Homosexuality in Mexico

489:, in 1513, upset with "a brother of the king and other young men, obliging men, dressed effeminately with women's clothing went too far with unnatural" temerity, threw forty of them as food to the dogs. D'Anghiera continues his story saying that the indigenous people's "natural hate for unnatural sin" drove them so that, "spontaneously and violently, they searched for all the rest that they would know who were infected". After all, D'Anghiera mentions that "only the nobles and the gentlemen practiced that kind of desire. indigenous people knew that sodomy gravely offended God. the tempests that with thunder and lightning so frequently afflicted them, or the floods that drowned their fruits that had caused hunger and sickness." 941: 621:(sic, 1607), assured that before the arrival of the Spanish "the men of New Spain committed huge sins, especially those against nature, although repeatedly they burned for those and were consumed in the fire sent from the heavens punished the sodomites with death, executed them with great vigor. They strangled or drowned the women who lay with other women since those also considered it against nature". Garcia attributed the cases of sodomy to the fact that the "miserable Indians act like that because the Devil has tricked them, making them believe that the gods they worship also practice sodomy and therefore they consider it a good and lawful custom". 640:, the one who "assumed the function of the woman had his internal parts extracted by the backside while he stayed tied up to a stake, after which some boys poured ashes on the body until it was buried under them they covered all the pile with many pieces of firewood and set it on fire. covered that which had functioned as man with ashes while he was alive, until he died". Alva Ixtlilxochitl's account is, according to Crompton, too detailed to be invented, but according to Garza the story shows clear signs of Mediterranean influence in the fact of the differentiation between active and passive homosexuals. 625:

young men practiced the abominable sin with all those who came into the house" or the two-spirits, "impotent, effeminate men dressed as women and carrying out their work". Also Friar Gregoria García gave news of that kind, such as "some men dressed as women and some father had five sons dressed him as a woman, and instructed him in his work and married him as a girl, although even in New Spain they scorned the effeminate and womanly Indians". The mentions of sodomy continued for a long time, even in 1666, in Cristóbal de Agüero and in 1697, in Friar Ángel Serra.

1266:(Consejo Nacional para Prevenir la Discriminación, CONAPRED), which is in charge of receiving and settling cases of discrimination, as well as "develop actions to protect all citizens from every distinction or exclusion based on ethnic or national origin, sex, age, disability, social or economic condition, conditions of health, pregnancy, language, religion, beliefs, sexual preferences, marital status or any other, that prevents or annuls the acknowledgement or the exercise of the rights and the real equality of opportunities of persons". 707:

Supreme Court of His Majesty, Juan Manuel Sotomayor, who describes sodomy as an "endemic cancer" that had "infested and spread among the captive prisoners of the Inquisition in their individual cells and the ecclesiastical officials have also begun their own investigations". The letter from Sotomayor reports that between 1657 and 1658 they have investigated and sentenced 125 individuals, whose names, ethnicities, and occupations he lists next. The Viceroy as much as the Magistrate bases his rejection of sodomy on the

601:

passed on by the conquistadors and explorers, who had "defamed the Indians, having accused them of being infected with sodomy, a great and wicked falsehood" and thought that they observed "abstinence towards the sensual, vile and dirty affections", although he admitted that in a country so big there could be isolated cases of particular people in particular cases, attributed to "a natural corruption, depravity, a kind of innate sickness or fear of witchcraft and other magic spells", but in no case among the converts to

729:, and deformed Europeans. There are signs that the wealthier classes were also implicated, but were not deemed affected thanks to their influence. Many of the accused had nicknames, like Juan de la Vega, who was called "la Cotita", Juan de Correa, "la Estanpa", or Miguel Gerónimo, "la Cangarriana", the nickname of a prostitute from the city who was known for her promiscuity. The group met periodically in private houses, often on the days of religious festivities with the excuse of praying and giving tribute to the 741: 1316:(some $ 4,663 million). The group of LGBT consumers, ignored until the present out of homophobia or fear of critics, is being discovered. In 2005 the Gay Expo in Mexico was created, which claimed to give to know the companies and services to the LGBT community, and the companies of the division have been united into the Union of Companies and Service Providers to the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Community (Unegay). 1290:. In a survey by Parametría, 61% of those surveyed responded "no" when asked if they supported an amendment to the constitution to legalize gay marriage. Only some 17% responded affirmatively and some 14% did not give an opinion. In the same survey, some 41% were against the possibility of giving the same rights enjoyed by a married couple to a registered same-sex couple, only 28% supporting this possibility. 1083: 1205:

is also deeply rooted in the family. In 2004 only 4 families of those murdered in homophobic crimes, of a total of 26, offered to give information on the matter to a commission that was investigation. In Mexico City, in 2004, of 125 corpses of homosexuals, only 75 were claimed by their relatives; for 13 others, the family came only to the identification; the family of the rest did not approach the

1029:, the active ones being "masculine" and the passive ones being "effeminate" and "contemptible": "I'm a man; if I fuck you, you're not a man". There exists fear among active homosexuals of being penetrated, because they fear the possibility that they will like it and cease to be "men". For their part, the homosexuals of the higher, more cosmopolitan classes took the European model of the 856:'s term of office. The raid, executed on Calle de la Paz (since renamed Calle Ezequiel Montes), was against a dance attended by 41 men, of which 22 were dressed as men and 19 as women. The Mexican press fed on the event, despite the Governor's efforts to cover it up, since the participants belonged to the upper echelons of society. The list of the detainees was never published. 509:

hearts and to offer the hearts, as well as the blood taken from the tongue, the ears, the legs and the arms, all to the idols". Finally, he comments that "all the inhabitants of New Spain and those of other adjacent provinces ate human flesh, all commonly practiced sodomy and drank to excess", comparing some of the customs of the indigenous people with those of the ungodly

589:, despite knowing that the indigenous people were right and that as such the emperor did not have law over them, thought that "the heathens that committed sins against nature, such as idolatry, pederasty or fornication, all those offenses to God, could have been stopped by force". Among those sins against nature was naturally sodomy, the sin against nature 1201:(UAM) Xochimilco campus: verbal violence in 32% of cases, sexual harassment in 18%, harassment in 12%, following or pursuit in 12%, and threats in 11%. According to the UAM study, the most frequent types of discrimination "were not hiring for a job, 13 percent; threats of extortion and detention by police, 11 percent; and abuse of employees, 10 percent". 1060:. Cárdenas, writer, actress, and theater director, inspired by the LGBT movements in Europe and the United States, began to direct gatherings of LGBT writers. In 1973 she was the first Mexican to openly discuss her homosexuality on Mexican television. In 1974 she founded the Homosexual Liberation Front (FLH), the first LGBT organisation of Mexico. 780:, where the future emperor made a famous escape for the homosexual underworld of the island. In Mexico, Carlota became pregnant, possibly by the baron Alfred van Der Smissen, who formed part of the queen's guard, while the emperor was surrounded by his male friends, like the prince Félix Salm-Salm or the colonel López, who were loyal to the end. 150: 458: 808:. The work of historians like Victor M . Macías-González, Pablo Picatto, and Robert Buffington, among others, has identified areas such as gay bathhouses, prisons, and some squares and avenues of the capital. The work of criminologist Roumagnac, for example, gives details of homosexual practices in the country's prisons. 861:

earrings, embroidered slippers, and their faces were painted with highlighted eyes and rosy cheeks. When the news reached the street, all forms of comments were made and the behavior of those individuals was subjected to censure. We refrain from giving our readers further details because they are exceedingly disgusting.

137:. Given that the defenders of the natives manipulated the information to their opinion as much as those who were opposed by them, some trying to minimize the incidence of sodomy and others exaggerating the stories, it proves impossible to get an adequate picture of homosexuality in pre-Columbian Mexico. The historian 1222:. The lyrics of the song contain phrases like "Marica nena mas bien putín, Puto nace, puto se muere, Amo a matón / matarile al maricón / ¿¡y que quiere este hijo de puta!? / quiere llorar, Puto, le faltan tanates al / ¡puto! / le falta topiates / ¡puto! / le faltan tanates al puto puto". The producer, 1269:

In November 2006, the Law for Coexistence Partnerships was enacted in the Federal District. Called "gay law" in the mass media, this legal arrangement is not orientated exclusively to the homosexual population. The law - in effect since its publication in the official newspaper of the capital city

600:

In reaction to these writings, as of 1542, Bartolomé de Las Casas, along with other indigenous and missionary writers, launched a literary counteroffensive. Las Casas considered the "beastly vice of sodomy as the worst, the most detestable of any human wickedness". He denied with passion the reports

1282:

on 11 January 2007, under the name of "civil solidarity agreement". The Coahuilan congress modified the civil code to introduce the new form of cohabitation. The law allows similar rights to marriage, but prohibits adoption by same-sex couples. On 4 March 2010, Mexico City's law allowing same-sex

1188:(Homophobia, hate, crime and justice), there were discussed 400 dead between 1995 and 2005, that is to say, some 3 murders a month, but the City Commission Against Homophobic Hate Crimes calculates that only one in four crimes is reported. From January to August 2009, 40 gay people were murdered in 787:

in Mexico. The code does not mention sodomy, for it had ceased to be a crime. Nevertheless, in 1871 the new Penal Code introduced "attack on morality and proper customs", a relatively vague concept whose interpretation was left to the police and the judges, and which was used against homosexuals.

706:

in which he had "nineteen prisoners, fourteen of which sentenced to burn". Lucas Matheo, a young man of 15 years, was saved from the bonfire thanks to his youth, but suffered 200 lashes and six years of forced labor by cannon. Among the documents sent to the king is a letter from the judge of the

212:

no evidence of any suppression of homosexuality among Mexicas, with all homophobic persecutions having been introduced after the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire after various forms of homosexuality acknowledged by the pre-colonial Mexica were redefined as "sodomy" and "sin" by Christian friars.

1283:

marriage took effect, despite an appeal by the Attorney-General of the Republic, making Mexico the first Latin American country to allow same-sex marriage by non-judicial means. On 12 March 2010 Mexico City held its first same-sex wedding, which will be recognized throughout the Mexican territory.

