455:. His study concluded that women were still able to form a strong bond with their children despite working full-time outside the home. Also, women working full-time were often more engaged with their children on a day-to-day basis than their male counterparts. His study concluded that in a family with a stay-at-home dad arrangement, the maternal and paternal influences are equally strong. This contrasts with the more traditional family structure where the father works outside the home and the mother stays home with the children. In this type of arrangement, the mother's influence is extremely strong, whereas the father's is relatively small. The study found that both parents play an equal role in a child's development, but the stay-at-home dad arrangement is the most beneficial for the child.
497:'s Department for Families and Children's Services shows that men consider childcare to be far more important than a paycheck. Of 600 dads surveyed, a majority said their most important role was to "show love and affection" to kids. "Safety and protection" came next, followed by "moral guidance", "taking time to play", and "teaching and encouraging". "Financial care" finished last. Many men are now becoming more involved in their children's lives, and, because of that, many men now have a better understanding of what life is like for their child growing up in modern society.
538:
fathers were on average older (45 years old) than fathers in single-earner families (40 years old) and dual-earner families (41 years old). However, as was the case for stay-at-home mothers, stay-at-home fathers were more likely to have lower levels of education. In 2015, 42 percent had a high school diploma or less. In comparison, 31 percent of single-earner fathers and 25 percent of dual-earner fathers had similar levels of education.
672:
640:
approximately 2.7 percent of the nation's stay-at-home parents. This is triple the percentage from 1997, and has been consistently higher each year since 2005. In 2006, stay-at-home dads were caring for approximately 245,000 children; 63 percent of stay-at-home dads had two or more children. These statistics only account for married stay-at-home dads; there are other children being cared for by
623:). In the early 1990s, an estimated 600,000–900,000 people perished in the famine, which was largely a product of the North Korean government's unwillingness to reform the economy, and the old system began to fall apart. In some cases women began by selling household items they could do without, or homemade food. Today at least three-quarters of North Korean market vendors are women.'
420:
encourage them to manage their frustration. This helps the children learn to deal with stress and frustration. A long-term study Pruett conducted proved that a father's active involvement with his children, from birth to adolescence, promotes greater emotional balance, stronger curiosity and a stronger sense of self-assurance in the child.
554:. However, a survey conducted in 2008 in Japan suggested that nearly one-third of married men would accept the role. The Japanese government passed a law in April 1992 allowing time off following the birth of a child for both male and female employees. In 1996, 0.16 percent of Japanese fathers took time off of work to raise children. In
312:. In this regard, they contribute financially to the family while also acting as the primary caregiver of the family's children. Differences in parents' schedules can also account for some of the stay-at-home dads. Sometimes the father works odd work shifts while the mother has a typical nine-to-five work schedule.
519:
show that approximately 7 percent of two-parent families with children under the age of 14 have a father who is unemployed and a mother who works full-time. Stay-at-home dads in
Australia have almost doubled over the past decade—from 57,900 to 106,000—and is expected to increase in the future. Recent
480:
for the child or children. Thus, she can advance her career and provide more money for the family. It puts a sound mind for the mother knowing that the child/children are at a safe place with the father having the same safety and values as the mother. These are the same advantages for the father from
475:
of finding acceptable childcare, checking backgrounds, and paying for care. This arrangement also can help ensure that the family's values are being upheld and instilled in the children. Free from the stress of childcare, the working mother is able to actively pursue their career. This allows for a
300:
works outside the home. The decision to use a stay-at-home dad arrangement is most commonly due to economic reasons. At the same time, women are progressing into higher-paying jobs. There are now financial ramifications in deciding whether the mother or father should become the stay-at-home parent.
