PC game - Knowledge

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PC games have long been a source of controversy, largely due to the depictions of violence that has become commonly associated with video games in general, with much of the criticism stemming from the fact that the PC gaming industry is not as regulated as on other platforms. The debate surrounds the

1201:. Consumers began purchasing DOS computers for the home in large numbers. While often purchased to do work on evenings and weekends, clones' popularity caused consumer-software companies to increase the number of IBM-compatible products, including those developed specifically for the PC as opposed to 2603:

have become increasingly more popular over the last half decade. While not required for all gamers, these servers provide a unique "home", fully customizable, such as additional modifications, settings, etc., giving the end gamers the experience they desire. Today there are over 510,000 game servers

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PhysX) card, are also available to accelerate physics simulations in modern computer games. PPUs allow the computer to process more complex interactions among objects than is achievable using only the CPU, potentially allowing players a much greater degree of control over the world in games designed

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grossly underperformed, the popularity of personal computers for education rose dramatically. In 1983, American consumer interest in console video games dwindled to historical lows, as interest in games on personal computers rose. The effects of the crash were largely limited to the console market,

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We've been developing games that are community-based for more than ten years now, ever since the original Unreal and Unreal Tournament. We've had games that have had free online gameplay, free server lists, and in 2003 we shipped a game with in-game voice support, and a lot of features that gamers

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executive agreed, saying that "Unfortunately, its effect has been extremely negative. Without question, Nintendo's success has eroded software sales. There's been a much greater falling off of disk sales than anyone anticipated." A third attributed the end of growth in sales of the Commodore 64 to

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Digital distribution also slashes the cost of circulation, eliminates stock shortages, allows games to be released worldwide at no additional cost, and allows niche audiences to be reached with ease. However, most digital distribution systems create ownership and customer rights issues by storing

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A PC is a general-purpose tool. Its inner workings are exposed to the owner, and misconfiguration can create enormous problems. Hardware compatibility issues are also possible. Game development is complicated by the wide variety of hardware configurations; developers may be forced to limit their

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By spring 1994, an estimated 24 million US homes (27% of households) had a personal computer. 48% played games on their computer; 40% had the 486 CPU or higher; 35% had CD-ROM drives; and 20% had a sound card. Another survey found that an estimated 2.46 million multimedia computers had internal

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By 1987, the PC market was growing so quickly that the formerly business-only computer had become the largest and fastest-growing, and most important platform for computer game companies. DOS computers dominated the home, supplanting Commodore and Apple. More than a third of games sold in North

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PC components are generally sold individually for profit (even if one buys a pre-built machine), whereas the hardware of closed platforms is mass-produced as a single unit and often sold at a smaller profit, or even a loss (with the intention of making profit instead in online service fees and

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as "mods". A healthy mod community greatly increases a game's longevity and the most popular mods have driven purchases of their parent game to record heights. It is common for professional developers to release the tools they use to create their games (and sometimes even

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however, or even outright redistribute it, and their ability to extend the lifespan of a game can work against its developers' plans for regular sequels. As game technology has become more complex, it has also become harder to distribute development tools to the public.

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PC games are sold predominantly through the Internet, with buyers downloading their new purchase directly to their computer. This approach allows smaller independent developers to compete with large publisher-backed games and avoids the speed and capacity limits of the

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called Nintendo "the last hurrah of the 8-bit world". Experts were unsure whether it affected 16-bit computer games, but Hawkins, in 1990, nonetheless had to deny rumors that Electronic Arts would withdraw from computers and only produce console games. By 1993,

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access rights on distributor-owned computers. Games confer with these computers over the Internet before launching. This raises the prospect of purchases being lost if the distributor goes out of business or chooses to lock the buyer's account, and prevents

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in September 2006. Industry groups have responded by noting the responsibility of parents in governing their children's activities, while attempts in the United States to control the sale of objectionable games have generally been found unconstitutional.

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design to run with sub-optimum PC hardware in order to reach a larger PC market, or add a range graphical and other settings to adjust for playability on individual machines, requiring increased development, test, and customer support resources.

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than the dial-up services of the time. These advantages allowed more players to join any given computer game, but have persisted today because of the higher latency of most Internet connections and the costs associated with broadband Internet.

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of Electronic Arts reported that customers used computers for games more than one fifth of the time whether purchased for work or a hobby, with many who purchased computers for other reasons finding PC games "a pretty satisfying experience".

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in 1984 reported that "in offices all over America (more than anyone realizes) executives and managers are playing games on their computers", but software companies found selling games for the PC difficult; an observer said that year that

4885: 1963:, and the platform's hardware and software are constantly evolving. These factors make PC the centre of both hardware and software innovation. By comparison, closed platforms tend to remain much the same throughout their lifespan. 604:

being most interested in developing a game for the platform and 66% of developers currently developing a game for PC. In 2018, the global PC games market was valued at about $ 27.7 billion. According to research data provided by

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reported that DOS accounted for 82% of computer-game sales in 1991, compared to Macintosh's 8% and Amiga's 5%. In response to a reader's challenge to find a DOS game that played better than the Amiga version the magazine cited

2587:, broadband Internet connections are generally considered necessary in order to reduce the latency or "lag" between players. Such connections require a broadband-compatible modem connected to the personal computer through a 1510:

reported in April 1994 that some software publishers planned to only distribute on CD as of 1995. CD-ROM had much larger storage capacity than floppies, helped reduce software piracy, and was less expensive to produce.

1261:". While some games were advertised with VGA support at the start of the year, they usually supported EGA graphics through VGA cards. By the end of 1989, however, most publishers moved to at supporting at least 320x200 613:

worldwide, up from 1.5 billion PC gaming users in the previous year. Newzoo reported that the PC gaming sector was the third-largest category across all platforms as of 2016, with the console sector second-largest, and

2880:"Global PC Games Market Analysis 2015-2019 with Forecasting to 2030: Revenue Breakdowns for Shooter, Action, Sport Games, Role-Playing, Adventure, Racing, Fighting, Strategy & Other Genres - ResearchAndMarkets.com" 2642:

makes them far more difficult to emulate, even for the original manufacturers. The most technically advanced consoles that can currently be successfully emulated for commercial games on PC are the PlayStation 2 using

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for user input, but there are exceptions. During the 1990s, before the keyboard and mouse combination had become the method of choice for PC gaming input peripherals, there were other types of peripherals such as the

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online store, was released in 2011 in order to compete with Steam and other digital distribution platforms on the PC. The period between 2004 and now saw the rise of many digital distribution services on PC, such as

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is another cultural aspect of gaming to draw criticism as it can have a negative influence on health and on social relations. The problem of addiction and its health risks seems to have grown with the rise of

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provided technical assistance to its writers to help install games for review, and published sample configuration files. The magazine advised non-technical gamers to purchase commercial memory managers like

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will sell as much as a cartridge title would out in the open market. But even a hit title in the floppy disk market is a quarter million copies. (Cartridge game) Street Fighter II sold nine million copies

1351:, were below 10% and declining. Although both Apple and IBM tried to avoid customers associating their products with "game machines", the latter acknowledged that VGA, audio, and joystick options for its 2659:

is in development. Most emulation software mimics a particular hardware architecture, often to an extremely high degree of accuracy. This is particularly the case with classic home computers such as the

2599:. Online games require a virtual environment, generally called a "game server". These virtual servers inter-connect gamers, allowing real time, and often fast-paced action. To meet this subsequent need, 955:

As the American video game market became flooded with poor-quality cartridge games created by numerous companies attempting to enter the market, and overproduction of high-profile releases such as the

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sector biggest. 2.2 billion video gamers generate US$ 101.1 billion in revenue, excluding hardware costs. "Digital game revenues will account for $ 94.4 billion or 87% of the global gaming market. The

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in 1961, is often credited as being the second ever computer game. The game consisted of two player-controlled spaceships maneuvering around a central star, each attempting to destroy the other.