1204:

Some 71% of Mexican youth would not approve if the same rights were given to homosexuals as heterosexuals. A 2006 survey states that 33% of Mexicans feel aversion for homosexuals, some 40% don't like politicians who emphasize homosexuality, and some 32% don't like homosexual neighbors. Homophobia

1100:

crisis, which is believed to have reached Mexico in 1981. LGBT groups were focused more on the fight against the infection, carrying out prevention and safe sex campaigns with information on the disease, but also led their fight against the social prejudices of the more conservative sectors, which

860:

On Sunday night, at a house on the fourth block of Calle la Paz, the police burst into a dance attended by 41 unaccompanied men wearing women's clothes. Among those individuals were some of the dandies seen every day on Calle Plateros. They were wearing elegant ladies' dresses, wigs, false breasts,

508:

in their temples and public plazas to worship them: "the multitude of methods used by the men to satisfy their abominable vice almost too unbelievable to be sure. the devil contained in their idols has possessed them. It has given them instructions to sacrifice their fellow men, to extract their

211:

Nonetheless, executions of male homosexuals are not attested during this period, and the existence of public identification methods by homosexual men makes it unlikely that they would have been persecuted. While male and female homosexuality were known and disapproved of in Mexica society, there is

1196:

area. The great majority are against gay men; from 1995 to 2004, "only" 16 women had been murdered. The crimes are often ignored or investigated with little interest by the police forces, who give impunity to the criminal in 98% of cases. Other forms of less serious violence are classified into

997:

In Mexico, the number 41 has no validity and is offensive... The influence of this tradition is so strong that even officialdom ignores the number 41. No division, regiment, or battalion of the army is given the number 41. From 40 they progress directly to 42. No payroll has a number 41. Municipal

556:

diabolical practices a man married to another man, amarionados or effeminate, impotent men that dressed like women and performed women's duties, nevertheless, they fired the bow and the arrow and could carry heavy loads on their persons. We saw many amarionados, although taller and sturdier than

194:

suggests that same-sex sexual relationships between men and between women were not criminalised among the Mexica. Moreover, the Mexica had different worldviews than the Spanish authorities who compiled the sources presently available for study, making an understanding of pre-colonial Mexica gender

1319:

A study by the agency De la Riva on the behavior of the LGBT consumer shows that the habits of gay men and lesbians are distinct. While gay men prefer brand names and a riskier lifestyle, lesbians tend to be educated and don't tend to pay attention to brand names. Gays respond to advertisements

204:

Social attitudes towards homosexual men and women were negative and ranged from disgust to amusement because they were perceived as violating Mexica gender roles, though attitudes were less negative towards homosexual women rather than men. Homosexual men during the period of the Aztec Empire had

998:

records show no houses with the number 41; if this cannot be avoided, 40 bis is used. No hotel or hospital has a room 41. Nobody celebrates their 41st birthday, going straight from 40 to 42. No vehicle is assigned a number plate with 41, and no police officer will accept a badge with that number.

724:

The previous case allows us to catch a glimpse of the subculture of homosexuals in Mexico City in the first half of the 17th century, since many of the accused were more than 60 years old and took that life for more than twenty. All those involved came from the lower classes: blacks, indigenous

624:

Nevertheless, Las Casas could not stop giving news about homosexual acts in contemporary Indian societies, as the custom of the fathers buying young boys for their children "to be used for the pleasure of sodomy", the existence of "infamous public places known as efebías where lewd and shameless

215:

Homosexual men in Mexica society also had a religious role, with records suggesting that there was a connection between them and Titlacahuan, that is the trickster aspect of the god Tezcatlipoca. Titlacahuan himself was depicted carrying a flower signifying his eroticism and blowing on a phallic

31:

The data on the pre-Columbian people and those of the period of colonization is scarce and obscure. Historians often described the indigenous customs that surprised them or that they disapproved of, but tended to take a position of accusation or apology, which makes it impossible to distinguish

1033:

in the late nineteenth century. This model is being replaced by another more similar to the Anglo-Saxon one, in which the homosexual is not defined by the active/passive dichotomy, but by the fact that he has sexual relations with other men. Those who refuse to define themselves as active or

1515:

of film in the country, numerous films incorporated characters with homosexual orientations. It was almost always about male characters who tended to reproduce the stereotypes of popular culture about homosexuals: effeminate men with eccentric clothing and rather eccentric ways of speaking.

760:

In 1821 Mexico gained independence from Spain and began a new phase. Some researchers have emphasized that cultural practices, such as friendship and homosociality of some groups of leaders, and clergy, the army, and lawyers, among others, facilitated the development of homoerotic practices.

593:. The legislation was based on the different culture and its customs, among the most notable: cannibalism, human sacrifice, and sodomy, in this case the conquest of the Aztec Empire could have represented simply an extension of the Spanish reconquest of the infidels, represented then by the 1041:, in which they can be free and openly gay. Acting accordingly, they try to make contact with foreign tourists as a springboard to the dream destination. However, as of 2007, many end up disillusioned in the dream destination when they have to face up to prevailing homophobia and racism. 659:(1536-1543), of whom a study of the cases judged shows that homosexuality was one of the main preoccupations of the court. The punishments for sexual sins tended to be fines, penance, public humiliation, and lashing in the most serious cases. In 1569 Felipe II officially creates the 1067:. The march was organised by the Homosexual Front for Revolutionary Action (FHAR). On 2 October of the same year, the groups FLH, Lesbos, Oikabeth, Lambda of Homosexual Liberation, and Sex-Pol, among others, marched in the demonstration to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the 1008:

The precedent from the Dance of the Forty-One has been used since that time to continue constant raids, police blackmail, torture, beatings, shipments to jail and to the prison of the Maria Islands, with a simple mention that it concerned an "attack on morality and proper customs".

302:

held an institutionalised, albeit degraded, role within Mexica society whereby they were kept as dependents of high-level nobles for whom they performed household chores, cleaned temples, and accompanied warriors in war and provided them with services including sexual ones.

1352: 1261:

The LGBT community has been gaining some rights in the first years of the 21st century. On 29 April 2003, the Federal Law to Prevent and Eliminate Discrimination was passed. The law, which has been criticized as insufficient, gives rise to the creation of the

1320:

that make knowing winks to the community, but reject advertisements with openly gay themes, because they fear being identified through the product. Gay men as much as lesbians have great emotional needs and need to be accepted, and prefer stable partners.

1017:

Many homosexuals continued living in the family house, since their activities tended to be private or clandestine. In the late twentieth century and early twenty-first century, homosexuals continue to be discreet about their sexual orientation, many being

1101:

considered AIDS a divine punishment. The demonstrations, which had become annual, asked for the end of social discrimination against AIDS patients, especially in employment, hospitals and health centers, and prevention measures, such as the promotion of

1209:, despite having been informed. There exist signs that Mexican youth are being committed to psychiatric clinics after coming out to family. Some 16% have been rejected by family, and a greater percentage have been physically attacked by relatives. 686:

to justify the increase of the salary of the royal officials, that those had seized and burned some delinquents for the unspeakable sin and other types of sodomy, although he does not give the number of victims or the circumstances of the event.

1079:. Demonstrators demanded freedom of sexual expression, and protested social and police repression. Since then, an LGBT march is celebrated annually on 28 June. But these groups and others have not had the necessary continuity. 1075:. As can be appreciated, the LGBT movement was very connected to leftist movements in the beginning. In late June 1979 the first demonstration in favor of homosexual rights took place, coinciding with the anniversary of the 2564: 1246:

The consequences for the LGBT community are shown in the UAM study, which states that 27% of LGBT persons studied suffer mental disorders and risk of alcoholism, some 40% have thoughts of suicide and 25% have attempted it.

912:

homosexuals. The incident and the numbers were spread through press reports, but also through engravings, satires, plays, literature, and paintings; in recent years, they have even appeared on television, in the historical

891:

The derelicts, petty thieves, and crossdressers sent to Yucatán are not in the battalions of the Army fighting against the Maya Indians, but have been assigned to public works in the towns retaken from the common enemy of

500:, it is mentioned that they had "managed to know for certain that they are all sodomites and practice that abominable sin". In another account from an anonymous Italian conquistador, it is said that the men and women of 2287: 1793:

Spurling, Geoffrey (2000). "Under Investigation for the Abominable Sin: Damián de Morales Stands Accused of Attempting to Seduce Antón de Tierra de Congo (Charcas, 1611)". In Spurling, Geoffrey; Boyer, Richard (eds.).

834:, the city had ten to fifteen bars, and dancing was permitted in El África and El Triumfo. This relative permissivity ended in 1959, when the mayor Uruchurtu closed all the city's gay bars after a triple crime. 3163: 737:, but in reality they had cross-dressing dances and orgies. The next meeting places and dates were mentioned in the previous parties or were disseminated by mail and messengers who belonged to the group. 772:

as Emperor of Mexico. Fernando Bruquetas de Castro, in his book "Kings who loved like queens", states that Maximilian I was gay. It seems that the rumours of his homosexuality began in the court of

1343:. LGBT tourism does not focus just on sun and beaches and Mayan ruins, but is diversifying. For this public there exist two specialised travel agencies, Opta Tours (since 1991) and Babylon Tours. 695: 1397:

Mexican LGBT author Luis Zapata Quiroz has been criticized for perpetuating the stereotypes of the American pattern of the tragic gay man, although he never portrays homosexuality negatively.

1503:. Other targets of the program are those sites of cohabitation that lack safety measures for the users—mainly emergency exits. LGBT groups have denounced the action as a form of homophobia. 173:

were relatively tolerant of homosexuality. It is known that there were orgies among the Maya that included homosexual sex, but for sodomy you would be condemned to death in a fiery furnace.

1184:

revealed in May 2007, making Mexico the country with the second-highest rate of homophobic crimes in the world (after Brazil). In a journalistic study by Fernando del Collado, titled

219:

There were four terms in Classical Nahuatl which referred to homosexuality, and were defined by the sexual activities of their subjects rather than by psychological characteristics:

1617:. None of the film's characters approached the homosexual stereotypes that appeared in Mexican film for decades. In 2006, the same director shot another film with gay characters, 1516:

Homosexuals appear often as secondary characters, almost always executing secondary roles and the butt of jokes on the part of the rest of the characters. An example is the film

4063: 1491:—in whose territory the Zona Rosa is found—have placed operatives in some seedy nightclubs of the Zona Rosa, with the purpose of freeing this tourist zone of problems such as 1421:, were gay and "let themselves be touched, discreetly, by a theme very dear to the age: the sailors, in the aura of the night port, with their liberty and their beauty". The 679: 281:

The Classical Nahuatl term was used to refer to a group of gender-variant people who wore women's clothing and performed women's tasks. This name was composed of the term

1737: 125:. These accounts must be taken with caution, given that the accusation of sodomy was used to justify the conquest, along with other accusations real or invented, such as 752:, of whom it has also been said that she was a lesbian, based on the intense friendships that she had with various women, the beauty of whom she praises in her poetry. 3298: 4599: 1120:

created the lesbian organization "El clóset de Sor Juana" (Sister Juana's closet), one of the country's most important LGBT organizations. It was accredited as an

2827: 1896: 647:, the crime of sodomy was handled and punished in equivalent manner to that of treason or heresy, the two most serious crimes against the State. Initially the 195:

and sexuality more difficult to understand since they were recorded through a Spanish-centric filter, and later texts from the early colonial-period like the

