2041:, pp. 83–84"Many of the controversial attachment therapies have promulgated quite broad and nonspecific lists of symptoms purported to indicate when a child has an attachment disorder. For example, Reber (1996) provided a table that lists "common symptoms of RAD." The list includes problems or symptoms across multiple domains (social, emotional, behavioral and developmental) and ranges from DSM-IV criteria for RAD (e.g., superficial interactions with others, indiscriminate affection toward strangers, and lack of affection toward parents), to nonspecific behavior problems including destructive behaviors; developmental lags; refusal to make eye contact; cruelty to animals and siblings; lack of cause and effect thinking; preoccupation with fire, blood, and gore; poor peer relationships; stealing; lying; lack of a conscience; persistent nonsense questions or incessant chatter; poor impulse control; abnormal speech patterns; fighting for control over everything; and hoarding or gorging on food. Others have promulgated checklists that suggest that among infants, "prefers dad to mom" or "wants to hold the bottle as soon as possible" are indicative of attachment problems (Buenning, 1999). Clearly, these lists of nonspecific problems extend far beyond the diagnostic criteria for RAD and beyond attachment relationship problems in general. These types of lists are so nonspecific that high rates of false-positive diagnoses are virtually certain. Posting these types of lists on internet sites that also serve as marketing tools may lead many parents or others to conclude inaccurately that their children have attachment disorders"
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response. 7. Covering a child's mouth/nose with one's hand to get a response. 8. Making a child repeatedly kick with his/her legs until s/he responds. 9. Wrapping a child in a blanket and lying on top of him/her. 10. Any actions based on power/submission, done repeatedly, until the child complies. 11. Any actions that utilize shame and fear to elicit compliance. 12. "Firing" a child from treatment because s/he is not compliant. 13. Punishing a child at home for being "fired" from treatment. 14. Sarcasm, such as saying "sad for you", when the adult actually feels no empathy. 15. Laughing at a child over the consequences which are being given for his behavior. 16. Labeling the child as a "boarder" rather than as one's child. 17. "German shepherd training," which bases the relationship on total obedience. 18. Depriving a child of any of the basic necessities, for example, food or sleep. 19. Blaming the child for one's own rage at the child. 20. Interpreting the child's behaviors as meaning that "s/he does not want to be part of the family", which then elicits consequences such as: A. Being sent away to live until s/he complies. B. Being put in a tent in the yard until s/he complies. C. Having to live in his/her bedroom until s/he complies. D. Having to eat in the basement/on the floor until s/he complies. E. Having "peanut butter" meals until s/he complies. F. Having to sit motionless until s/he complies. (Hughes, 2002, n.p.)
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put on them in such a manner that would interfere with their basic life functions such as breathing, circulation, temperature, etc." A White Paper, formally accepted in April 2007, "unequivocally state(s) our opposition to the use of coercive practices in therapy and parenting." They acknowledge ATTACh's historical links with catharsis, provocation of rage, and intense confrontation, among other overtly coercive techniques (and indeed continue to offer for sale books by controversial proponents) but state that the organization has evolved significantly away from earlier positions. They state that their recent evolution is due to a number of factors including tragic events resulting from such techniques, an influx of members practicing other techniques such as attunement and a "fundamental shift ... away from viewing these children as driven by a conscious need for control toward an understanding that their often controlling and aggressive behaviors are automatic, learned
489:. The Attachment Disorder Symptom Checklist includes statements about the parent's feelings toward the child as well as statements about the child's behavior. For example, parental feelings are evaluated through responses to such statements as "Parent feels used" and "is wary of the child's motives if affection is expressed", and "Parents feel more angry and frustrated with this child than with other children". The child's behavior is referred to in such statements as "Child has a grandiose sense of self-importance" and "Child 'forgets' parental instructions or directives". The compiler of the RADQ claims validity by reference to the Attachment Disorder Symptom Checklist. It also purports to diagnose attachment disorder for which there is no classification. A critic has stated that a major problem of the RADQ is that it has not been validated against any established objective measure of emotional disturbance.
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subject which covers not only physical coercion but also the underlying theoretical principles. It had been thought, until recently, that therapists calling themselves "attachment therapists" practising in the UK tended to be practising conventional forms of psychotherapy based on attachment theory. In 2009 The
British Journal of Social Work accepted an article rehabilitating holding therapy, "To Have and to Hold: Questions about a Therapeutic Service for Children" describing an earlier study involving the Keys Attachment Centre in Rossendale, Lancashire and the surrounding Keys Attachment Homes. In 2012, first-hand accounts from a survivor and a number of professionals provided evidence that the coercive Evergreen model of holding therapy had been systematically used to treat children in Local Authority care within a programme in North West England.
674:, making them more receptive to others. Zaslow thought attachment arose when an infant experienced feelings of pain, fear and rage, and then made eye contact with the carer who relieved those feelings. If an infant did not experience this cycle of events by having his fear and rage relieved, the infant would not form an attachment and would not make eye contact with other people. Zaslow believed that creating pain and rage and combining them with eye contact would cause attachment to occur, long after the normal age for such developments. Holding therapies derive from these "rage-reduction" techniques applied by Zaslow. The holding is not used for safety purposes but is initiated for the purpose of provoking strong negative emotions such as fear and anger. The child's release typically depends upon his or her compliance with the therapist's
221:] (1984, 1989), The Center induces rage by physically restraining the child and forcing eye contact with the therapist (the child must lie across the laps of two therapists, looking up at one of them). In a workshop handout prepared by two therapists at The Center, the following sequence of events is described: (1) therapist 'forces control' by holding (which produces child 'rage'); (2) rage leads to child 'capitulation' to the therapist, as indicated by the child breaking down emotionally ('sobbing'); (3) the therapist takes advantage of the child's capitulation by showing nurturance and warmth; (4) this new trust allows the child to accept 'control' by the therapist and eventually the parent. According to The Center's treatment protocol, if the child 'shuts down' (
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of adopted children are likely to have an attachment disorder. Statistics on the prevalence of maltreatment are wrongly used to estimate the prevalence of RAD. Problematical or less desirable styles such as insecure or disorganized attachment are conflated with attachment disorder. Children are labeled as "RADs", "RAD-kids" or "RADishes". They are seen as manipulative, dishonest, without conscience and dangerous. Some attachment therapy sites predict that attachment-disordered children will grow up to become violent predators or psychopaths unless they receive the treatment proposed. A sense of urgency is created which serves to justify the application of aggressive and unconventional techniques. One site was noted to contain the argument that
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viewpoint emphasizes providing a stable environment and taking a calm, sensitive, non-intrusive, non-threatening, patient, predictable, and nurturing approach toward children. Further, as attachment patterns develop within relationships, methods to correct problems with attachment focus on improving the stability and positive qualities of the caregiver-child interactions and relationship. All mainstream interventions with an existing or developing evidential foundation focus on enhancing caregiver sensitivity, creating positive interactions with caregivers, or change of caregiver if that is not possible with existing caregivers. Some interventions focus specifically on increasing caregiver sensitivity in foster parents.
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home with no social contacts, home schooling, hard labor or meaningless repetitive chores throughout the day, motionless sitting for prolonged periods of time, and control of all food and water intake and bathroom needs. Children described as attachment-disordered are expected by attachment therapists to comply with parental commands "fast and snappy and right the first time", and to always be "fun to be around" for their parents. Deviation from this standard, such as not finishing chores or arguing, is interpreted as a sign of attachment disorder that must be forcibly eradicated. From this perspective, parenting a child with an attachment disorder is a battle, and winning the battle by defeating the child is paramount.
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developmental psychotherapy and holding therapy. They placed both in
Category 3 as "Supported and acceptable". This categorization by Craven and Lee has been criticized as unduly favorable, a point to which Craven and Lee responded by arguments in support of holding therapy. Both Myeroff et al.'s study and Becker-Weidman's first study (published after the main Report) were examined in the Task Force's November 2006 Reply to Letters and were criticized as to their methodology. Becker-Weidman's study was described by the Task Force as "an important first step toward learning the facts about DDP outcomes" but falling far short of the criteria necessary to constitute an evidence base.
612:. The Association for the Treatment and Training in the Attachment of Children, (ATTACh), an organization for professionals and families associated with attachment therapy, has also issued statements against coercive practices. Two American states, Colorado and North Carolina, have outlawed rebirthing. There have been professional licensure sanctions against some leading proponents and successful criminal prosecutions and imprisonment of therapists and parents using attachment therapy techniques. Despite this, the treatments appear to be continuing among networks of attachment therapists, attachment therapy centers, caseworkers, and adoptive or foster parents. The advocacy group
254:. If the child is well-behaved outside the home this is seen as successful manipulation of outsiders, rather than as evidence of a problem in the current home or current parent-child relationship. The APSAC Task Force noted that this perspective has its attractions because it relieves the caregivers of responsibility to change aspects of their own behavior and aspirations. Proponents believe that traditional therapies fail to help children with attachment problems because it is impossible to establish a trusting relationship with them. They believe this is because children with attachment problems actively avoid forming genuine relationships. Proponents emphasize the child's
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Popper. A number of therapies are quite different from those that have led to the abuse and deaths of children in much publicized court cases. The Task Force, however, points out that all the therapies, including those using frankly coercive practices, present themselves as humane, respectful and nurturing; therefore caution is advised. Some practitioners condemn the most dangerous techniques but continue to practice other coercive techniques. Others have taken a public stand against coercion. The Task Force was of the view that all could benefit from more transparency and specificity as to how the therapy is behaviorally delivered.
393:, but after birth suffers pain or ungratified needs during the first year, attachment will again be blocked. If the child reaches the toddler period safely, but is not treated with strict authority during the second year, according to the so-called "attachment cycle", attachment problems will result. Failure of attachment results in a lengthy list of mood and behavior problems, but these may not be revealed until the child is much older. According to attachment therapist Elizabeth Randolph, attachment problems can be diagnosed even in an asymptomatic child through observation of the child's inability to crawl backward on command.