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Valve does not release any sales figures on its Steam service, instead it only provides the data to companies with games on Steam, which they cannot release without permission due to signing a

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alone accounts for half of APAC's revenues (at $ 24.4 billion), cementing its place as the largest video game market in the world, ahead of the US's anticipated market size of $ 23.5 billion.

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Other projects aim to bring compatibility of older games and its features back to modern platforms such as WineVDM (for running 16-bit games on 64-bit Windows), nGlide (for enabling

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matured and knocked proprietary interfaces out of the market, these platforms gained greater acceptance in the market, particularly with their demonstrated benefits in games such as

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survey in April 1993 similarly found that 91% of readers primarily used IBM PCs and compatibles for gaming, compared to 6% for Amiga, 3% for Macintosh, and 1% for Atari ST, while a

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in 1992, which helped to popularize the genre, kick-starting a genre that would become one of the highest-selling in modern times. The game was originally distributed through the

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operating system in 2010 and was released on Linux in 2012. By 2011, it controlled 70% of the market for downloadable PC games, with a userbase of about 40 million accounts.

1197:, caused prices to decline; by the end of 1986, the equivalent to a $ 1600 real IBM PC with 256K RAM and two disk drives cost as little as $ 600, lower than the price of the 318: 311: 5429: 5348: 3818: 2396:, which combined a trackball for looking / aiming, and a joystick for movement. Other common gaming peripherals are a headset for faster communication in online games, 296: 2472:, a low-level API for certain models of AMD graphics cards, allowing for greater performance compared to software-level APIs such as DirectX, as well as simplifying 4664: 1757: 2626:, a DOS emulator which allows playing games developed originally for this operating system and thus not compatible with a modern-day OS. Console emulators such as 5434: 2840: 2565: 770:, but by this time, graphics were beginning to become an important factor in games. Later games combined textual commands with basic graphics, as seen in the SSI 2564:

adoption among consumers. Affordable high-bandwidth Internet connections allow large numbers of players to play together, and thus have found particular use in

291: 2718:. Alongside the social and health problems associated with computer game addiction have grown similar worries about the effect of computer games on education. 1445:

study found that 74% of personal computers were IBMs or compatible, 10% Macintosh, 7% Apple II, and 8% other. 51% of IBM or compatible had 386 or faster CPUs.

4924: 1755:. Issues such as difficulty in ensuring consistent experiences for all players, and the uncertain benefit of first generation PhysX cards in games such as 4781: 2984: 1058:

experience with their unrealistic graphics and electronic sound, early PC games included extras such as the peril-sensitive sunglasses that shipped with

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much more heavily. As publicly released development tools are rare, console mods usually refer to hardware alterations designed to remove restrictions.

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The uncoordinated nature of the PC game market makes precisely assessing its size difficult. PC remains the most important gaming platform with 60% of

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and provide audio enhancement that is generally not available with integrated alternatives, at the cost of marginally lower overall performance. The

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It is difficult, and in most situations ultimately impossible, to control the way in which PC hardware and software is used. This leads to far more

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platform for Windows computers in 2003 as a means to distribute Valve-developed video games such as Half-Life 2. It would later see release on the

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computers to produce complex sounds using FM synthesis, where they had previously been limited to simple tones and beeps. However, the rise of the

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In the late 80s and throughout the entire 1990s decade, DOS was one of the most popular gaming platforms in regions where it was officially sold.

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technology resulted in increasing levels of realism in computer games. During this time, the improvements introduced with products such as ATI's

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Emulation software, used to run software without the original hardware, are popular for their ability to play legacy video games without the

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for the new peripherals further depleted scarce RAM. By 1993, PC games required much more memory than other software, often consuming all of

715: 438: 1074:. These extras gradually became less common, but many games were still sold in the traditional oversized boxes that used to hold the extra " 766:

by Will Crowther in 1976, and expanded by Don Woods in 1977. By the 1980s, personal computers had become powerful enough to run games like

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reiterated in 1994, "we have to advise readers who want a machine that will play most of the games to purchase high-end MS-DOS machines".

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posted record losses over subsequent years. Conversely, the home computer market boomed, as sales of low-cost color computers such as the

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But the reality is, today's business is cartridge business. The difference in volume is about four to one per title. With exceptions—a

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conference that the market for console games ($ 5.9 billion in revenue) was 12 times that of the computer-game market ($ 430 million).

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that year stated that the computer's speed and sophistication made it "an excellent gaming device", and IBM and others sold games like

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were successful in the European market, where the NES was not as successful despite its monopoly in Japan and North America. The only

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reported that Steam sales constituted 50–70% of the $ 4 billion market for downloaded PC games and that Steam offered game producers

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on the PC was a breakthrough in 3D graphics, and was soon ported to various game consoles in a general shift toward greater realism.

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satirizes this by depicting two beautiful women exhaust the hero in bed, by requesting that he again explain the difference between

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wrote in 1993 that "publishers may be losing their focus". While many companies used the additional storage to release poor-quality

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family of operating systems. Whereas earlier games written for DOS would include code to communicate directly with hardware, today

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owner estimated in 1983 that a quarter of corporate executives with computers "have a game hidden somewhere in their drawers", and

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and sufficient networking cables to connect every computer on the network. Additionally, each computer must have its own copy (or

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region was estimated to generate $ 46.6 billion in 2016, or 47% of total global video game revenues (note, not only "PC" games).

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warned that it was "a data-intensive technology, not a process-intensive one", tempting developers to emphasize the quantity of

5486: 1874: 1442: 1247: 961: 306: 5220: 4748: 2421: 2292:(GPU), which accelerates the process of drawing complex scenes in realtime. GPUs may be an integrated part of the computer's 1770:

Similarly, many game publishers began to experiment with new forms of marketing. Chief among these alternative strategies is

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have now come to expect on the PC platform. A lot of these things are now features that Microsoft is planning to charge for.

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concluding that video game violence increases children's aggression, a concern that prompted a further investigation by the

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Many companies sold "multimedia upgrade kits" that bundled CD drives, sound cards, and software during the mid-1990s, but

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America were for the PC, twice as many as those for the Apple II and even outselling those for the Commodore 64. With the

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Vintage Game Consoles: An Inside Look at Apple, Atari, Commodore, Nintendo, and the Greatest Gaming Platforms of All Time

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By 1988, the enormous popularity of the Nintendo Entertainment System had greatly affected the computer-game industry. A

5419: 2809: 2226: 678: 3791: 3203: 2148:, estimated that, as of 2009, Steam had a 70% share of the digital distribution market for video games. In early 2011, 1221:, an inexpensive clone had better graphics and more memory for games than the Commodore or Apple, and the Tandy 1000's 753:, in which the player communicated with the computer by entering commands through a keyboard. An early text-adventure, 5481: 5414: 2930:"New Gaming Boom: Newzoo Ups Its 2017 Global Games Market Estimate to $ 116.0Bn Growing to $ 143.5Bn in 2020 | Newzoo" 2703: 1803:

PCs may possess varying processing resources of video gaming systems. Game developers may integrate options to adjust

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took advantage of the idea, with mixed results rising from concerns for the amount of content provided for the price.

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had sold hundreds of thousands of copies because customers with corporate PCs could claim that it was a "simulation".