1049:

Until the late 1960s, there were neither LGBT groups nor publications on the topic. The first LGBT groups were formed in the early 1970s in Mexico City and

823:, he escaped and sought to bring together the Zapatista leaders around him, in which he failed. Palafox died in 1959 without revealing his homosexuality. 3331: 788:

Thus, in the late 19th century a homosexual subculture had already formed in Mexico City, similar to that existing in other large American cities such as

748:

Colonial culture was similar to that of Spain and had and had prominent intellectuals among those born in America. Perhaps one of the most important was

105:

to do so. However, in 2007 Mexico was still one of the countries in which the most crimes were committed against the LGBT community, with a person being

1263: 3382: 2279: 819:, was accused by political enemies within the Zapatista camp of having leaked information through his homosexual relationships. Put under the watch of 533: 318:, denoting a human object of a verbal action, literally meant "to use flowers on someone" and was used metaphorically in the sense "to seduce someone." 51:

The history of homosexuality in the colonial period and after independence is still in great part yet to be studied. Above all, the 1658 executions of

1108:

In the 1990s, without ceasing to fight for the aforementioned issues, activists began to protest the murders of homosexuals, and to defend respect for

3118: 4294: 4234: 4172: 2376: 629: 765:, for example, used to have "young gentlemen" or "favorites" as hostesses, private secretaries, who lived and traveled with him for long periods. 4339: 826:

In the 1930s there already existed some bars and baths for homosexuals in Mexico City, in the areas around Alameda, Zócalo, Paseo de Reforma and

613:, those men who dressed as women (and vice versa) were hanged if they committed unspeakable sin and the priests were burned, a report that Friar 293:, meaning "owner of," thus literally meaning "flower-bearer," due to the association of flowers with excess and sexual desire in Mexica culture. 1270:

government on 16 March 2007 - gives almost the same rights as a married couple within the limits of the Federal District, with the exception of

2643: 2676:

Un amor que se atrevió a decir su nombre: La lucha de las lesbianas y su relación con los movimientos homosexual y feminista en América Latina

1232:, stated that the word "puto" had not been used in the sense of "gay", but in the sense of "coward" or "loser", which is also used in Mexico. 1218: 2796: 2255: 1805: 1198: 3790: 3668: 3244: 2929: 2739: 2526: 2323: 28:, and post-independence, in spite of the fact that the rejection of homosexuality forms a connecting thread that crosses the three periods. 4229: 908:

As a result of the scandal, the numbers 41 and 42 were adopted by Mexican popular parlance to refer to homosexuality, with 42 reserved for

875:, Porfirio Díaz's son-in-law, who was allowed to escape. Although the raid was illegal and completely arbitrary, the 41 were convicted and 670:

The first known burning of sodomites in Mexico was in 1530, when they burned on the Caltzontzin pyre for idolatry, sacrifice, and sodomy.

122: 3943:

Bliss, Katherine Elaine. "The Sexual Revolution in Mexican Studies: New Perspectives on Gender, Sexuality, and Culture in Modern Mexico."

3760: 776:, where his wife, the princess Carlota Amalia, came from. The conclusive breakup between Maximilian and Carlota was during a stopover in 4620: 4592: 4224: 3164:"Un arzobispo mexicano insinúa que las leyes de matrimonio homosexual, entre otros factores, son culpables de las catástrofes naturales" 3075: 3048: 2993: 2308: 1767: 201:

have been mistranslated by Dibble and Anderson due to the homophobic prejudices which were prevalent in the United States at that time.

871:

A rumour, neither confirmed nor denied, soon emerged, claiming that there were in reality 42 participants, with the forty-second being

549: 4507: 4314: 1614: 1243:, suggested that homosexuals (along with drug violence) are guilty of natural disasters, incurring the wrath of God for gay marriage. 1141: 176:

Mayan society considered homosexuality preferable to premarital heterosexual sex, so the nobles got sexual slaves for their children.

1606: 1511:

Homosexuality in Mexican film appears depicted in two manners. On one hand, from the 1970s to 1990s, the period after the so-called

4334: 3357: 2684: 2502: 2475: 2446: 2421: 2230: 1879: 940: 4329: 4299: 3859: 1053:. On 15 August 1971, the Homosexual Liberation Front was formed, the first of its kind in Mexico. It was dissolved a year later. 3822: 3440: 2963: 905:

On 4 December 1901 there was a similar raid on a group of lesbians in Santa María, but that incident received far less attention.

585:, and were used to justify the idea of Empire; it was another "just cause" for the domination and occupation of the West Indies. 4289: 1129: 721:, like Sotomayor, who writes "as some saints have professed, that all the sodomites have died with the birth of Our Lord Jesus". 138: 3919: 1741: 4464: 4374: 4359: 4269: 4144: 3638: 3493: 1833: 1720: 1480: 4122: 2164: 4585: 4379: 4249: 3730: 3699: 2902: 3305: 2394: 1529: 3669:"Reunion con empresarios de las Comunidades GLBT en la Zona Rosa y la Secretaría de Seguridad Pública del Distrito Federal" 1180:

is very widespread in Mexican society. Between 2002 and 2007, 1000 people have been murdered in homophobic crimes, as the

578:. The queen thought that it caused "drunkenness and drove the Indians to carry out" human sacrifices and unspeakable sin. 4680: 4482: 4369: 4364: 4274: 4254: 4239: 3573: 3217: 2586: 2567:[The "Forty-One", One Hundred Years Later] (in Spanish). Isla ternura. Archived from the original on 30 April 2013 2283: 691: 493: 3900: 3607: 4354: 4344: 4309: 4304: 4284: 4279: 4264: 4244: 4165: 3880: 2393:

Another example is that in 1995 the Gay Lesbian Cultural Week in Mexico City was dedicated to Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz

2297: 1387: 1181: 749: 4109: 3414: 2835: 2701: 1037:

Among many Mexican homosexuals there exists the so-called "phallic dream", which consists of seeing the US as a sexual

4630: 4349: 4324: 4319: 4259: 4214: 1370:. Her importance for the LGBT community is not so much due to her bisexuality as to her having been converted into a 1235:

The Catholic Church has also contributed to a negative view of homosexuals. In 2010, Jose Guadalupe Martin, Bishop of

3467: 1556:. His films were not widely distributed or were never displayed in public; perhaps the best known is the gay-themed 1468:. The singer and actor found himself driven to that after photos were circulating on the Internet of his wedding in 1025:

The lower classes of Mexican society tend to preserve the Mediterranean model, in which homosexuals are divided into

517: 482: 427: 3542: 4672: 4502: 4204: 1601: 1145: 712: 470: 3271: 2350: 1904: 1553: 1026: 3881:"Los hijos homoeróticos de Jaime Humberto Hermosillo «salen del clóset» y se presentan en edición bibliográfica" 4712: 1438: 664: 465:

that represents the scene in which Balboa sets his dogs on some two-spirits (1594); Public library of New York.

1599:

incorporate homoerotic subject matter as a secondary matter in their plots or in a hidden way. The 2003 film

934: 610: 4691: 3386: 3190: 1541:. The plot revolves around a countrified brothel on the seashore where La Manuela (a transvestite played by 1366:. However, her lesbian relationships were of little importance and were diminished by the love of her life, 492:

In an account on the indigenous people realized in 1519 for the council of the town of Veracruz to report to

4568: 4492: 4158: 3907:, a database specialized in Mexican cinema by the Institute of Technology and Higher Education de Monterrey. 1591: 1434: 1161: 1117: 884: 614: 191: 40:

as the Spanish, and that other indigenous peoples tended to be much more tolerant, to the point of honoring

937:'s engravings alluding to the affair are famous, and were frequently published alongside satirical verses: 216:

flute denoting penance and communication with the gods, and was associated with excessive sexual activity.

4662: 4657: 4652: 4640: 4454: 4416: 4406: 4393: 3122: 2492: 1476: 1457: 920: 849: 843: 769: 730: 671: 56: 2380: 4635: 4625: 4557: 4439: 4434: 4189: 1512: 1256: 1240: 1140:

In 1997, Patria Jiménez was the first openly gay person to win a position in Congress, doing so for the

1072: 633: 478: 86: 4577: 4006:

Nesvig, Martin (2000). "The Lure of the Perverse: Moral Negotiation of Pederasty in Porfirian Mexico".

1426: 1406: 477:, with the information that he was able to get about the first explorers thanks to his friendship with 158: 73:, and tourists. Laws have been created to combat discrimination (2003), and two federal entities, the 609:

who cruelly set fire to the sodomites discovered in the temple. According to the statements of Friar

4522: 2437:

Altamiranda, Daniel (2003). "Cruz, Juana Inés de la". In Aldrich, Robert; Wotherspoon, Garry (eds.).

1323:

Pink tourism, especially from the U.S., has one of its favorite destinations in Mexico and specially

1050: 990: 762: 656: 586: 567: 501: 2651: 4449: 1488: 1461: 1410: 1398: 1236: 1223: 648: 3020: 2804: 1456:, one of the most important composers of popular music in Mexico. One of the few singers who has 581:

These and other accounts were converted into an authentic literary genre, circulated to the whole

497: 4497: 4023: 3798: 3676: 3248: 3076:"La población homosexual sufre violencia y exclusión en México según una investigación de la UAM" 2769:

Patricia Uribe Zúñiga, M.D.; Carlos Magis Rodríguez, M.D.; Enrique Bravo García (November 1998).

2747: 2530: 2327: 1640: 1581: 1492: 1375: 1152:) was the first transgender person to appear in Congress. Amaranta Gómez is identified with the 1068: 699: 683: 644: 1795: 989:

Such was the impact of the affair that the number 41 became taboo, as described by the essayist

880: 820: 548:(1535, further expanded in 1851 from his previously unpublished papers). Around the same time, 3768: 2858: 872: 4537: 4532: 4444: 3105: 2680: 2580: 2498: 2471: 2442: 2417: 2261: 2251: 2226: 1875: 1801: 1685: 1650: 1619: 1596: 1430: 1287: 1149: 1113: 1086: 1057: 740: 582: 570:, wife of Charles V, possibly driven by these accounts, banned in 1529 the planting or use of 486: 205:

methods of publicly identifying each other, which made them highly visible in Mexica society.

130: 98: 62:

The situation is changing in the twenty-first century, in part thanks to the discovery of the

21: 3079: 3052: 2997: 2967: 2933: 2797:"Dos momentos: Pensamientos y actos para hacer frente al VIH/SIDA en hombres homo-bisexuales" 1771: 678:, had burned "great quantities of those depraved and demonic Indians". In 1596, the viceroy 4075: 4015: 3987: 3975: 1677: 1646: 1575: 1374:, due to her fighter and non-conformist nature. Other LGBT painters and visual artists are 1109: 1064: 853: 521: 422:

In spite of the puritanism of the Mexica, the sexual customs of the people conquered by the

1665: 3923: 3904: 3863: 3826: 1724: 1534: 1414: 1324: 1193: 1076: 816: 784: 126: 90: 25: 4517: 1570: 208:

According to certain records, homosexual intercourse was performed in Mexica bathhouses.