885:. At the post-mortem he was found to have 200 bruises and five old broken ribs. The adoptive mother was convicted as the abuser and the adoptive father of being aware but doing nothing to prevent it or seek help. Foster Cline gave evidence for both parents claiming Lucas had reactive attachment disorder and that living with such a child was like living "in a situation with the same psychic pressures as those experienced in a concentration camp or cult" and that the parents were in no way responsible for the genesis of Lucas' alleged difficult behaviors. No violent or angry behaviors were reported at school.
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treatment being required to "unfreeze" development. Practitioners of holding therapy also added some components of Bowlby's attachment theory and the therapy came to be known as attachment therapy. Language from attachment theory is used but descriptions of the practices contain ideas and techniques based on misapplied metaphors deriving from Zaslow and psychoanalysis, not attachment theory. According to Prior and Glaser "there is no empirical evidence to support Zaslow's theory. The concept of suppressed rage has, nevertheless, continued to be a central focus explaining the children's behavior."
825:. Each of these non-randomized studies concluded that the treatment method studied was effective. Both the APSAC Task Force and Prior and Glaser cite and criticize the one published study on holding therapy undertaken by Myeroff et al., which "purports to be an evaluation of holding therapy". This study covers the "across the lap" approach, described as "not restraint" by Howe and Fearnley but "being held whilst unable to gain release." Prior and Glaser state that although the Myeroff study claims it is based on attachment theory, the theoretical basis for the treatment is in fact Zaslow.
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maintain eye contact and share emotions. Tinbergen believed that autism related to a failure in the bond between mother and child caused by "traumatic influences" and that enforced holding and eye contact could establish such a relationship and rescue the child from autism. Tinbergen's interpretations of autism were without scientific rigor and were contrary to the then growing acceptance that autism had a genetic cause. Despite the lack of a sound theoretical or scientific base, holding therapy as a treatment for autism is still practiced in some parts of the world, notably Europe.
464:. Descriptions of children are frequently highly pejorative and "demonizing". Examples given from lists of attachment disorder symptoms found on the internet include lying, avoiding eye contact except when lying, persistent nonsense questions or incessant chatter, fascination with fire, blood, gore and evil, food related issues (such as gorging or hoarding), cruelty to animals and lack of conscience. They also give an example from the Evergreen Consultants in Human Behavior which offers a 45-symptom checklist including bossiness, stealing,
195:. Variants of these treatments have carried various labels that change frequently. They may be known as "rebirthing therapy", "compression therapy", "corrective attachment therapy", "the Evergreen model", "holding time", "rage-reduction therapy" or "prolonged parent-child embrace therapy". Some authors critical of this therapeutic approach have used the term Coercive Restraint Therapy. It is this form of treatment for attachment difficulties or disorders which is popularly known as "attachment therapy".
140:. The aim is to promote attachment with the new caregivers. Control over the children is usually considered essential, and the therapy is often accompanied by parenting techniques which emphasize obedience. These accompanying parenting techniques are based on the belief that a properly attached child should comply with parental demands "fast, snappy and right the first time" and should be "fun to be around". These techniques have been implicated in several child deaths and other harmful effects.
938:, 2003; 11 children adopted by Michael and Sharon Gravelle. Ten of the 11 children slept in cages. The case also involved allegations of extreme control over food and toileting and severe punishments for disobedience. The children were home-schooled. Some of the children underwent holding therapy from their attachment therapist and the adoptive parents used accompanying attachment therapy parenting techniques at home. The adoptive parents and therapist were prosecuted and convicted in 2003.
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cage stimulation (e.g., tickling, pinching, knuckling), and/or licking. Children may be held down, may have several adults lie on top of them, or their faces may be held so they can be forced to engage in prolonged eye contact. Sessions may last from 3 to 5 hours, with some sessions reportedly lasting longer ... Similar but less physically coercive approaches may involve holding the child and psychologically encouraging the child to vent anger toward her or his biological parent.
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parents to adopt Andrea so that a fresh claim could be made. Andrea, having asked her foster parents what would happen if she took an overdose of drugs or slit her wrist, and been told she would die, took an overdose of aspirin. She was violently ill during the night and was incoherent, breathing heavily and still vomiting in the morning. Nevertheless, the foster parents went bowling, leaving her alone. A visitor found her dead in the hallway. The suit was settled out of court.
755:(sometimes known as primal scream therapy), another therapy based on beliefs in very early trauma and the transformational nature of age regression. Bowlby explicitly rejected the notion of regression stating "present knowledge of infant and child development requires that a theory of developmental pathways should replace theories that invoke specific phases of development in which it is held a person may become fixated and/or to which he may regress."
278:"... to force the children into loving (attaching to) their parents; ... there is a hands-on treatment involving physical restraint and discomfort. Attachment Therapy is the imposition of boundary violations – most often coercive restraint – and verbal abuse on a child, usually for hours at a time; ... Typically, the child is put in a lap hold with the arms pinned down, or alternatively an adult lies on top of a child lying prone on the floor.
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form part of dyadic developmental psychotherapy, which the Task Force took as a description of attachment therapy techniques. Two studies on dyadic developmental psychotherapy have been published by Becker-Weidman, the second being a four-year follow up of the first. Prior and Glaser state Hughes' therapy reads as good therapy for abused and neglected children, though with "little application of attachment theory", but the advocacy group
896:, Utah. This was denied by the therapist and the adoptive mother. He lay on top of Krystal, a technique known as "compression therapy", and pushed his fist into her abdomen to release "visceral rage" and to enforce bonding. When she stopped screaming and struggling he believed she had "shut down" as a form of "resistance". After his release from a five-year prison sentence the adoptive father campaigned to have attachment therapy banned.
266:. Children may be encouraged to regress to an earlier age where trauma was experienced or be reparented through holding sessions. Other features of attachment therapy are the "two-week intensive" course of therapy, and the use of "therapeutic foster parents" with whom the child stays whilst undergoing therapy. According to O'Connor and Zeanah, the "holding" approach would be viewed as intrusive and therefore non-sensitive and
576:(AACAP) practice parameter published in 2005, the question of whether attachment disorders can be reliably diagnosed in older children and adults has not been resolved. Attachment behaviors used for the diagnosis of RAD change markedly with development and defining analogous behaviors in older children is difficult. There are no substantially validated measures of attachment in middle childhood or early adolescence.
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offering renewed hope of "normal" family life. Institutionalized or abused children often do not conform to adopters conceptualizations of family behaviours and roles. The
Evergreen model pathologizes the child's behaviour by a medical diagnosis, thus legitimising the family. As well as the promise of working where traditional therapies fail, attachment therapy also offers the idea of attachment as a negotiable
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physical risk if undertaken properly and that critics' concerns are based on unrepresentative occurrences and misapplications of techniques, or misunderstanding by parents. Holding is described as gentle or nurturing and it is maintained that intense, cathartic approaches are necessary to help children with attachment disorders. Their evidence for this is primarily clinical experience and testimonials.
710:, as the next significant development. Like Zaslow and Tinbergen, Welch recommended holding therapy as a treatment for autism. Like Tinbergen, Welch believed autism was caused by the failure of the attachment relationship between mother and child. Mothers were instructed to hold their defiant child, provoking anger and rage, until such time as the child ceased to resist, at which point a
2963:"Some proponents have claimed that research exists that supports their methods, or that their methods are evidence based, or are even the sole evidence-based approach in existence, yet these proponents provide no citations to credible scientific research sufficient to support these claims (Becker-Weidman, n.d.-b). This Task Force was unable to locate any methodologically adequate
932:. This apparently occurred when she was restrained in a chair and forced to drink excessive amounts of water by her adoptive parents as part of an "attachment-based" treatment using techniques they claimed had been taught to them at the attachment therapy center where Cassandra was undergoing treatment. It appears this was a punishment for having drunk some of her sister's drink.
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himself to death as a consequence of his attachment disorder. She subsequently instead claimed he had attacked her and she had acted in self-defense. David had been diagnosed with attachment disorder by an attachment therapist and was undergoing treatment and accompanying attachment parenting techniques. Mourners at the funeral were asked to contribute to The
Attachment Center.
421:. However, within attachment therapy, the diagnoses of attachment disorder and reactive attachment disorder are used in a manner not recognised in mainstream practice. Prior and Glaser describe two discourses on attachment disorder. One is science-based, found in academic journals and books with careful reference to theory, international classifications and evidence. They list
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Professional
Society on the Abuse of Children (APSAC) which was largely critical of attachment therapy. In April 2007, ATTACH, an organization originally set up by attachment therapists, formally adopted a White Paper stating its unequivocal opposition to the use of coercive practices in therapy and parenting, promoting instead newer techniques of attunement, sensitivity and
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was wrapped in blankets and required to struggle to be reborn, against the weight of several adults. Her inability to struggle out was interpreted as "resistance". Her adoptive mother and the "therapeutic foster parents" with whom she had been placed received lesser penalties. Watkins was released on parole in August 2008 after serving approximately 7 years of her sentence.
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reduce the child to an infantile state, thus making the child receptive to forming attachment by the application of early parenting behaviors such as bottle feeding, cradling, rocking and eye contact. Some, but by no means all, attachment therapists have used rebirthing techniques to aid regression. The roots of the form of rebirthing used within attachment therapy lie in
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was not described as "holding therapy" but as using a degree of holding in the course of therapy. Although recipients were generally positive about the therapy received, the holding aspect was the least liked. The authors call for research and a debate on issues of what constitutes "coercion" and the distinctions between the different variants of "holding" in therapy.
722:, set up by those involved in or trained at the Attachment Center at Evergreen (renamed the Institute for Attachment and Development in about 2002). These included one set up by Connell Watkins, formerly an associate of Foster Cline at the Attachment Center and its clinical director. Watkins was one of the therapists convicted in the
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attachment therapy and the lack of knowledgeable mainstream professionals or appropriate mainstream treatments or interventions. They set out recommendations for the better dissemination of both understanding of attachment theory and knowledge of the more recent evidence-based treatment options available.
