475:
1130:
222:
1160:
1171:
270:
1155:
1137:
1165:
1149:
454:. The tail is long and thin and they move by sweeping movements of the large pectoral fins. The erectile spine in front of the dorsal fin is sometimes venomous. There is no stomach (that is, the gut is simplified and the 'stomach' is merged with the intestine), and the mouth is a small aperture surrounded by lips, giving the head a parrot-like appearance. The only surviving members of the group are the rabbit fish (
241:
36:
1143:
513:
period. The record is extensive, but most fossils are of teeth, and the body forms of numerous species are not known, or at best poorly understood. Some experts further group the orders
474:
529:", and treat it as a sister group to Chimaeriformes. However, as almost all members of Paraselachimorpha are poorly understood, most experts suspect this taxon to be either
2223:
2131:
1712:
984:
426:
invertebrates. They lack a stomach, their food moving directly into the intestine. Extinct holocephalans were much more diverse in lifestyles, including
2092:
1795:
1129:
2118:
555:(the branch of chondrichthyans containing true sharks and rays) about 421 million years ago. Analysis of the 280 million-year-old holocephalian
953:
934:
1717:
875:
119:
1159:
2190:
977:
2228:
57:
2123:
827:"Revealing less derived nature of cartilaginous fish genomes with their evolutionary time scale inferred with nuclear genes"
1722:
100:
1788:
1729:
72:
53:
548:
such as sharks and rays. Under this classification scheme, "Holocephali" would have a much more restricted definition.
2053:
2030:
269:
1170:
1009:
970:
414:
Chimaeriformes, commonly known as chimaeras, rat fish, or ghost sharks, include three living families and a little
79:
1164:
46:
2136:
1697:
1707:
326:
221:
1154:
1136:
86:
1781:
1755:
1148:
1970:
647:
404:
period. Little is known about these primitive forms, and the only surviving group in the subclass is the
2167:
2058:
68:
904:
526:
2218:
2146:
2079:
2017:
1750:
1702:
1389:
635:
599:
2195:
611:
587:
925:
1438:
1286:
807:
659:
385:
264:
230:
2172:
2154:
2066:
1893:
1612:
1560:
1517:
1511:
1474:
1462:
1432:
1087:
993:
949:
930:
858:
799:
724:
628:
605:
593:
544:
of holocephalians, i.e. all fish more closely related to living holocephalians than to living
534:
518:
514:
415:
354:
348:
2008:
446:
times, though in other respects they are aberrant. They live close to the bottom and feed on
2182:
2159:
1745:
1656:
1639:
1353:
1268:
848:
838:
791:
711:
Kriwet, Jurgen; Engelbrecht, Andrea; Mors, Thomas; Reguero, Marcelo; Pfaff, Cathrin (2016).
641:
568:
1142:
1931:
1625:
1588:
1468:
1419:
1240:
1042:
713:"Ultimate Eocene (Priabonian) Chondrichthyans (Holocephali, Elasmobranchii) Of Antarctica"
405:
393:
418:
of surviving holocephalans. These fishes move by using sweeping movements of their large
93:
1883:
1863:
1846:
1805:
1600:
1578:
1523:
1505:
1456:
1448:
1425:
1383:
1359:
1104:
853:
826:
677:
665:
617:
552:
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522:
496:
408:
389:
366:
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342:
311:
257:
2212:
1836:
1549:
1396:
1371:
1320:
1233:
1115:
1095:
779:
653:
557:
502:
462:
451:
419:
175:
2022:
811:
2035:
1916:
1888:
1868:
1773:
1661:
1540:
1480:
1365:
1298:
1193:
780:"Relationships of the Chimaeriformes and the basal radiation of the Chondrichthyes"
422:. They are deep sea fish with slender tails, living close to the seabed to feed on
240:
843:
2105:
2071:
2002:
1898:
1878:
1648:
1634:
1570:
1304:
1259:
1206:
1051:
541:
431:
252:
150:
35:
1926:
1830:
1666:
1565:
1410:
1347:
1292:
1274:
1073:
1064:
795:
540:
195:
160:
1993:
876:
280 million-year-old fossil reveals evolutionary origins of shark-like fishes
803:
728:
17:
1873:
1620:
1377:
1341:
1332:
1246:
530:
480:
443:
281:
200:
144:
862:
442:
Members of this taxon preserve today some features of elasmobranch life in
551:
Based on genetic research, it is estimated the
Holocephali split from the
2045:
1987:
1953:
1908:
1824:
1818:
1583:
1528:
1485:
1280:
1079:
1057:
1019:
510:
490:
456:
447:
401:
301:
211:
190:
185:
170:
165:
155:
712:
1921:
1671:
1211:
1201:
1183:
423:
205:
180:
2110:
1034:
397:
291:
1964:
962:
2097:
561:
demonstrates that early members of the group were more shark-like.