3856: 1239:

and president of the Mexican bishops' conference from 2004 to 2006, five days after the

342:

who held the passive role during sexual intercourse. The name was derived from the term

4181: 3819: 3444: 1538: 1521: 1445: 1383: 1379: 1213: 1125: 812: 793: 462: 431: 121:

The majority of information on the pre-Columbian peoples comes from the reports of the

63: 1351: 20:

can be divided into three separate periods, coinciding with the three main periods of

4706: 4487: 3916: 1546: 1418: 1402: 801: 102: 3646: 3615: 1841: 1717: 1666:"A Brief Social Historiography of Male (Homo) Sexuality in Colonial Spanish America" 1452:

and living in Mexico for decades), whose lyrics contain clear lesbian elements, and

430:

speaks of homosexuality among the ruling classes, prostitution of young people, and

4512: 4472: 2172: 1542: 1496: 1453: 1391: 1367: 1275: 1206: 1082: 909: 876: 831: 827: 789: 628:

Indigenous writers did not delay in joining Las Casas to defend American culture.

602: 423: 170: 70: 3738: 3707: 3332:"Entra el vigor la ley de matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo en México D.F." 2906: 1286:

In spite of these advances, in 2006, the Mexican population was primarily against

1189: 2674: 101:, with 39 votes in favor, 20 against and 5 abstaining. It was the first city in 3516: 3150: 2994:"La homofobia en México deja 400 muertos en 10 años, según estudio periodístico" 2879: 2377:"Una madre queer.../ " Rompiendo el Silencio revista virtual de cultura Lésbica" 1610: 1484: 1359: 1305: 1157: 717: 703: 606: 529: 94: 82: 74: 3581: 3221: 2770: 2248:

Fernández de Oviedo's chronicle of America : a new history for a New World

1800:. Internet Archive. New York : Oxford University Press. pp. 112–119. 597:. Thus the circle was closed with the relationship of Moor, sodomite, Indian. 524:

write about scenes of sodomy carved into the architecture, in gold jewelry, in

4527: 4429: 4424: 4079: 3897: 3245:"Publican reglas para La Ley de Sociedades de Convivencia en Ciudad de México" 3101: 1586: 1449: 1299: 1177: 915: 675: 637: 154: 110: 67: 41: 37: 4064:"Queer Nahuatl: Sahagún's Faggots and Sodomites, Lesbians and Hermaphrodites" 3049:"El 94 por ciento de los gays y lesbianas se sienten discriminados en México" 2930:"ONGs denuncian que México es el segundo país con más crímenes por homofobia" 2265: 1689: 442:

had prostitution houses full of men with painted faces and women's clothing.

4477: 3418: 2709: 2223:

Quemando Mariposas. Sodomía e Imperio en Andalucía y México, siglos XVI-XVII

525: 162: 1565: 852:. The incident revolved around a raid executed on 18 November 1901, during 149: 4134: 3991: 1768:"En cinco años han sido asesinadas 1.000 personas por homofobia en México" 1681: 457: 3550: 1623:, which chronicles the tensions in a young couple because of infidelity. 1371: 1363: 1327:, where it is even possible to see men taking a walk hand in hand in the 1279: 1271: 1090: 1019: 926: 773: 660: 435: 134: 78: 4095:

The Flower and the Scorpion: Sexuality and Ritual in Early Nahua Culture

3843: 3791:"Ante la represión policiaca en Zona Rosa: la indignación y la denuncia" 1738:"ALDF aprueba matrimonios gay, con adopción :: Noticieros Televisa" 1433:

are two important authors within the North American LGBT community, and

848:

The most famous scandal of the 19th and 20th centuries was known as the

744:

Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz has become an icon for modern lesbian culture.

390:, of uncertain meaning. This word was used to designate homosexual men. 4027: 1422: 805: 777: 726: 510: 505: 3960:

The Imagined Underworld: Sex, Crime, and Vice in Porfirian Mexico City

3275: 2354: 1527:

One of the first Mexican films in which the main character is gay was

3145: 2293: 1469: 1409:

between the late 1920s and mid 1940s. Several of his poets, such as

1332: 1228: 1102: 1038: 797: 652: 575: 446: 106: 52: 45: 33: 4019: 2439:

Who's who in gay and lesbian history: from antiquity to World War II

2250:. Scott, Nina M. (1st ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. 1797:

Colonial lives : documents on Latin American history, 1550-1850

3917:"Mil nubes de paz cercan el cielo, amor, jamás acabarás de ser amor 2964:"En México hay una media de tres asesinatos de homosexuales al mes" 2795:

Villagrán-Vázquez, G.; Díaz-Loving, R.; López-Muñoz, A. A. (1998).

1552:

Homosexuality appears very differently in the work of the director

1063:

On 26 July 1978, the first LGBT march took place, in favour of the

557:

the other men. Many of these men practiced the sin against nature.

4127: 3194: 2529:[The Great Rejection] (in Spanish). Enkidu. Archived from 1897:"Propuesta para abatir el delito en el estado de Veracruz - Llave" 1500: 1350: 1335:, which has tried to attract the LGBT public with events like the 1313: 1081: 1030: 939: 734: 708: 594: 571: 456: 148: 4150: 1475:

One of the gay centers of culture and amusement in Mexico is the

59:, two great scandals in Mexican public life, dominate the scene. 4608: 3970:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1996. 3761:"Estamos escandalizados con lo que está sucediendo en Zona Rosa" 2859:"Consolidated List of Accredited Non-governmental Organizations" 1153: 1097: 263:, meaning "one with a woman's heart," and to intersex people as 4581: 4154: 4045:

Mema's House, Mexico City: On Machos, Queens, and Transvestites

409: 403: 394: 385: 379: 373: 364: 355: 349: 343: 337: 331: 322: 313: 307: 297: 288: 282: 273: 264: 258: 248: 239: 231: 223: 32:

between reality and propaganda. In general, it seems that the

1487:. Since mid-2007, the government of the Federal District and 1465: 1121: 929:

in 1994. In 1906 Eduardo A. Castrejón published a book titled

2494:

Gleich und anders: Eine globale Geschichte der Homosexualität

3896:

The technical specifications of these films can be found in

3385:. Angus Reid Global Monito. 27 December 2006. Archived from 3358:"Primeras bodas entre parejas del mismo sexo en México D.F." 3272:""Pacto Civil de Solidaridad, engendro jurídico": panistas" 1639:

Lavrin, Asunción (18 September 2012). Moya, Jose C. (ed.).

1425:

LGBT community has also created a thriving culture. Thus,

1096:

The LGBT movement found itself paradoxically driven by the

1071:. In 1979, FHAR took to the streets again in favor of the 667:

only civil law took charge of judging the unspeakable sin.

3952:

De los Otros: Intimacy and Homosexuality among Mexican Men

3829:(interview with Ricardo Guzmán Wolffer a Rafael Aviña) in 3021:"Van 40 homosexuales asesinados en Michoacán durante 2009" 1212:

Popular culture encourages this attitude. The rock group

89:(2007). On 21 December 2009, despite opposition from the 2008: 2006: 944:

Newspaper published in 1901 following the Dance of the 41

2080: 2078: 2076: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 3191:"Critican nueva ley contra la discriminación en México" 768:

In 1863 French troops took Mexico City and established

449:, elsewhere, were extremely tolerant of homosexuality. 257:

Additionally, the Mexica referred to effeminate men as

2095: 2093: 1499:, as well as reducing the incidence of crimes such as 1197:

the following types, according to a 2007 study by the

153:

Homoerotic Maya painting on the walls of the caves of

3731:"Buscan liberar del crimen en definitiva a Zona Rosa" 1701: 1699: 1520:(1972), in which Doña Beatriz, the mother (played by 196: 185: 2414:

Amores iguales. Antología de la poesía gay y lésbica

408:

was used to refer to homosexual women, and the verb

4550: 4463: 4415: 4392: 4213: 4197: 4188: 4058:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2001. 3698:Lagunas, Icela y Alberto Cuenca (9 November 2007). 3601: 3599: 3143:Interview with Gustavo Santaolalla in the magazine 516:In the middle of the 16th century the conquistador 2905:(in Spanish). Magazine actitud gay. Archived from 674:also tells that Juan of Olmos, principal judge of 414:was used to denote female homosexual intercourse. 287:, meaning "flower," to which was added the suffix 4037:City of Suspects: Crime in Mexico City, 1900–1931 3968:The Meanings of Macho: Being a Man in Mexico City 3121:(in Spanish). LetrasCanciones.org. Archived from 2470:] (in Spanish). La Esfera de los Libros S.L. 1401:also has considered in his critique the profound 354:, meaning "to sexually penetrate someone." Thus, 3700:"Expropiará GDF antros en Zona Rosa y San Ángel" 2880:"Mexican gays poised to make demands for change" 3441:"Gay & Lesbian Tourism Demographic Profile" 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 995: 947: 889: 858: 554: 3767:(in Spanish). 15 December 2007. Archived from 3408: 3406: 3404: 3108:; «topiates»: huevos, en el sentido de cojones 1761: 1759: 1355:Christian Chávez at a press conference in 2006 1216:published the song "Puto" on their 1997 album 4593: 4166: 3833:, 19 February 2006, accessed 2 December 2007. 3797:(in Spanish). 21 October 2007. Archived from 3729:Medellín, Jorge Alejandro (9 November 2007). 3494:"Cancún proving it can woo gay travelers too" 485:, during his exploration of Quarequa, in the 141:arrived at that conclusion as early as 1601. 8: 4047:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1998. 3962:. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. 3887:, 1 February 2006, accessed 2 December 2007. 2987: 2985: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2599:A possible translation of the poem might be: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2351:"Historia de la homofobia en América Latina" 1312:) in Mexico is calculated at 51,300 million 3976:"Aztec Homosexuality: The Textual Evidence" 3954:. New York: Columbia University Press 1995. 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2679:(in Spanish). Plaza y Valdes. p. 397. 2637: 2635: 2324:"Leyes sobre la sodomía en la Edad Moderna" 1664:Reyes, Guillermo De Los (11 October 2006). 4600: 4586: 4578: 4460: 4194: 4173: 4159: 4151: 3443:. Community Marketing, Inc. Archived from 3383:"Mexicans Flatly Reject Same-Sex Marriage" 3042: 3040: 3038: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1264:National Council to Prevent Discrimination 504:worship a masculine member and have erect 3675:(in Spanish). 3 July 2007. Archived from 3517:"Learning Spanish . . . with a gay twist" 2565:"Los "cuarenta y uno", cien años después" 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 931:Los cuarenta y uno. Novela crítico-social 617:confirms. Friar Gregorio García, in his 348:, itself the non-active stem of the verb 3149:. An excerpt can be read in the article 2289:Historia general y natural de las Indias 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 1645:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. 1362:, one of Mexico's greatest artists, was 739: 546:Historia general y natural de las Indias 426:varied to a great extent. For example, 360:meant "one who is sexually penetrated." 3926:", interview with Julián Hernández, in 2740:"La marcha y sus afectos con la ciudad" 2412:Villena, Luis Antonio de (Ed.) (2002). 2084: 2067: 2036: 1997: 1985: 1961: 1949: 1925: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1705: 1651:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195166217.013.0005 1631: 1274:. The first Mexican state to legalize 3468:"Rainbow Beach Towels On Mexican Sand" 3297:Estado de Coahuila (11 January 2007). 3270:Estado de Coahuila (15 January 2007). 3220:(in Spanish). CONAPRED. Archived from 2578: 2462:Bruquetas de Castro, Fernando (2002). 1441:, has published nine books of poetry. 619:Origin of the Indians of the new world 66:as potential consumers, the so-called 4097:. Durham: Duke University Press 2011. 3515:Steinecke, Julia (8 September 2007). 2826:Gloria Careaga-Pérez (7 April 2004). 2280:Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, Gonzalo 2135: 2123: 2111: 2099: 2048: 2024: 2012: 1973: 1937: 1642:Sexuality in Colonial Spanish America 1226:, in some statements to the magazine 1034:passive are called "internationals". 630:Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxochitl 7: 4114:XII Marcha de la diversidad Gdl 2008 4039:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. 3417:(in Spanish). Anodis. Archived from 3304:(in Spanish). Enkidu. Archived from 3274:(in Spanish). Anodis. Archived from 3247:(in Spanish). Enkidu. Archived from 3193:(in Spanish). Anodis. Archived from 3078:(in Spanish). Enkidu. Archived from 3051:(in Spanish). Enkidu. Archived from 2996:(in Spanish). Enkidu. Archived from 2966:(in Spanish). Enkidu. Archived from 2932:(in Spanish). Enkidu. Archived from 2775:The Boda. Complete HIV/AIDS Resource 2353:(in Spanish). Anodis. Archived from 1770:(in Spanish). Enkidu. Archived from 1405:of the poets belonging to the group 1337:Cancún Mayan Riviera Gay Fall Fiesta 1056:One of the first LGBT activists was 680:Gaspar de Zúñiga, Count of Monterrey 534:Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés 4621:LGBT rights by country or territory 4609:Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender 4508:Mantamar Beach Club Bar & Sushi 3846:. 13 January 1972 – via IMDb. 3639:"Hit Mexican Band Singer Comes Out" 2903:"Muxhe: una nueva identidad sexual" 2309:Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library 1834:"Chronology of Mexican gay history" 1331:. Another favorite destination is 783:The French invasion introduced the 702:about a case of unspeakable sin in 532:explorer and gold smelting manager 4008:Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 3879:Fabián de la Cruz Polanco (2006): 3572:Joyce M. Youmans y Kieron Devlin. 2901:Vallejos, Soledad (20 July 2006). 2525:Carlos Monsiváis (November 2001). 2441:. Madrid: Routledge. p. 528. 2225:(in Spanish). Barcelona: Laertes. 1615:Berlin International Film Festival 1545:) and his daughter La Japonesita ( 1537:and based on the novel by Chilean 1524:), kills her gay son with sticks. 1199:Metropolitan Autonomous University 1186:Homofobia, odio, crimen y justicia 1142:Party of the Democratic Revolution 605:. Las Cases gives for example the 14: 4145:Chronology of Mexican gay history 3492:Steinecke, Julia (13 June 2004). 3413:Steinecke, Julia (9 April 2005). 2603:that the policemen managed to see 2563:Miguel Hernandez Cabrera (2002). 2416:(in Spanish). Madrid: La Esfera. 2221:Garza Carvajal, Federico (2002). 1718:Chronology of Mexican Gay History 1444:Within music there is to mention 1341:Cancún International Gay Festival 1192:alone, nearly all of them in the 538:La Natural hystoria de las Indias 3947:vol. 35 no. 1, pp. 247–268. 2828:"Miembros de la ILGA en Ginebra" 2627:with carefully brushed hair do's 2609:clothed in costumes half of them 2497:(in German). Hamburgo: Murmann. 1874:. Cambridge y Londres: Belknap. 1872:Homosexuality & Civilization 1130:Fourth World Conference on Women 1022:, others living an open secret. 1013:Society in the twentieth century 2882:. CNN interactive. 27 July 1997 2738:María de Jesús González Pérez. 636:, wrote in 1605 that among the 536:included specifics in his 1526 3945:Latin American Research Review 2379:. 1 April 2007. Archived from 2349:Sentido G (8 September 2005). 1727:Len Evans. Accessed 21-03-2008 1156:, a name given locally to the 830:. In the next decade, during 682:reported, in a letter sent to 336:referred to a sub-category of 1: 4483:Blue Chairs Resort by the Sea 2702:"Cárdenas, Nancy (1934-1994)" 2619:They took pleasure in hugging 2615:the other half had their suit 2613:dancing as much as they could 2491:Aldrich, Robert, ed. (2007). 1579:(1993), by Alejandro Pelayo; 4056:True Tales of Another Mexico 3737:(in Spanish). Archived from 3706:(in Spanish). Archived from 3466:Kirby, David (16 May 2004). 3299:"Pacto civil de solidaridad" 2834:(in Spanish). Archived from 2803:(in Spanish). Archived from 2746:(in Spanish). Archived from 2464:Reyes que amaron como reinas 2326:(in Spanish). Archived from 2298:Real Academia de la Historia 2246:Myers, Kathleen Ann (2007). 1903:(in Spanish). Archived from 1740:(in Spanish). Archived from 715:, although they use stories 651:was controlled by the local 410: 404: 395: 386: 380: 374: 365: 356: 350: 344: 338: 332: 323: 314: 308: 298: 289: 283: 274: 265: 259: 249: 240: 232: 224: 4054:of La Fogata" chapter 4 in 3930:, accessed 2 December 2007. 3870:, accessed 2 December 2007. 3608:"Latin American Literature" 2801:Biblioteca Virtual en Salud 1582:El callejón de los milagros 965:La otra mitad con su traje, 663:of Mexico City, but in the 312:, made by using the prefix 197: 186: 4729: 3974:Kimball, Geoffrey (1993). 3958:Garza, James Alex (2007). 3543:"Kahlo, Frida (1907-1954)" 3415:"El Negocio gay en México" 2642:Horacio N. Roque Ramírez. 2617:that is to say, masculine 2322:Alfonso Pozo Ruiz (2004). 1832:Len Evans (October 2002). 1602:A Thousand Clouds of Peace 1297: 1254: 951:Que en la calle de la Paz, 879:into the army and sent to 866:Contemporary press report. 841: 838:The Dance of the Forty-One 4689: 4616: 4566: 4080:10.1215/00141801-2006-038 3496:. San Francisco Chronicle 2673:Mogrovejo, Norma (2000). 2644:"Latina/Latino Americans" 2585:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2468:Kings Who Loved as Queens 1554:Jaime Humberto Hermosillo 1549:) practice prostitution. 1479:, a series of streets in 1308:(called "LGBT market" or 1219:¿Dónde Jugarán las Niñas? 977:Con pelucas bien peinadas 963:Bailaban como el que más. 750:Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 655:, such as the archbishop 3980:Journal of Homosexuality 3922:30 December 2008 at the 3825:13 November 2013 at the 3074:Notimex (13 June 2007). 2857:ONU (4 September 1995). 2611:of beautiful young women 1870:Crompton, Louis (2006). 1670:Journal of Homosexuality 1439:University of California 957:Cuarenta y un lagartijos 887:was still being fought: 665:Viceroyalty of New Spain 574:for the fermentation of 518:Bernal Díaz del Castillo 428:Bernal Díaz del Castillo 418:Other indigenous peoples 378:was derived from a verb 4692:Category:LGBT by region 4569:Category:LGBT in Mexico 4402:Homosexuality in Mexico 4035:Piccato, Pablo (2001). 3898:Cine Club Cine Mexicano 3868:Cine Club Cine Mexicano 3356:flick (12 March 2010). 3243:AP (27 December 2006). 3023:(in Spanish). Quadratín 2284:José Amador de los Ríos 1895:Bernarda Reza Ramírez. 