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1. Holding a child and confronting him/her with anger. 2. Holding a child to provoke a negative emotional response. 3. Holding a child until s/he complies with a demand. 4. Hitting a child. 5. Poking a child on any part of his/her body to get a response. 6. Pressing against "pressure points" to get a
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Dyadic developmental psychotherapy was developed by psychologist Daniel Hughes, described by the Task Force as a "leading attachment therapist". Hughes' website gave a list of attachment therapy techniques, repeated by the APSAC Task Force from an earlier website, which he stated do not or should not
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In addition to the notion of "breaking through" defense mechanisms, other metaphors were adopted by practitioners relating to the supposed effects of early deprivation, abuse or neglect on the child's ability to form relationships. These included the idea of the child's development being "frozen" and
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authority of caregivers, and to engage in endless power struggles. They are seen as highly manipulative and as trying to avoid true attachments while simultaneously striving to control those around them through manipulation and superficial sociability. Such children are said to be at risk of becoming
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case in the late 1980s, early 1990s, as instrumental in obtaining lengthy and detailed alleged "disclosures" from children. In his opinion, using force or coercion on traumatised children simply re-traumatizes them and far from producing love and affection, produces obedience based on fear, as in the
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Coercive techniques, such as scheduled or enforced holding, may also serve the intended purpose of demonstrating dominance over the child. Establishing total adult control, demonstrating to the child that they have no control, and demonstrating that all of the child's needs are met through the adult,
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A central feature of many of these therapies is the use of psychological, physical, or aggressive means to provoke the child to catharsis, ventilation of rage, or other sorts of acute emotional discharge. To do this, a variety of coercive techniques are used, including scheduled holding, binding, rib
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The practice has resulted in adverse outcomes for children, including at least six documented child fatalities. Since the 1990s, there have been a number of prosecutions for deaths or serious maltreatment of children at the hands of "attachment therapists" or parents following their instructions. Two
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Andrea
Swenson, 1990; a 13-year-old adopted girl undergoing attachment therapy at The Attachment Center, Evergreen, Colorado. She was placed with "therapeutic foster parents". When the insurance company refused to continue to pay for her treatment, the adoptive parents were asked to allow the foster
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In 2010 a modest social work study and "invitation to a debate", based on interviews with the deliverers and recipients of a therapeutic intervention incorporating non-coercive holding at one centre in the UK, called for further consideration of the use of this type of intervention. The intervention
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states that attachment therapies "of all stripes" are increasingly popular in the US and that the number of therapists associated with the
Evergreen model registering with ATTACh grows each year. She cites the large number of formerly institutionalized domestic and foreign adoptees in the US and the
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Proper appreciation of total adult control is also considered vital, and information, such as how long a child will be with therapeutic foster parents or what will happen to him or her next, is deliberately withheld. Attachment parenting expert Nancy Thomas states that attachment-disordered children
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According to the APSAC Task Force, because it is believed children with attachment problems resist attachment, fight against it and seek to control others to avoid attaching, the child's character flaws must be broken before attachment can occur. Attachment parenting may include keeping the child at
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in 2003. Following the associated publicity, some advocates of attachment therapy began to alter views and practices to be less potentially dangerous to children. This change may have been hastened by the publication of a Task Force Report on the subject in
January 2006, commissioned by the American
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Z-therapy, rage-reduction therapy, Theraplay, holding therapy, attachment holding therapy, attachment disorder therapy, holding time, cuddle time, gentle containment, holding-nurturing process, emotional shuttling, direct synchronous bonding, breakthrough synchronous bonding, therapeutic parenting,
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Skyler Wilson, 2023: A 2-year-old adopted child who died from hypoxic brain injuries after being "swaddled" and allegedly duct-taped to the floor by his adoptive parents, who referenced Nancy Thomas by name in information provided to the police. A former foster parent also alleged that the adoptive
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consider it critical to differentiate it from treatments derived from attachment theory. A mistaken association between attachment therapy and attachment theory may have resulted in a relatively unenthusiastic view towards the latter among some practitioners despite its relatively profound lines of
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In addition, proponents believed that holding induced age regression, enabling a child to make up for physical affection missed earlier in life. Regression is key to the holding therapy approach. In attachment therapy, breaking down the child's resistance by confrontational techniques is thought to
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In addition to concerns about the use of non-specific diagnostic checklists on the
Internet being used as a marketing tool, the Task Force also noted the extreme claims made by proponents as to both the prevalence and effect of attachment disorders. Some proponents suggest most or a high proportion
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Both the APSAC Task Force and Prior and Glaser describe the proliferation of alternative "lists" and diagnoses, particularly on the
Internet, by proponents of attachment therapy, that are not in accord with either DSM or ICD classifications and which are partly based on the unsubstantiated views of
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In addition to restrictive behavior, parents are advised to provide daily sessions in which older children are treated as if they were babies to create attachment. The child is held in the caregiver's lap, rocked, hugged and kissed, and fed with a bottle and given sweets. These sessions are carried
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during a rebirthing session used as part of a two-week attachment therapy "intensive". The two attachment therapists, Connell Watkins (formerly of The Attachment Center, Evergreen) and Julie Ponder were each sentenced to 16 years imprisonment for their part in the therapy during which Candace
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Nikolas Tinbergen published a book recommending the use of holding therapy by parents as a treatment or "cure" for autistic children. Tinbergen based his ideas on his methods of observational study of birds. Parents were advised to hold their autistic children despite resistance and to endeavor to
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In 2001, 2003 and 2006, ATTACh, an organization set up by Foster Cline and associates, issued a series of statements in which they progressively changed their stance on coercive practices. In 2001, after the death of Candace Newmaker they stated "The child will never be restrained or have pressure
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The APSAC Task Force describes the relationship between the proponents of attachment therapy and mainstream therapies as polarized. "This polarization is compounded by the fact that attachment therapy has largely developed outside the mainstream scientific and professional community and flourishes
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period, during which the unborn child is aware of the mother's thoughts and emotions. If the mother is distressed by the pregnancy, especially if she considers abortion, the child responds with distress and anger that continue through postnatal life. If the child is separated from the mother after
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Zaslow and his "Z-process", a physically rough version of holding therapy, influenced Foster Cline (known as the "father of attachment therapy") and associates at his clinic in Evergreen A key tenet of Zaslow's approach was the notion of "breaking through" a child's defenses—based on the model of
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According to the APSAC Task Force, there are controversies within the attachment therapy community about coercive practices. There has been a move away from coercive and confrontational models towards attunement and emotional regulation amongst some leaders in the field, notably Hughes, Kelly and
636:
The APSAC Task Force stated that proponents of attachment therapy correctly point out that most critics have never actually observed any of the treatments they criticize or visited any of the centers where the controversial therapies are practiced. Proponents argue that their therapies present no
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or unconscious rage is theorized to prevent the child from forming bonds with caregivers and leads to behavior problems when the rage erupts into unchecked aggression. Such children are said to fail to develop a conscience, to not trust others, to seek control rather than closeness, to resist the
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David Polreis, 1996; a two-year-old adopted boy who was beaten to death by his adoptive mother. Foster Cline gave evidence for the mother claiming David had reactive attachment disorder. The adoptive mother, supported by attachment therapists practising the Evergreen model, claimed he had beaten
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as a source, and reprints parts of a case of Erickson's published in 1961. The report describes the case of a divorced mother with a non-compliant son. Erickson advised the mother to sit on the child for hours at a time and to feed him only on cold oatmeal while she and a daughter ate appetizing
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responses to profoundly overwhelming experiences of fear and terror." While being of the view that authoritative practices are necessary, and that nurturing touch and treatment aimed at the perceived developmental rather than chronological age are an integral part of the therapy, the White Paper
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argues that adoptive families of institutionalized children who have difficulties transitioning to a nuclear family are attracted to the Evergreen model despite the controversy, because it legitimises and reanimates the same ideas about family and domesticity as does the adoption process itself,
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Like a number of other alternative mental health treatments for children, attachment therapy is based on some assumptions that differ strongly from the theoretical foundations of other attachment based therapies. In contrast to traditional attachment theory, the theory of attachment described by
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Vasquez, 2007: four adopted children, three of them were kept in cages, fed limited diets, and permitted only primitive sanitary facilities. The fourth child, the favorite, was given medication to delay puberty. The adoptive mother received a prison sentence of less than a year and her parental
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interventions which has proved somewhat controversial. In their first analysis, holding therapy was placed in Category 6 as a "Concerning treatment". In 2006 Craven and Lee classified 18 studies in a literature review under the Saunders, Berliner & Hanson system. They considered both dyadic
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Attachment Therapy almost always involves extremely confrontational, often hostile confrontation of a child by a therapist or parent (sometimes both). Restraint of the child by more powerful adult(s) is considered an essential part of the confrontation." The purported correction is described as
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intervention, not based on attachment theory or research, that has resulted in tragic outcomes for children including at least six documented child fatalities. In 2006, the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children (APSAC) Task Force reported on the subjects of attachment therapy,
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According to O'Connor and Nilsen, although other aspects of treatment are applied, the holding component has attracted most attention because proponents believe it is an essential ingredient. They also considered the lack of available and suitable interventions from mainstream professionals as
627:
The practice of holding therapy is not confined to the US. Prior and Glaser cite at least one clinic in the UK. Attachment therapists from the USA have conducted conferences in the UK. The British Association for Adoption and Fostering, (BAAF), has issued an extensive position statement on the
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In contrast, traditional attachment theory holds that the provision of a safe and predictable environment and caregiver qualities such as sensitivity, responsiveness to children's physical and emotional needs and consistency, support the development of healthy attachment. Therapy based on this
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Foster Cline and associates at the Attachment Center at Evergreen, Colorado began to promote the use of the same or similar holding techniques with adopted, maltreated children who were said to have an "attachment disorder". This was replicated elsewhere such as at "The Center" in the Pacific
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In answering the question posed as to how a treatment widely regarded by attachment clinicians and researchers as destructive and unethical came to be linked with attachment theory and to be seen as a viable and useful treatment, O'Connor and Nilson cite the use of the Internet to publicize
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According to the APSAC Task Force, proponents of attachment therapy commonly assert that their therapies alone are effective for attachment-disordered children and that traditional treatments are ineffective or harmful. The APSAC Task Force expressed concern over claims by therapies to be
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was devoted to the subject of attachment therapy with articles by well-known experts in the field of attachment. Attachment researchers and authors condemned it as empirically unfounded, theoretically flawed and clinically unethical. It has also been described as potentially abusive and a
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where claims are made which have no basis in attachment theory and for which there is no empirical evidence. In particular unfounded claims are made as to efficacy of treatments. The Internet is considered essential to the popularization of holding therapy as an "attachment" therapy.