1855:
1490:
473:
427:
1004:
1968:
1777:
966:
944:
Pough, F. Harvey; Janis, Christine M.; Heiser, John B. (2013).
29:
2084:
509:
1653:
1608:
1575:
1557:
1407:
1329:
1256:
1223:
1111:
1100:
1091:
1084:
1069:
1047:
1030:
248:
1977:
1944:
1907:
1854:
1845:
1738:
1690:
1599:
1548:
1539:
1447:
1406:
1328:
1319:
1255:
1222:
1192:
1182:
1018:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
765:
741:
778:Lund, Richard; Grogan, Eileen D. (1997-03-01).
768:, pp. 103, 105, Paleozoic Holocephalians.
1789:
978:
380:("complete heads"), sometimes given the name
8:
905:"Chimaeras — The Neglected Chondrichthyans"
478:Various fossil Holocephali. Top to bottom:
1965:
1851:
1796:
1782:
1774:
1545:
1325:
1189:
985:
971:
963:
563:
239:
220:
133:
1932:Myliobatiformes (stingrays and relatives)
852:
842:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2224:Extant Early Devonian first appearances
1864:Hexanchiformes (frilled and cow sharks)
703:
886:
825:Renz, AJ; Meyer, A; Kuraku, S (2013).
911:. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research
784:Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries
7:
2147:8ebfe1ff-47e1-474d-a782-062f249ec796
1927:Rajiformes (skates and guitarfishes)
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1884:Heterodontiformes (bullhead sharks)
753:
717:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
25:
1894:Carcharhiniformes (ground sharks)
1889:Orectolobiformes (carpet sharks)
1169:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1128:
430:-like predatory forms and slow,
268:
34:
1917:Torpediniformes (electric rays)
400:are of teeth and come from the
45:needs additional citations for
1874:Pristiophoriformes (sawsharks)
948:(9th,international ed.).
903:Martin, R. Aidan; et al.
766:Pough, Janis & Heiser 2013
744:, pp. 99, 101, Table 5-1.
742:Pough, Janis & Heiser 2013
583:†Superorder Paraselachimorpha
27:Subclass of cartilagenous fish
1:
1899:Lamniformes (mackerel sharks)
1879:Squatiniformes (angel sharks)
1869:Squaliformes (dogfish sharks)
624:Superorder Holocephalimorpha
396:Chondrichthyes. The earliest
1730:List of transitional fossils
844:10.1371/journal.pone.0066400
460:), and the elephant fishes (
566:
2245:
1954:Chimaeriformes (chimaeras)
1010:Timeline of fish evolution
923:Nelson, Joseph S. (2006).
909:Biology of Sharks and Rays
1813:
1764:
1698:Lists of prehistoric fish
1126:
1000:
339:
334:
265:Scientific classification
263:
247:
238:
228:
219:
136:
1922:Pristiformes (sawfishes)
1756:Vertebrate paleontology
796:10.1023/A:1018471324332
567:Taxonomy according to
506:
2229:Vertebrate subclasses
2168:Paleobiology Database
477:
1751:Transitional fossils
1390:Pseudopetalichthyida
689:* position uncertain
648:Chondrenchelyiformes
578:Subclass Holocephali
54:improve this article
926:Fishes of the World
253:Helicoprion davisii
1806:cartilaginous fish
1439:Ischnacanthiformes
1287:Cephalaspidomorphi
660:Cochliodontiformes
507:
390:cartilaginous fish
231:Chimaera monstrosa
2206:
2205:
2155:Open Tree of Life
1971:Taxon identifiers
1962:
1961:
1940:
1939:
1856:Selachii (sharks)
1771:
1770:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1613:Palaeonisciformes
1561:Onychodontiformes
1518:Petalodontiformes
1512:Iniopterygiformes
1475:Phoebodontiformes
1463:Ctenacanthiformes
1433:Diplacanthiformes
1315:
1314:
1088:Myllokunmingiidae
994:Evolution of fish
955:978-0-321-78235-9
936:978-0-471-25031-9
695:
694:
690:
687:
629:Psammodontiformes
606:Iniopterygiformes
594:Petalodontiformes
535:wastebasket taxon
527:Paraselachimorpha
519:Iniopterygiformes
515:Petalodontiformes
375:
374:
355:Iniopterygiformes
349:Petalodontiformes
330:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2236:
2199:
2198:
2186:
2185:
2176:
2175:
2163:
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2150:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2127:
2126:
2114:
2113:
2101:
2100:
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2087:
2075:
2074:
2062:
2061:
2049:
2048:
2039:
2038:
2026:
2025:
2013:
2012:
2011:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1966:
1852:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1775:
1746:Prehistoric life
1657:Pycnodontiformes
1655:
1640:Acipenseriformes
1610:
1577:
1559:
1546:
1409:
1354:Brindabellaspida
1331:
1326:
1269:Pteraspidomorphi
1258:
1225:
1190:
1174:
1173:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1113:
1102:
1093:
1086:
1071:
1049:
1032:
987:
980:
973:
964:
959:
940:
919:
917:
916:
890:
884:
878:
873:
867:
866:
856:
846:
822:
816:
815:
775:
769:
763:
757:
751:
745:
739:
733:
732:
708:
688:
685:
642:Squalorajiformes
564:
525:into the taxon "
382:Euchondrocephali
325:
273:
272:
250:
243:
224:
210:
147:
140:Temporal range:
134:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2194:
2189:
2181:
2179:
2171:
2166:
2158:
2153:
2145:
2143:
2135:
2130:
2122:
2117:
2109:
2104:
2096:
2091:
2083:
2078:
2070:
2065:
2057:
2052:
2044:
2042:
2034:
2029:
2021:
2016:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1973:
1963:
1958:
1936:
1909:Batoidea (rays)
1903:
1841:
1809:
1802:
1772:
1767:
1760:
1734:
1678:
1626:Polypteriformes
1595:
1589:Tetrapodomorpha
1535:
1469:Hybodontiformes
1443:
1420:Acanthodiformes
1402:
1311:
1251:
1241:Paraconodontida
1218:
1186:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1168:
1146:
1134:
1124:
1043:Cephalochordate
1014:
996:
991:
956:
946:Vertebrate Life
943:
937:
922:
914:
912:
902:
899:
894:
893:
885:
881:
874:
870:
824:
823:
819:
777:
776:
772:
764:
760:
756:, lead section.
752:
748:
740:
736:
710:
709:
705:
700:
673:Incertae sedis
636:Copodontiformes
600:Helodontiformes
472:
440:
438:Characteristics
416:over 50 species
324:
267:
215:
209:
208:
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193:
188:
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178:
173:
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163:
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115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2242:
2240:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2211:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2187:
2177:
2164:
2151:
2141:
2128:
2115:
2102:
2089:
2076:
2063:
2050:
2040:
2027:
2014:
1999:
1983:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1858:
1849:
1847:Elasmobranchii
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1778:
1769:
1768:
1765:
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1761:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1733:
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1727:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1694:
1692:
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1687:
1684:
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1680:
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1676:
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1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1617:
1616:
1605:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1579:Porolepiformes
1568:
1563:
1554:
1552:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1524:Symmoriiformes
1520:
1514:
1508:
1506:Eugeneodontida
1496:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1457:Elasmobranchii
1453:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1426:Climatiiformes
1422:
1415:
1413:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1384:Acanthothoraci
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1360:Petalichthyida
1356:
1350:
1344:
1337:
1335:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1264:
1262:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1234:Protoconodonta
1229:
1227:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1187:
1180:
1179:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1109:
1105:Myllokunmingia
1082:
1077:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1024:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1001:
998:
997:
992:
990:
989:
982:
975:
967:
961:
960:
954:
941:
935:
920:
898:
895:
892:
891:
879:
868:
817:
770:
758:
746:
734:
702:
701:
699:
696:
693:
692:
683:
682:
681:
680:
678:Symmoriiformes
671:
670:
669:
666:Chimaeriformes
662:
656:
650:
644:
638:
632:
622:
621:
620:
618:Eugeneodontida
614:
612:Debeeriiformes
608:
602:
596:
590:
588:Orodontiformes
580:
579:
573:
572:
553:Elasmobranchii
523:Eugeneodontida
497:Harpagofututor
471:
468:
439:
436:
409:Chimaeriformes
373:
372:
371:
370:
367:Symmoriiformes
363:
361:Eugeneodontida
357:
351:
345:
343:Chimaeriformes
337:
336:
332:
331:
319:
315:
314:
312:Chondrichthyes
309:
305:
304:
299:
295:
294:
289:
285:
284:
279:
275:
274:
261:
260:
245:
244:
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235:
226:
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217:
216:
204:
199:
194:
189:
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179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
148:
139:
128:
127:
110:September 2014
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2241:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1837:Gnathostomata
1834:
1832:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1807:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1713:cartilaginous
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1476:
1472:
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1466:
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1455:
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1452:
1450:
1449:Cartilaginous
1446:
1440:
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1434:
1430:
1427:
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1417:
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1397:Stensioellida
1394:
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1372:Ptyctodontida
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1116:Zhongxiniscus
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1096:Haikouichthys
1089:
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1027:Basal member
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837:(6): e66400.