537:
in
October 1990 which granted paid leave for fathers for the purpose of primary caregiving. According to Statscan, in 1976, stay-at-home fathers accounted for approximately 1 in 70 of all Canadian families with a stay-at-home parent. By 2015, the proportion had risen to about 1 in 10. Stay-at-home
276:
instead of residing in the city, the number of two-income families began to increase, and grown children began to remain at home longer because of financial difficulties. Gradually, women began re-entering the workforce. This progression away from the traditional view of the woman as the homemaker
570:
Beginning in the 2000s, the stay-at-home dad began to emerge as a role in China, though some remain uncomfortable with the way the role changes traditional family dynamics. Customs in China suggest that men must be the heads of their households. Stereotyping is an issue for stay-at-home dads, who
332:
males who marry a younger woman decide to become stay-at-home dads while their wives work because they want a "second chance" to watch a child grow up in a second or third marriage. Additionally, more career and lifestyle options are accepted and prevalent in
Western society. There are also fewer
364:
Still, many men struggle to find acceptance within the role of stay-at-home dad despite the many gains that have been made. Many worry about losing business skills and their "professional place in line". There is a common misconception that stay-at-home dads cannot get a job and therefore must
532:
in Canada. This shift increased father participation in family tasks that used to primarily be the responsibility of the mother. Beginning in the late 20th century, parental roles began to become less traditional, and the stay-at-home dad arrangement began to become more common. The number of
419:
between 7 and 30 months responded more favourably to being picked up by their fathers. Pruett also found that a father's parenting style is beneficial for a child's physical, cognitive, emotional and behavioural development. Mothers reassure toddlers when they become frustrated, while fathers
639:
In 2008, an estimated 140,000 married fathers worked in the home as their children's primary caregivers while their wives worked outside the home to provide for the family. This number was less than the previous two years, according to the US Census Bureau. In 2007, stay-at-home dads made up
571:
sometimes prefer not to tell others about their family arrangement. Traditional ideas promote criticism of "woman-like" men, and many feel that they would face humiliation and criticism for being stay-at-home dads. Others suppose they would be looked at as having a wife that is "too strong".
514:
since the 1980s, with 80,000 recorded in 2016. In 2003, 91 percent of fathers with children aged under 15 years were employed, with 85 percent employed full-time. Because of this, there are few role models or resources that can help
Australian fathers with the stay-at-home dad role. The
520:
sociological studies have shown that men are dedicating more time and support to their children in comparison to the 19th century. Until recently, the idea of a stay-at-home dad was far from mainstream; however, the rising demand for female work has influenced this statistic to rise.
323:
without regard to traditional gender-based roles. Some men who choose this role may do so because they enjoy being an active part of their children's lives, while in other families, the mother wants to pursue her career. For example, of the 187 participants at
423:
Additional studies show that during the first five years of a child's life, the father's role is more influential than the mother's in how the child learns to manage his or her body, navigate social circumstances, and play. Furthermore, a 1996 study by
476:
more relaxed working environment for the mother and allows her to focus on her career. If the mother has a higher-paying job, this extra income will allow for savings to be made for the children; these savings could help the mother later on pay for
436:, that in general, children with stay-at-home dads develop attachments at infancy. The study further concluded that fathers who spent time alone bonding with their children more than twice per week brought up the most compassionate
119:
In the late 20th century, the number of stay-at-home dads began gradually increasing especially in developed
Western nations. The role of househusband became more socially acceptable by the 2000s, though the role is subject to many
205:
to support their families. As a result, husbands and wives began operating in separate spheres of activity. The husband became the "breadwinner" by going out and working, while the wife stayed home and took care of the family.
260:
rates also reached a new high during this period. Not only had many women found a new sense of independence, but cultural shifts were underway, including the rise of feminism and the development of reliable methods of
1385:
301:
In cases where the woman is the higher-paid parent, it makes more economic sense for her to continue to work while the man takes on the caregiver role. It also makes sense at times the mother's job offers
184:
was a thriving business. Typical slave families consisted of one or two children. Women were primarily the head of the families, either because the fathers had died or had been separated from the family.
