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spots consist of rather coarser grains of quartz than occur in the matrix. The frequency with which this feature reappears in the less altered slates and hornfels is rather remarkable, especially as it seems certain that the spots are not always of the same nature or origin. Tourmaline hornfels are found sometimes near the margins of tourmaline granites; they are black with small needles of
1218:
31:
420:
and permeating vapors, regenerating a rock mass without the production of fusion (at least on a large scale). It has been argued, however, that often there is extensive chemical change owing to the introduction of matter from the granite into the rocks surrounding it. The formation of new feldspar in
390:
and other igneous rocks a third type of hornfels is produced. They consist essentially of feldspar with hornblende (generally of brown color) and pale pyroxene. Sphene, biotite and iron oxides are the other common constituents, but these rocks show much variety of composition and structure. Where the
621:
hornfels, and an ultra-high-temperature sanidinite regime. The latter is sometimes regarded as a separate facies. Maximum pressures are around 2 kbar and temperatures are around 300-500 C for the albite-epidote hornfels facies, 500-650 C for the hornblende hornfels facies, 650-800 C for the pyroxene
102:
planes, this structure is effaced or rendered inoperative in the hornfels. Though many hornfels show vestiges of the original bedding, they break across this as readily as along it; in fact, they tend to separate into cubical fragments rather than into thin plates. Sheet minerals may be abundant but
276:
deposited. More commonly there is a distinct spotting, visible on the surfaces of the hand specimens. The spots are round or elliptical, and may be paler or darker than the rest of the rock. In some cases they are rich in graphite or carbonaceous matter; in others they are full of brown mica; some
271:
In the rocks of this group cordierite also occurs, not rarely, and may have the outlines of imperfect hexagonal prisms that are divided up into six sectors when seen in polarized light. In biotite hornfels, a faint striping may indicate the original bedding of the unaltered rock and corresponds to
215:
to build up well-individualized crystals. The regeneration of the rock has been sufficient to efface most of the original structures and to replace the former minerals more-or-less completely by new ones. But crystallization has been hampered by the solid condition of the mass and the new minerals
186:
The structure of the hornfels is very characteristic. Very rarely do any of the minerals show crystalline form, but the small grains fit closely together like the fragments of a mosaic; they are usually of nearly equal dimensions. This has been called pflaster or pavement structure from the
684:
in the hornblende facies, which in turn gives way to forsterite, orthopyroxene, augite, plagioclase, and aluminum spinel in the pyroxene hornfels facies. The sanidinite facies for this composition differs from the pyroxene hornfels facies only in the disappearance of aluminum spinel.
421:
the hornfelses is pointed out as evidence of this. While this felspathization may have occurred in a few localities, it seems conspicuously absent from others. Most authorities at the present time regard the changes as being purely of a physical and not of a chemical nature.
411:
that contain the same minerals as the hornfels, but have a schistose instead of a hornfels structure. Among these may be mentioned cordierite and sillimanite gneisses, andalusite and kyanite mica-schists, and those schistose calcite-silicate rocks that are known as
353:
often occur. These rocks are fine-grained, and though often banded, are tough and much harder than the original limestones. They are excessively variable in their mineralogical composition, and very often alternate in thin seams with biotite hornfels and indurated
203:, sillimanite or feldspar may appear in great numbers. Often the whole of the grains are rendered semi-opaque in this way. The minutest crystals may show traces of crystalline outlines; undoubtedly they are of new formation and have originated
399:
and other secondary minerals either in veins or in cavities, there are usually rounded areas or irregular streaks containing a suite of new minerals, which may resemble those of the calcium-silicate hornfelses above described. The original
416:. That these are sediments that have undergone thermal alteration is generally admitted, but the exact conditions under which they were formed are not always clear. The essential features of hornfelsing are ascribed to the action of heat,
114:
intrusions in the upper or middle crust. Hornfels formed from contact metamorphism by volcanic activity very close to the surface can produce unusual and distinctive minerals. Changes in composition caused by fluids given off by the
240:, sedimentary slates and shales yield biotite hornfels in which the most conspicuous mineral is biotite mica, the small scales of which are transparent under the microscope and have a dark reddish-brown color and strong
1152:
63:
masses and have been rendered massive, hard, splintery, and in some cases exceedingly tough and durable. These properties are caused by fine grained non-aligned crystals with platy or prismatic
605:
The hornfels facies occupies the portion of the metamorphic pressure-temperature space of lowest pressure and low to high temperature. It is subdivided into a low-temperature regime of
404:, fluidal, vesicular or fragmental structures of the igneous rock are clearly visible in the less advanced stages of hornfelsing, but become less evident as the alteration progresses.