1055: 2393: 2036:) in order to encourage modding, but if a game is popular enough mods generally arise even without official support. 1947:

if need be. Conversely, newer games can often be run on older systems by reducing the games' fidelity, scale or both.

4665:"Red Orchestra dev on mod tools: "I never understand why companies effectively block people from doing that stuff."" 4255: 4190: 1797: 1498:

sales. A hit PC game typically sold about 250,000 disks at the time, while a hit console game typically sold about

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standard for sound cards, although its popularity dwindled as PC audio became a commodity on modern motherboards.

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which was sold to the public. First sold in 1977, Microchess eventually sold over 50,000 copies on cassette tape.

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The openness of the PC platform allows players to edit or modify their games and distribute the results over the

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files for memory management cumbersome and confusing, and each game needed a different configuration. (The game

5162: 4505: 4459: 4408: 2688: 2289: 2137: 2009: 1780: 1778:, in which game content is provided in smaller quantities but for a proportionally lower price. Titles such as 1683: 1326: 1284: 950: 582: 495: 127: 4162: 4143: 4117: 4098: 4068: 4050: 4029: 3985: 3938: 3911: 3885: 3704: 3651: 3765: 3677: 3625: 3564: 3537: 3454: 1078:". Today, such extras are usually found only in Special Edition versions of games, such as Battlechests from 3303: 3072: 3040: 2861: 2484:

consoles, which are both built upon AMD hardware. It is not unusual for a game company to use a third-party

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PC processor ran much faster, allowing it to perform many more calculations per second. The 1993 release of

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is an API that is widely used by today's computer games to communicate with sound and graphics hardware.

2383: 4432: 3741: 3459: 3077: 3048: 2546:) of the game in order to play. Optionally, any LAN may include an external connection to the Internet. 2531: 2527: 1808: 1553: 1531:—often with what the magazine mocked as "amateur acting" in the added audio and video—new games such as 1322: 1225:, and built-in joystick ports made it the best platform for IBM PC-compatible games before the VGA era. 1134: 992:

The North American console market experienced a resurgence in the United States with the release of the

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and played, encouraging readers to submit their own software to competitions. Players could modify the

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were poor, however, and most customers bought the powerful but expensive computer for business. One

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began manufacturing FM synth boards for computers in the early-mid-1980s, and by 1985, the NEC and

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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

1265:, a subset of VGA. VGA gave the PC graphics that outmatched the Amiga. Increasing adoption of the 4814: 2753: 2735: 2619: 2596: 2561: 2543: 2539: 2519: 2386: 2282: 2231: 2145: 2022: 1960: 1848: 1804: 1384: 1295: 1070: 1041: 1029: 855: 736: 693: 550: 100: 4283: 2308:

port. It is also possible to use multiple GPUs in a single computer, using technologies such as

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executive claimed that "Nintendo's success has destroyed the software entertainment market". A

996:(NES). In Europe, computer gaming continued to boom for many years after. Computers such as the 5282: 1347:

was 65% of the computer-game market, with the Amiga at 10%; all other computers, including the

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are also available to provide improved audio in computer games. These cards provide improved

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Modern computer games place great demand on the computer's hardware, often requiring a fast

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in computer games has become a matter of debate since announcement and 2005 release of the

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operating system, by then the market leader, made many older DOS-based games unplayable on

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card, released in 1989, which featured much higher sound quality due to the inclusion of a

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Further improvements to game artwork and audio were made possible with the introduction of

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The defining characteristic of the PC platform is the absence of centralized control, an

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simplified device driver and memory management. The success of 3D console titles such as

1275: 1143:, which IBM described as bringing "players into a fantasy world of caves and treasures". 585:, and PC games have been a major influencing factor for the development and marketing of 530:. Personal computers as well as general computer software are considered synonymous with 5260: 4306: 4209: 3814: 3729: 2758: 2635: 2453: 2444:

provide an interface between the game and the OS, simplifying game design. Microsoft's

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and more to run. Today, the vast majority of computer games are designed to run on the

2405: 2371: 2281:. These processors allow the computer to simultaneously process multiple tasks, called 2273:

to improve the performance of their processors, but had begun to move steadily towards

2269:(CPU) to function properly. CPU manufacturers historically relied mainly on increasing 2251: 2216: 2200: 1824: 1775: 1734: 1643: 1596: 1395: 1370: 1348: 1270: 1266: 1113:

became popular in Japan. The Amiga, X68000 and FM Towns were capable of producing near

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Online multiplayer games have achieved popularity largely as a result of increasing

1028:(1982). A key difference between Western and Japanese computers at the time was the 577:

become the most popular operating system for PC games in the 2000s. Games utilizing

5409: 5404: 5378: 5224: 4915:"Paradox sales are 90% digital, "we don't really need retailers any more" says CEO" 4759: 4725: 2743: 2661: 2634:

are relatively commonplace, although the complexity of modern consoles such as the

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Unlike the generally accepted push for improved graphical performance, the use of

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API for graphics rendering that is also used. The version of the graphics card's

5383: 5221:"Violent Video Games – Psychologists Help Protect Children from Harmful Effects" 4547: 3766:"Fusion, Transfusion or Confusion / Future Directions In Computer Entertainment" 3283: 2695: 2672: 2639: 2600: 2592: 2555: 2485: 2305: 2293: 2191: 2033: 1836: 1727: 1715: 1600: 1488: 1356: 1206: 1025: 1021: 997: 927: 923: 918: 906: 707: 674: 615: 515: 511: 499: 388: 240: 215: 193: 134: 5007:"Garry's Mod Breaks 1 Million Sold, First Peek At Sales Chart – Voodoo Extreme" 4796: 814:

By the late 1970s to early 1980s, games were developed and distributed through

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Although it is possible to participate in online computer games using dial-up

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on PCs, and soon resulted in attempts to produce affordable products with the

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graphics and sound quality when they first released in the mid-to-late 1980s.

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was one of the first game playing machines developed. It was built in 1950 by

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One does not need to ask for permission to release or update a PC game or to

714:, debuted in 1952. Another pioneer computer game was developed in 1961, when 490:

Mainframe and minicomputer games are a precursor to personal computer games.

5038: 4818: 4260: 4228: 3801: 3678:"The Shadow of Your Style / New Directions at the Consumer Electronics Show" 3268:"Retro Japanese Computers: Gaming's Final Frontier Retro Japanese Computers" 3207: 3141: 2916:"The Global Games Market 2017 — Per Region & Segment — Newzoo" 2665: 2510: 2297: 2240: 1455: 1400: 1198: 1169: 1098: 1032:, with Japanese systems using a higher resolution of 640x400 to accommodate 1001: 728: 684:

Although personal computers only became popular with the development of the

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has been popularly used since the 1990s referring specifically to games on "

41: 4624: 4595: 4455:"DICE on cutting Battlefield 3 console content: 'We're not evil or stupid'" 4332: 522:. They are enjoying a resurgence in popularity since the mid-2000s through 5326: 4954:"Digital charts won't pick up Steam | Games industry news | MCV" 1629: 4919: 4778:"Download distribution opening new doors for independent game developers" 2627: 2613: 2481: 2461: 2397: 2390: 2376: 2141: 2106: 2098: 2081: 2028: 1944: 1730:. PC gaming currently tends strongly toward improvements in 3D graphics. 1700: 1666: 1658: 1463: 1352: 1330: 1110: 1094: 1013: 895: 804: 771: 606: 574: 31: 5140: 1333:

computer included built-in PCM sound, in addition to a CD-ROM drive and

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fees. Games and services are cheaper at every level, and many are free.