1558:Doña Herlinda y su hijo 1464:, singer for the group 1146:Amaranta Gómez Regalado 973:Vestidos de raso y seda 967:Es decir de masculinos, 961:De simpáticas muchachas 955:Un gran baile singular. 953:Los gendarmes atisbaron 949:Hace aún muy pocos días 815:, secretary general of 811:In the spring of 1918, 481:. D'Anghiera told how 471:Peter Martyr d'Anghiera 269:, meaning "woman-man." 18:homosexuality in Mexico 4407:Dance of the Forty-One 4125:" in the encyclopedia 3857:"El lugar sin límites" 3606:David William Foster. 3330:flick (4 March 2010). 3162:Flick (2 March 2010). 3019:EFE (21 August 2009). 2607:forty one male lizards 1458:come out of the closet 1356: 1093: 1006: 987: 979:Y moviéndose con chic. 971:A los famosos jotitos. 945: 903: 869: 850:Dance of the Forty-One 844:Dance of the Forty-One 745: 565: 466: 166: 57:Dance of the Forty-One 4558:LGBT people in Mexico 4435:Guadalajara Gay Pride 3992:10.1300/J082v26n01_02 3820:"El humor en el cine" 2605:a curious great dance 2601:It was a few days ago 1682:10.1300/J082v51n03_12 1354: 1257:LGBT rights in Mexico 1136:Activists in politics 1089:, on 28 July 2006 in 1085: 1073:Nicaraguan Revolution 943: 935:José Guadalupe Posada 743: 611:Augustín de Vetancurt 483:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 479:Isabella I of Castile 460: 152: 4523:Palm Cabaret and Bar 4440:Mexican LGBT+ cinema 4062:Sigal, Pete (2007). 4050:Quinones, Sam. "The 3966:Gutmann, Matthew C. 3574:"Latin American Art" 3311:on 30 September 2007 3218:"Qué es el CONAPRED" 2992:EFE (20 June 2007). 2962:AFP (23 June 2007). 2629:and moving with chic 1533:(1977), directed by 1530:El lugar sin límites 1435:Francisco X. Alarcón 1162:Juchitán de Zaragoza 1118:Gloria Careaga Pérez 1003:Francisco L. Urquizo 991:Francisco L. Urquizo 969:Gozaban al estrechar 959:Disfrazados la mitad 763:Anastasio Bustamante 692:Viceroy of New Spain 615:Gerónimo de Mendieta 587:Francisco de Vitoria 568:Isabella of Portugal 562:Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 550:Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 528:and in statues. The 475:De orbe novo decades 117:Pre-Columbian Mexico 93:, the Government of 4681:by country and city 4450:Nicho Bears and Bar 4235:Baja California Sur 3771:on 10 February 2008 3741:on 13 November 2013 3710:on 13 November 2013 3679:on 12 February 2008 3637:AP (2 March 2007). 3421:on 4 September 2011 3224:on 18 December 2007 3189:AP (14 June 2003). 3125:on 24 December 2007 3047:EFE (15 May 2007). 2928:EFE (19 May 2006). 2625:to the last of them 2163:Stephen O. Murray. 1901:Universidad Abierta 1766:AFP (10 May 2007). 1437:, professor at the 1411:Xavier Villaurrutia 1241:earthquake in Chile 1224:Gustavo Santaolalla 1182:Chamber of Deputies 925:first broadcast by 921:El vuelo del águila 873:Ignacio de la Torre 696:Duke of Albuquerque 672:Pedro Cieza de León 544:), expanded in his 4498:La Catrina Cantina 3928:Golem Producciones 3903:2011-03-07 at the 3862:2011-05-18 at the 3831:La Jornada Semanal 3472:The New York Times 3278:on 20 January 2007 3251:on 7 December 2007 2936:on 3 November 2007 2712:on 30 October 2007 2654:on 16 January 2008 2621:the famous jotitos 2357:on 24 January 2008 2175:on 2 November 2007 1723:2004-05-10 at the 1493:illegal drug trade 1427:Gloria E. Anzaldúa 1407:Los Contemporáneos 1376:Roberto Montenegro 1357: 1094: 1027:active and passive 975:Al último figurín, 946: 900:, 25 November 1901 756:Independent Mexico 746: 645:Spanish Golden Age 467: 192:Juan de Torquemada 167: 139:Antonio de Herrera 4698: 4697: 4575: 4574: 4546: 4545: 4533:Ritmos Beach Cafe 4445:Mexico City Pride 4388: 4387: 3618:on 2 January 2013 3584:on 9 January 2008 3553:on 1 January 2008 3197:on 6 January 2010 2970:on 2 January 2013 2909:on 2 October 2011 2257:978-0-292-79502-0 1907:on 24 August 2007 1807:978-0-19-512512-2 1592:Y tu mamá también 1288:same-sex marriage 657:Juan de Zumárraga 487:Isthmus of Panama 187:Monarquia Indiana 99:same-sex marriage 81:, have legalized 24:: pre-Columbian, 4720: 4649:Homosexuality in 4611:topics by region 4602: 4595: 4588: 4579: 4461: 4195: 4175: 4168: 4161: 4152: 4118: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4043:Prieur, Annick. 4040: 4031: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3963: 3950:Carrier, James. 3931: 3914: 3908: 3894: 3888: 3877: 3871: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3840: 3834: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3645:. Archived from 3634: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3614:. Archived from 3603: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3580:. Archived from 3569: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3549:. Archived from 3538: 3532: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3410: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3310: 3303: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3159: 3153: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3115: 3109: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3044: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3016: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3005: 2989: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2959: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2838:on 30 March 2008 2823: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2771:"AIDS in Mexico" 2766: 2760: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2735: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2708:. Archived from 2700:Tina Gianoulis. 2697: 2691: 2690: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2650:. Archived from 2639: 2630: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2584: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2560: 2543: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2527:"La Gran Redada" 2522: 2509: 2508: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2434: 2428: 2427: 2409: 2396: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2383:on 1 April 2007. 2373: 2367: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2306: 2304: 2276: 2270: 2269: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2218: 2185: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2171:. Archived from 2160: 2139: 2138:, p. 25-26. 2133: 2127: 2126:, p. 21-22. 2121: 2115: 2114:, p. 22-23. 2109: 2103: 2097: 2088: 2082: 2071: 2065: 2052: 2051:, p. 26-27. 2046: 2040: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2015:, p. 23-24. 2010: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1964:, p. 14-17. 1959: 1953: 1952:, p. 10-11. 1947: 1941: 1940:, p. 14-18. 1935: 1929: 1923: 1917: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1892: 1886: 1885: 1867: 1854: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1840:. Archived from 1829: 1812: 1811: 1790: 1784: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1763: 1754: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1744:on 14 March 2012 1734: 1728: 1715: 1709: 1703: 1694: 1693: 1661: 1655: 1654: 1636: 1607:Julián Hernández 1518:Fin de la fiesta 1489:Cuauhtémoc, D.F. 1462:Christian Chávez 1399:Carlos Monsiváis 1237:León, Guanajuato 1110:sexual diversity 1069:movement of 1968 1065:Cuban Revolution 1004: 985: 901: 867: 563: 522:Juan de Grijalva 520:and the soldier 496:, attributed to 453:The colonial era 413: 407: 398: 389: 383: 377: 368: 359: 353: 347: 341: 335: 326: 317: 311: 301: 292: 286: 277: 268: 262: 252: 243: 235: 227: 200: 198:Florentine Codex 189: 123:Spanish conquest 113:every two days. 111:homophobic crime 87:same-sex couples 75:Federal District 4728: 4727: 4723: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4713:LGBTQ in Mexico 4703: 4702: 4699: 4694: 4685: 4612: 4606: 4576: 4571: 4562: 4542: 4465:Puerto Vallarta 4459: 4411: 4384: 4340:San Luis Potosí 4230:Baja California 4216: 4209: 4184: 4179: 4139:Global Gayz.com 4116: 4105: 4100: 4084: 4082: 4061: 4034: 4020:10.2307/1052120 4005: 3996: 3994: 3973: 3957: 3939: 3934: 3924:Wayback Machine 3915: 3911: 3905:Wayback Machine 3895: 3891: 3878: 3874: 3864:Wayback Machine 3855: 3851: 3844:"Fin de fiesta" 3842: 3841: 3837: 3827:Wayback Machine 3818: 3814: 3804: 3802: 3801:on 19 July 2008 3789: 3788: 3784: 3774: 3772: 3759: 3758: 3754: 3744: 3742: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3713: 3711: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3682: 3680: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3652: 3650: 3649:on 30 June 2007 3636: 3635: 3631: 3621: 3619: 3605: 3604: 3597: 3587: 3585: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3556: 3554: 3541:Tamsin Wilton. 3540: 3539: 3535: 3525: 3523: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3499: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3486: 3476: 3474: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3450: 3448: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3412: 3411: 3402: 3392: 3390: 3389:on 17 June 2011 3381: 3380: 3376: 3366: 3364: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3340: 3338: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3301: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3281: 3279: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3254: 3252: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3227: 3225: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3200: 3198: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3173: 3171: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3142: 3138: 3128: 3126: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3099: 3095: 3085: 3083: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3058: 3056: 3046: 3045: 3036: 3026: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3003: 3001: 2991: 2990: 2983: 2973: 2971: 2961: 2960: 2949: 2939: 2937: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2912: 2910: 2900: 2899: 2895: 2885: 2883: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2863: 2861: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2841: 2839: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2807:on 22 July 2011 2794: 2793: 2789: 2779: 2777: 2768: 2767: 2763: 2753: 2751: 2737: 2736: 2725: 2715: 2713: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2687: 2672: 2671: 2667: 2657: 2655: 2641: 2640: 2633: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2623:clothed in silk 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2577: 2570: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2546: 2536: 2534: 2533:on 5 April 2013 2524: 2523: 2512: 2505: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2478: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2449: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2424: 2411: 2410: 2399: 2392: 2388: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2360: 2358: 2348: 2347: 2343: 2333: 2331: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2302: 2300: 2278: 