248:
and iron oxides frequently occur in lesser quantity. In these biotite hornfels the minerals, which consist of aluminium silicates, are commonly found; they are usually andalusite and
657:, plagioclase, and characteristic trace garnet in the pyroxene hornfels facies and sanidinite facies, the latter two being indistinguishable for this composition of protolith.
154:
hornfels are often white, yellow, pale-green, brown and other colors. Green and dark-green are the prevalent tints of the hornfels produced by the alteration of
708:, cordierite, and orthopyroxene in the pyroxene hornfels facies. The sanidinite facies features quartz, plagioclase, sillimanite, cordierite, orthopyroxene,
71:, meaning "hornstone", because of its exceptional toughness and texture both reminiscent of animal horns. These rocks were referred to by miners in northern
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834:
1156:
407:
In some districts hornfelsed rocks occur that have acquired a schistose structure through shearing, and these form transitions to schists and
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1193:
825:
285:, there must have been some permeation of vapors from the granite into the sediments. Rocks of this group are often seen in the Cornish
158:. Although for the most part the constituent grains are too small to be determined by the unaided eye, there are often larger crystals (
981:
919:
67:, characteristic of metamorphism at high temperature but without accompanying deformation. The term is derived from the German word
891:
863:
935:
1127:
723:, quartz, tremolite, talc, and forsterite for the albite-epidote hornfels facies; calcite, dolomite, quartz, tremolite,
1092:
Stewart, F. H. (September 1942). "Chemical data on a silica-poor argillaceous hornfels and its constituent minerals".
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in thin sections, or it may be white with the cross-shaped dark enclosures of the matrix that are characteristic of
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629:. For a mafic protolith, the albite-epidote hornfels facies is characterized by albite and epidote or
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Hornfels have the ability to resonate when struck. Michael
Tellinger had described these stones in
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139:
107:
1977:
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727:, and forsterite for the hornblende hornfels facies; calcite, quartz, diposide, forsterite, and
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at a high temperature and in the solid state so that there was little freedom for the mineral
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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76:
997:
Harry, W. T. (December 1952). "Basic hornfels at a gabbro contact near
Carlingford, Eire".
731:
for the pyroxene hornfels facies; and calcite, quartz, diopside, forsterite, wollastonite,
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that under the microscope are dark brown and richly pleochroic. As the tourmaline contains
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1987:
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which occupies the lowest pressure portion of the metamorphic pressure-temperature space.
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in the albite-epidote facies; quartz, plagioclase, muscovite, biotite, cordierite, and
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358:. When perfused with boric and fluoric vapors from the granite they may contain much
244:. There is also quartz, and often a considerable amount of feldspar, while graphite,
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64:
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in the hornblende hornfels facies; and quartz, plagioclase, orthoclase, andalusite,
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are formless and have been unable to reject impurities, but have grown around them.
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858:. Harlow, Essex, England: Longman Scientific & Technical. pp. 12, 26.
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914:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 422, 428.
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scattered through the fine matrix, and these may become very prominent on the
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1206:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 710–711.
838:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 710–711.
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The actual minerals present in each facies depends on the composition of the
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For an ultramafic protolith, the albite-epidote facies is characterized by
268:. Sillimanite usually forms exceedingly minute needles embedded in quartz.
1217:
1063:"Graphitic hornfels dikes in the Ronda high-temperature peridotite massif"
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also known as "ring-stones" due to their ability to ring like a bell. The
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Most hornfels are fine-grained, and while the original rocks (such as
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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1128:"2014 Ancient Hidden Technology of the Annunaki (Fallen Angels)"
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Mineralogical
Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society
34:
A sample of banded hornfels, formed by contact metamorphism of
1038:
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in the hornblende hornfels facies, which in turn gives way to
286:
905:
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hornfels facies, and above 800 C for the sanidinite facies.
370:, but the altiminous silicates are absent from these rocks.
1153:"The Musical Stones of Skiddaw - Allerdale Borough Council"
886:(2nd ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. pp. 367, 512.
