
4776:
4745:
4740:Notopithecus
4738:
4731:
4726:Antepithecus
4724:
4701:
4694:
4687:
4680:
4673:
4668:Neoicochilus
4666:
4661:Miocochilius
4659:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4633:Eopachyrucos
4631:
4624:
4617:
4610:
4603:
4598:Boleatherium
4596:
4589:
4582:
4561:Punapithecus
4559:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4533:Antofagastia
4531:
4504:
4497:
4492:Tsamnichoria
4490:
4483:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4457:Kibenikhoria
4455:
4448:
4441:
4434:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4390:
4383:
4360:
4353:
4318:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4229:Paratrigodon
4227:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4201:Nesodonopsis
4199:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4059:Toxodontinae
4043:
4036:
4031:Adinotherium
4029:
4022:Nesodontinae
4010:Toxodontidae
3990:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3935:Perhippidion
3933:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3865:Eomorphippus
3863:
3856:
3848:
3843:Argyrohippus
3841:
3834:
3823:Notohippidae
3807:
3802:Taubatherium
3800:
3793:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3766:Huilatherium
3764:
3757:
3750:
3745:Elmerriggsia
3743:
3736:
3729:
3724:Ancylocoelus
3722:
3717:Anayatherium
3715:
3708:Leontiniidae
3696:Eutoxodontia
3680:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3654:Periphragnis
3652:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3487:Chilestylops
3485:
3480:Boreastylops
3478:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3436:Nanolophodon
3434:
3427:
3404:
3399:Satshatemnus
3397:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3339:
3328:Notoungulata
3288:
3281:
3273:
3257:
3250:
3227:
3220:
3213:Indaleciidae
3197:
3190:
3183:
3138:Villarroelia
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3026:Diadiaphorus
3024:
3017:
3010:
2987:
2980:
2959:Salladolodus
2957:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2882:
2875:
2870:Phoradiadius
2868:
2861:
2854:
2831:
2826:Protheosodon
2824:
2817:
2810:
2805:Lambdaconops
2803:
2796:
2791:Eolicaphrium
2789:
2782:
2729:
2724:Windhausenia
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2689:Micrauchenia
2687:
2680:
2675:Macrauchenia
2673:
2668:Huayqueriana
2666:
2659:
2636:
2631:Pternoconius
2629:
2622:
2617:Llullataruca
2615:
2610:Cramauchenia
2608:
2601:
2594:
2571:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2489:Eulitopterna
2447:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2336:Astraponotus
2334:
2327:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2205:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2141:Baguatherium
2139:
2116:
2109:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1839:Kollpaniidae
1794:Superorder:
1722:
1713:
1666:
1662:
1652:
1644:
1639:
1631:
1626:
1617:
1586:
1581:
1560:
1547:
1545:pampatheriid
1538:
1529:
1521:. Among the
1516:
1499:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1454:
1446:
1445:
1308:
1307:
1291:
1290:
1258:
1257:
1241:
1240:
1210:
1209:
1186:
1185:
1162:
1161:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1085:
1084:
1061:
1060:
1028:
1027:
1011:
1010:
980:
979:
939:
938:
922:
921:
891:
890:
867:
866:
825:
824:
808:
807:
785:Adinotherium
783:
782:
752:
751:
740:Toxodontidae
739:
707:
706:
690:
689:
665:
664:
634:
633:
614:
613:position of
611:phylogenetic
606:
601:
596:
592:
583:
582:
570:
562:
560:
547:
541:
537:
531:
506:
499:
493:
489:Paratrigodon
487:
481:
478:rhinoceroses
466:frontal bone
460:
458:
436:
432:
395:
375:
373:
353:
343:
313:Toxodontinae
306:notoungulate
293:
292:
291:
275:
270:
254:
253:
236:
235:
223:Toxodontinae
210:Toxodontidae
197:Notoungulata
130:H. imperator
129:
24:
18:
5290:Huayquerian
5117:Tremacyllus
5103:Pachyrukhos
5080:Tremacyllus
4844:Mesotherium
4675:Patriarchus
4654:Juchuysillu
4612:Caenophilus
4591:Argyrohyrax
4313:Trigodonops
4222:Palyeidodon
4208:Nonotherium
4180:Mixotoxodon
4173:Minitoxodon
4166:Mesotoxodon
4138:Hemixotodon
4103:Dinotoxodon
4089:Ceratoxodon
3964:Rhynchippus
3942:Plexotemnus
3914:Pampahippus
3836:Acoelohyrax
3647:Pampatemnus
3640:Lophocoelus
3626:Hedralophus
3605:Anisotemnus