2277: 2273: 2258: 2245: 2244: 2240: 2233: 2220: 2219: 2188: 2178: 2176: 2162: 2161: 2142: 2134: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2110: 2106: 2098: 2091: 2083: 2074: 2066: 2055: 2047: 2043: 2035: 2031: 2023: 2019: 2011: 2004: 1996: 1992: 1984: 1980: 1972: 1968: 1960: 1956: 1948: 1944: 1936: 1932: 1924: 1920: 1910: 1908: 1894: 1893: 1889: 1882: 1869: 1868: 1857: 1847: 1845: 1831: 1830: 1815: 1808: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1777: 1775: 1765: 1764: 1757: 1747: 1745: 1736: 1735: 1731: 1725:Wayback Machine 1716: 1712: 1704: 1697: 1663: 1662: 1658: 1638: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1609:, received the 1535:Arturo Ripstein 1509: 1415:Carlos Pellicer 1388:Roberto Márquez 1349: 1325:Puerto Vallarta 1302: 1296: 1259: 1253: 1194:Tierra Caliente 1175: 1170: 1138: 1077:Stonewall riots 1047: 1015: 1005: 1002: 986: 983: 978: 976: 974: 972: 970: 968: 966: 964: 962: 960: 958: 956: 954: 952: 950: 902: 896: 868: 865: 846: 840: 821:Gildardo Magaña 817:Emiliano Zapata 785:Napoleonic code 758: 564: 561: 455: 434:in the area of 420: 400: 370: 328: 279: 182: 147: 127:human sacrifice 119: 22:Mexican history 12: 11: 5: 4726: 4724: 4716: 4715: 4705: 4704: 4696: 4695: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4683: 4676: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4617: 4614: 4613: 4607: 4605: 4604: 4597: 4590: 4582: 4573: 4572: 4567: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4560: 4554: 4552: 4548: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4540: 4538:Zona Romántica 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4469: 4467: 4458: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4421: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4409: 4404: 4398: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4295:Mexico (state) 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4225:Aguascalientes 4221: 4219: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4207: 4201: 4199: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4182:LGBT in Mexico 4180: 4178: 4177: 4170: 4163: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4141: 4131: 4119: 4104: 4103:External links 4101: 4099: 4098: 4091: 4059: 4048: 4041: 4032: 4003: 3971: 3964: 3955: 3948: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3932: 3909: 3889: 3872: 3849: 3835: 3812: 3782: 3752: 3721: 3690: 3660: 3629: 3595: 3564: 3533: 3507: 3484: 3458: 3447:on 3 June 2007 3432: 3400: 3374: 3348: 3322: 3289: 3262: 3235: 3208: 3181: 3154: 3136: 3110: 3093: 3082:on 14 May 2008 3066: 3055:on 14 May 2008 3034: 3011: 3000:on 14 May 2008 2981: 2947: 2920: 2893: 2871: 2849: 2818: 2787: 2761: 2750:on 16 May 2008 2723: 2692: 2685: 2665: 2631: 2592: 2544: 2510: 2503: 2483: 2476: 2454: 2447: 2429: 2422: 2397: 2386: 2368: 2341: 2330:on 13 May 2007 2314: 2271: 2256: 2238: 2231: 2186: 2140: 2128: 2116: 2104: 2089: 2072: 2053: 2041: 2029: 2017: 2002: 1990: 1978: 1966: 1954: 1942: 1930: 1928:, p. 8-9. 1918: 1887: 1880: 1855: 1844:on 10 May 2004 1838:Gay Chronicles 1813: 1806: 1785: 1774:on 7 July 2007 1755: 1729: 1710: 1695: 1676:(3): 249–266. 1656: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1605:, directed by 1597:Alfonso Cuarón 1508: 1505: 1481:Colonia Juárez 1446:Chavela Vargas 1431:Cherríe Moraga 1380:Nahum B. Zenil 1348: 1345: 1329:Zona Romántica 1310:"mercado rosa" 1298:Main article: 1295: 1292: 1255:Main article: 1252: 1249: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1150:México Posible 1137: 1134: 1126:United Nations 1114:Patria Jiménez 1087:Patria Jiménez 1058:Nancy Cárdenas 1046: 1043: 1014: 1011: 1000: 981: 894: 863: 842:Main article: 839: 836: 813:Manuel Palafox 794:Rio de Janeiro 757: 754: 632:, governor of 591:par excellence 559: 473:published his 463:Theodor de Bry 454: 451: 432:cross-dressing 419: 416: 411:te-patlāchhuia 399: 392: 369: 362: 327: 320: 278: 271: 266:cihuāoquichtli 255: 254: 245: 237: 229: 184:Evidence from 181: 178: 146: 143: 118: 115: 64:LGBT community 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4725: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4701: 4693: 4688: 4682: 4679:LGBT culture 4678: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4615: 4610: 4603: 4598: 4596: 4591: 4589: 4584: 4583: 4580: 4570: 4565: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4549: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4488:CC Slaughters 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4462: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4414: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4391: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4176: 4171: 4169: 4164: 4162: 4157: 4156: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4130: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4093:Sigal, Pete. 4092: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4004: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3972: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3953: 3949: 3946: 3942: 3941: 3936: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3918: 3913: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3899: 3893: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3876: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3858: 3853: 3850: 3845: 3839: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3821: 3816: 3813: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3783: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3756: 3753: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3725: 3722: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3694: 3691: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3664: 3661: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3633: 3630: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3568: 3565: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3537: 3534: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3508: 3495: 3488: 3485: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3459: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3433: 3420: 3416: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3388: 3384: 3378: 3375: 3362: 3359: 3352: 3349: 3336: 3333: 3326: 3323: 3307: 3300: 3293: 3290: 3277: 3273: 3266: 3263: 3250: 3246: 3239: 3236: 3223: 3219: 3212: 3209: 3196: 3192: 3185: 3182: 3169: 3165: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3147: 3140: 3137: 3124: 3120: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3104:; «tanates»: 3103: 3097: 3094: 3081: 3077: 3070: 3067: 3054: 3050: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3035: 3022: 3015: 3012: 2999: 2995: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2969: 2965: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2935: 2931: 2924: 2921: 2908: 2904: 2897: 2894: 2881: 2875: 2872: 2860: 2853: 2850: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2822: 2819: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2791: 2788: 2776: 2772: 2765: 2762: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2696: 2693: 2688: 2686:9789688567258 2682: 2678: 2677: 2669: 2666: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2596: 2593: 2588: 2582: 2566: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2532: 2528: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2504:9783938017814 2500: 2496: 2495: 2487: 2484: 2479: 2477:84-9734-076-0 2473: 2469: 2465: 2458: 2455: 2450: 2448:84-9734-061-2 2444: 2440: 2433: 2430: 2425: 2423:84-9734-061-2 2419: 2415: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2395: 2390: 2387: 2382: 2378: 2372: 2369: 2356: 2352: 2345: 2342: 2329: 2325: 2318: 2315: 2310: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2275: 2272: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2253: 2249: 2242: 2239: 2234: 2232:84-7584-480-4 2228: 2224: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2105: 2102:, p. 21. 2101: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2087:, p. 12. 2086: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2070:, p. 11. 2069: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2042: 2039:, p. 19. 2038: 2033: 2030: 2027:, p. 27. 2026: 2021: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2007: 2003: 2000:, p. 20. 1999: 1994: 1991: 1988:, p. 18. 1987: 1982: 1979: 1976:, p. 16. 1975: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1919: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1891: 1888: 1883: 1881:0-674-02233-5 1877: 1873: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1803: 1799: 1798: 1789: 1786: 1773: 1769: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1743: 1739: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1719: 1714: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1660: 1657: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1643: 1635: 1632: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1598: 1594: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1578: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1531: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1419:Salvador Novo 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1403:homoeroticism 1400: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1353: 1346: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1301: 1294:The pink peso 1293: 1291: 1289: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1267: 1265: 1258: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1231: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1202: 1200: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1172: 1167: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1135: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1104: 1099: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1061: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1045:LGBT movement 1044: 1042: 1040: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1021: 1020:in the closet 1012: 1010: 999: 994: 992: 980: 942: 938: 936: 932: 928: 924: 922: 918: 917: 911: 906: 899: 893: 892:civilization. 