877:
875:
301:
hornfels that arise from the thermal alteration of impure
256:
appears also in hornfels, especially in those that have a
138:
hornfels) are dark-brown to black with a somewhat velvety
260:
character. The andalusite may be pink and is then often
207:. This leads us to believe that the whole rock has been
59:
rocks that have been baked and hardened by the heat of
884:
Petrology : igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
313:, but where there has been originally an admixture of
150:. Also, most common hornfels have a black streak. The
391:
original mass was decomposed and contained calcite,
2048:
1886:
1673:
1263:
771: – List of rock types recognized by geologists
317:or clay lime-bearing silicates are formed, such as
976:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 195.
849:
847:
845:
912:Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology
936:"Holwick Scar & Low Force : Pamphlet"
289:-mining districts, especially near the lodes.
1243:
191:may also enclose particles of the others; in
8:
910:Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009).
715:For a calcareous protolith, the sequence is
598:occupy the low pressure region of the space.
1250:
1236:
1228:
688:For a pelitic protolith, the sequence is
613:hornfels, a medium-temperature regime of
297:A second great group of hornfels are the
187:resemblance to rough pavement work. Each
1061:Dickey, John S.; Obata, Masaaki (1974).
882:Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. (1996).
856:An introduction to metamorphic petrology
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801:
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617:hornfels, a high-temperature regime of
7:
962:, Durham: Durham County Council p20
596:space. The various hornfels facies
272:small changes in the nature of the
106:Hornfels most commonly form in the
1155:. Allerdale.gov.uk. Archived from
228:Hornfels sample (Normandy, France)
25:
1130:. see from 43 min. Archived from
195:, for example, small crystals of
1216:
1176:
808:
641:. This gives way to hornblende,
434:
142:owing to the abundance of small
1042:Blatt and Tracy, p.378-380, 512
55:is the group name for a set of
1114:10.1180/minmag.1942.026.178.04
672:, and chlorite, giving way to
134:The most common hornfels (the
1:
958:Lawrence, D. J. D et al 2004
941:. Explorenorthpennines.org.uk
854:Yardley, Bruce W.D. (1989).
123:) sometimes take place. The
739:for the sanidinite facies.
2263:
974:Introduction to mineralogy
972:Nesse, William D. (2000).
27:Group of metamorphic rocks
1019:10.1017/S0016756800068114
960:Durham Geodiversity Audit
753:Musical Stones of Skiddaw
1303:Basaltic trachyandesite
1283:Alkali feldspar granite
1203:Encyclopædia Britannica
835:Encyclopædia Britannica
712:, and aluminum spinel.
103:are aligned at random.
588:Metamorphic facies in
229:
49:
1693:Banded iron formation
1225:at Wikimedia Commons
1067:American Mineralogist
345:, various feldspars,
227:
33:
759:made from hornfels.
755:are an example of a
1106:1942MinM...26..260S
1051:Yardley 1989, p.161
1011:1952GeoM...89..411H
999:Geological Magazine
743:Acoustic properties
178:faces of the rock.
57:contact metamorphic
2049:Specific varieties
1073:(11–12): 1183–1189
769:List of rock types
230:
129:metamorphic facies
50:
2247:Metamorphic rocks
2234:
2233:
1479:Nepheline syenite
1221:Media related to
1190:Flett, John Smith
822:Flett, John Smith
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305:. The purer beds
146:of shining black
61:intrusive igneous
16:(Redirected from
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2176:Rapakivi granite
1888:Metamorphic rock
1675:Sedimentary rock
1544:Quartz monzonite
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1100:(178): 260–266.