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and allowed more detailed graphics. Japanese computers were also using

912: 884: 863: 54: 1310:'s Music Synthesizer Card, soon appeared in 1987. These cards allowed 651: 589:. Emulators are able to play games developed for other platforms. The 4841: 4355: 2715: 2623: 2622:

for which they were designed. The operating system emulators include

2449: 2352: 2309: 2150: 1800:

devices, to an extent) are owned and administered by a single group.

1738: 1719: 1704: 1678: 1592: 1280: 1106: 760: 610: 476: 2047:

Modding has a different connotation on consoles which are typically

1599:'s "infamous late and unlamented Voodoo Memory Manager", which used 1283:

displays allowed the industry to include increasingly high-quality

677:. It measured more than four meters tall, and was displayed at the 2656: 2644: 2584: 2359: 2355: 2177: 1741: 1628: 1616: 1307: 1090: 973: 938: 835: 815: 793: 733: 711: 661: 650: 623: 484: 40: 5239:"Senate bill mandates CDC investigation into video game violence" 4749:"2012 Essential facts About the computer and Video game industry" 1491:

games had a sales volume equivalent to about one-quarter that of

4563:"Valve and Blizzard Defend PC Platform, Diss Console Flexiblity" 2694:

influence of objectionable content on the social development of

2648: 2631: 2538:

LAN gaming typically requires two or more personal computers, a

2102: 1851:

games on PC great speed and accuracy. Users may use third-party

1588: 1533: 1506:

CD-ROM drives by the end of 1993, an increase of almost 2,000%.

1471: 1459: 1299: 1229: 5330: 858:

at the time, early home computer game companies capitalized on

2465: 2441: 1943:

PC games decades old can be played on modern systems, through

1857: 1622: 1437:

merely reflects the realities of the market". A self-reported

1344: 1329:, led AdLib to file for bankruptcy by 1992. Also in 1989, the 1017: 543: 4118:"Memory Management and System Configuration for MS-DOS Games" 3618:"Electronic Arts Reaffirms Commitment to Disk-Based Software" 1843:

are also available. The mouse in particular lends players of

1726:

have allowed developers to increase the complexity of modern

1633:

PC Game logo found on most contemporary box arts and trailers

5141:"X-Fi and the Elite Pro: SoundBlaster's Return to Greatness" 3652:"The Software Publishing Association Spring Symposium 1993" 1875:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

487:

hardware) which has dominated the computer industry since.

1257:

reported that "the industry is moving toward heavy use of

538: – smartphones and tablets, such as those running on 4625:"Alien Swarm Game & Source SDK Release Coming Monday" 2716:

massively multiplayer online role playing games (MMORPGs)

5062:"Steam Experiences Another Year of Sales Growth in 2011" 5034:"Stardock Reveals Impulse, Steam Market Share Estimates" 2955:"What was the first video game, who invented it and why" 1767:, prompted arguments over the value of such technology. 1537:

included many more assets for a richer game experience.

549: – are also PCs in the general sense as opposed to 3484:"The MS-DOS Invasion / IBM Compatibles Are Coming Home" 2898:"Number of PC gaming users worldwide from 2008 to 2024" 2158:

of 70% of purchase price, compared with 30% at retail.

1927:

Prices are kept down by competition and the absence of

1881: 557:. Historically, it also included games on systems from 4611:"DayZ Helps Arma 2 Rack Up More Than 300,000 In Sales" 4329:"AGEIA PhysX PPU Videos – Ghost Recon and Cell Factor" 3833:"Analysts: FPS 'Most Attractive' Genre for Publishers" 3137:"Atari acts in an attempt to scuttle software pirates" 5163:"AMD's Mantle API Gives Devs Direct Hardware Control" 4404:"Console Battlefield 3 is 720p, 30fps. DICE explains" 1253:

However, computer games did not disappear. By 1989,

984:

benefited from increasing interest in the platform.

930:

attempted to take legal action against unauthorized

5397: 5366: 4830: 4828: 4540:"Is PC Gaming Really More Expensive Than Consoles?" 4280:"Brief Glimpse into the Future of 3D Game Graphics" 2782:

Computer game may also be a synonym for video game.