328:
magazine's Most
Powerful Women in the Business Summit, one-third of the women's husbands were stay-at-home dads. Families vary widely in terms of how household chores are divided. Some
387:
The role of stay-at-home dad may be difficult for men who feel as though they had no option. It is hard for these men to adapt from being a financial provider in the family to being a
47:
1306:
Braiker, B., Kuchment, A., & Dy, C. (2007, October 8). Just Don't Call Me Mr. Mom. Newsweek, 150(15), 52-55. Retrieved July 28, 2009, from
Academic Search Premier database.
1701:
272:" in America. This period was also called the "Golden '50s". This was credited to families trying to make up lost time after the war. As a result, many families moved to the
1513:
1361:
128:
found two million men to be stay-at-home dads in the United States. The stay-at-home dad was more regularly portrayed in the media by the 2000s, especially in the US.
533:
stay-at-home dads increased by three percent points between 1976 and 1998, and the average age of a stay-at-home dad in Canada is 42. A bill was passed in by the
648:
couples. Also, it is difficult to ascertain how many of these stay-at-home dads have accepted the role voluntarily, and how many have been forced into it by the
1664:
305:
for the family whereas the father's does not. It has also been shown that if the "pregnancy was jointly planned", the father is more likely to be involved.
1343:
1645:
wrote by Andrei Lankov (a professor in South Korea national
University) in a Chinese-English Translate Web (cuyoo.com):Pyongyang’s Women Wear The Pants
1188:
201:
production. As this rapid transition took place, families lost many of their production functions. Instead, family members had to work outside the
235:
432:
is paternal involvement in childcare". Children that have a strong paternal influence have more nurturing abilities. It has been researched in
142:
289:
culture, especially in Canada, the UK, and the United States since the late 20th century. In developed East Asian nations such as Japan and
124:, and men may have difficulties accessing parenting benefits, communities, and services targeted at mothers. A 2014 report released by the
863:
1316:
296:
There are several reasons why some families feel that it would be more beneficial for the father to be the primary caregiver while the
319:
roles began to become less prominent in the
Western world starting in the late 20th century, allowing men to make their own choice of
46:
1647:
252:
began to fill jobs with women, mainly in nontraditional positions. This increase in working women became one of the few times in
1403:
Stevens, Emily (2015). "Understanding discursive barriers to involved fatherhood: the case of
Australian stay-at-home fathers".
516:
222:
devoted more attention to children. At the beginning of the 20th century, married couples began to emphasize the importance of
1767:
1705:
1017:
986:
31:
1857:
1852:
1818:
1616:
408:
role in a child's life and benefits of the stay-at-home dad. Children respond differently to males and females at birth.
84:. As families have evolved, the practice of being a stay-at-home dad has become more common and socially acceptable. Pre-
1727:
248:
had a significant impact on changing family roles. Because of the draft, workers were scarce in many industries and
1862:
227:
1867:
1213:
234:, which forced many women into the workplace in order to compensate for lack of financial stability. In 1932, a
391:. Men who willingly choose to become a stay-at-home dad are much more satisfied with their role in the family.
1438:
1192:
1040:
730:
1847:
800:
529:
194:
97:
96:
began devoting more attention to children and family relationships became more open. Beginning with the
38:
1489:
380:
One 2002 study by the American Heart Association suggested stay-at-home dads may face a higher risk of
1603:
656:
industries suffered significant losses and many previously employed men entered periods of prolonged
1837:
1167:"The Stay At Home Dad Oasis - Resources, Information, Connections, and Community for involved dads"
690:
685:
587:. Whilst some 30 percent of married women of working age were allowed to stay at home as full-time
534:
125:
242:. This resulted in many women being forced to resign allowing their husbands to continue working.
1420:
173:
1386:"Stay-at-home dad numbers almost doubled in last decade, Australian Bureau Statistics data show"
700:
1842:
1784:
1672:
1578:
1507:
1355:
1013:
1009:
1003:
982:
444:
425:
223:
169:
105:
85:
1281:
Frank, Robert. The Role of the Primary Caregiving Father. Loyola University of Chicago, 1995.