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Critics say holding therapies have been promoted as "attachment" therapies, even though they are more antithetical to than consistent with attachment theory, and not based on attachment theory or research. Indeed, they are considered incompatible. There are many ways in which holding
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lists published on the internet, claims that traditional treatments do not work and dire predictions for the future of children who do not receive attachment therapy. "Although focused primarily on specific attachment therapy techniques, the controversy also extends to the theories,
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agenda or goals. In 1971, Zaslow surrendered his California psychology license following an injury to a patient during rage-reduction therapy. Zaslow's ideas on the use of the Z-process and holding for autism have been dispelled by research on the genetic/biologic causes of autism.
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The findings showed that children in foster care have reported symptoms within the range typical of children not involved in foster care. The conclusion is that the RADQ has limited usefulness due to its lack of specificity with implications for treatment of children in foster
921:, the screaming girl was buckled into a highchair, wrapped with duct tape, including over her mouth, and left in a basement where she suffocated. The foster mother claimed to have used some attachment therapy ideas and techniques she had picked up when working as a caseworker.
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or "RADQ", which originated at the Institute for Attachment in Evergreen. It is presented not as an assessment of reactive attachment disorder but rather attachment disorder. The checklist includes 93 discrete behaviors, many of which either overlap with other disorders, like
307:
Therapists often instruct parents to follow programs of treatment at home, for example obedience-training techniques such as "strong sitting" (frequent periods of required silence and immobility) and withholding or limiting food. Earlier authors sometimes referred to this as
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Some studies are still being undertaken on coercive therapies. A non-randomized, before-and-after 2006 pilot study by Welch (the progenitor of "holding time") et al. on Welch's "prolonged parent-child embrace therapy" was conducted on children with a range of diagnoses for
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case in 2001 in which a child was asphyxiated during a rebirthing process in the course of a two-week attachment therapy "intensive". Foster Cline gave up his license and moved to another state following an investigation of a separate attachment therapy related incident.
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reactive attachment disorder, and attachment problems and laid down guidelines for the future diagnosis and treatment of attachment disorders. The APSAC Task Force was largely critical of Attachment Therapy's theoretical base, practices, claims to an evidence base,
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There have been a number of cases of serious harm to children, all adopted, while using the therapy. An estimated six children have died as a consequence of the more coercive forms of such treatments or the application of the accompanying parenting techniques.
569:. Both classification systems warn against automatic diagnosis based on abuse or neglect. Many symptoms are present in a variety of other more common and more easily treatable disorders. There is as yet no other accepted definition of attachment disorders.
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children who have behavioral difficulties, including disobedience and perceived lack of gratitude or affection for their caregivers. The children's problems are ascribed to an inability to attach to their new parents, because of suppressed rage due to past
179:, aversive tickling, punishments related to food and water intake, enforced eye contact, requiring children to submit totally to adult control over all their needs, barring normal social relationships outside the primary caretaker, encouraging children to
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According to the APSAC Task Force, these therapies are sufficiently prevalent to have prompted position statements or specific prohibitions against using coercion or restraint as a treatment by mainstream professional societies such as:
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dynamic attachment therapy, humanistic attachment therapy, corrective attachment therapy, developmental attachment therapy, dyadic attachment therapy, dyadic developmental psychotherapy, dyadic support environment, affective attunement
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out at the caregiver's wish and not upon the child's request. Attachment therapists believe that reenactments of aspects of infant care have the power to rebuild damaged aspects of early development such as emotional attachment.
136:. In theory, when the child's resistance is overcome and the rage is released, the child is reduced to an infantile state in which he or she can be "re-parented" by methods such as cradling, rocking, bottle feeding and enforced
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food. The child did increase in compliance, and Erickson noted, with apparent approval, that he trembled when his mother looked at him. Cline commented, with respect to this and other cases, that in his opinion all bonds were
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children to comply with parental expectations. Where the therapy fails to achieve this the fault is attributed to the child's conscious choice to not be a family member, or the child's inability to perform as family material.
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diagnoses are virtually certain. Posting these types of lists on internet sites that also serve as marketing tools may lead many parents or others to conclude inaccurately that their children have attachment disorders."
442:
within its own networks of attachment therapists, treatment centers, caseworkers, and parent support groups. Indeed, proponents and critics of the controversial attachment therapies appear to move in different worlds."
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attachment therapy, give a list of therapies they state are attachment therapy by another name. They also provide a list of additional therapies used by attachment therapists which they consider to be unvalidated.
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who will go on to engage in very serious delinquent, criminal, and antisocial behaviors if left untreated. The tone in which the attributes of these children are described has been characterized as "demonizing".
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in the published peer-reviewed scientific literature to support any of these claims for effectiveness, let alone claims that these treatments are the only effective available approaches." Task Force Report,
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or are not related to attachment difficulties. It is largely based on the earlier Attachment Disorder Symptom Checklist which itself shows considerable overlap with even earlier checklists for indicators of
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Prior and Glaser describe the lists as "wildly inclusive" and state that many of the behaviors in the lists are likely to be the consequences of neglect and abuse rather than located within the attachment
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therapy, in which a child is firmly held (or lain upon) by therapists or parents. Through this process of restraint and confrontation, therapists seek to produce in the child a range of responses such as
262:
is a central tenet of many controversial attachment therapies. Similarly, many controversial treatments hold that children described as attachment–disordered must be pushed to revisit and relive early
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was then applied to children whose attachments were thought to be impaired. The clinic, originally called the Youth Behavior Program, was subsequently renamed the Attachment Center at Evergreen.
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training". In some programs children undergoing the two-week intensive stay with "therapeutic foster parents" for the duration or beyond and the adoptive parents are trained in their techniques.
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Krystal Tibbets, 1997; a three-year-old adopted child who was killed by her adoptive father using holding therapy techniques he claimed had been taught to him by an attachment therapy center in
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evidence-based therapy, when the Task Force found no credible evidence base for any such therapy so advertised. Nor did it accept more recent claims to evidence base in its November 2006 Reply.
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to attachment and the need to break it down. In rebirthing and similar approaches, protests of distress from the child are considered to be resistance that must be overcome by more coercion.
90:, based on the now discredited belief that autism was the result of failures in the attachment relationship with the mother. This form of treatment differs significantly from evidence-based
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Pignotti M, Mercer J (2007), "Holding Therapy and Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy are not supported and acceptable social work interventions: A systematic research synthesis revisited",
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Welch MG, Northrup RS, Welch-Horan TB, Ludwig RJ, Austin CL, Jacobson JS (2006), "Outcomes of Prolonged Parent-Child Embrace Therapy among 102 children with behavioral disorders",
42:(also called "the Evergreen model", "holding time", "rage-reduction", "compression therapy", "rebirthing", "corrective attachment therapy", and "coercive restraint therapy") is a
4192:
O'Connor TG, Nilsen WJ (2005), "Models versus Metaphors in Translating Attachment Theory to the Clinic and Community", in Berlin LJ, Ziv Y, Amaya-Jackson L, Greenberg MT (eds.),
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boy or girl.' If the child is actually placed in foster care, the child is then required to 'earn the way back to therapy' and a chance to resume living with the adoptive family.
747:. According to Cline, it illustrates the three essential components of 1) taking control, 2) the child's expression of rage; and, 3) relaxation and the development of bonding.
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and advertising practices used by their proponents." In 2007, Scott Lilienfeld included holding therapy as one of the potentially harmful therapies (PHT's) at level 1 in his
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that can be enforced in order to convert the unsatisfactory adoptee into the "emotional asset" the family requires. By the use of confrontation the model offers the means to
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rights were terminated in 2007. There was no therapist in this case but the adoptive mother claimed that three of her four adopted children had reactive attachment disorder.
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The controversy, as outlined in the 2006 American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children (APSAC) Task Force Report, has broadly centered around "holding therapy" and
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Lee RE, Craven P (2007), "Reply to Pignotti and Mercer: Holding Therapy and Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy are not supported and acceptable social work interventions",
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Dozier M, Rutter M (2008), "Challenges to the Development of Attachment Relationships Faced by Young Children in Foster and Adoptive Care", in Cassidy J, Shaver PR (eds.),
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1052:
Dozier M and Rutter M (2008). "Challenges to the Development of Attachment Relationships Faced by Young Children in Foster and Adoptive Care". In Cassidy J and Shaver PR.
860:. Concern was expressed about methods that involve holding and restraint, and the lack of randomized, controlled experiments showing the effectiveness of the treatment.