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125:hornfels facies
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2181:Rhomb porphyry
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1198:Chisholm, Hugh
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234:
231:
221:
218:
209:recrystallized
183:
180:
160:porphyroblasts
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2259:
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2227:
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2219:
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2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
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2202:
2199:
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2182:
2179:
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2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2141:Litchfieldite
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2106:Hyaloclastite
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
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1953:Litchfieldite
1951:
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1599:
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1532:
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1517:
1515:
1514:Phonotephrite
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
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1500:
1497:
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1492:
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1487:
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1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1419:Hyaloclastite
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
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1377:
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1368:
1365:
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1230:
1226:
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1219:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1185:public domain
1174:
1173:
1159:on 2010-06-19
1158:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1134:on 2016-08-09
1133:
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985:
983:9780195106916
979:
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931:
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923:
921:9780521880060
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867:
861:
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850:
848:
846:
842:
837:
836:
831:
827:
823:
818:
817:public domain
804:
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742:
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703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
683:
679:
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658:
656:
652:
651:orthopyroxene
648:
644:
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632:
628:
623:
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398:
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385:
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373:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
352:
349:, quartz and
348:
344:
341:; with these
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:recrystallize
304:
300:
299:calc–silicate
292:
290:
288:
284:
280:
275:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
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226:
219:
217:
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210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
181:
179:
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173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
156:igneous rocks
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
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126:
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118:
113:
109:
104:
101:
97:
93:
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80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
48:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
2151:Luxullianite
2131:Lapis lazuli
2076:Blue Granite
2003:Serpentinite
1978:Metapsammite
1935:
1728:Conglomerate
1650:Trondhjemite
1628:Trachybasalt
1569:Pantellerite
1469:Monzogranite
1414:Hornblendite
1399:Granodiorite
1265:Igneous rock
1215:
1201:
1161:. Retrieved
1157:the original
1147:
1136:. Retrieved
1132:the original
1122:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1075:. Retrieved
1070:
1066:
1056:
1047:
1002:
998:
992:
973:
967:
959:
954:
943:. Retrieved
930:
911:
883:
855:
833:
749:South Africa
746:
733:monticellite
729:wollastonite
714:
687:
659:
624:
604:
433:
406:
377:
296:
270:
236:
220:Compositions
204:
185:
133:
124:
121:metasomatism
105:
81:
68:
52:
51:
2040:Whiteschist
1931:Greenschist
1911:Cataclasite