1127:
Cowan, Carolyn Pape, et al. "Encouraging strong relationships between fathers and children."
1110:
909:
1776:
1412:
612:
584:
482:
472:
452:
357:. In order to find support for their choice, these men have created and joined many support
302:
231:
197:
led to extensive mechanization, resulting in a shift from home manufacturing to large-scale
1528:
1374:
Vernon, David. "Stay at Home Dad Struggles with Empathy. Naturalparenting.com 29 July 2009.
528:
Over a 20-year period during the late 20th century, there was an increase in the number of
1822:
1755:
1651:
978:
972:
649:
101:
1644:
725:
715:
677:
608:
559:
451:, conducted a study comparing households with a stay-at-home dad and households with a
358:
230:
along with more adolescent freedom. The transition of the family was influenced by the
146:
104:
replaced the manufacturing of home goods; this shift dictated that the man become the
1831:
1424:
1342:
Statistics, c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=Australian Bureau of (2006-07-20).
902:
859:
720:
695:
641:
620:
381:
286:
262:
181:
89:
876:
657:
604:
463:
The stay-at-home dad arrangement allows the mother to work without having to use a
245:
157:. Colonial families existed to serve six main functions: self-sufficient business,
1553:
1416:
558:, about 5,000 men were stay-at-home dads in 2007. Even so, stay-at-home dads face
846:
653:
592:
580:
555:
551:
412:
350:
309:
290:
154:
153:
initially; because of high infant mortality rates, only a few children survived
1794:
1759:
345:
Depending on the country or region, a stay-at-home dad might find more or less
1812:
1624:
671:
667:
588:
477:
354:
329:
239:
121:
1788:
1676:
226:
and compatibility in their relationships. This led to more intimate and open
17:
1617:"a Chinese-English translation web (译言网）:Will Chinese women rule the world?"
974:
Daddy's gone to war: The Second World War in the lives of America's children
943:
Women's work and the economic crisis: Some lessons from the Great Depression
710:
705:
547:
511:
494:
388:
374:
269:
249:
215:
149:
was the most common family form. Typical families consisted of five or more
113:
81:
77:
69:
265:. Such changes caused some women to decide to end their unhappy marriages.
1760:"Husbandry: A (Feminist) Reclamation of Masculine Responsibility for Care"
1780:
448:
405:
353:
roles prevail, a stay-at-home dad might be shunned by stay-at-home moms'
631:
According to a 2022 article, 105,000 British men are stay-at-home dads.
1665:"Number of stay-at-home dads in UK up by a third since before pandemic"
464:
429:
416:
273:
257:
253:
238:
executive order stated that only one spouse could work for the federal
214:
The modern family is commonly thought to have originated in the 1830s:
198:
177:
162:
1297:
Tucker, Patrick. "Stay At Home Dad's." The Futurist Sept. 2005: 12-13.
404:
There have been many studies done which suggest the importance of the
1604:
Full-time Househusband Challenges China's Traditional Family Dynamics
1259:
Frank, Robert A. "The Role of the Primary Caregiving Father." (1995).
1221:
1044:
616:
600:
437:
428:
found that the "single most important childhood factor in developing
366:
346:
334:
320:
316:
297:
219:
158:
109:
93:
88:, the family worked together as a unit and was self-sufficient. When
65:
471:. This arrangement prevents the mother from having to deal with the
80:
of the household. The female equivalent is the stay-at-home mom or
50:
A stay-at-home dad taking care of children in the American Midwest
596:
468:
150:
73:
45:
1096:
Stay-At-Home Dads: The Essential Guide to Creating the New Family
1317:"The Importance of Fathers and How They Shape Child Development"
843:
Embattled paradise: The American family in an age of uncertainty
370:
202:
218:
became more open, marriages were often based on affection, and
645:
583:
state required every able-bodied adult to be employed by some
1189:"Beyond tantrum control: Stay-at-home dads face health risks"
1166:
1151:
Marriages & Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints.