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Haugaard JJ (2004), "Recognizing and treating uncommon behavioral and emotional disorders in children and adolescents who have been severely maltreated: introduction",
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Chaffin M, Hanson R, Saunders BE, et al. (2006c), "Report of the APSAC Task Force on attachment therapy, reactive attachment disorder, and attachment problems",
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Cappelletty G, Brown M, Shumate S (February 2005), "Correlates of the Randolph Attachment Disorder Questionnaire (RADQ) in a Sample of Children in Foster Placement",
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and colleagues as respected attachment theorists and researchers in the field. The other discourse is found in clinical practice, non-academic literature and on the
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Ziv Y (2005), "Attachment-Based Intervention programs: Implications for Attachment Theory and Research", in Berlin LJ, Ziv Y, Amaya-Jackson L, Greenberg MT (eds.),
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states that the roots of attachment therapy are traceable to psychologist Robert Zaslow and his "Z-process" in the 1970s. Zaslow attempted to force attachment in
3241:
4238:"Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Reactive Attachment Disorder and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder"
616:
states, "Attachment Therapy is a growing, underground movement for the 'treatment' of children who pose disciplinary problems to their parents or caregivers."
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663:
208:
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describes a typical treatment taken from The Center's material (apparently a replication of the program at the Attachment Center, Evergreen) as follows:
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act worse when given information about what is going to occur because they will use the information to manipulate their environment and everyone in it.
2839:
Steele, H. (September 2003), O'Connor TG; Zeanah CH (eds.), "Special Issue: Current perspectives on assessment and treatment of attachment disorders",
881:
Lucas Ciambrone, 1995; a seven-year-old adopted boy who was starved, beaten, bitten and forced to sleep in a stripped bathroom at his parents home in
4587:
30:
This article is about an alternative form of behavioral intervention. For commonly accepted therapies based on John Bowlby's attachment theory, see
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1801:"Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with reactive attachment disorder of infancy and early childhood"
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were examples of children who were attachment-disordered who "did not get help in time". Foster Cline, in his seminal work on attachment therapy,
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Attachment therapy prospered during the 1980s and 1990s as a consequence of both the influx of older adopted orphans from Eastern European and
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birth, no matter how early this occurs, the child again feels distress and rage that will block attachment to a foster or adoptive caregiver.
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attachment theory, e.g. attachment theory's fundamental and evidence-based statement that security is promoted by sensitivity. According to
147:, including diagnosis and accompanying parenting techniques, is not scientifically validated, nor is it considered to be part of mainstream
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608:(and its Utah Chapter), American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children, American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and
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225:, refuses to comply), he or she may be threatened with detainment for the day at the clinic or forced placement in a temporary
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Becker-Weidman A (April 2006), "Treatment for Children with Trauma-Attachment Disorders: Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy",
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In March 2007, attachment therapy was placed on a list of treatments that have the potential to cause harm to clients in the
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which attachment therapists adopted as an alternative name for their existing unvalidated diagnosis of attachment disorder.
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children by creating rage while holding them against their will. He believed this would lead to a breakdown in their
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Zaslow and Menta and Cline. According to the Task Force, "These types of lists are so nonspecific that high rates of
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Howe D, Fearnley S (2003), "Disorders of attachment in adopted and fostered children: Recognition and treatment",
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99:
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Attachment therapy is primarily based on Robert Zaslow's rage-reduction therapy from the 1960s and 1970s and on
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Advocates of this treatment also believe that emotional attachment of a child to a caregiver begins during the
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The APSAC Task Force describes how the conceptual focus of these treatments is the child's individual internal
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apparently higher risk of disruption of foreign adoptions, of which there were 216,000 between 1998 and 2008.
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811:
651:
405:, "holding therapy does not emanate in any logical way from attachment theory or from attachment research".
68:
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Report of the APSAC Task Force on Attachment Therapy, Reactive Attachment Disorder, and Attachment Problems
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4347:
3327:
Craven P, Lee R (2006), "Therapeutic Interventions for Foster Children: A Systematic Research Synthesis",
2893:
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50:. It is found primarily in the United States, and much of it is centered in about a dozen clinics in
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2355:"Attachment Disorders, their Assessment and Intervention/Treatment: BAAF Position Statement 4"
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review. Describing it as "unfortunately" referred to as "attachment therapy", Mary Dozier and
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level. This results in a lack of ability to attach or to be genuinely affectionate to others.
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cites the use of holding therapy techniques by caseworkers and foster parents investigating a
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79:
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Hughes D (2004), "An attachment-based treatment of maltreated children and young people.",
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309:
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attachment therapy proponents is that young children who experience adversity (including
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A Secure Base: Clinical Application of Attachment Theory (A Tavistock professional book)
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Cassandra Killpack, 2002; a four-year-old adopted child who died from complications of
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Two approaches on which published studies have been undertaken are holding therapy and
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688:
507:
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theories about suppressed rage, catharsis, regression, breaking down of resistance and
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3249:, Charleston, SC: National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, archived from
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1603:
1422:
1082:, Duke series in child development and public policy, Guilford Press, pp. xvii,
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361:
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3016:
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4443:
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4119:
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1578:
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In 2004, Saunders, Berliner and Hanson developed a system of categories for
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2151:
1949:
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1720:
1471:
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1236:
229:; this is explained to the child as a consequence of not choosing to be a '
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Within mainstream practice, disorders of attachment are classified in
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217:
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1775:
1773:
1745:, Deephaven, Minnesota: Family Attachment Counseling Center,
2701:
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191:, attachment parenting, or techniques designed to provoke
123:
and abandonment. The common form of attachment therapy is
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2026:
The psychology of the Z-process: Attachment and activity
27:
Pseudoscientific category of mental health interventions
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Dynamic-maturational model of attachment and adaptation
650:
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3025:
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2038:
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1969:
1764:
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902:, 2000; a ten-year-old adopted girl who was killed by
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Attachment therapy is a treatment used primarily with
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1204:
1202:
801:
research in the field of socioemotional development.
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270:, in contrast with accepted theories of attachment.
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4508:
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American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
46:child mental health intervention intended to treat
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2487:The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice
2485:Fowler KA (Spring–Summer 2004), "Book Review",
2055:, Institute for Attachment, Evergreen, Colorado
1553:, Philadelphia: Basic Books, pp. 160–169,
1315:
1313:
1073:
1071:
1069:
738:also cites family therapist and hypnotherapist
275:
239:
213:
4308:
1416:
1414:
1056:(2nd ed.). New York, London: Guilford Press.
849:and claimed to show significant improvement.
8:
3497:"Alternative therapies not new in Evergreen"
1641:, Ithaca, London: Cornell University press,
619:Rachel Stryker in her anthropological study
525:Rachel Stryker in her anthropological study
512:Hope for High Risk and Rage Filled Children,
155:, with which it is considered incompatible.
3897:Supreme Court of the State of Utah (2008),
3204:
3077:
2502:
2500:
2341:
2282:
2280:
2200:
2198:
1996:
1915:
1844:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1779:
736:Hope for high risk and rage filled children
664:University of Washington School of Medicine
328:Contrasting attachment theory-based methods
209:University of Washington School of Medicine
4315:
4301:
4293:
3550:"Ciambrone convicted of murder, gets life"
2982:
2980:
2978:
2422:, London: Chalk Circle Press, p. 29,
2053:Randolph Attachment Disorder Questionnaire
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1120:
1118:
1116:
473:Randolph Attachment Disorder Questionnaire
58:of the most well-known cases are those of
4253:
3261:: Well-supported, efficacious treatment;
2897:
2879:
2877:
2658:
2234:Advocates for Children in Therapy website
2230:"Speaking Out Against Attachment Therapy"
2141:
2028:, San Jose, CA: San Jose University Press
2019:
2017:
1816:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1367:
429:, Tizard, Hodges, Chisholm, O'Connor and
4006:"Plea deal for Gravelle kids' therapist"
3092:Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry
3034:Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2068:Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal
1911:
1909:
1907:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1174:
788:supporting these techniques, and to the
413:Attachment therapists claim to diagnose
151:. It is, despite its name, not based on
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2387:
2385:
1189:
1187:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1024:
567:Disinhibited social engagement disorder
397:therapy/attachment therapy contradicts
132:and despair with the goal of achieving
3874:"Court Hears Taped Killpack Interview"
3265:: Supported and probably efficacious;
2694:
2692:
2683:Autistic children: New hope for a cure
2624:Autistic children: New hope for a cure
2617:
2615:
2586:
2584:
2582:
606:National Association of Social Workers
3696:Grossman, Wendy (19 September 2003),
2886:Perspectives on Psychological Science
1255:
1253:
858:Perspectives on Psychological Science
781:, diagnostic practices, beliefs, and
7:
4084:Mikkelsen, Emily (24 January 2023).
3548:Scarcella, Michael A (17 May 2007),
3066:Chaffin, Hanson & Saunders 2006c
2970:Chaffin, Hanson & Saunders 2006c
2039:Chaffin, Hanson & Saunders 2006c
1982:Chaffin, Hanson & Saunders 2006c
1970:Chaffin, Hanson & Saunders 2006c
1765:Chaffin, Hanson & Saunders 2006c
1580:Handbook of attachment interventions
1514:Chaffin, Hanson & Saunders 2006c
1194:Chaffin, Hanson & Saunders 2006c
1179:Chaffin, Hanson & Saunders 2006c
1109:Chaffin, Hanson & Saunders 2006c
1041:Chaffin, Hanson & Saunders 2006c
364:) become enraged at a very deep and
4516:Attachment-based therapy (children)
4172:Mercer J, Sarner L, Rosa L (2003),
3810:Advocates for Children in Therapy,
3598:"A dead child, a troubling defense"
3573:Advocates for Children in therapy,
3525:Advocates for Children in Therapy,
3217:Advocates for Children in Therapy,
2591:Advocates for children in Therapy,
2314:Advocates for Children in Therapy,
1741:Nichols M, Lacher D, May J (2002),
1526:Advocates for Children in therapy,
1421:Advocates for Children in therapy,
1390:Advocates for Children in therapy,
334:Attachment-based therapy (children)
237:According to the APSAC Task Force,
32:Attachment-based therapy (children)
4526:Dyadic developmental psychotherapy
4118:. Abigail Fairlove. Archived from
4004:Harper, Carol (21 February 2007),
3900:State of Utah .v. Jennete Killpack
3756:Associated Press (3 August 2008),
2841:Attachment & Human Development
2819:, London: Routledge, p. 269,
2622:Tinbergen N, Tinbergen EA (1983),
1818:10.1097/01.chi.0000177056.41655.ce
823:dyadic developmental psychotherapy
764:Attachment & Human Development
604:(Division on Child Maltreatment),
602:American Psychological Association
446:Diagnosis lists and questionnaires
356:, frequent changes in child care,
94:, talking psychotherapies such as
25:
4278:Advocates for Children in Therapy
3955:Advocates for Children in Therapy
3872:Hyde, Jesse (26 September 2005),
2796:10.1038/scientificamerican0604-48
2208:The Etiology of a Social Epidemic
1885:, Evergreen, CO: RFR Publications
1663:Roots and Wings Adoption Magazine
1582:, San Diego, California: Academic
917:state caseworker. While having a
734:Cline's privately published work
409:Diagnosis and attachment disorder
197:Advocates for Children in Therapy
3924:"Special Report: Gravelle trial"
3421:Research on Social Work Practice
3387:Research on Social Work Practice
3329:Research on Social Work Practice
3295:Research on Social Work Practice
2908:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00029.x
2758:10.1111/j.1545-5300.1962.00294.x
2317:North Carolina Bans "Rebirthing"
610:American Psychiatric Association
389:If the child has had a peaceful
4588:Child and adolescent psychiatry
3731:Gillan, Audrey (20 June 2001),
3367:, Center for Family Development
1608:, Golden, CO: EC Publications,
1551:The Boy Who Was Raised as a Dog
714:process was believed to begin.
