Home birth - Knowledge (XXG)

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medical studies found that perinatal mortality rates were triple that of hospital births, and a US nationwide study over 13 million births on a 3-year span (2007–2010) found that births at home were roughly 10 times as likely to be stillborn (14 times in first-born babies) and almost four times as likely to have neonatal seizures or serious neurological dysfunction when compared to babies born in hospitals. Alternatively, there is research coming out that suggests that there is actually no significant difference in perinatal mortality rates between home and hospital birth and some even suggest that there are benefits such as less complications and fewer interventions. Higher maternal and infant mortality rates are associated with the inability to offer timely assistance to mothers with emergency procedures in case of complications during labour, as well as with widely varying licensing and training standards for birth attendants between different states and countries.

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1955. However, between 2004 and 2009, the number of home births in the United States rose by 41%. In the United Kingdom a similar but slower trend happened with approximately 80% of births occurring at home in the 1920s and only 1% in 1991. In Japan the change in birth location happened much later, but much faster: home birth was at 95% in 1950, but only 1.2% in 1975. In countries such as the Netherlands, where home births have been a regular part of the maternity system, the rate for home births is 20% in 2014. Over a similar time period, maternal mortality during childbirth fell during 1900 to 1997 from 6–9 deaths per thousand to 0.077 deaths per thousand, while the infant mortality rate dropped between 1915 and 1997 from around 100 deaths per thousand births to 7.2 deaths per thousand.

672: 387:, for example, sometimes called "the mother of authentic midwifery" helped open The Farm Midwifery Center in Summertown, Tennessee, in 1971, which is still in operation. A movement termed 'pushing for midwives' intensified during the 1990s and early 2000s in the United States, when the public organized to request legislation that would formally legalize midwifery a consumable service. However, although there was a steep increase in midwife-attended births between 1975 and 2002 (from less than 1.0% to 8.1%), most of these births occurred in the hospital. The US rate of out-of-hospital birth has remained steady at 1% of all births since 1989, with data from 2007 showing that 27.3% of the home births since 1989 took place in a free-standing 605:. Research of home birth is complicated by ancient and modern biases about the nature of women and birth, manifested in the language and ideas that are used to refer to women, women's bodies, and what women do. It has been demonstrated that reports of research of physiological phenomena, such as conception, transmit deep-seated biased cultural notions of women and women's bodies. Most 20th- and 21st-century researchers of home birth view the phenomenon through two broad perspectives that are closely tied to the ideas and perceptions of birth itself – social and biomedical. 491:. The study concluded that for low-risk women there was no increase in perinatal mortality, provided that the midwives were well-trained and there was easy and quick access to hospitals. Further, the study noted there was evidence that "low risk women with a planned home birth are less likely to experience referral to secondary care and subsequent obstetric interventions than those with a planned hospital birth." The study has been criticised on several grounds, including that some data might be missing and that the findings may not be representative of other populations. 458:(NICE), a British governmental organization devoted to creating guidelines for coverage throughout the UK, which expressed concern for the lack of quality evidence in studies comparing the potential risks and benefits of home and hospital birthing environments in the UK. Their report noted that intrapartum-related perinatal mortality was low in all settings in the UK, but that in cases of unanticipated obstetric complications, the mortality rate was higher for home births due to the time needed to transfer the mother to an obstetric unit. 277: 36: 99: 561:

is difficult to compare home and hospital births because only the risk profiles are different between the two groups, according to the CDC: people who choose to give birth at home are more likely to be healthy and at low risk for complications. There are also unquantifiable differences in home birth patients, such as maternal attitudes towards medical involvement in birth.

318:. A "planned" home birth is a birth that occurs at home by intention. An "unplanned" home birth is one that occurs at home by necessity but not with intention. Reasons for unplanned home births include inability to travel to the hospital or birthing center due to conditions outside the control of the mother such as weather or road blockages or speed of birth progression. 335:, women were asked why they chose a home birth; the top five reasons given were safety, avoidance of unnecessary medical interventions common in hospital births, previous negative hospital experiences, more control, and a comfortable and familiar environment. One study found that women experience pain inherent in birth differently, and less negatively, in a home setting. 191: 530:

home birth, regardless of attendant, are virtually impossible to solve by transport. This is because total time for transport from home to hospital cannot realistically be reduced to clinically satisfactory times to optimize outcome when time is of the essence when unexpected deterioration of the condition of either the fetal patient or pregnant patient occurs.