285:
Stay-at-home dads have been seen in increasing numbers in
1663:
Topping, Alexandra; García, Carmen Aguilar (2022-12-25).
411:
A study conducted by a United States child psychiatrist,
277:
led to the creation of the role of the stay-at-home dad.
161:, vocational institute, church, house of correction, and
1807:
1488:
Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (2016-09-29).
731:
Sociology of the family § Sociology of fatherhood
37:"SAHD" redirects here. For the biblical movement, see
904:
A little commonwealth: Family life in Plymouth colony
562:
from stay-at-home mothers, and are often ostracized.
384:. The reasons for the health risk are not specified.
510:
Stay-at-home dads have been gradually increasing in
256:
where women were praised for work outside the home.
30:"House husband" redirects here. For other uses, see
1606:. 21 July 2006. People's Daily Online. 29 July 2009
1475:"Stay-at-Home Dads"=Perspectives Spring, 1999: 9-15
1111:"Working Women Say Their Marriage Is Richer For It"
550:countries, which generally have strict traditional
1529:"Househusband not a bad gig, one-third of men say"
1214:"Kyle Pruett Talks About Fatherhood | SparkAction"
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
960:. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 77.
901:
591:(less than some countries in the same region like
650:economic crisis of the late 2000s and early 2010s
172:to reach America were initially brought over as
27:Father who is the main caregiver of his children
1728:"Stay-at-Home Dads Forge New Identities, Roles"
1005:Marriage a history: How love conquered marriage
928:Persistent myths about the Afro-American family
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
825:. New York: American Book Company. p. 38.
1696:
1694:
1692:
977:. New York: Oxford University Press. p.
908:. New York: Oxford University Press. p.
652:, during which a great number of mostly-male
8:
1512:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1360:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1344:"Chapter - Fathers' Work and Family Balance"
823:The family from institution to companionship
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1270:The role of the father in child development
434:The Role of the Father in Child Development
349:support for his decision. In regions where
1547:
1545:
1490:"Changing profile of stay-at-home parents"
836:
834:
832:
281:Increase in popularity in the 21st century
210:Transition to modern family (1900–present)
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1161:
1159:
1153:New Jersey: Pearson Educations Inc., 2008
866:Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.
816:
814:
812:
810:
1573:
1571:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
958:Women in modern America: a brief history
921:
919:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
790:
788:
786:
782:
742:
546:Stay-at-home dads are not prevalent in
1814:Growing Shift in Parental Gender Roles
1505:
1353:
930:. New York: St. Martin's. p. 460.
7:
1579:"She brings home bacon, he cooks it"
797:World revolution and family patterns
333:restrictions on what constitutes a
25:
1109:Parker-Pope, Tara (18 May 2018).
877:"Statistics on Stay-At-Home Dads"
1808:The National At-Home Dad Network
1726:Shaver, Katherine (2007-06-17).
670:
293:, this practice is less common.
1581:. JoongAng Daily. November 2007
517:Australian Bureau of Statistics
447:at Oakton Community College in
1768:Cambridge Journal of Economics
1272:. John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
1187:Rowland, Rhonda (2002-04-25).
32:House Husband (disambiguation)
1:
1527:Kato, Mariko (Jan 14, 2009).
1417:10.1080/13229400.2015.1020989
1008:. New York: Penguin. p.
443:Robert Frank, a professor of
189:Industrialization (1800–1900)
51:
1704:. Census.gov. Archived from
1554:"Dad Takes Child-care Leave"
1384:Walsh, Liz (28 March 2013).
881:National At-Home Dad Network
619:, about the same as today's
1250:Michigan: Free Press, 2000.
1884:
1702:"US Census Press Releases"
1098:. New York: Penguin Group.
795:Goode, W. J. (1963).