5113: 5111: 4030:"Software Publishing Association Unveils New Data" 3538:"Titans of the Computer Gaming World / MicroProse" 3090: 3088: 2839: 1105:became popular in North America, while the PC-98, 742:The first generation of computer games were often 4307:"Tim Sweeney ponders the future of physics cards" 3170:Charles W. L. Hill & Gareth R. Jones (2007), 2300:, connected to the motherboard through either an 1519:like art and music over the quality of gameplay; 1466:console systems kept their CPU speed at 3–7 30:"PC games" redirects here. For the magazine, see 4273: 4271: 4092: 4090: 3376: 3374: 2675:to other video cards), IPXWrapper (for enabling 2526:became available, due to their typically higher 2460:installed can often affect game performance and 2182:An exploded view of a modern personal computer: 609:in 2020 there were an estimated 1.75 billion PC 4939:"Valve: no Steam data for digital sales charts" 3645: 3643: 3130: 3128: 3126: 2566:massively multiplayer online role-playing games 1710:The faster graphics accelerators and improving 1433:, and added that "The heavy MS-DOS emphasis in 1189:from American and Asian companies, such as the 916:was ported to the Atari 8-bit computers, while 5261:"Judge rules against Louisiana video game law" 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 1823:games. The most common forms of input are the 1302:computers had built-in FM sound. The first PC 5342: 3234:"IGN Presents the History of SEGA: World War" 3204:"Player 3 Stage 6: The Great Videogame Crash" 3041:"Computer Gaming World's RobotWar Tournament" 2862:"The Most Important Gaming Platforms in 2019" 2834: 2832: 2830: 2288:Similarly, 3D games often rely on a powerful 832:game code that could be typed into a computer 432: 27:Electronic game played on a personal computer 8: 4797:"Is Blu-ray really a good medium for games?" 4356:"PhysX Performance Update: City of Villains" 4045: 4043: 3463:(panel discussion). October 1984. p. 30 3172:Strategic management: an integrated approach 1758:Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter 1621:Logo used by majority of PC games sold in a 980:rose to record highs and developers such as 3565:"Titans of the Computer Gaming World / SSI" 3145:, vol. 3, no. 28, pp. 28–9, 3105:, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 41–2, 2144:, the previous owner of competing platform 2070:which most other gaming platforms rely on. 1008:to have any success in Europe would be the 5363: 5349: 5335: 5327: 5119:"Platform Trends: Mobile Graphics Heat Up" 4224:"Getting Older Games to Run on Windows XP" 3592:"Just Kids' Play or Computer in Disguise?" 2985:Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution 2803: 2801: 2799: 2591:(generally integrated onto the computer's 439: 425: 61: 4721:"Judge deems PS2 mod chips illegal in UK" 4533: 4531: 2442:application programming interfaces (APIs) 1967:There are also disadvantages, including: 1904:Learn how and when to remove this message 1595:and criticized nonstandard software like 4864:"40 Million Active Gamers on Steam Mark" 4377:"Half Life 2: Episode One for PC Review" 3624:. March 1990. p. 14. Archived from 3387:. CRC Press. pp. 85, 89–92, 96–97. 3198: 3196: 3194: 2488:, or third-party libraries for a game's 1774:, an adaptation of the older concept of 1393:in 1989. Id Software went on to develop 4163:"The Sub-Standard In Computer software" 2795: 2775: 2366:Virtually all personal computers use a 1407:graphics in a popular game, along with 73: 3381:Loguidice, Bill; Barton, Matt (2014). 838:source code of even commercial games. 4069:"Forging Ahead or Fit to be Smashed?" 3511:"MS-DOS Takes Charge of Fun Software" 3095:Earl g. Graves, Ltd (December 1982), 1796:; all other gaming platforms (except 1548:, while device drivers could go into 1269:, driven partially by the success of 1185:described as a "wave" of inexpensive 1016:and the computer market dominated by 894:, while the top-selling game for the 818:groups and gaming magazines, such as 7: 5094:"Xbox 360 designed to be unhackable" 4697:Kalms, Mikael (September 20, 2010). 4680:"Mods And Ends: Grand Theft Auto IV" 4278:Necasek, Michal (October 30, 2006). 3831:Cifaldi, Frank (February 21, 2006). 2574:and persistent online games such as 1916:The advantages of openness include: 1529:"enhanced" versions of existing ones 1061:The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy 5177:"Steam: Game and Player Statistics" 4886:"PDF E3 2011 Investor Presentation" 4161:Wilson, Johnny L. (December 1993). 3937:McDonald, T. Liam (November 1992). 2647:, and the Nintendo Wii U using the 2061:Digital distribution of video games 1673:. As 3D graphics libraries such as 1637:By 1996, the growing popularity of 739:used for statistical calculations. 494:games became popular following the 5217:American Psychological Association 5060:Periera, Chris (January 6, 2012). 4983:. Penny-arcade.com. Archived from 4756:Entertainment Software Association 4423:Warner, Mark (November 23, 2011). 4256:"Run Older Programs on Windows XP" 3992:. January 1994. pp. 120, 122. 3482:Halfhill, Tom R. (December 1986). 3455:"The CGW Computer Game Conference" 3135:John Markoff (November 30, 1981), 2808:Stuart, Keith (January 27, 2010). 2700:American Psychological Association 2012:than closed platforms suffer from. 1527:collections of older software, or 25: 5283:"Detox For Video Game Addiction?" 5032:Graft, Kris (November 19, 2009). 4795:Kuchera, Ben (January 17, 2007). 4354:Smith, Ryan (September 7, 2006). 4222:Durham, Joel Jr. (May 14, 2006). 3912:"What You've Been Playing Lately" 3536:Brooks, M. Evan (November 1987). 3351:Williams, Gregg (December 1981). 3097:"Cash In On the Video Game Craze" 2698:, with organizations such as the 1125:Growth of IBM PC compatible games 972:as established companies such as 4594:Ghazi, Koroush (December 2010). 4538:Lane, Rick (December 13, 2011). 4198:. February 1997. pp. 54–63. 2728: 1862: 1687:. However, major changes to the 1655:hardware accelerated 3D graphics 1355:computer were popular. In 1991, 700:had previously already existed. 65: 4952:Parfitt, Ben (April 21, 2011). 4780:. Statesman.com. Archived from 4678:Smith, Adam (October 7, 2011). 4609:Usher, William (July 1, 2012). 4425:"Tweaking Skyrim Image Quality" 4305:Reimer, Jeremy (May 14, 2006). 4051:"Invasion Of The Data Stashers" 3703:Sipe, Russell (November 1992). 3650:Wilson, Johnny L. (June 1993). 3206:. April 7, 1999. Archived from 3073:"Tanktics: Review and Analysis" 2604:hosted in North America alone. 2039:Mods can compete with official 1443:Software Publishers Association 1248:Software Publishers Association 844:was one of the first games for 5009:. Ve3d.ign.com. Archived from 4866:. Gaming Bolt. January 6, 2012 4776:Garr, Brian (April 17, 2011). 4643:"Quake 3 Source Code Released" 4561:Bertz, Matt (March 13, 2010). 4212:, Gamespot.com, June 10, 1998. 3408:Solomon, Abby (October 1983). 3232:Travis Fahs (April 21, 2009). 1273:such as the highly successful 1097:became popular in Europe, the 830:. These publications provided 593:originated from computer game 498:. In the 1990s, PC games lost 1: 4979:Kuchera, Ben (July 2, 2012). 4837:"The Master of Online Mayhem" 4057:. April 1994. pp. 20–42. 3427:Mace, Scott (April 2, 1984). 3071:Proctor, Bob (January 1982). 2595:), optionally separated by a 2522:(LANs) before cost-effective 2055:Digital distribution services 1181:From mid-1985, however, what 994:Nintendo Entertainment System 988:Growth of home computer games 790:Early personal computer games 4913:Senior, Tom (July 6, 2011). 4758:. March 2012. Archived from 4667:. PCGamesN. October 8, 2012. 4474:Joe Fielder (May 12, 2000). 4327:Shrout, Ryan (May 2, 2006). 3892:. December 1992. p. 122 3590:Ferrell, Keith (July 1989). 3015:Digital Humanities Quarterly 2420:Computer games also rely on 2341:line was for many years the 1747:, ostensibly competing with 1401:shareware distribution model 1279:series, and high resolution 945:Industry crash and aftermath 679:Canadian National Exhibition 641:Mainframes and minicomputers 581:generally require a form of 4402:Ivan, Tom (June 20, 2011). 4379:. June 2006. Archived from 4150:. January 1994. p. 34. 4116:Weksler, Mike (June 1993). 4097:Weksler, Mike (June 1994). 3939:"Links 386 Pro from Access" 3772:. December 1990. p. 26 3563:Proctor, Bob (March 1988). 3509:Keiser, Gregg (June 1988). 3410:"Games Businesspeople Play" 2704:Centers for Disease Control 2601:Game Server Providers (GSP) 1819:amount is also possible in 1571:Les Manley in: Lost in L.A. 1448:By 1992, DOS games such as 718:students Martin Graetz and 5503: 3740:(1st ed.). New York: 3353:"New Games New Directions" 3327:"IBM PC Announcement 1981" 3052:. October 1982. p. 17 2988:. Anchor Press/Doubleday. 2686: 2611: 2553: 2508: 2171: 2165: 2058: 2020: 1610: 1556:. Players found modifying 1152:Microsoft Flight Simulator 948: 644: 633: 292:Longest-running franchises 29: 5362: 4596:"PC Game Piracy Examined" 3988:. Letters from Paradise. 