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between planned and unplanned birth; variation in the skill, training, and certification of the birth attendant; and an inability to account for and accurately attribute adverse outcomes associated with transfers". Quality studies, therefore, need to take steps in their design to mitigate these problems in order to produce meaningful results.

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deaths per thousand for planned home births. They further found that the death rate for planned home births attended by direct-entry midwives was 5.6 per thousand. The study noted that the statistics for Oregon were different for other areas, such as British Columbia, which had different licensing requirements. Oregon was noted by the

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times as likely to have neonatal seizures or serious neurological dysfunction when compared to babies born in hospitals. The study findings showed that the risk of Apgar scores of 0 is even greater in first-born babies—14 times the risk of hospital births. The study results were confirmed by analyzing birth certificate files from the

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birth. The hypothesis exists that birth was transformed from a solitary to social event early in human evolution. Traditionally and historically, other women assisted women in childbirth. A special term evolved in the English language around 1300 to name women who made assistance in childbirth their vocation –

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antepartum hemorrhage after 20 weeks gestation, and active genital herpes. Prior caesarean deliveries can sometimes prevent a woman from qualifying for a home birth, though not always. It is important that a woman and her health care provider discuss the individual health risks prior to planning a home birth.

683:, or certified professional midwife (CPM). In the other 23 states there are no licensing laws, and practicing midwives can be arrested for practicing medicine without a license. It is legal in all 50 states to hire a certified nurse midwife, or CNM, who are trained nurses, though most CNMs work in hospitals. 463:

complications develop and who require transfer into the obstetric unit. When unanticipated obstetric complications arise, either in the mother or baby, during labour at home, the outcome of serious complications is likely to be less favourable than when the same complications arise in an obstetric unit.

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as having the second-highest rate of home births in the nation in 2009, at 1.96% compared to the national average of 0.72%. A 2014 survey of nearly 17,000 voluntarily reported home births in the United States between 2004 and 2010 found an intrapartum infant mortality rate of 1.30 per thousand; early

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Home birth in the United Kingdom has also received some press since 2000. There was a movement, most notably in Wales, to increase home birth rates to 10% by 2007. Between 2005 and 2006, there was an increase of 16% of home birth rates in Wales, but by 2007 the total home birth rate was still 3% even

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The mother lies in a well-aired disinfected room, light and sunlight stream unhindered through a high window and you can make it light as day electrically too. She is well bathed and freshly clothed on linen sheets of blinding whiteness... You have a staff of assistants who respond to every signal...

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You find a bed that has been slept on by the husband, wife and one or two children; it has frequently been soaked with urine, the sheets are dirty, and the patient's garments are soiled, she has not had a bath. Instead of sterile dressings you have a few old rags or the discharges are allowed to soak

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The word combination "home birth" arose some time in the middle of the 19th century and coincided with the rise of births that took place in lying-in hospitals. Since women around the world left homes to give birth in clinics and hospitals as the 20th century progressed, the term "home birth" came to

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and included data on more than 13 million births in the United States, assessing deliveries by physicians and midwives in and out of the hospital from 2007 to 2010. The study indicated that babies born at home are roughly 10 times as likely to have an Apgar score of 0 after 5 minutes and almost four

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There was an increase in the percentage of home births from 2004 to 2009. Since 2009, Montana had the largest increase when it comes to home births with a percentage of 2.55 percent. Oregon and Vermont was close together when it comes to home births with percentages of 1.96 percent and 1.91 percent.

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has stated that "As I understand it, although the NHS has a legal duty to provide a maternity service, there is not a similar legal duty to provide a home birth service to every woman who requests one. However, I certainly hope that when a woman wants a home birth, and it is clinically appropriate,

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The data available on the safety of home birth in developed countries is often difficult to interpret due to issues such as differing home-birth standards between different countries, and difficult to compare with other studies because of varying definitions of perinatal mortality. Additionally, it

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In the Netherlands, the trend has been somewhat different from other industrialized countries: while in 1965, two-thirds of Dutch births took place at home, that figure has dropped to about 20% in 2013, which is still more than in other industrialized countries. Less than 1% of South Korean infants

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method of delivery. In many developed countries, home birth declined rapidly over the 20th century. In the United States there was a large shift towards hospital births beginning around 1900, when close to 100% of births were at home. Rates of home births fell to 50% in 1938 and to fewer than 1% in