36:
29:
1405:Journal of Family Studies
132:Evolution of family roles
90:affection-based marriages
1149:Benokraitis, Nijole V.
579:Until around 1990, the
180:. By the 19th century,
1268:Lamb, Michael E., ed.
530:women in the workforce
493:A survey conducted by
143:colonial United States
92:emerged in the 1830s,
57:
1552:Mutsumi, Ota (1999).
1473:Marshall, Katherine.
1191:. CNN. Archived from
841:Skolnick, A. (1991).
195:Industrial Revolution
176:, but instead became
137:Pre-industrialization
98:Industrial Revolution
76:and is generally the
49:
39:Stay-at-home daughter
1858:Gender role reversal
1853:Stay-at-home parents
1494:www150.statcan.gc.ca
1094:Gill, Libby (2001).
941:Milkman, R. (1976).
821:Burgess, E. (1963).
365:rewrite the typical
1218:www.sparkaction.org
1002:Coontz, S. (2005).
971:Tuttle, W. (1993).
956:Banner, L. (1984).
926:Gutman, H. (1983).
759:stay-at-home father
691:Stay-at-home mother
686:Stay-at-home parent
535:Canadian government
369:roles, forcing the
174:indentured servants
126:Pew Research Center
116:of their children.
1821:2011-06-04 at the
1781:10.1093/cje/bev060
1732:washingtonpost.com
1650:2014-04-23 at the
1443:www.huggies.com.au
1129:Working Strategies
1115:The New York Times
1041:"Connect for Kids"
900:Demos, J. (1970).
753:. Also known as a
308:Many men are also
58:
1863:Sociology of work
445:child development
426:McGill University
268:The 1950s saw a "
224:sexual attraction
170:African Americans
86:industrialization
16:(Redirected from
1875:
1868:Family economics
1792:
1764:
1756:Nelson, Julie A.
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1708:on July 10, 2009
1698:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1660:
1654:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1623:. Archived from
1613:
1607:
1601:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1575:
1566:
1565:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1511:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1470:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1439:"Stay home dads"
1435:
1429:
1428:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1351:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1282:
1279:
1273:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1246:Pruett, Kyle D.
1244:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1220:. Archived from
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1163:
1154:
1147:
1132:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1091:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1043:. Archived from
1037:
1024:
1023:
999:
993:
992:
968:
962:
961:
953:
947:
946:
938:
932:
931:
923:
914:
913:
907:
897:
891:
890:
888:
887:
873:
867:
857:
851:
850:
838:
827:
826:
818:
805:
804:
792:
770:
755:full-time father
747:
680:
675:
674:
613:Nordic countries
585:state enterprise
483:stay-at-home mom
453:stay-at-home mom
232:Great Depression
68:who is the main
62:stay-at-home dad
56:
53:
21:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1828:
1827:
1823:Wayback Machine
1804:
1762:
1754:
1751:
1749:Further reading
1746:
1745:
1736:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1711:
1709:
1700:
1699:
1690:
1681:
1679:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1652:Wayback Machine
1643:
1639:
1630:
1628:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1602:
1593:
1584:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1558:Japan Quarterly
1551:
1550:
1543:
1534:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1504:
1498:
1496:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1472:
1471:
1456:
1447:
1445:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1352:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1225:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1198:
1196:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1172:
1170:
1169:. AtHomeDad.org
1165:
1164:
1157:
1148:
1135:
1126:
1122:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1093:
1092:
1059:
1050:
1048:
1039:
1038:
1027:
1020:
1001:
1000:
996:
989:
970:
969:
965:
955:
954:
950:
940:
939:
935:
925:
924:
917:
899:
898:
894:
885:
883:
875:
874:
870:
858:
854:
840:
839:
830:
820:
819:
808:
794:
793:
784:
779:
774:
773:
749:Abbreviated as
748:
744:
739:
701:Father's rights
676:
669:
666:
637:
629:
577:
568:
544:
526:
508:
503:
491:
461:
402:
397:
343:
303:health benefits
283:
212:
191:
139:
134:
102:mass production
54:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1881:
1879:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1810:
1803:
1802:External links
1800:
1799:
1798:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1718:
1688:
1655:
1637:
1608:
1591:
1567:
1541:
1519:
1480:
1454:
1430:
1395:
1390:The Advertiser
1376:
1367:
1348:www.abs.gov.au
1334:
1308:
1299:
1283:
1274:
1261:
1252:
1234:
1205:
1179:
1155:
1133:
1131:8.4 (2005): 2.