1901:Amphibolite
1828:Phosphorite
1778:Itacolumite
1703:Calcarenite
1549:Quartzolite
1484:Nephelinite
1454:Lamprophyre
1409:Harzburgite
1367:Napoleonite
1340:Charnockite
1335:Carbonatite
1325:Blairmorite
1288:Anorthosite
706:sillimanite
643:plagioclase
633:with minor
594:temperature
482:Amphibolite
466:Pumpellyite
457:Greenschist
402:porphyritic
335:vesuvianite
266:chiastolite
250:sillimanite
201:iron oxides
199:, biotite,
2206:Teschenite
2191:Shonkinite
2166:Pietersite
2161:Novaculite
2071:Borolanite
2056:Adamellite
1973:Metapelite
1941:Calcflinta
1906:Blueschist
1896:Anthracite
1878:Wackestone
1858:Travertine
1803:Lumachelle
1783:Jaspillite
1738:Diamictite
1660:Websterite
1645:Troctolite
1621:Benmoreite
1581:Shonkinite
1554:Rhyodacite
1534:Pyroxenite
1504:Peridotite
1464:Lherzolite
1439:Kimberlite
1429:Ignimbrite
1424:Icelandite
1404:Granophyre
1313:Shoshonite
1163:2015-03-17
1138:2016-06-02
945:2015-03-17
893:0716724383
865:0582300967
776:References
757:lithophone
737:akermanite
710:sapphirine
702:andalusite
698:cordierite
674:forsterite
662:serpentine
635:actinolite
615:hornblende
495:Sanidinite
450:Blueschist
356:quartzites
351:actinolite
343:phlogopite
262:pleochroic
246:tourmaline
172:andalusite
164:cordierite
77:whetstones
36:sandstones
2221:Variolite
2211:Theralite
2201:Tachylite
2186:Rodingite
2156:Mangerite
2136:Larvikite
2121:Jasperoid
2116:Jadeitite
2081:Epidosite
2035:Tectonite
2028:Soapstone
1993:Quartzite
1963:Migmatite
1948:Itabirite
1926:Granulite
1868:Turbidite
1848:Sylvinite
1843:Siltstone
1833:Sandstone
1818:Oil shale
1798:Limestone
1773:Gritstone
1768:Greywacke
1763:Geyserite
1753:Evaporite
1743:Diatomite
1718:Claystone
1683:Argillite
1596:Tachylyte
1564:Comendite
1509:Phonolite
1499:Pegmatite
1474:Monzonite
1449:Lamproite
1444:Komatiite
1384:Foidolite
1345:Enderbite
1308:Mugearite
1192:(1911). "
1077:23 August
824:(1911). "
694:muscovite
682:magnetite
670:tremolite
627:protolith
477:Granulite
464:Prehnite-
388:andesites
339:scapolite
303:limestone
293:Carbonate
258:schistose
242:dichroism
213:molecules
182:Structure
176:weathered
96:limestone
84:sandstone
47:intrusion
18:Hornstone
2241:Category
2196:Taconite
2171:Pyrolite
2096:Ganister
2066:Aphanite
2061:Appinite
1983:Phyllite
1968:Mylonite
1936:Hornfels
1916:Eclogite
1813:Mudstone
1788:Laterite
1748:Dolomite
1665:Wehrlite
1640:Trachyte
1633:Hawaiite
1611:Tonalite
1606:Tephrite
1559:Rhyolite
1524:Porphyry
1494:Obsidian
1379:Essexite
1330:Boninite
1320:Basanite
1278:Andesite
1223:Hornfels
1194:Hornfels
826:Hornfels
763:See also
725:diopside
721:dolomite
639:chlorite
619:pyroxene
590:pressure
488:Hornfels
443:Eclogite
418:pressure
414:cipolins
409:gneisses
397:chlorite
393:zeolites
380:diabases
368:datolite
364:fluorite
319:diopside
274:sediment
197:graphite
144:crystals
117:magmatic
112:granitic
100:cleavage
69:Hornfels
53:Hornfels
2216:Unakite
2146:Llanite
2111:Ijolite
2086:Felsite
2018:Suevite
1853:Tillite
1793:Lignite
1733:Coquina
1698:Breccia
1591:Syenite
1519:Picrite
1434:Ijolite
1394:Granite
1362:Diorite
1357:Diabase
1273:Adakite
1200:(ed.).
1187::
1102:Bibcode
1007:Bibcode
832:(ed.).
819::
717:calcite
631:zoisite
611:epidote
472:Zeolite
384:basalts
360:axinite
347:pyrites
323:epidote
311:marbles
254:kyanite
233:Pelitic
205:in situ
189:mineral
136:biotite
127:is the
108:aureole
73:England
44:granite
2126:Kenyte
2101:Gossan
1998:Schist
1958:Marble
1921:Gneiss
1823:Oolite
1688:Arkose
1586:Sovite
1576:Scoria
1529:Pumice
1489:Norite
1459:Latite
1389:Gabbro
1374:Dunite
1352:Dacite
1298:Basalt
1293:Aplite
1196:". In
1181:
980:
918:
890:
862:
828:". In
813:
735:, and
690:quartz
678:spinel
655:augite
647:garnet
607:albite
425:Facies
331:sphene
327:garnet
279:schorl
252:, but
193:quartz
168:garnet
140:luster
119:body (
65:habits
40:shales
2091:Flint
2013:Slate
2008:Skarn
1873:Varve
1838:Shale
1758:Flint
1713:Chert
1708:Chalk
939:(PDF)
378:From
374:Mafic
283:boron
238:Clays
162:) of
92:slate
88:shale
42:by a
1863:Tufa
1808:Marl
1723:Coal
1655:Tuff
1079:2020
978:ISBN
916:ISBN
888:ISBN
860:ISBN
680:and
666:talc
637:and
547:1000
514:(°C)
506:kbar
366:and
337:and
315:sand
152:lime
148:mica
94:and
38:and
2226:Wad
1110:doi
1015:doi
544:900
541:800
538:700
535:600
532:500
529:400
526:300
523:200
520:100
309:as
287:tin
170:or
110:of
75:as
2243::
1108:.
1098:26
1096:.
1071:59
1069:.
1065:.
1027:^
1013:.
1003:89
1001:.
902:^
874:^
844:^
784:^
719:,
668:,
664:,
653:,
580:20
577:18
574:16
571:14
568:12
565:10
395:,
386:,
382:,
362:,
333:,
329:,
325:,
321:,
166:,
90:,
86:,
79:.
1251:e
1244:t
1237:v
1166:.
1141:.
1116:.
1112::
1104::
1081:.
1021:.
1017::
1009::
986:.
948:.
924:.
896:.
868:.
609:-
592:-
562:8
559:6
556:4
553:2
550:0
517:0
512:T
508:)
504:(
501:P
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