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identified several factors that make quality research on home birth difficult. These include "lack of randomization; reliance on birth certificate data with inherent ascertainment problems; ascertainment of relying on voluntary submission of data or self-reporting; a limited ability to distinguish

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A 2022 study, which examined the introduction of maternity wards in Sweden, found that the wards substantially reduced home deliveries and early neonatal mortality, as well as positive long-term effects on labour income, unemployment, health-related disability and schooling for individuals born in

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In the Northern Territory of Australia, the prescribed steps advocated by the government is that, in rural areas, a woman at 37 weeks gestation must leave "country" and fly to the nearest city. If an adult, she flies alone with no family members. She will wait in accommodations until she goes into

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When it comes to home births vs hospital births, home births are strongly associated with worse outcomes. The increased rate of adverse outcomes of home births exists despite the reported lower risk profile of home birth. We emphasize that the increased risks of poor outcomes from the setting of

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The uncertain evidence suggests intrapartum-related perinatal mortality (IPPM) for booked home births, regardless of their eventual place of birth, is the same as, or higher than for birth booked in obstetric units. If IPPM is higher, this is likely to be in the group of women in whom intrapartum

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When it comes to the Southeastern states which are Texas, North Carolina, Connecticut, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Illinois, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New Jersey, Rhode Island, South Dakota, and West Virginia, they all experienced a lower percentage of home births with only a percentage of

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and lead author of the study, stated that the magnitude of risk associated with home delivery is so alarming that necessitates the need for the parents-to-be to know the risk factors. Another author, Dr. Frank Chervenak, added that the study underplayed the risks of home births, as the data used

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In 2012, Oregon performed a study of all births in the state during the year as a part of discussing a bill regarding licensing requirements for midwives in the state. They found that the rate of intrapartum infant mortality was 0.6 deaths per thousand births for planned hospital births, and 4.8

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found that home births had shorter labors than hospital births. In North America, a 2005 study found that about 12 percent of women intending to give birth at home needed to be transferred to the hospital for reasons such as a difficult labor or pain relief. A 2014 survey of American home births

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birthing process in the community among the women and children. It is largely practiced by aboriginal women, in countries such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States. The belief is that if a child is not born on country they lose their connection to the land and their community.

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Although the fact humans give birth is universal, the social nature of birth is not. Where, with whom, how, and when someone gives birth is socially and culturally determined. Historically, birth has been a social event. For the most of humankind history of birth is equivalent to history of home

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Multiple studies have been performed concerning the safety of home births for both the child and the mother. Standard practices, licensing requirements and access to emergency hospital care differ between regions making it difficult to compare studies across national borders. A 2014 US survey of

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Some women may not be able to have a safe birth at home, even with highly trained midwives. There are some medical conditions that can prevent a woman from qualifying for a home birth. These often include heart disease, renal disease, diabetes, preeclampsia, placenta previa, placenta abruption,

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Public health coverage of home birth services varies in Canada from province to province, as does the availability of doctors and midwives providing home birth services. The Provinces of Ontario, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Alberta, and Quebec currently cover home birth services.

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In March 2016, the Coroners Court of Victoria found against midwife Gaye Demanuel in the case of the death of Caroline Lovell. "Coroner White also called for a review of the regulation of midwives caring for women during home births, and for the government and health authorities to consider an

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Birthing on country is a traditional birthing practice that constitutes giving birth on the land where the mother was born as well as her ancestors. It is a culturally appropriate practice that coincides with spiritual tradition. It offers support to women and their families by continuing the

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In 2019, a meta-analysis examined perinatal and neonatal mortality of planned home birth among low-risk women in well-resourced countries, with research eligible for inclusion encompassing approximately 500,000 intended home births. The study concluded that the risk of perinatal or neonatal

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Many women choose home birth because delivering a baby in familiar surroundings is important to them. Others choose home birth because they dislike a hospital or birthing center environment, do not like a medically centered birthing experience, are concerned about exposing the infant to

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in Wales (double the national rate). A 2001 report noted that there was a wide range of home birth rates in the UK, with some regions around 1% and others over 20%. In Australia, birth at home has fallen steadily over the years and was 0.3% as of 2008, ranging from nearly 1% in the

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In April 2007, the Western Australian Government expanded coverage for birth at home across the State. Other state governments in Australia, including the Northern Territory, New South Wales and South Australia, also provide government funding for independent, private home birth.