3918:. April 1993. p. 176 2524:broadband Internet access 2505:Local area network gaming 2412:for console-style games. 1036:, which in turn affected 302:Games considered the best 4699:"So how about modtools?" 4506:Next Generation Magazine 4460:Computer and Video Games 4409:Computer and Video Games 4075:. April 1993. p. 24 2689:Video game controversies 2349:Physics processing units 2290:graphics processing unit 2138:non-disclosure agreement 1788:Platform characteristics 1781:Half-Life 2: Episode One 1458:graphics. While leading 1327:digital signal processor 1223:enhanced graphics, sound 951:Video game crash of 1983 759:, was developed for the 583:graphics processing unit 528:online service providers 496:video game crash of 1983 297:Most-played mobile games 5357:Video games by platform 4508:podcast. Archived from 4169:(editorial). p. 10 4036:. May 1994. p. 12. 3331:Dan Bricklin's Web Site 2518:was largely limited to 2314:Scalable Link Interface 2267:central processing unit 2095:Amazon Digital Services 2088:, a new version of the 1992:developer kit profits). 1986:Increased hardware cost 1379:, which featured fully 860:successful arcade games 567:Commodore International 5487:Video game terminology 5181:store.steampowered.com 4709:on September 23, 2010. 3684:. July 1989. p. 4 2589:network interface card 2408:for driving games and 2257: 2131:are a matter of debate 1961:modify an existing one 1884:by rewriting it in an 1653:increased interest in 1634: 1626: 1607:Contemporary PC gaming 1205:from other computers. 1068:novella included with 1051:from the early 1980s. 811: 665: 636:History of video games 453:personal computer game 59: 5165:. September 26, 2013. 4550:on December 13, 2011. 4435:on September 17, 2019 4383:on September 24, 2009 4335:on September 29, 2010 4167:Computer Gaming World 4148:Computer Gaming World 4122:Computer Gaming World 4103:Computer Gaming World 4073:Computer Gaming World 4055:Computer Gaming World 4034:Computer Gaming World 3990:Computer Gaming World 3943:Computer Gaming World 3916:Computer Gaming World 3890:Computer Gaming World 3770:Computer Gaming World 3708:Computer Gaming World 3705:"3900 Games Later..." 3682:Computer Gaming World 3656:Computer Gaming World 3622:Computer Gaming World 3569:Computer Gaming World 3542:Computer Gaming World 3460:Computer Gaming World 3270:. Hardcore Gaming 101 3078:Computer Gaming World 3049:Computer Gaming World 3009:Jerz, Dennis (2007). 2982:Levy, Steven (1984). 2426:operating system (OS) 2181: 2140:with Valve. However, 2129:(the ethics of which 1938:Increased flexibility 1922:Reduced software cost 1632: 1620: 1584:Computer Gaming World 1521:Computer Gaming World 1508:Computer Gaming World 1482:Computer Gaming World 1439:Computer Gaming World 1418:Computer Gaming World 1381:3D polygonal graphics 1255:Computer Gaming World 1135:IBM Personal Computer 922:was licensed for the 880:Atari 8-bit computers 827:Computer Gaming World 797: 692:, computer gaming on 654: 647:Early mainframe games 44: 5477:Video game platforms 5398:Related technologies 4927:on January 14, 2013. 4684:Rock, Paper, Shotgun 4500:Sweeny, Tim (2007). 3429:"Games with windows" 2904:. November 24, 2022. 2850:. November 17, 2012. 2711:Video game addiction 2424:software such as an 2351:(PPUs), such as the 2162:PC gaming technology 2041:downloadable content 1973:Increased complexity 1954:Increased innovation 1845:first-person shooter 1753:Havok physics engine 1361:first-person shooter 1285:graphical interfaces 1195:Leading Edge Model D 660:, developed for the 524:digital distribution 174:Virtual reality game 4765:on January 2, 2013. 4286:on October 11, 2011 3860:"Masters of "Doom"" 3804:on January 1, 2014. 3306:on October 12, 2007 2886:. November 7, 2019. 2841:"Japan fights back" 2577:World War II Online 2520:local area networks 2384:First-Person Gaming 1554:DOS memory managers 1546:conventional memory 1244:ASCII Entertainment 1140:Microsoft Adventure 856:video game consoles 751:interactive fiction 722:, with MIT student 706:, an adaptation of 145:Social-network game 128:Electronic handheld 18:Home computer games 5482:Personal computing 5367:Hardware platforms 5227:on August 3, 2008. 4784:on April 21, 2011. 4598:. TweakGuides.com. 4502:"Next-Gen podcast" 4099:"CDs On A ROMpage" 3986:"Sound Philosophy" 3866:on August 13, 2007 3266:John Szczepaniak. 3210:on January 5, 2013 2754:Video game console 2736:Video games portal 2516:Multiplayer gaming 2258: 2232:Optical disc drive 2023:Mod (video gaming) 1945:emulation software 1886:encyclopedic style 1873:is written like a 1849:real-time strategy 1841:motion controllers 1699:(without using an 1635: 1627: 1416:In December 1992, 1359:produced an early 1117:-quality hardware 1103:IBM PC compatibles 1030:display resolution 910:. That same year, 872:arcade video games 821:Creative Computing 812: 737:mainframe computer 666: 455:, also known as a 319:Negative reception 280:Best-selling games 60: 5464: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5420:Geolocation-based 5389:Personal computer 5195:"Xbox 360 Review" 4941:. April 21, 2011. 4821:. August 1, 2008. 4575:on April 25, 2013 4236:on April 20, 2007 4105:. pp. 36–40. 3965:"Console history" 3736:(November 1998). 3185:978-0-618-89469-7 3081:. pp. 17–20. 2868:. March 18, 2019. 2679:based LAN play). 2438:Microsoft Windows 2402:flight simulators 2363:to use the card. 2237:Secondary storage 2168:Personal computer 1914: 1913: 1906: 1807:, framerate, and 1805:screen resolution 1689:Microsoft Windows 1639:Microsoft Windows 1613:Games for Windows 1410:Ultima Underworld 1312:IBM PC compatible 1287:in new releases. 1237:the console, and 1137:(PC) in 1981 was 1038:video game design 876:top-selling games 862:at the time with 853:second-generation 571:Microsoft Windows 563:Atari Corporation 532:IBM PC compatible 481:Microsoft Windows 469:personal computer 449: 448: 91:Arcade video game 16:(Redirected from 5494: 5364: 5351: 5344: 5337: 5328: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5279: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5241:. September 2006 5235: 5229: 5228: 5223:. Archived from 5213: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5115: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5070:. Archived from 5057: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4987:on March 6, 2013 4976: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4923:. Archived from 4910: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4890: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4835:Chiang, Oliver. 4832: 4823: 4822: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4753: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4705:. Archived from 4694: 4688: 4687: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4631:. July 16, 2010. 4621: 4615: 4614: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4571:. Archived from 4558: 4552: 4551: 4546:. Archived from 4535: 4526: 4525: 4519: 4517: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4463:. July 26, 2011. 4451: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4431:. Archived from 4420: 4414: 4413: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4331:. Archived from 4324: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4282:. Archived from 4275: 4266: 4265: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4232:. Archived from 4219: 4213: 4210:Review of Unreal 4208:Shamma, Tahsin. 4206: 4200: 4199: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4094: 4085: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4047: 4038: 4037: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3862:. Archived from 3855: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3839:on June 27, 2022 3835:. Archived from 3828: 3822: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3800:. Archived from 3788: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3647: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3628:on April 5, 2016 3614: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3378: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3302:. 