588:countries and the inclusion of
543:Contrasting mainstream position
4521:Attachment-based psychotherapy
3626:Bowers, Karen (27 July 2000),
3277:: Novel and experimental; and
2574:Mercer, Sarner & Rosa 2003
2507:Mercer, Sarner & Rosa 2003
2394:British Journal of Social Work
2292:, ATTACh, 2003, archived from
2259:, ATTACh, 2006, archived from
2253:ATTACh White paper on coercion
1869:Mercer, Sarner & Rosa 2003
1857:Mercer, Sarner & Rosa 2003
1687:Mercer, Sarner & Rosa 2003
1675:Mercer, Sarner & Rosa 2003
1133:, ATTACh, 2007, archived from
1127:ATTACh White paper on coercion
96:attachment-based psychotherapy
1:
4378:Fathers as attachment figures
4065:The Santa Barbara Independent
4040:The Santa Barbara Independent
3596:Horn, Miriam (14 July 1997),
1549:Perry B, Szalavitz M (2006),
482:Oppositional Defiant Disorder
193:cathartic emotional discharge
4542:History of attachment theory
4429:Patricia McKinsey Crittenden
4398:Reactive attachment disorder
3975:"Gravelle Daughter's Letter"
3847:Hyde, Jesse (14 June 2005),
3660:, Boston, Mass., p. A.1
3528:Victim of Attachment Therapy
3467:10.1080/14616730310001593947
3273:: Promising and acceptable;
3269:: Supported and acceptable;
3177:10.1080/14616730412331281539
2853:10.1080/14616730310001594009
2178:Infant Mental Health Journal
1942:10.1080/14616730310001596151
1883:Broken hearts, wounded minds
1229:10.1080/14616730310001593974
976:Resources in other libraries
590:reactive attachment disorder
553:Reactive attachment disorder
419:reactive attachment disorder
4134:(APSAC Task Force report),
4059:Welsh, Nick (11 May 2007),
3104:10.1177/1359104503008003007
2685:, London: Allen & Unwin
2626:, London: Allen & Unwin
2563:– via Kids Come First
1291:Welch MG (September 1989),
4609:
4255:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.08.004
4210:Prior V, Glaser D (2006),
4034:Welsh, Nick (3 May 2007),
3787:"The Taking of Logan Marr"
2732:O'Connor & Nilsen 2005
2526:O'Connor & Nilsen 2005
2164:O'Connor & Nilsen 2005
2024:Zaslow R, Menta M (1975),
2009:O'Connor & Nilsen 2005
1899:O'Connor & Nilsen 2005
1424:What is Attachment Therapy
1393:What is Attachment Therapy
1334:10.1016/j.ctcp.2005.09.004
1322:Complement Ther Clin Pract
546:
331:
175:procedures. These include
92:attachment-based therapies
29:
3733:"The Therapy That Killed"
3361:Becker-Weidman A (2004),
3046:10.1007/s10560-005-0039-0
2651:10.1080/17470210701508665
2080:10.1007/s10560-005-2556-2
1356:Medscape General Medicine
1013:Death of Candace Newmaker
971:Resources in your library
159:Treatment characteristics
100:relational psychoanalysis
4150:10.1177/1077559505283699
4010:Sandusky Register online
3433:10.1177/1049731506297043
3399:10.1177/1049731506297046
3341:10.1177/1049731505284863
3307:10.1177/1049731505284205
3138:10.1177/1077559506292636
2989:Child Psychiatry Hum Dev
2465:10.1177/1077559506292636
1713:10.1177/1077559504264304
1470:(3): 4–8, archived from
468:and language disorders.
4393:Object relations theory
3205:Prior & Glaser 2006
3078:Prior & Glaser 2006
3001:10.1023/A:1021349116429
2770:Shermer M (June 2004),
2342:Prior & Glaser 2006
1997:Prior & Glaser 2006
1916:Prior & Glaser 2006
1845:Prior & Glaser 2006
1780:Prior & Glaser 2006
868:Cases of harm and death
4348:Attachment in children
4283:Science based medicine
3576:Parental Murder Victim
3281:: Concerning treatment
2548:, 1971, archived from
662:Matthew Speltz of the
343:Theoretical principles
280:
244:
235:
207:Matthew Speltz of the
4509:Clinical applications
4358:Attachment and health
3835:The Salt Lake Tribune
3628:"Suffer-the-children"
2418:Chaika, Anya (2012),
1689:, pp. 75–79, 195
794:Psychological Science
774:non-specific symptoms
762:In 2003, an issue of
621:The Road to Evergreen
527:The Road to Evergreen
352:, loss, separations,
215:Like Welsh [
4490:Attachment parenting
4388:Maternal deprivation
4343:Attachment in adults
3878:Deseret Morning news
3853:Deseret Morning News
3676:Deseret Morning News
3632:Denver Westword News
3495:Auge, Karen (2000),
2266:on 28 September 2007
2051:Randolph EM (1996),
1984:, pp. 79, 82–83
1140:on 28 September 2007
847:behavioral disorders
514:uses the example of
303:Parenting techniques
288:Satanic Ritual Abuse
48:attachment disorders
4363:Attachment measures
4353:Attachment disorder
4114:Fairlove, Abigail.
3951:"Gravelle Siblings"
2788:2004SciAm.290f..48S
2776:Scientific American
2714:on 7 September 2008
2601:on 3 September 2011
2555:on 7 September 2008
2406:10.1093/bjsw/bcp078
1881:Randolph E (2001),
1477:on 13 February 2012
790:patient recruitment
549:Attachment disorder
493:Patient recruitment
415:attachment disorder
177:deep tissue massage
52:Evergreen, Colorado
4563:Popular psychology
4495:Attachment therapy
4474:Nikolaas Tinbergen
4016:on 6 February 2016
3986:, Associated Press
3932:, Associated Press
3678:, 27 November 2004
1637:Stryker R (2010),
1529:Abusive Techniques
1455:Speltz ML (2002),
962:Attachment therapy
930:water intoxication
672:defense mechanisms
297:Stockholm syndrome
268:countertherapeutic
80:defence mechanisms
40:Attachment therapy
4568:Attachment theory
4550:
4549:
4407:Notable theorists
4368:Attachment theory
4324:Attachment theory
4221:978-1-84310-245-8
4203:978-1-59385-470-6
4185:978-0-275-97675-0
3711:978-0-670-49192-6
2951:978-1-60623-028-2
2826:978-0-422-62230-1
2815:Bowlby J (1998),
2772:"Death by theory"
2734:, pp. 317–18
2429:978-1-4782-0593-7
2371:on 2 October 2008
2166:, pp. 316–19
2124:Mercer J (2005),
1811:(11): 1206–1219.
1782:, pp. 231–32
1752:978-0-9746029-0-5
1677:, pp. 98–105
1648:978-0-8014-4687-0
1615:978-0-9631728-0-8
1602:Cline FW (1992),
1560:978-0-465-05653-8
1464:The APSAC Advisor
1304:978-0-671-68878-3
1271:978-1-59385-470-6
1089:978-1-59385-470-6
1062:978-1-60623-028-2
991:Child development
986:Traumatic bonding
957:Library resources
883:Sarasota, Florida
572:According to the
360:or even frequent
201:campaigns against
153:attachment theory
16:(Redirected from
4600:
4500:Candace Newmaker
4419:William E. Blatz
4338:Affectional bond
4317:
4310:
4303:
4294:
4267:
4257:
4248:(11): 990–1003.
4232:
4206:
4188:
4168:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4012:, archived from
4001:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3983:The Plain Dealer
3979:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3929:The Plain Dealer
3920:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3905:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3791:FRONTLINE report
3783:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3768:on 6 August 2008
3764:, archived from
3753:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3704:, pp. 3–4,
3693:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3658:The Boston Globe
3653:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3634:, archived from
3623:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3604:, archived from
3602:U.S. News online
3593:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3503:, archived from
3492:
3486:
3485:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3256:on 1 July 2007,
3255:
3248:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3220:Daniel A. Hughes
3214:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3029:
3020:
3019:
2984:
2973:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2943:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2901:
2881:
2872:
2871:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2713:
2707:, archived from
2706:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2662:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2619:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2597:, archived from
2588:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2554:
2543:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2510:
2504:
2495:
2494:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2448:
2433:
2432:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2400:(5): 1534–1552,
2389:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2370:
2364:, archived from
2359:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2284:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2265:
2258:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2240:on 1 April 2004.