216:, or lay attendant with experience in managing home births. Home birth was, until the advent of modern medicine, the de facto method of delivery. The term was coined in the middle of the 19th century as births began to take place in hospitals. 2195:

de Jonge A, van der Goes BY, Ravelli AC, Amelink-Verburg MP, Mol BW, Nijhuis JG, Bennebroek Gravenhorst J, Buitendijk SE (2009). "Perinatal mortality and morbidity in a nationwide cohort of 529688 low-risk planned home and hospital births".

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were lower for women who give birth at home, and both noted a prior study that determined that women who had a planned home birth had greater satisfaction from the experience when compared with women who had a planned birth in a hospital.

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Since the percentage of home birth increased from 2004 to 2009, it went to widespread which involved states regions, and countries. While two areas saw significant decreases, 31 states saw rapid increases when it comes to home births.

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neonatal and late neonatal mortality rates were a further 0.41 and 0.35 per thousand. The survey excluded congenital anomaly-related deaths, as well as births where the mother was transferred to a hospital prior to beginning labor.

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are the "gold standard" of research methodology with respect to applying findings to populations; however, such a study design is not feasible or ethical for location of birth. The studies that do exist, therefore, are

342:, where women may not be able to afford medical care or it may not be accessible to them, a home birth may be the only option available, and the woman may or may not be assisted by a professional attendant of any kind. 625:

The 2009 Federal Budget provided additional funds to Medicare to allow more midwives to work as private practitioners, allow midwives to prescribe medication under the Medicare Benefits Schedule, and assist them with

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of 12 previously published studies encompassing 500,000 planned home births in low-risk women found that neonatal mortality rates for home births were triple those of hospital births. This finding echoes that of the

1305: 2672: 244:, literally meaning "with woman". However, midwife was a description of a social role of a woman who was "with woman" in childbirth to mediate social arrangements for woman's bodily experience of birth. 434:. Due to a greater risk of perinatal death, the college advises women who are postterm (greater than 42 weeks gestation), carrying twins, or have a breech presentation not to attempt home birth. The 552:

conducted retrospectively by selecting hospital records and midwife records. by matched pairs (by pairing study participants based on their background characteristics), In February 2011 the

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Wax, Joseph R.; Pinette, Michael G. (2014). "Outcomes of Care for 16,925 Planned Home Births in the United States: The Midwives Alliance of North America Statistics Project, 2004 to 2009".

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While a woman in developed countries may choose to deliver her child at home, in a birthing center, or at hospital, health coverage and legal issues influence available options.

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The other five additional states which are Idaho, Pennsylvania, Utah, Washington, and Wisconsin, they all had an increase of home births with a percent of 1.50 and above.

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Debora Boucher; Catherine Bennett; Barbara McFarlin; Rixa Freeze (March–April 2009). "Staying Home to Give Birth: Why Women in the United States Choose Home Birth".

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Cost is also a factor. The estimated average cost of a home birth in the United States in 2021 was $ 4,650, compared with $ 13,562 for a vaginal hospital birth. In

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Home births are either attended or unattended, planned or unplanned. Women are attended when they are assisted through labor and birth by a professional, usually a

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In 2009 a study of 500,000 low-risk planned home and hospital births in the Netherlands, where midwives have a strong licensing requirement, was reported in the

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insurance. However, this plan only covers hospital births. There are no current plans to extend Medicare and PBS funding to home birth services in Australia.

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There are few legal issues with a home birth in the UK. Woman cannot be forced to go to a hospital. The support of the various Health Authorities of the

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and 65.4% in a residence. Hence, the actual rate of home birth in the United States remained low (0.65%) over the twenty years prior to 2007.

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Report on maternity care released in Scotland, 2002, includes summary of how maternity care is dealt with in other countries besides the UK.

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National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health as Commissioned by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence

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Boucher, D.; Bennett, C.; McFarlin, B; Freeze, R. (2009). "Staying Home to Give Birth: Why women in the United States choose home birth".

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Only those who have to repair a perineum in a cottar's house in a cottar's bed with the poor light and help at hand can realize the joy.

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between 2004 and 2010 found the percent of women transferred to a hospital from a planned home birth after beginning labor to be 10.9%.

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Woodcock HC.; et al. (1994). "A matched cohort study of planned home and hospital births in Western Australia 1981–1987".