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In late 1981, 807:), a text-based 777:Pool of Radiance 670:Bertie the Brain 508:fifth generation 441: 434: 427: 307:Game of the Year 273:highest-grossing 206:Action-adventure 111:Handheld console 69: 62: 50:video game clone 21: 5502: 5501: 5497: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5492: 5491: 5467: 5466: 5465: 5456: 5452:Virtual reality 5393: 5358: 5355: 5325: 5324: 5314: 5312: 5307: 5306: 5302: 5292: 5290: 5281: 5280: 5276: 5266: 5264: 5259: 5258: 5254: 5244: 5242: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5215: 5214: 5210: 5200: 5198: 5197:. November 2005 5193: 5192: 5188: 5175: 5174: 5170: 5161: 5160: 5156: 5146: 5144: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5124: 5122: 5121:. December 2005 5117: 5116: 5109: 5099: 5097: 5092: 5091: 5087: 5077: 5075: 5074:on May 26, 2012 5059: 5058: 5054: 5044: 5042: 5031: 5030: 5026: 5016: 5014: 5013:on May 30, 2013 5005: 5004: 5000: 4990: 4988: 4978: 4977: 4973: 4963: 4961: 4951: 4950: 4946: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4912: 4911: 4907: 4897: 4895: 4893:Electronic Arts 4888: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4869: 4867: 4862: 4861: 4857: 4847: 4845: 4834: 4833: 4826: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4794: 4793: 4789: 4775: 4774: 4770: 4762: 4751: 4747: 4746: 4742: 4732: 4730: 4719: 4718: 4714: 4703:Electronic Arts 4696: 4695: 4691: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4663: 4662: 4658: 4648: 4646: 4641: 4640: 4636: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4613:. Cinema Blend. 4608: 4607: 4603: 4593: 4592: 4588: 4578: 4576: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4537: 4536: 4529: 4515: 4513: 4512:on May 14, 2013 4499: 4498: 4494: 4484: 4482: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4453: 4452: 4448: 4438: 4436: 4422: 4421: 4417: 4401: 4400: 4396: 4386: 4384: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4360: 4358: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4338: 4336: 4326: 4325: 4321: 4311: 4309: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4289: 4287: 4277: 4276: 4269: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4239: 4237: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4207: 4203: 4194:. No. 26. 4191:Next Generation 4187: 4186: 4182: 4172: 4170: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4144:"Load For Bear" 4142: 4141: 4137: 4127: 4125: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4096: 4095: 4088: 4078: 4076: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4049: 4048: 4041: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4013: 4002: 4001: 3997: 3984: 3983: 3979: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3948: 3946: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3921: 3919: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3895: 3893: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3869: 3867: 3858:James, Wagner. 3857: 3856: 3852: 3842: 3840: 3830: 3829: 3825: 3813: 3809: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3775: 3773: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3752: 3744:. p. 551. 3730:Jennings, Peter 3728: 3727: 3723: 3713: 3711: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3687: 3685: 3676: 3675: 3671: 3661: 3659: 3649: 3648: 3641: 3631: 3629: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3601: 3599: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3574: 3572: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3547: 3545: 3535: 3534: 3530: 3520: 3518: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3466: 3464: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3438: 3436: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3395: 3380: 3379: 3372: 3362: 3360: 3359:. pp. 6–10 3350: 3349: 3345: 3335: 3333: 3325:Bricklin, Dan. 3324: 3323: 3319: 3309: 3307: 3298:Varney, Allen. 3297: 3296: 3292: 3281: 3280:Reprinted from 3273: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3253: 3243: 3241: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3213: 3211: 3202: 3201: 3192: 3186: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3155: 3153: 3134: 3133: 3124: 3115: 3113: 3094: 3093: 3086: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3055: 3053: 3043: 3039: 3038: 3034: 3024: 3022: 3008: 3007: 3003: 2996: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2966: 2964: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2938: 2936: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2914: 2913: 2909: 2896: 2895: 2891: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2838: 2837: 2828: 2818: 2816: 2807: 2806: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2786: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2749:Gaming computer 2734: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2691: 2685: 2655:emulator named 2616: 2610: 2558: 2552: 2513: 2507: 2502: 2500:Types of gaming 2418: 2406:steering wheels 2263: 2256: 2217:Expansion cards 2207:Primary storage 2176: 2174:Gaming computer 2170: 2164: 2090:Electronic Arts 2063: 2057: 2025: 2019: 2006:software piracy 1929:platform-holder 1910: 1899: 1893: 1890: 1882:help improve it 1879: 1867: 1863: 1790: 1776:expansion packs 1772:episodic gaming 1735:physics engines 1663:Matrox Mystique 1615: 1609: 1580:expanded memory 1563: 1557: 1499: 1405:texture mapping 1349:Apple Macintosh 1271:adventure games 1127: 1066:science fiction 1054:To enhance the 990: 982:Electronic Arts 959:adaptations of 953: 947: 874:. By 1982, the 792: 786:, for example. 783:The Bard's Tale 649: 643: 638: 632: 534:systems; while 471:(PC). The term 459:or abbreviated 445: 416: 415: 351: 339: 329: 328: 324:Cancelled games 263: 253: 252: 189: 179: 178: 118:Electronic game 86: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5500: 5498: 5490: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5469: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5454: 5449: 5447:Social network 5444: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5401: 5399: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5370: 5368: 5360: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5346: 5339: 5331: 5323: 5322: 5300: 5274: 5252: 5230: 5208: 5186: 5168: 5154: 5132: 5107: 5096:. October 2005 5085: 5052: 5024: 4998: 4971: 4944: 4930: 4905: 4877: 4855: 4824: 4806: 4787: 4768: 4740: 4712: 4689: 4670: 4656: 4634: 4616: 4601: 4586: 4553: 4527: 4492: 4476:"StarCraft 64" 4466: 4446: 4415: 4394: 4368: 4346: 4319: 4297: 4267: 4247: 4214: 4201: 4188:"PC Goes 3D". 4180: 4153: 4135: 4108: 4086: 4060: 4039: 4021: 3995: 3977: 3956: 3929: 3903: 3877: 3850: 3823: 3807: 3792:"Star Cruiser" 3783: 3757: 3750: 3734:Brewster, Todd 3721: 3695: 3669: 3639: 3609: 3582: 3555: 3528: 3501: 3474: 3446: 3419: 3400: 3394:978-1135006518 3393: 3370: 3343: 3317: 3290: 3251: 3224: 3190: 3184: 3174:(8 ed.), 3162: 3122: 3084: 3063: 3032: 3001: 2994: 2974: 2963:. May 15, 2018 2946: 2921: 2907: 2889: 2871: 2853: 2826: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2784: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2766: 2761: 2759:PC Master Race 2756: 2751: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2723: 2720: 2687:Main article: 2684: 2681: 2612:Main article: 2609: 2606: 2554:Main article: 2551: 2548: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2454:cross-platform 2430:device drivers 2417: 2414: 2262: 2259: 2255: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2221:graphics cards 2214: 2204: 2201:Microprocessor 2194: 2189: 2183: 2166:Main article: 2163: 2160: 2059:Main article: 2056: 2053: 2021:Main article: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1994: 1993: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1965: 1964: 1957: 1956: 1955: 1949: 1948: 1941: 1940: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1925: 1924: 1923: 1912: 1911: 1870: 1868: 1861: 1789: 1786: 1644:Super Mario 64 1608: 1605: 1597:Origin Systems 1542:device drivers 1517:digital assets 1513:Chris Crawford 1424:Wing Commander 1396:Wolfenstein 3D 1371:Arsys Software 1267:computer mouse 1246:reported at a 1126: 1123: 989: 986: 946: 943: 901:Space Invaders 882:were ports of 846:microcomputers 809:adventure game 791: 788: 774:games such as 686:microprocessor 642: 639: 634:Main article: 631: 628: 587:graphics cards 559:Apple Computer 555:arcade machine 536:mobile devices 447: 446: 444: 443: 436: 429: 421: 418: 417: 414: 413: 408: 403: 398: 397: 396: 391: 381: 380: 379: 369: 368: 367: 362: 357: 346: 340: 335: 334: 331: 330: 327: 326: 321: 316: 315: 314: 309: 299: 294: 289: 288: 287: 277: 276: 275: 264: 259: 258: 255: 254: 251: 250: 245: 244: 243: 238: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 202: 201: 190: 185: 184: 181: 180: 177: 176: 171: 170: 169: 164: 154: 149: 148: 147: 142: 132: 131: 130: 125: 115: 114: 113: 108: 103: 93: 87: 82: 81: 78: 77: 71: 70: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5499: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5352: 5347: 5345: 5340: 5338: 5333: 5332: 5329: 5311:. dystalk.com 5310: 5304: 5301: 5293:September 12, 5288: 5284: 5278: 5275: 5263:. August 2006 5262: 5256: 5253: 5245:September 19, 5240: 5234: 5231: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5212: 5209: 5201:September 12, 5196: 5190: 5187: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5169: 5164: 5158: 5155: 5143:. August 2005 5142: 5136: 5133: 5120: 5114: 5112: 5108: 5100:September 22, 5095: 5089: 5086: 5073: 5069: 5068: 5063: 5056: 5053: 5041: 5040: 5035: 5028: 5025: 5012: 5008: 5002: 4999: 4986: 