1120:
1101:
1057:
1025:
1018:
994:
987:
963:
948:
933:
915:
892:
868:
864:Do Men Mother?
852:
828:
806:
781:
780:
778:
775:
772:
771:
741:
740:
738:
735:
734:
733:
728:
726:Parental leave
723:
718:
716:Nursing father
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
682:
681:
678:Society portal
665:
662:
642:single fathers
636:
633:
628:
627:United Kingdom
625:
609:Mainland China
576:
573:
567:
564:
560:discrimination
543:
540:
525:
522:
507:
504:
502:
499:
490:
489:For the father
487:
460:
459:For the mother
457:
413:Kyle D. Pruett
401:
398:
396:
393:
342:
339:
310:remote workers
282:
279:
211:
208:
190:
187:
147:nuclear family
138:
135:
133:
130:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1880:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1848:Terms for men
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1795:Working paper
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1719:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1641:
1638:
1627:on 2014-07-04
1626:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1531:. Japan Times
1530:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1481:
1476:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1323:. 4 June 2024
1322:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1224:on 2016-03-03
1223:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1195:on 2008-07-06
1194:
1190:
1183:
1180:
1168:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1047:on 2010-08-17
1046:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:
998:
995:
990:
984:
980:
976:
975:
967:
964:
959:
952:
949:
945:. p. 73.
944:
937:
934:
929:
922:
920:
916:
911:
906:
905:
896:
893:
882:
878:
872:
869:
865:
861:
860:Andrea Doucet
856:
853:
849:. p. 93.
848:
844:
837:
835:
833:
829:
824:
817:
815:
813:
811:
807:
803:. p. 60.
802:
798:
791:
789:
787:
783:
776:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
746:
743:
736:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
721:Paternal bond
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
696:Double burden
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
683:
679:
673:
668:
663:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
635:United States
634:
632:
626:
624:
622:
621:United States
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
574:
572:
565:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
541:
539:
536:
531:
523:
521:
518:
513:
505:
500:
498:
496:
488:
486:
485:arrangement.
484:
479:
474:
470:
466:
458:
456:
454:
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
421:
418:
415:, found that
414:
409:
407:
400:For the child
399:
394:
392:
390:
385:
383:
382:heart disease
378:
376:
372:
368:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
341:Disadvantages
340:
338:
336:
331:
327:
322:
318:
313:
311:
306:
304:
299:
294:
292:
288:
280:
278:
275:
271:
266:
264:
263:birth control
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:relationships
225:
221:
217:
209:
207:
204:
200:
196:
188:
186:
183:
182:slave trading
179:
175:
171:
166:
165:institution.
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
136:
131:
129:
127:
123:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
18:House husband
1813:
1772:
1766:
1735:. Retrieved
1731:
1721:
1710:. Retrieved
1706:the original
1680:. Retrieved
1669:The Guardian
1668:
1658:
1640:
1629:. Retrieved
1625:the original
1620:
1611:
1583:. Retrieved
1561:
1557:
1533:. Retrieved
1522:
1497:. Retrieved
1493:
1483:
1474:
1446:. Retrieved
1442:
1433:
1411:(1): 22–37.