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Morse J; Park C. (June 1988). "Home birth and hospital deliveries: A comparison of the perceived painfulness of parturition".

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MacDorman, Marian F.; Declercq, Eugene; Mathews, T.J. (2014). "Recent Trends in Out-of-Hospital Births in the United States".

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Cheyney, Melissa; Marit Bovbjerg; Courtney Everson; Wendy Gordon; Darcy Hannibal; Saraswathi Vedam (January 30, 2014).

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Birth in Four Cultures: A Crosscultural Investigation of Childbirth in Yucatan, Holland, Sweden, and the United States

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may vary, but in general the NHS will cover home births – the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Health,

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Pang, J.; Heffelfinger, J.; Huang, G. (2002). "Outcomes of planned home births in Washington State: 1989–1996".

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review additionally found that several studies concluded that home births had a higher risk of failing

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counted home births where the mother was transferred to a hospital during labor as a hospital birth.

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Hutton, Eileen K; Reitsma, Angela; Simioni, Julia; Brunton, Ginny; Kaufman, Karyn (September 2019).

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Walsh, Denis; Newburn, Mary (September 2013). "Towards a social model of childbirth: part one".

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Hutton, Eileen; Reitsma, Angela; Simoni, Julia; Brunton, Ginny; Kaufman, Karyn (July 25, 2019).

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offence banning unregistered health practitioners from taking money for attending home births."

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rate for births at home was nearly three times Australia's with a rate of 2.5% and increasing.

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refer to giving birth, intentionally or otherwise, in a residence as opposed to a hospital.

2369:"It's a Long Walk: Lasting Effects of Maternity Ward Openings on Labour Market Performance" 276: 3673: 3388: 3283: 3152: 3044: 2933: 2882: 2818: 2789: 2474: 2177:. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. 22 March 2007. Archived from 1739: 1352:

Montagu, Dominic; Yamey G; Visconti A; Harding, April; Yoong, Joanne; Mock, Nancy (2011).

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Practicing as a direct-entry midwife was illegal in states shown here in red in 2006

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As of July 2012, all health professionals must show proof of liability insurance.

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the NHS will do all it can to support that woman in her choice of a home birth."

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Vernon, David (2007). "Men at Birth". Canberra: Australian College of Midwives.

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Ritual and Conflict: The Social Relations of Childbirth in Early Modern England

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Birthing on country can happen in rural areas as well as birthing in cities.

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mortality was not different when birth was intended at home or in hospital.

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American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Statement on Home Birth

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This experience is contrasted with a 1920s hospital birth by Adolf Weber:

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Midwifery and the Medicalization of Childbirth: Comparative Perspectives

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Modern scientific inquiry into home birth takes place in the fields of

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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and

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Ackerman-Liebrich, U; et al. (1996). "British Medical Journal".

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In October 2013 the largest study of this kind was published in the

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labour. After birth she and the baby are flown back to "country".

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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

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One doctor described birth in a working-class home in the 1920s:

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An attended or an unattended childbirth in a non-clinical setting

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Zielinski, Ruth; Ackerson, Kelly; Kane Low, Lisa (2015-04-08).

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MacDorman, Marian F.; Mathews, T.J.; Declercq, Eugene (2012).

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is a birth that takes place in a residence rather than in a

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American Congress of Obstetricians; Gynecologists (2011).

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The Manner Born: Birth Rites in Cross-Cultural Perspective

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Zielinski, Ruth; Ackerson, Kelly; Low, Lisa Kane (2015).

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Home birth was, until the advent of modern medicine, the

1547:"Planned home birth: benefits, risks, and opportunities" 794:"Planned home birth: benefits, risks, and opportunities" 1868:"Actress Kim Se-ah-I Makes Case for Natural Home Birth" 124: 54: 1850:"Home birth complications 'less common' than hospital" 310:, their spouse, family, friend, or a non-professional 1609:

Lachlan de Crespigny; Julian Savulescu (2014-01-22).