888: 886: 882: 878: 874: 862: 857: 855: 854:Porfirio Díaz 851: 845: 837: 835: 833: 829: 824: 822: 818: 814: 809: 807: 803: 802:New York City 799: 795: 791: 786: 781: 779: 775: 771: 766: 764: 755: 753: 751: 742: 738: 736: 732: 728: 722: 720: 719: 714: 710: 705: 701: 697: 693: 688: 685: 681: 677: 673: 668: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 641: 639: 635: 631: 626: 622: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 598: 596: 592: 588: 584: 579: 577: 573: 569: 558: 553: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 514: 512: 507: 503: 499: 498:Hernán Cortés 495: 490: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 464: 461:Engraving by 459: 452: 450: 448: 443: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 417: 415: 412: 406: 397: 393: 391: 388: 382: 376: 367: 363: 361: 358: 352: 346: 340: 334: 325: 321: 319: 316: 310: 304: 300: 294: 291: 285: 276: 272: 270: 267: 261: 251: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 221: 220: 217: 213: 209: 206: 202: 199: 193: 188: 179: 177: 174: 172: 164: 160: 156: 151: 144: 142: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 116: 114: 112: 108: 104: 103:Latin America 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 69: 65: 60: 58: 55:and the 1901 54: 49: 47: 43: 39: 35: 29: 27: 23: 19: 16:The study of 4700: 4667: 4518:Paco's Ranch 4513:Mr. Flamingo 4473:Almar Resort 4401: 4335:Quintana Roo 4143: 4138: 4126: 4117:(in Spanish) 4113: 4094: 4085:18 September 4083:. Retrieved 4071: 4068:Ethnohistory 4067: 4055: 4051: 4044: 4036: 4011: 4007: 3997:18 September 3995:. Retrieved 3983: 3979: 3967: 3959: 3951: 3944: 3927: 3912: 3892: 3884: 3875: 3867: 3852: 3838: 3830: 3815: 3803:. Retrieved 3799:the original 3794: 3785: 3773:. Retrieved 3769:the original 3764: 3755: 3743:. Retrieved 3739:the original 3735:El Universal 3734: 3724: 3712:. Retrieved 3708:the original 3704:El Universal 3703: 3693: 3681:. Retrieved 3677:the original 3672: 3663: 3651:. Retrieved 3647:the original 3642: 3632: 3620:. Retrieved 3616:the original 3611: 3586:. Retrieved 3582:the original 3577: 3567: 3555:. Retrieved 3551:the original 3546: 3536: 3524:. Retrieved 3520: 3510: 3498:. Retrieved 3487: 3475:. Retrieved 3471: 3461: 3449:. Retrieved 3445:the original 3435: 3423:. Retrieved 3419:the original 3391:. Retrieved 3387:the original 3377: 3365:. Retrieved 3363:(in Spanish) 3361:Dos Manzanas 3360: 3351: 3339:. Retrieved 3337:(in Spanish) 3335:Dos Manzanas 3334: 3325: 3313:. Retrieved 3306:the original 3292: 3280:. Retrieved 3276:the original 3265: 3253:. Retrieved 3249:the original 3238: 3226:. Retrieved 3222:the original 3211: 3199:. Retrieved 3195:the original 3184: 3172:. Retrieved 3170:(in Spanish) 3168:Dos Manzanas 3167: 3157: 3144: 3139: 3127:. Retrieved 3123:the original 3113: 3096: 3084:. Retrieved 3080:the original 3069: 3057:. Retrieved 3053:the original 3025:. Retrieved 3014: 3002:. Retrieved 2998:the original 2972:. Retrieved 2968:the original 2938:. Retrieved 2934:the original 2923: 2911:. Retrieved 2907:the original 2896: 2884:. Retrieved 2874: 2862:. Retrieved 2852: 2840:. Retrieved 2836:the original 2831: 2821: 2809:. Retrieved 2805:the original 2800: 2790: 2778:. Retrieved 2774: 2764: 2752:. Retrieved 2748:the original 2743: 2714:. Retrieved 2710:the original 2705: 2695: 2675: 2668: 2656:. Retrieved 2652:the original 2647: 2595: 2569:. Retrieved 2535:. Retrieved 2531:the original 2493: 2486: 2467: 2463: 2457: 2438: 2432: 2413: 2389: 2381:the original 2371: 2359:. Retrieved 2355:the original 2344: 2332:. Retrieved 2328:the original 2317: 2307:– via 2301:. Retrieved 2288: 2274: 2247: 2241: 2222: 2177:. Retrieved 2173:the original 2168: 2131: 2119: 2107: 2085:Kimball 1993 2068:Kimball 1993 2044: 2037:Kimball 1993 2032: 2020: 1998:Kimball 1993 1993: 1986:Kimball 1993 1981: 1969: 1962:Kimball 1993 1957: 1950:Kimball 1993 1945: 1933: 1926:Kimball 1993 1921: 1909:. Retrieved 1905:the original 1900: 1890: 1871: 1846:. Retrieved 1842:the original 1837: 1796: 1788: 1776:. Retrieved 1772:the original 1746:. Retrieved 1742:the original 1732: 1713: 1706:Kimball 1993 1673: 1669: 1659: 1641: 1634: 1618: 1600: 1590: 1580: 1574: 1571:María Novaro 1564: 1562: 1557: 1551: 1543:Roberto Cobo 1528: 1526: 1517: 1510: 1497:prostitution 1474: 1454:Juan Gabriel 1443: 1396: 1392:Carla Rippey 1368:Diego Rivera 1358: 1347:LGBT culture 1340: 1336: 1328: 1322: 1318: 1309: 1303: 1285: 1276:civil unions 1268: 1260: 1245: 1234: 1227: 1217: 1211: 1207:funeral home 1203: 1185: 1176: 1144:. In 2007, 1139: 1112:. In 1992, 1107: 1095: 1062: 1055: 1048: 1036: 1024: 1016: 1007: 996: 988: 948: 930: 919: 914: 907: 904: 897: 890: 870: 859: 847: 832:World War II 828:Calle Madero 825: 810: 790:Buenos Aires 782: 770:Maximilian I 767: 759: 747: 723: 716: 690:In 1658 the 689: 676:Puerto Viejo 669: 642: 627: 623: 618: 603:Christianity 599: 590: 580: 566: 555: 545: 541: 537: 515: 491: 474: 468: 444: 439: 424:Aztec Empire 421: 401: 371: 329: 309:te-xōchihuia 305: 295: 280: 256: 218: 214: 210: 207: 203: 183: 175: 168: 120: 83:civil unions 61: 50: 30: 17: 15: 4290:Mexico City 4205:Mexico City 4074:(1): 9–34. 4014:(1): 1–37. 3986:(1): 7–24. 3805:19 December 3775:19 December 3683:19 December 3653:16 December 3622:19 December 3588:20 December 3557:20 December 3526:19 December 3521:thestar.com 3500:19 December 3477:19 December 3451:19 December 3425:19 December 3393:17 December 3315:17 December 3255:17 December 3228:17 December 3201:17 December 3151:Puto (song) 3129:16 December 3086:15 December 3059:16 December 3004:15 December 2974:15 December 2940:16 December 2913:17 December 2886:17 December 2864:16 December 2842:16 December 2811:23 November 2780:16 December 2754:16 December 2716:19 December 2658:20 December 2571:16 December 2537:16 December 2361:15 December 1611:Teddy Award 1585:(1995), by 1569:(1991), by 1563:Films like 1539:José Donoso 1522:Sara García 1485:Mexico City 1384:Julio Galán 1360:Frida Kahlo 1306:pink market 1251:LGBT rights 1158:two-spirits 1051:Guadalajara 877:conscripted 718:sui generis 704:Mexico City 698:, wrote to 649:Inquisition 643:During the 530:West Indies 260:cihuāyōlloh 131:cannibalism 95:Mexico City 4528:Reinas Bar 4425:C.D. Muxes 4360:Tamaulipas 4315:Nuevo León 4270:Guanajuato 3745:21 January 3714:21 January 3643:365Gay.com 3282:22 January 3216:CONAPRED. 2832:ILGA Files 2179:7 November 2136:Sigal 2007 2124:Sigal 2007 2112:Sigal 2007 2100:Sigal 2007 2049:Sigal 2007 2025:Sigal 2007 2013:Sigal 2007 1974:Sigal 2007 1938:Sigal 2007 1911:7 November 1848:7 November 1627:References 1620:Broken Sky 1587:Jorge Fons 1547:Ana Martín 1513:golden age 1450:Costa Rica 1300:Pink money 1178:Homophobia 1173:Homophobia 1164:(Oaxaca). 916:telenovela 898:El Popular 883:where the 761:President 638:Chichimecs 375:chimouhqui 366:chimouhqui 241:chimouhqui 180:The Mexica 155:Naj Tunich 44:people as 42:Two-Spirit 38:homophobic 4673:Sri Lanka 4478:Bar Frida 4455:Zona Rosa 4380:Zacatecas 4330:Querétaro 4300:Michoacán 4250:Chihuahua 3027:22 August 2282:(1851) . 2266:608836622 1690:0091-8369 1576:Miroslava 1477:Zona Rosa 1472:in 2005. 1460:has been 1448:(born in 1190:Michoacán 885:Caste War 700:Philip IV 684:Philip II 583:Peninsula 526:terracota 506:phalluses 494:Charles I 469:In 1511, 405:patlācheh 402:The term 396:patlācheh 387:*chimohui 381:*chimohua 372:The term 339:xōchihuah 330:The term 306:The verb 299:xōchihuah 275:xōchihuah 250:patlācheh 225:xōchihuah 163:Guatemala 97:approved 53:sodomites 4707:Category 4631:Americas 4551:See also 4503:La Noche 4370:Veracruz 4365:Tlaxcala 4275:Guerrero 4255:Coahuila 4240:Campeche 4217:marriage 4215:Same-sex 4198:By state 4110:Historia 3920:Archived 3901:Archived 3860:Archived 3823:Archived 3367:12 March 3341:12 March 3100:«Puto»: 2581:cite web 2334:30 April 2165:"Mexico" 1748:7 August 1721:Archived 1560:(1984). 1372:gay icon 1364:bisexual 1339:and the 1280:Coahuila 1272:adoption 1128:for the 1091:Montreal 1001:— 982:— 927:Televisa 895:— 864:— 774:Brussels 733:and the 727:mulattos 725:people, 713:religion 661:tribunal 560:— 552:writes: 511:saracens 436:Veracruz 145:The Maya 135:idolatry 107:murdered 79:Coahuila 36:were as 26:colonial 4641:Oceania 4430:Exótico 4417:Culture 4394:History 4375:Yucatán 4355:Tabasco 4345:Sinaloa 4310:Nayarit 4305:Morelos 4285:Jalisco 4280:Hidalgo 4265:Durango 4245:Chiapas 4028:1052120 3937:Sources 3885:Filmweb 3174:2 March 3106:cojones 3102:maricón 2303:15 July 2286:(ed.). 1613:at the 1423:Chicano 1214:Molotov 1168:Present 1124:by the 984:Anónimo 910:passive 881:Yucatán 806:Toronto 778:Madeira 653:bishops 634:Texcoco 542:Sumario 447:Toltecs 438:. The 357:cuīlōni 333:cuīlōni 324:cuīlōni 284:xōchitl 233:cuīlōni 46:shamans 4668:Mexico 4636:Europe 4626:Africa 4350:Sonora 4325:Puebla 4320:Oaxaca 4260:Colima 4190:Rights 4135:México 4123:México 4026: 3795:Enkidu 3765:Enkidu 3673:Enkidu 3146:Retila 3119:"Puto" 2744:Enkidu 2683: 2501: 2474: 2445: 2420: 2294:Madrid 2264: 2254: 2229: 1878: 1804: 1778:19 May 1688: 1566:Danzón 1470:Canada 1417:, and 1390:, and 1333:Cancun 1229:Retila 1103:condom 1039:utopia 804:, and 798:Havana 735:saints 731:Virgin 694:, the 576:pulque 572:maguey 502:Pánuco 440:yauyos 351:te-cui 345:*cuīlō 91:Church 34:Mexica 4663:Japan 4658:India 4653:China 4493:Garbo 4137:" in 4128:lgbtq 4112:" in 4052:Jotos 4024:JSTOR 3883:, in 3866:, in 3612:lgbtq 3578:lgbtq 3547:lgbtq 3309:(PDF) 3302:(PDF) 2706:glbtq 2648:lgbtq 2466:[ 2296:: La 2169:glbtq 1595:, by 1589:; or 1501:theft 1314:pesos 1148:(for 1105:use. 1031:dandy 709:Bible 595:Moors 540:(his 290:-huah 159:Petén 133:, or 109:in a 4087:2024 3999:2024 3807:2007 3777:2007 3747:2008 3716:2008 3685:2007 3655:2007 3624:2007 3590:2007 3559:2007 3528:2007 3502:2007 3479:2007 3453:2007 3427:2007 3395:2007 3369:2010 3343:2010 3317:2007 3284:2007 3257:2007 3230:2007 3203:2007 3176:2010 3131:2007 3088:2007 3061:2007 3029:2009 3006:2007 2976:2007 2942:2007 2915:2007 2888:2007 2866:2007 2844:2007 2813:2008 2782:2007 2756:2007 2718:2007 2681:ISBN 2660:2007 2587:link 2573:2007 2539:2007 2499:ISBN 2472:ISBN 2443:ISBN 2418:ISBN 2363:2007 2336:2007 2305:2020 2262:OCLC 2252:ISBN 2227:ISBN 2181:2007 1913:2007 1876:ISBN 1850:2007 1802:ISBN 1780:2007 1750:2014 1686:ISSN 1507:Film 1495:and 1429:and 1304:The 1278:was 1154:muxe 1116:and 1098:AIDS 711:and 607:mixe 445:The 296:The 247:and 171:Maya 169:The 85:for 77:and 71:peso 68:pink 4076:doi 4016:doi 3988:doi 1678:doi 1647:doi 1483:in 1466:RBD 1160:of 1122:NGO 384:or 315:te- 190:by 4709:: 4072:54 4070:. 4066:. 4022:. 4012:16 4010:. 3984:26 3982:. 3978:. 3793:. 3763:. 3733:. 3702:. 3671:. 3641:. 3610:. 3598:^ 3576:. 3545:. 3519:. 3470:. 3403:^ 3166:. 3037:^ 2984:^ 2950:^ 2830:. 2799:. 2773:. 2742:. 2726:^ 2704:. 2646:. 2634:^ 2583:}} 2579:{{ 2547:^ 2513:^ 2400:^ 2292:. 2260:. 2189:^ 2167:. 2143:^ 2092:^ 2075:^ 2056:^ 2005:^ 1899:. 1858:^ 1836:. 1816:^ 1758:^ 1698:^ 1684:. 1674:51 1672:. 1668:. 1573:; 1413:, 1394:. 1386:, 1382:, 1378:, 1132:. 993:: 933:. 800:, 796:, 792:, 513:. 165:). 161:, 129:, 48:. 4601:e 4594:t 4587:v 4174:e 4167:t 4160:v 4133:" 4121:" 4108:" 4089:. 4078:: 4030:. 4018:: 4001:. 3990:: 3809:. 3779:. 3749:. 3718:. 3687:. 3657:. 3626:. 3592:. 3561:. 3530:. 3504:. 3481:. 3455:. 3429:. 3397:. 3371:. 3345:. 3319:. 3286:. 3259:. 3232:. 3205:. 3178:. 3133:. 3090:. 3063:. 3031:. 3008:. 2978:. 2944:. 2917:. 2890:. 2868:. 2846:. 2815:. 2784:. 2758:. 2720:. 2689:. 2662:. 2589:) 2575:. 2541:. 2507:. 2480:. 2451:. 2426:. 2365:. 2338:. 2311:. 2268:. 2235:. 2183:. 1915:. 1884:. 1852:. 1810:. 1782:. 1752:. 1708:. 1692:. 1680:: 1653:. 1649:: 923:, 253:. 244:, 236:, 228:, 157:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Homosexuality in Mexico

Index