4982: 4975: 4972: 4959: 4955: 4948: 4945: 4940: 4934: 4931: 4926: 4922: 4921: 4916: 4909: 4906: 4894: 4887: 4881: 4878: 4865: 4859: 4856: 4844: 4843: 4838: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4820: 4816: 4810: 4807: 4802: 4798: 4791: 4788: 4783: 4779: 4772: 4769: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4744: 4741: 4733:September 22, 4728: 4727: 4722: 4716: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4693: 4690: 4685: 4681: 4674: 4671: 4666: 4660: 4657: 4645:. August 2005 4644: 4638: 4635: 4630: 4626: 4620: 4617: 4612: 4605: 4602: 4597: 4590: 4587: 4574: 4570: 4569: 4568:Game Informer 4564: 4557: 4554: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4534: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4496: 4493: 4481: 4477: 4470: 4467: 4462: 4461: 4456: 4450: 4447: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4419: 4416: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4398: 4395: 4382: 4378: 4372: 4369: 4361:September 13, 4357: 4350: 4347: 4334: 4330: 4323: 4320: 4308: 4301: 4298: 4290:September 23, 4285: 4281: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4262: 4257: 4251: 4248: 4240:September 22, 4235: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4218: 4215: 4211: 4205: 4202: 4197: 4196:Imagine Media 4193: 4192: 4184: 4181: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4154: 4149: 4145: 4139: 4136: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4109: 4104: 4100: 4093: 4091: 4087: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4025: 4022: 4018: 4009: 4005: 3999: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3981: 3978: 3970:September 23, 3966: 3960: 3957: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3930: 3917: 3913: 3907: 3904: 3891: 3887: 3881: 3878: 3870:September 23, 3865: 3861: 3854: 3851: 3838: 3834: 3827: 3824: 3821:), 4Gamer.net 3820: 3816: 3811: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3798: 3793: 3787: 3784: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3758: 3753: 3751:0-385-48327-9 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3725: 3722: 3709: 3706: 3699: 3696: 3683: 3679: 3673: 3670: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3610: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3583: 3570: 3566: 3559: 3556: 3543: 3539: 3532: 3529: 3516: 3512: 3505: 3502: 3489: 3485: 3478: 3475: 3462: 3461: 3456: 3450: 3447: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3420: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3401: 3396: 3390: 3386: 3385: 3377: 3375: 3371: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3344: 3332: 3328: 3321: 3318: 3310:September 24, 3305: 3301: 3294: 3291: 3286: 3285: 3269: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3239: 3235: 3228: 3225: 3221: 3209: 3205: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3166: 3163: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3138: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3103: 3098: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3079: 3074: 3067: 3064: 3051: 3050: 3042: 3036: 3033: 3025:September 29, 3020: 3016: 3012: 3005: 3002: 2997: 2995:0-385-19195-2 2991: 2987: 2986: 2978: 2975: 2962: 2961: 2956: 2950: 2947: 2935: 2931: 2925: 2922: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2903: 2899: 2893: 2890: 2885: 2884:Business Wire 2881: 2875: 2872: 2867: 2863: 2857: 2854: 2849: 2848: 2847:The Economist 2842: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2789: 2779: 2776: 2769: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2726: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2690: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2654: 2653:PlayStation 3 2650: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2615: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2578: 2573: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2504: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2478:PlayStation 4 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2392: 2388: 2385: 2381: 2378: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2361: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2339:Sound Blaster 2337: 2336:Creative Labs 2333: 2329: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2260: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2169: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2156:gross margins 2153: 2152: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2076:released the 2075: 2071: 2069: 2068:optical discs 2062: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2045: 2042: 2037: 2035: 2030: 2024: 2017:Modifications 2016: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1984: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1969: 1968: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1952: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1908: 1905: 1897: 1887: 1883: 1877: 1876: 1871:This section 1869: 1860: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1813:draw distance 1810: 1809:anti-aliasing 1806: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1794:open platform 1787: 1785: 1783: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1766: 1765: 1760: 1759: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1695:, and later, 1694: 1690: 1686: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1651: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1631: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1572: 1566: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1536: 1535: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1503: 1497: 1496:ROM cartridge 1494: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1452: 1451:Links 386 Pro 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1431: 1426: 1425: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1383:in 1988, and 1382: 1378: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1319:Sound Blaster 1317: 1316:Creative Labs 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1217: 1211: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1187:IBM PC clones 1184: 1179: 1177: 1172: 1171: 1166: 1162: 1161:speaker sound 1158: 1154: 1153: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1141: 1136: 1132: 1131:launch titles 1124: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1034:Japanese text 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1010:Master System 1007: 1006:8-bit console 1003: 999: 995: 987: 985: 983: 979: 975: 970: 969: 964: 963: 958: 952: 944: 942: 940: 936: 934: 929: 925: 921: 920: 915: 914: 909: 908: 903: 902: 897: 893: 892: 887: 886: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 854: 849: 847: 843: 842: 837: 833: 829: 828: 823: 822: 817: 810: 806: 802: 801: 800:Mystery House 796: 789: 787: 785: 784: 779: 778: 773: 769: 765: 762: 758: 757: 752: 748: 745: 740: 738: 735: 731: 730: 725: 724:Steve Russell 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 704: 699: 698:minicomputers 695: 691: 690:microcomputer 687: 682: 680: 676: 672: 671: 663: 659: 658: 653: 648: 640: 637: 629: 627: 625: 621: 617: 616:mobile gaming 612: 608: 603: 598: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 504:console games 501: 497: 493: 492:Home computer 488: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 457:computer game 454: 442: 437: 435: 430: 428: 423: 422: 420: 419: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 395: 392: 390: 387: 386: 385: 382: 378: 375: 374: 373: 370: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 341: 338: 333: 332: 325: 322: 320: 317: 313: 310: 308: 305: 304: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 286: 283: 282: 281: 278: 274: 271: 270: 269: 266: 265: 262: 257: 256: 249: 246: 242: 239: 237: 234: 233: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 200: 197: 196: 195: 192: 191: 188: 183: 182: 175: 172: 168: 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Retrieved 5303: 5291:. Retrieved 5286: 5277: 5267:September 2, 5265:. Retrieved 5255: 5243:. Retrieved 5233: 5225:the original 5211: 5199:. Retrieved 5189: 5180: 5171: 5157: 5145:. Retrieved 5135: 5123:. Retrieved 5098:. Retrieved 5088: 5076:. Retrieved 5072:the original 5065: 5055: 5045:November 21, 5043:. Retrieved 5037: 5027: 5015:. Retrieved 5011:the original 5001: 4989:. Retrieved 4985:the original 4974: 4962:. Retrieved 4957: 4947: 4933: 4925:the original 4918: 4908: 4896:. Retrieved 4880: 4868:. Retrieved 4858: 4848:February 14, 4846:. Retrieved 4840: 4809: 4801:Ars Technica 4800: 4790: 4782:the original 4771: 4760:the original 4743: 4731:. Retrieved 4726:The Register 4724: 4715: 4707:the original 4692: 4673: 4659: 4647:. Retrieved 4637: 4619: 4604: 4589: 4579:February 23, 4577:. Retrieved 4573:the original 4566: 4556: 4548:the original 4543: 4521: 4516:February 23, 4514:. Retrieved 4510:the original 4495: 4483:. 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