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National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence

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American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

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American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

1940:"Committee opinion, number 476:Planned home birth" 1870:. The Korean Movie and Drama Database. May 8, 2010 1660: 2657:. Australian College for Midwives. Archived from 454:. This contradicts a 2007 UK review study by the 367:into a nightdress which is not changed for days. 2509:"The right place to deliver: home or hospital?" 2490:"Planned home birth. Committee opinion no. 476" 2118: 2116: 527: 510:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 460: 373: 364: 2168:"Final Draft of Guideline on Intrapartum Care" 442:in newborns, as well as a delay in diagnosing 123:Please review the contents of the article and 2855: 2326:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2297:"Home Births in the United States, 1990–2009" 1520:. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. pp. 1301:"The Cost of Home Birth in the United States" 1126:Government, Northern Territory (2017-12-05). 679:27 states license or regulate in some manner 505:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 489:British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 43:The examples and perspective in this article 8: 2675:. Coroners Court of Victoria. Archived from 2345: 2343: 1938:Committee on obstetric practice (Feb 2011). 1738:Martin, JA; et al. (December 5, 2007). 2412: 2410: 2291: 2289: 2025:"Planning place of birth, Intrapartum care" 1604: 1602: 1600: 1190: 1188: 1109:Home Births in the United States, 1990–2009 3658: 3330: 3084: 2862: 2848: 2840: 2301:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1654: 1652: 924:. Prospect Heights, Ohio: Waveland Press. 497:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2778: 2776: 2140: 2129:Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health 1955: 1914: 1580: 1562: 1473:Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health 1414:Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health 1387: 1377: 1328: 1318: 1198:Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health 1168: 1058: 1048: 819: 809: 768: 702:Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health 81:Learn how and when to remove this message 2093:Goldstein, Samantha A. (June 17, 2005). 1128:"Pregnancy and birthing in remote areas" 2829:Care in Normal Birth: A practical guide 2761:"Hansard 12 Jan 2000 : Column 743" 2727:College Of Midwives Of British Columbia 2242:. NHS Knowledge Service. Archived from 2162: 2160: 1551:International Journal of Women's Health 798:International Journal of Women's Health 692: 467:A 2002 study of planned home births in 423:In 2014, a comprehensive review in the 333:Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health 2812:International Models of Maternity Care 2641:"Improving Maternity Services Package" 2470: 2459: 2373:The Review of Economics and Statistics 1246: 1235: 2783:Catherine Elton (September 4, 2010). 1810:"Australia's mothers and babies 2006" 993: 991: 514:National Center for Health Statistics 7: 2528:Birth as an American Rite of Passage 1747:CDC National Vital Statistics Report 1023:Igawa, Momoko; Kato, Makoto (2017). 479:and NICE report noted that usage of 3694:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth 2693:. The Age Newspaper. 24 March 2016. 2626:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1688:Granju, Katie Allison (June 1999). 1299:Anderson, D.; Gilkison, G. (2021). 2530:. University of California Press. 1450:"Homebirth: as Safe as Birth Gets" 516:. Given the study's findings, Dr. 25: 2265:"Committee Meeting Document 8585" 2001:. 24 January 2011. Archived from 1690:"The midwife of modern midwifery" 3699:Postpartum physiological changes 3399:Postpartum physiological changes 2924:Assisted reproductive technology 2240:"Home birth Safe as in hospital" 2210:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2009.02175.x 1772:Williams, Bobby; Richley, Anne. 1611:"Homebirth and the Future Child" 1266:Research in Nursing & Health 1170:10.1046/j.1523-536X.2003.00218.x 189: 97: 34: 3751:Adaptation to extrauterine life 3394:Maternal physiological changes 1828:New Zealand Ministry of Health 1781:www.northamptongeneral.nhs.uk/ 1452:. The Compleat Mother Magazine 1083:"What is Birthing on Country?" 998:Dragon, Natalie (2019-02-10). 893:Van Teijlingen, Edwin (2004). 