3596:Isotemnidae
3522:Parastylops
3508:Notostylops
3457:Simpsonotus
3372:Perutherium
3358:Archaeogaia
3252:Notonychops
3222:Adiantoides
3199:Rutimeyeria
3131:Uruguayodon
3124:Thoatherium
3061:Lambdaconus
3012:Anisolophus
2989:Megadolodus
2938:Promylophis
2931:Olisanophus
2819:Polyacrodon
2784:Anisolambda
2573:Polymorphis
2546:Tricoelodus
2524:Proectocion
2517:Proadiantus
2501:Adianthidae
2271:Antarctodon
2176:Pyrotherium
2042:Carodniidae
2030:Xenungulata
2009:Miguelsoria
1878:Simoclaenus
1863:Pascualodus
1811:Xenungulata
1684:11336/20443
1592:Fossilworks
1567:megatheriid
1554:mylodontids
1523:xenarthrans
1514:chinchillid
667:Rhynchippus
548:Mixotoxodon
495:Mixotoxodon
455:Description
400:postcranial
216:Subfamily:
5269:Categories
5059:Medistylus
4952:Pseudhyrax
4355:Campanorco
4346:Typotheria
4194:Neotoxodon
4068:Abothrodon
3978:Stilhippus
3907:Notohippus
3900:Nesohippus
3893:Morphippus
3872:Eurygenium
3795:Scarrittia
3540:Toxodontia
3290:Proacrodon
3164:Notopterna
3054:Epitherium
3040:Eoauchenia
2924:Neodolodus
2863:Notiolofos
2596:Caliphrium
2474:Litopterna
2278:Astrapodon
2090:Pyrotheria
2065:Notoetayoa
1951:Raulvaccia
1929:Escribania
1915:Enneoconus
1885:Tiuclaenus
1815:Pyrotheria
1764:Genera of
1573:References
1540:Chorobates
1527:glyptodont
474:keratinous
303:toxodontid
5295:Chasicoan
5275:Toxodonts
5199:Q27794741
4959:Punahyrax
4778:Fiandraia
4626:Cochilius
4436:Colbertia
4415:Allalmeia
4250:Pisanodon
4159:Mesenodon
4124:Gyrinodon
4110:Eutomodus
3773:Leontinia
3675:Rhyphodon
3633:Isotemnus
3406:Seudenius
3351:Acoelodus
3229:Indalecia
3047:Epecuenia
2638:Theosodon
2539:Thadanius
2510:Adianthus
2292:Liarthrus
2162:Griphodon
1965:Saltaodus
1908:Didolodus
1871:Pucanodus
1856:Molinodus
1849:Andinodus
1776:Kingdom:
1727:159-159).
1693:129293436
1562:Xyophorus
1536:dasypodid
1510:dynomyids
1497:typothere
1474:Polylepis
1469:sea level
1451:Altiplano
603:Cladogram
588:hypsodont
468:over the
437:imperator
418:and left
396:MNHN ACH1
394:specimen
388:Chasicoan
362:Discovery
350:Etymology
248:Species:
160:Kingdom:
154:Eukaryota
5193:Wikidata
4547:Johnbell
4540:Ignigena
4485:Suniodon
4478:Paginula
4306:Trigodon
3956:Purperia
3787:Purperia
3738:Coquenia
3731:Colpodon
3561:Asmodeus
3515:Otrhonia
3283:Kyraodus
3259:Requisia
2982:Bounodus
2661:Cullinia
2299:Maddenia
2230:Shecenia
2118:Proticia
2072:Rodcania
2051:Carodnia
1979:Xesmodon
1972:Umayodus
1937:Lamegoia
1790:Mammalia
1784:Chordata
1782:Phylum:
1778:Animalia
1634:, 46(2).
1621:539-545.
1543:and the
1486:Berberis
1480:Zyzyphus
538:Trigodon
483:Trigodon
428:paratype
406:, right
392:holotype
203:Family:
184:Mammalia
174:Chordata
170:Phylum:
164:Animalia
150:Domain:
5239:3615625
5226:1156040
5213:4829894
4931:Eohyrax
4554:Munizia
4320:Xotodon
4292:Toxodon
4038:Nesodon
3971:Rosendo
2373:Scaglia
1788:Class:
1465:Ecuador
941:Xotodon
572:Toxodon
526:2.1.4.3
518:2.1.3.3
515:2.0.3.3
410:, both
408:humerus
337:Bolivia
331:in the
273:†
252:†
229:Genus:
190:Order:
180:Class:
5300:Mayoan
5252:307537
3949:Puelia
3752:Gualta
2833:Wainka
2058:Etayoa
1691:
1565:and a
1556:, the
1534:, the
470:nasals
412:radius
321:Mayoan
309:mammal
35:Maoyan
5221:IRMNG
1689:S2CID
944:spp.
788:spp.
670:spp.
607:et al
441:Latin
420:femur
299:genus
5208:GBIF
1594:.org
1483:and
567:knee
546:and
507:The
498:and
486:and
416:ulna
404:axis
341:type
284:1993
54:PreꞒ
1679:hdl
1671:doi
1590:at
1463:in
511:is
335:in
323:to
301:of
5271::
5249::
5236::
5223::
5210::
5195::
1817:,
1813:,
1701:^
1687:.
1677:.
1667:89
1665:.
1661:.
1599:^
1569:.
1477:,
617::
599:.
550:.
540:,
504:.
451:.
346:.
327:)
104:Pg
48:Ma
5091:†
5047:†
4982:†
4970:†
4898:†
4797:†
4781:?
4762:†
4714:†
4572:†
4517:†
4403:†
4373:†
4343:†
4056:†
4019:†
4007:†
3959:?
3853:?
3820:†
3790:?
3705:†
3693:†
3593:†
3549:†
3537:†
3468:†
3417:†
3383:†
3240:†
3210:†
3173:†
3161:†
3000:†
2970:†
2900:†
2844:†
2772:†
2759:†
2746:†
2649:†
2584:†
2557:†
2527:?
2498:†
2486:†
2384:†
2347:†
2317:†
2255:†
2218:†
2191:†
2129:†
2099:†
2087:†
2039:†
2027:†
1990:†
1932:?
1896:†
1866:?
1841:?
1836:†
1757:e
1750:t
1743:v
1695:.
1681::
1673::
319:(
233:†
220:†
207:†
194:†
109:N
99:K
94:J
89:T
84:P
79:C
74:D
69:S
64:O
59:Ꞓ
43:~
41:)
37:-
33:(
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