2236:. Archived from
2226:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2211:, Skeptic Report
2202:
2193:
2192:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2145:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2021:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1902:
1896:
1887:
1886:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1831:
1830:
1820:
1796:
1783:
1777:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1634:
1619:
1618:
1599:
1584:
1583:
1575:
1564:
1563:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1476:
1461:
1452:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1371:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1288:
1275:
1274:
1257:
1248:
1247:
1212:
1197:
1191:
1182:
1176:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1139:
1132:
1122:
1111:
1106:
1093:
1092:
1075:
1064:
1050:
1044:
1038:
900:Candace Newmaker
769:pseudoscientific
724:Candace Newmaker
478:Conduct Disorder
62:in 2000 and the
60:Candace Newmaker
44:pseudoscientific
21:
4608:
4607:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4530:
4504:
4478:
4402:
4326:
4321:
4274:
4235:
4222:
4209:
4204:
4191:
4186:
4171:
4135:
4125:
4123:
4113:
4110:
4108:Further reading
4105:
4104:
4094:
4092:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4069:
4067:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4044:
4042:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4019:
4017:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3989:
3987:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3959:
3957:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3935:
3933:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3882:
3880:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3857:
3855:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3818:
3816:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3795:
3793:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3771:
3769:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3741:
3739:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3681:
3679:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3641:
3639:
3638:on 3 April 2008
3625:
3624:
3620:
3611:
3609:
3608:on 31 July 1997
3595:
3594:
3590:
3581:
3579:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3558:
3556:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3533:
3531:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3510:
3508:
3507:on 9 March 2001
3494:
3493:
3489:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3370:
3368:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3225:
3223:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3203:
3199:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3031:
3030:
3023:
2986:
2985:
2976:
2965:clinical trials
2962:
2958:
2952:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2899:10.1.1.531.9405
2883:
2882:
2875:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2800:
2798:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2690:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2620:
2613:
2604:
2602:
2594:Foster W. Cline
2590:
2589:
2580:
2572:
2568:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2524:
2513:
2505:
2498:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2450:
2449:
2436:
2430:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2331:
2322:
2320:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2299:
2297:
2296:on 21 June 2007
2286:
2285:
2278:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2214:
2212:
2204:
2203:
2196:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2023:
2022:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1914:
1905:
1897:
1890:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1843:
1834:
1798:
1797:
1786:
1778:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1636:
1635:
1622:
1616:
1601:
1600:
1587:
1577:
1576:
1567:
1561:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1534:
1532:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1489:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1438:
1429:
1427:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1398:
1396:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1305:
1290:
1289:
1278:
1272:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1214:
1213:
1200:
1192:
1185:
1177:
1152:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1114:
1107:
1096:
1090:
1077:
1076:
1067:
1051:
1047:
1039:
1026:
1021:
982:
981:
980:
965:
964:
960:
953:
870:
807:
740:Milton Erickson
660:
634:
582:
555:
545:
532:social contract
495:
448:
411:
345:
336:
330:
310:German Shepherd
305:
199:, a group that
161:
108:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Holding therapy
15:
12:
11:
5:
4606:
4604:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4555:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4414:Mary Ainsworth
4410:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4273:
4272:External links
4270:
4269:
4268:
4233:
4220:
4207:
4202:
4189:
4184:
4169:
4138:Child Maltreat
4132:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4076:
4051:
4026:
3996:
3966:
3942:
3915:
3889:
3864:
3839:
3825:
3813:Logan Lyn Marr
3802:
3778:
3762:cbs4denver.com
3748:
3723:
3710:
3688:
3663:
3648:
3618:
3588:
3565:
3554:Herald Tribune
3540:
3517:
3501:DenverPost.com
3487:
3455:Attach Hum Dev
3445:
3427:(4): 520–521,
3411:
3393:(4): 513–519,
3377:
3353:
3335:(3): 287–304,
3319:
3301:(3): 338–357,
3285:
3232:
3209:
3197:
3165:Attach Hum Dev
3155:
3126:Child Maltreat
3116:
3098:(3): 369–387,
3082:
3070:
3058:
3040:(2): 147–171,
3021:
2974:
2956:
2950:
2928:
2873:
2847:(3): 219–326,
2831:
2825:
2807:
2762:
2752:(2): 294–303,
2746:Family Process
2736:
2724:
2688:
2673:
2629:
2611:
2578:
2566:
2530:
2511:
2496:
2477:
2453:Child Maltreat
2434:
2428:
2410:
2381:
2346:
2329:
2306:
2276:
2243:
2221:
2194:
2168:
2156:
2116:
2097:
2058:
2043:
2031:
2013:
2001:
1986:
1974:
1962:
1930:Attach Hum Dev
1920:
1903:
1888:
1873:
1861:
1849:
1832:
1784:
1769:
1757:
1751:
1733:
1701:Child Maltreat
1691:
1679:
1667:
1653:
1647:
1620:
1614:
1585:
1565:
1559:
1541:
1518:
1487:
1436:
1410:
1382:
1346:
1309:
1303:
1276:
1270:
1249:
1217:Attach Hum Dev
1198:
1183:
1150:
1112:
1094:
1088:
1065:
1045:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
979:
978:
973:
967:
966:
955:
954:
952:
949:
948:
947:
943:
939:
933:
922:
908:
897:
890:
886:
879:
869:
866:
812:evidence-based
806:
803:
798:Michael Rutter
753:primal therapy
689:psychoanalytic
687:borrowed from
659:
656:
633:
630:
581:
578:
544:
541:
508:Jeffrey Dahmer
500:Saddam Hussein
494:
491:
453:false-positive
447:
444:
410:
407:
362:ear infections
344:
341:
329:
326:
304:
301:
160:
157:
107:
104:
76:psychoanalytic
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4605:
4594:
4593:Pseudoscience
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4459:Konrad Lorenz
4457:
4455:
4454:Melanie Klein
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4439:Sigmund Freud
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4383:Human bonding
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4318:
4313:
4311:
4306:
4304:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4265:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4234:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4217:
4213:
4208:
4205:
4199:
4195:
4190:
4187:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4133:
4122:on 2 May 2014
4121:
4117:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4091:
4087:
4080:
4077:
4066:
4062:
4055:
4052:
4041:
4037:
4030:
4027:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4000:
3997:
3985:
3984:
3976:
3970:
3967:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3943:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3919:
3916:
3902:
3901:
3893:
3890:
3879:
3875:
3868:
3865:
3854:
3850:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3829:
3826:
3815:
3814:
3806:
3803:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3779:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3752:
3749:
3738:
3734:
3727:
3724:
3713:
3707:
3703:
3702:Houston Press
3699:
3692:
3689:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3659:
3652:
3649:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3619:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3592:
3589:
3578:
3577:
3569:
3566:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3541:
3530:
3529:
3521:
3518:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3381:
3378:
3366:
3365:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3252:
3245:
3244:
3236:
3233:
3222:
3221:
3213:
3210:
3207:, p. 261
3206:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3171:(3): 263–78,
3170:
3166:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3083:
3080:, p. 264
3079:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2995:(4): 303–13,
2994:
2990:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2808:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2725:
2710:
2703:
2702:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2630:
2625:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2567:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2528:, p. 317
2527:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2344:, p. 263
2343:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2319:
2318:
2310:
2307:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2262:
2255:
2254:
2247:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2210:
2209:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2011:, p. 318
2010:
2005:
2002:
1999:, p. 183
1998:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1921:
1918:, p. 265
1917:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1901:, p. 316
1900:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1877:
1874:
1871:, p. 180
1870:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1847:, p. 186
1846:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1707:(2): 123–30,
1706:
1702:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1542:
1531:
1530:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1426:
1425:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1395:
1394:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1223:(3): 223–44,
1222:
1218:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1136:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1007:Child of Rage
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
983:
977:
974:
972:
969:
968:
963:
958:
950:
944:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:secondary to
927:
923:
920:
916:
912:
909:
905:
901:
898:
895:
891:
887:
884:
880:
876:
875:
874:
867:
865:
861:
859:
855:
850:
848:
842:
839:
834:
832:
826:
824:
819:
817:
813:
804:
802:
799:
795:
791:
787:
784:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
756:
754:
748:
746:
741:
737:
732:
728:
725:
721:
715:
713:
709:
704:
701:
696:
694:
690:
686:
680:
677:
673:
669:
665:
657:
655:
653:
648:
642:
638:
631:
629:
625:
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
597:
595:
591:
587:
579:
577:
575:
570:
568:
564:
560:
554:
550:
542:
540:
537:
533:
528:
523:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
492:
490:
488:
483:
479:
474:
469:
467:
463:
457:
454:
445:
443:
439:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
408:
406:
404:
400:
394:
392:
387:
384:
379:
376:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
342:
340:
335:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
311:
302:
300:
298:
294:
289:
285:
282:Psychiatrist
279:
274:
271:
269:
265:
259:
257:
253:
249:
243:
238:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:
212:
210:
205:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
158:
156:
154:
150:
146:
143:This form of
141:
139:
135:
131:
126:
122:
117:
113:
105:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
72:
70:
65:
61:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4494:
4449:Jerome Kagan
4444:Harry Harlow
4434:Erik Erikson
4245:
4241:
4211:
4193:
4174:
4144:(1): 76–89,
4141:
4137:
4124:. Retrieved
4120:the original
4093:. Retrieved
4089:
4079:
4068:, retrieved
4064:
4054:
4043:, retrieved
4039:
4029:
4018:, retrieved
4014:the original
4009:
3999:
3988:, retrieved
3981:
3969:
3958:, retrieved
3954:
3945:
3934:, retrieved
3927:
3918:
3907:, retrieved
3899:
3892:
3881:, retrieved
3877:
3867:
3856:, retrieved
3852:
3842:
3834:
3828:
3819:17 September
3817:, retrieved
3812:
3805:
3794:, retrieved
3790:
3781:
3770:, retrieved
3766:the original
3761:
3751:
3740:, retrieved
3737:The Guardian
3736:
3726:
3715:, retrieved
3701:
3698:"Holding On"
3691:
3680:, retrieved
3675:
3666:
3657:
3651:
3640:, retrieved
3636:the original
3631:
3621:
3610:, retrieved
3606:the original
3601:
3591:
3582:17 September
3580:, retrieved
3575:
3568:
3557:, retrieved
3553:
3543:
3534:17 September
3532:, retrieved
3527:
3520:
3509:, retrieved
3505:the original
3500:
3490:
3461:(3): 245–7,
3458:
3454:
3448:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3369:, retrieved
3363:
3356:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3251:the original
3242:
3235:
3226:17 September
3224:, retrieved
3219:
3212:
3200:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3149:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3073:
3068:, p. 85
3061:
3037:
3033:
2992:
2988:
2972:, p. 78
2959:
2939:
2931:
2892:(1): 53–70,
2889:
2885:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2816:
2810:
2799:, retrieved
2779:
2775:
2765:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2727:
2716:, retrieved
2709:the original
2700:
2682:
2676:
2645:(1): 16–26,
2642:
2638:
2632:
2623:
2605:17 September
2603:, retrieved
2599:the original
2593:
2576:, p. 43
2569:
2557:, retrieved
2550:the original
2545:
2533:
2509:, p. 75
2490:
2486:
2480:
2456:
2452:
2419:
2413:
2397:
2393:
2373:, retrieved
2366:the original
2361:
2349:
2323:17 September
2321:, retrieved
2316:
2309:
2298:, retrieved
2294:the original
2288:
2268:, retrieved
2261:the original
2252:
2246:
2238:the original
2233:
2224:
2213:, retrieved
2207:
2205:Crossman P,
2181:
2177:
2171:
2159:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2091:
2074:(1): 71–84,
2071:
2067:
2061:
2052:
2046:
2034:
2025:
2004:
1977:
1972:, p. 81
1965:
1936:(3): 253–7,
1933:
1929:
1923:
1882:
1876:
1864:
1859:, p. 92
1852:
1808:
1804:
1767:, p. 76
1760:
1742:
1736:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1682:
1670:
1662:
1656:
1638:
1604:
1579:
1550:
1544:
1535:17 September
1533:, retrieved
1528:
1521:
1516:, p. 78
1479:, retrieved
1472:the original
1467:
1463:
1430:17 September
1428:, retrieved
1423:
1404:
1399:17 September
1397:, retrieved
1392:
1385:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1325:
1321:
1293:
1261:
1220:
1216:
1196:, p. 77
1181:, p. 79
1142:, retrieved
1135:the original
1126:
1079:
1053:
1048:
1043:, p. 83
1005:
961:
926:Hyponatremia
904:asphyxiation
871:
862:
857:
851:
843:
835:
827:
820:
815:
808:
793:
783:social group
763:
761:
757:
749:
745:trauma bonds
735:
733:
729:
716:
708:Holding Time
707:
705:
697:
685:ego defenses
681:
661:
643:
639:
635:
632:Developments
626:
620:
618:
598:
592:in the 1980
583:
571:
556:
526:
524:
520:
511:
504:Adolf Hitler
496:
487:sexual abuse
472:
470:
458:
449:
440:
412:
395:
388:
380:
350:maltreatment
346:
337:
322:
318:
314:
306:
281:
276:
272:
260:
245:
240:
236:
222:
216:
214:
206:
162:
142:
124:
121:maltreatment
109:
73:
56:
39:
38:
36:
4583:Child abuse
4483:Controversy
4424:John Bowlby
4178:, Praeger,
4095:21 February
2801:12 February
1328:(1): 3–12,
996:Child abuse
838:social work
586:third world
403:Mary Dozier
375:psychopaths
293:trauma bond
284:Bruce Perry
252:environment
227:foster home
189:reparenting
169:restraining
138:eye contact
4557:Categories
4469:René Spitz
3717:25 October
3279:Category 6
3275:Category 5
3271:Category 4
3267:Category 3
3263:Category 2
3259:Category 1
3132:(4): 381,
2559:19 October
2459:(4): 381,
2375:19 October
2215:19 October
1019:References
911:Logan Marr
814:", or the
700:ethologist
652:regulation
580:Prevalence
547:See also:
370:Suppressed
332:See also:
256:resistance
149:psychology
82:. Zaslow,
69:regulation
4464:Mary Main
4090:FOX8 WGHP
3441:144651333
3407:143261269
3349:143942564
3146:145525137
3112:144930248
3054:145537765
2894:CiteSeerX
2782:(6): 48,
2473:145525137
2130:MedGenMed
2088:143743052
1001:Theraplay
936:Gravelles
856:journal,
779:diagnoses
698:In 1983,
647:defensive
536:condition
516:Ted Bundy
427:Ainsworth
391:gestation
366:primitive
295:known as
248:pathology
134:catharsis
84:Tinbergen
64:Gravelles
4264:27806867
4230:70663735
4166:11443880
4158:16382093
4045:18 April
3960:17 April
3936:18 April
3883:18 April
3858:18 April
3796:18 April
3772:8 August
3742:18 April
3682:18 April
3642:18 April
3612:18 April
3483:33982546
3475:12944217
3315:16407858
3193:44452582
3185:15513268
3017:20560678
3009:10422354
2924:26512757
2916:26151919
2869:34038172
2861:12944214
2718:18 April
2669:18038335
2300:16 March
2270:16 March
2152:16369232
2136:(3): 6,
1950:12944219
1827:16239871
1729:29423542
1721:15104880
1481:16 March
1378:16369232
1362:(3): 6,
1342:16401524
1245:21547653
1237:12944216
1144:16 March
951:See also
720:Colorado
693:metaphor
676:clinical
668:autistic
466:enuresis
462:paradigm
435:Internet
399:Bowlby's
383:prenatal
354:adoption
187:status,
173:aversive
165:coercive
112:fostered
4070:18 June
4020:24 June
3990:20 June
3909:24 July
3559:18 June
3511:25 June
2784:Bibcode
2660:2409181
2184:: 1–9,
2143:1681667
1958:2633768
1369:1681667
919:tantrum
894:Midvale
712:bonding
658:History
181:regress
145:therapy
125:holding
116:adopted
4535:Others
4331:Theory
4262:
4228:
4218:
4200:
4182:
4164:
4156:
3708:
3481:
3473:
3439:
3405:
3371:10 May
3347:
3313:
3191:
3183:
3144:
3110:
3052:
3015:
3007:
2948:
2922:
2914:
2896:
2867:
2859:
2823:
2667:
2657:
2471:
2426:
2150:
2140:
2086:
1956:
1948:
1825:
1749:
1727:
1719:
1645:
1612:
1557:
1376:
1366:
1340:
1301:
1268:
1243:
1235:
1086:
1060:
959:about
805:Claims
563:ICD-10
506:, and
431:Zeanah
423:Bowlby
417:, and
264:trauma
231:family
185:infant
106:Theory
88:autism
4162:S2CID
4126:2 May
3978:(PDF)
3904:(PDF)
3479:S2CID
3437:S2CID
3403:S2CID
3345:S2CID
3311:S2CID
3254:(PDF)
3247:(PDF)
3189:S2CID
3142:S2CID
3108:S2CID
3050:S2CID
3013:S2CID
2920:S2CID
2865:S2CID
2712:(PDF)
2705:(PDF)
2553:(PDF)
2542:(PDF)
2469:S2CID
2369:(PDF)
2358:(PDF)
2264:(PDF)
2257:(PDF)
2084:S2CID
1954:S2CID
1725:S2CID
1475:(PDF)
1460:(PDF)
1241:S2CID
1138:(PDF)
1131:(PDF)
915:Maine
786:norms
559:DSM-5
358:colic
171:, or
4260:PMID
4226:OCLC
4216:ISBN
4198:ISBN
4180:ISBN
4154:PMID
4128:2014
4097:2024
4072:2008
4047:2008
4022:2008
3992:2008
3962:2008
3938:2008
3911:2008
3885:2008
3860:2008
3821:2008
3798:2008
3774:2008
3744:2008
3719:2008
3706:ISBN
3684:2008
3644:2008
3614:2008
3584:2008
3561:2008
3536:2008
3513:2008
3471:PMID
3373:2005
3228:2008
3181:PMID
3005:PMID
2946:ISBN
2912:PMID
2857:PMID
2821:ISBN
2803:2008
2720:2008
2665:PMID
2607:2008
2561:2008
2424:ISBN
2377:2008
2325:2008
2302:2008
2272:2008
2217:2008
2148:PMID
2093:care
1946:PMID
1823:PMID
1747:ISBN
1717:PMID
1643:ISBN
1610:ISBN
1555:ISBN
1537:2008
1483:2008
1432:2008
1401:2008
1374:PMID
1338:PMID
1299:ISBN
1266:ISBN
1233:PMID
1146:2008
1084:ISBN
1058:ISBN
816:only
561:and
551:and
480:and
223:i.e.
130:rage
98:and
4250:doi
4146:doi
3463:doi
3429:doi
3395:doi
3337:doi
3303:doi
3173:doi
3134:doi
3100:doi
3042:doi
2997:doi
2904:doi
2849:doi
2792:doi
2780:290
2754:doi
2655:PMC
2647:doi
2493:(1)
2461:doi
2402:doi
2186:doi
2138:PMC
2113:(2)
2076:doi
1938:doi
1813:doi
1709:doi
1364:PMC
1330:doi
1225:doi
854:APS
831:ACT
614:ACT
218:sic
183:to
114:or
4559::
4258:.
4246:55
4244:.
4240:.
4224:,
4160:,
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4063:,
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4008:,
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3760:,
3735:,
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3469:,
3457:,
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3425:17
3423:,
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3391:17
3389:,
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3333:16
3331:,
3309:,
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2991:,
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1940::
1934:5
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1332::
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