609:Insurance and licensing issues 125:add the appropriate references 1: 2949:partner-assisted reproduction 2607:10.12968/bjom.2002.10.8.10592 2551:Martin, Emily (Spring 1991). 2064:10.1016/s0029-7844(02)02074-4 1740:"Births: Final Data for 2005" 1627:10.1136/medethics-2012-101258 565:Methods of scientific inquiry 522:Weill Cornell Medical College 280:Homebirth State Data 2009 Map 2595:British Journal of Midwifery 2526:Davis-Floyd, Robbie (2004). 2431:10.1016/0266-6138(94)90042-6 2271:. 2013-03-15. Archived from 2030:. RCOG Press. Archived from 1957:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31820eee20 1907:10.1016/j.eclinm.2019.07.005 1379:10.1371/journal.pone.0017155 1050:10.1371/journal.pone.0184311 945:Dundes, Lauren, ed. (2004). 761:10.1016/j.eclinm.2019.07.005 212:. They may be attended by a 3185:Traditional birth attendant 2827:World Health Organization, 2269:Oregon Legislative Assembly 2051:Obstetrics & Gynecology 1717:. Temple University Press. 1663:A History of Women's Bodies 1448:Cryns, Yvonne Lapp (1995). 110:reliable medical references 57:, discuss the issue on the 3838: 3417:Brain health and pollution 1427:10.1016/j.jmwh.2008.09.006 1211:10.1016/j.jmwh.2008.09.006 873:Collins English Dictionary 3630:Chorionic villus sampling 2982:Obstetric ultrasonography 2906:Pre-conception counseling 2494:Obstetrics and Gynecology 1615:Journal of Medical Ethics 918:Jordan, Brigitte (1992). 848:Oxford English Dictionary 660:Lord Hunt of King's Heath 477:Journal of Medical Ethics 436:Journal of Medical Ethics 426:Journal of Medical Ethics 116:or relies too heavily on 3520:Intrahepatic cholestasis 2825:General Aspects of Labor 1713:Craven, Christa (2010). 3590:Motor vehicle emissions 3451:Concomitant conditions 3425:environmental toxicants 3168:Auxiliary nurse midwife 2929:artificial insemination 2896:Natural family planning 2655:"National Registration" 1659:Edward Shorter (1982). 1320:10.3390/ijerph181910361 970:Wilson, Adrian (2016). 656:National Health Service 469:the state of Washington 314:, are sometimes called 3684:Postpartum confinement 2944:in vitro fertilisation 2705:"Midwifery in Ontario" 2469:Cite journal requires 2367:Lazuka, Volha (2022). 1774:"Homebirth Guidelines" 1514:Cassidy, Tina (2006). 1278:10.1002/nur.4770110306 676: 532: 465: 378: 369: 281: 233:History and philosophy 3679:Postpartum depression 3560:Pruritic folliculitis 3304:Unassisted childbirth 674: 279: 3786:Gravidity and parity 3766:Congenital disorders 3725:Lactation consultant 3595:Pre-existing disease 3274:Childbirth positions 3264:Rupture of membranes 2961:Unintended pregnancy 2939:fertility medication 2385:10.1162/rest_a_01134 2328:. September 17, 2013 1790:on 14 September 2014 1715:Pushing for Midwives 681:direct-entry midwife 340:developing countries 304:general practitioner 260:In the United States 63:create a new article 55:improve this article 45:may not represent a 3689:Sex after pregnancy 3496:Endocrine diseases 3442:Prenatal depression 3314:Placental expulsion 3232:Uterine contraction 3215:cervical effacement 2956:Fertility awareness 1564:10.2147/IJWH.S55561 1370:2011PLoSO...617155M 1041:2017PLoSO..1284311I 897:. Nova Publishers. 811:10.2147/IJWH.S55561 248:Birthing on country 3812:Natural childbirth 3465:Hypercoagulability 3294:Natural childbirth 3143:Postterm pregnancy 2901:Male contraceptive 2831:, Chapter 2, 1997. 2817:2010-11-11 at the 2797:on 6 October 2010. 2142:10.1111/jmwh.12172 2101:on August 30, 2008 1485:10.1111/jmwh.12209 1151:Vedam, S. (2003). 949:. AltaMira Press. 714:10.1111/jmwh.12092 677: 481:caesarean sections 415:Research on safety 411:are born at home. 397:Northern Territory 282: 3794: 3793: 3779:Obstetric history 3774: 3773: 3735:Confinement nanny 3648: 3647: 3515:Acute fatty liver 3322: 3321: 3210:cervical dilation 2679:on April 7, 2016. 2184:on 12 March 2012. 1950:(2 Pt 1): 425–8. 1895:eClinicalMedicine 1245:Missing or empty 749:eClinicalMedicine 628:medical indemnity 545:controlled trials 535:maternity wards. 198: 197: 174: 91: 90: 83: 65:, as appropriate. 16:(Redirected from 3829: 3659: 3625:Cardiotocography 3331: 3237:Vaginal delivery 3110:Nesting instinct 3085: 3070:Rudimentary horn 2999:Prenatal testing 2864: 2857: 2850: 2841: 2799: 2798: 2793:. 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Basic Books. 1658: 1657: 1650: 1621:(12): 807–812. 1608: 1607: 1598: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1532: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1470: 1469: 1465: 1455: 1453: 1447: 1446: 1442: 1410: 1409: 1405: 1351: 1350: 1346: 1298: 1297: 1293: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1244: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1226: 1194: 1193: 1186: 1150: 1149: 1145: 1136: 1134: 1125: 1124: 1120: 1112: 1105: 1104: 1100: 1091: 1089: 1081: 1080: 1076: 1035:(9): e0184311. 