836:
832:
828:
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790:(1): 65–123.
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654:Menaspiformes
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569:Joseph Nelson
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558:Dwykaselachus
554:
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546:elasmobranchs
543:
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503:Delphyodontos
499:
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486:Heteropetalus
483:
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463:Callorhinchus
459:
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452:invertebrates
449:
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420:pectoral fins
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258:eugeneodontid
255:
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234:, a rat fish
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71: –
70:
69:"Holocephali"
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
18:Holocephalian
1978:
1945:
1835:Infraphylum
1703:spiny sharks
1662:Halecomorphi
1499:
1481:Xenacanthida
1366:Phyllolepida
1299:Pituriaspida
1260:Ostracoderms
1194:Cyclostomata
1184:Jawless fish
1133:
1114:
1103:
1094:
1072:
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1033:
945:
924:
913:. Retrieved
908:
897:Bibliography
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820:
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531:paraphyletic
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413:
381:
377:
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321:
251:
229:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2219:Holocephali
2106:iNaturalist
2036:Holocephali
2023:Holocephali
2009:Holocephali
2003:Wikispecies
1979:Holocephali
1946:Holocephali
1723:lobe-finned
1649:Neopterygii
1635:Chondrostei
1571:Rhipidistia
1550:Lobe-finned
1500:Holocephali
1305:Osteostraci
1207:Hyperoartia
1052:Cathaymyrus
1020:Forerunners
887:Nelson 2006
723:(4): 1–19.
668:(chimaeras)
542:total group
432:durophagous
378:Holocephali
322:Holocephali
143:416–0
137:Holocephali
2213:Categories
1831:Vertebrata
1829:Subphylum
1708:placoderms
1667:Ginglymodi
1601:Ray-finned
1566:Coelacanth
1411:Acanthodii
1348:Arthrodira
1333:Placoderms
1321:Jawed fish
1293:Galeaspida
1275:Thelodonti
1074:Haikouella
1065:Olfactores
915:2016-02-22
698:References
450:and other
318:Subclass:
80:newspapers
1766:† extinct
1621:Cladistia
1378:Rhenanida
1342:Antiarchi
1247:Conodonta
1226:Conodonts
804:1573-5184
729:0272-4634
686:† Extinct
481:Cobelodus
470:Evolution
444:Paleozoic
327:Bonaparte
288:Kingdom:
282:Eukaryota
2043:BioLib:
1988:Wikidata
1825:Chordata
1819:Animalia
1817:Kingdom
1584:Lungfish
1529:Chimaera
1281:Anaspida
1080:Tunicate
1058:Lancelet
863:23825540
831:PLOS ONE
812:40689320
511:Devonian
491:Falcatus
457:Chimaera
448:molluscs
402:Devonian
386:subclass
302:Chordata
298:Phylum:
292:Animalia
278:Domain:
212:Devonian
1994:Q149104
1823:Phylum
1804:Extant
1739:Related
1672:Teleost
1212:Lamprey
1202:Hagfish
854:3692497
676:†Order
658:†Order
652:†Order
646:†Order
640:†Order
634:†Order
627:†Order
616:†Order
610:†Order
604:†Order
598:†Order
592:†Order
586:†Order
571:, 2006
424:benthic
398:fossils
392:in the
384:, is a
335:Orders
308:Class:
214:–Recent
94:scholar
2183:113873
2180:uBio:
2173:100271
2160:550652
2144:NZOR:
2124:161008
1808:orders
1035:Pikaia
952:
933:
861:
851:
810:
802:
754:Martin
727:
664:Order
521:, and
500:, and
434:fish.
329:, 1832
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2196:10196
2191:WoRMS
2111:60450
2059:34231
2046:15393
1691:Lists
1491:Shark
808:S2CID
533:or a
428:shark
406:order
394:class
101:JSTOR
87:books
2137:7863
2132:NCBI
2119:ITIS
2093:GBIF
2085:8901
2054:BOLD
1718:bony
1541:Bony
1005:Fish
950:ISBN
931:ISBN
859:PMID
800:ISSN
725:ISSN
256:, a
151:PreꞒ
73:news
2098:120
2080:EoL
2067:CoL
2031:AFD
2018:ADW
1486:Ray
1090:? (
849:PMC
839:doi
792:doi
466:).
411:.
388:of
56:by
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2072:CK
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1990::
1424:†"
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907:.
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806:.
798:.
786:.
782:.
721:36
719:.
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517:,
494:,
488:,
484:,
201:Pg
145:Ma
1797:e
1790:t
1783:v
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1576:†
1558:†
1522:†
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631:*
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359:†
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347:†
249:†
206:N
196:K
191:J
186:T
181:P
176:C
171:D
166:S
161:O
156:Ꞓ
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117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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