1022: 1021: 1017: 1008: 1006: 997: 996: 989: 982: 969: 968: 964: 957: 944: 943: 939: 932: 917: 916: 912: 905: 892: 891: 887: 877: 875: 867: 866: 862: 852: 850: 842: 841: 837: 791: 790: 786: 742: 741: 737: 699: 698: 694: 689: 669: 652: 643: 619: 611: 603:women's studies 567: 541: 417: 403:. In 2004, the 352: 327:hospital-borne 324: 312:birth attendant 302:, and rarely a 296: 287: 262: 250: 235: 226: 210:birthing center 194: 190: 185: 179: 176: 133: 122: 118:primary sources 102: 98: 87: 76: 70: 67: 52: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3835: 3833: 3825: 3824: 3822:Women's health 3819: 3814: 3809: 3799: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3788: 3782: 3780: 3776: 3775: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3720:Health visitor 3717: 3711: 3709: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3665: 3663: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3642: 3637: 3635:Nonstress test 3632: 3627: 3622: 3616: 3614: 3610: 3609: 3607: 3606: 3605: 3604: 3603: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3569: 3568: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3551:Skin diseases 3549: 3548: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3524: 3523: 3522: 3517: 3509: 3508: 3507: 3502: 3494: 3493: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3438: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3419: 3413: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3370: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3341:Amniotic fluid 3337: 3335: 3328: 3324: 3323: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3289:Multiple birth 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3260: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3223: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3190: 3188: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3171: 3170: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3139: 3138: 3128: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3095:Bradley method 3091: 3089: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2995: 2994: 2987:Pregnancy test 2984: 2979: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2966: 2964: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2952: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2920: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2887: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2869: 2867: 2866: 2859: 2852: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2832: 2822: 2807: 2806:External links 2804: 2801: 2800: 2772: 2752: 2732: 2714: 2711:on 2005-04-19. 2696: 2682: 2664: 2661:on 2011-07-06. 2646: 2632: 2612: 2601:(8): 476–481. 2585: 2572:10.1086/494680 2566:(3): 485–501. 2543: 2537:978-0520229327 2536: 2518: 2499: 2496:(117): 425–28. 2480: 2471:|journal= 2444: 2425:(3): 125–135. 2406: 2359: 2339: 2313: 2303:. January 2012 2285: 2256: 2231: 2204:(9): 1177–84. 2187: 2156: 2112: 2085: 2058:(2): 253–259. 2040: 2037:on 2012-03-12. 2016: 1986: 1944:Obstet Gynecol 1930: 1881: 1859: 1841: 1815: 1801: 1764: 1730: 1723: 1705: 1680: 1673: 1648: 1596: 1537: 1530: 1506: 1463: 1440: 1421:(2): 119–126. 1403: 1344: 1291: 1256: 1224: 1205:(2): 119–126. 1184: 1143: 1118: 1098: 1074: 1015: 987: 981:978-1138250598 980: 962: 956:978-0759102644 955: 937: 930: 910: 904:978-1594540318 903: 885: 860: 835: 784: 735: 708:(5): 494–501. 691: 690: 688: 685: 668: 665: 651: 650:United Kingdom 648: 642: 639: 618: 615: 610: 607: 566: 563: 550:cohort studies 540: 537: 518:Amos Grunebaum 512:(CDC) and the 416: 413: 385:Ina May Gaskin 351: 348: 323: 320: 295: 292: 286: 283: 269:0.50 percent. 261: 258: 249: 246: 234: 231: 225: 222: 196: 195: 188: 186: 105: 103: 96: 89: 88: 49:of the subject 47:worldwide view 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3834: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3787: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3742: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3730:Monthly nurse 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3706: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3651: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3620:Amniocentesis 3618: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3580:Vaginal flora 3578: 3576: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3471: 3470:Substance use 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3406: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3384:Fundal height 3382: 3380: 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