1408:
1404:
1398:
1389:
1379:
1370:
1347:
1337:
1325:. Retrieved
1320:
1311:
1302:
1277:
1269:
1264:
1255:
1247:
1226:. Retrieved
1222:the original
1217:
1208:
1197:. Retrieved
1193:the original
1182:
1171:. Retrieved
1150:
1128:
1123:
1114:
1104:
1095:
1049:. Retrieved
1045:the original
1004:
997:
973:
966:
957:
951:
942:
936:
927:
903:
895:
884:. Retrieved
880:
871:
855:
845:. New York:
842:
822:
799:. New York:
796:
767:househusband
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
745:
658:unemployment
638:
630:
605:Soviet Union
603:, more than
581:North Korean
578:
569:
552:gender roles
545:
527:
509:
492:
462:
442:
433:
422:
410:
403:
386:
379:
363:
344:
325:
314:
307:
295:
284:
267:
246:World War II
244:
213:
192:
167:
140:
118:
61:
59:
43:
1775:(1): 1–15.
1564:(1): 83–89.
1248:Fatherneed.
847:Basic Books
654:blue-collar
593:South Korea
575:North Korea
556:South Korea
355:peer groups
351:traditional
291:South Korea
155:adolescence
122:stereotypes
106:breadwinner
55: 2000
1838:Fatherhood
1832:Categories
1816:- ABC News
1737:2009-07-19
1712:2009-07-19
1682:2023-10-06
1631:2013-07-03
1621:yeeyan.org
1585:2009-07-30
1535:2009-07-30
1499:2018-11-17
1448:2016-05-16
1228:2016-03-22
1199:2009-01-20
1173:2009-01-20
1051:2009-07-29
1019:067003407X
988:0195049055
886:2016-05-16
801:Free Press
777:References
589:housewives
548:East Asian
501:Prevalence
478:university
395:Advantages
240:government
168:The first
1789:1464-3545
1677:0261-3077
1425:143399364
763:house dad
711:Masculism
706:Housewife
542:East Asia
512:Australia
506:Australia
495:Minnesota
481:having a
389:homemaker
375:workforce
373:into the
270:baby boom
250:employers
216:courtship
114:caregiver
82:housewife
78:homemaker
70:caregiver
1843:Marriage
1819:Archived
1758:(2016).
1648:Archived
1508:cite web
1356:cite web
862:, 2006.
664:See also
449:Illinois
406:paternal
359:networks
151:children
108:and the
74:children
1321:DadShop
465:daycare
430:empathy
417:infants
330:retired
326:Fortune
287:Western
274:suburbs
258:Divorce
254:history
236:federal
220:parents
199:factory
163:welfare
141:In the
94:parents
72:of the
1787:
1675:
1423:
1327:4 June
1016:
985:
617:Sweden
601:Taiwan
524:Canada
473:stress
438:adults
367:family
347:social
335:family
321:career
317:gender
315:Fixed
298:mother
178:slaves
159:school
145:, the
110:mother
66:father
1763:(PDF)
1421:S2CID
765:, or
737:Notes
615:like
597:Japan
566:China
469:nanny
467:or a
64:is a
1785:ISSN
1673:ISSN
1514:link
1362:link
1329:2024
1014:ISBN
983:ISBN
751:SAHD
599:and
371:wife
203:home
193:The
112:the
1777:doi
1413:doi
1010:201
979:144
646:gay
644:or
611:or
1834::
1797:).
1783:.
1773:40
1771:.
1765:.
1730:.
1691:^
1671:.
1667:.
1619:.
1594:^
1570:^
1562:46
1560:.
1556:.
1544:^
1510:}}
1506:{{
1492:.
1457:^
1441:.
1419:.
1409:21
1407:.
1388:.
1358:}}
1354:{{
1346:.
1319:.
1286:^
1237:^
1216:.
1158:^
1136:^
1113:.
1060:^
1028:^
1012:.
981:.
918:^
910:24
879:.
831:^
809:^
785:^
761:,
757:,
660:.
607:,
595:,
440:.
377:.
361:.
337:.
100:,
60:A
52:c.
1793:(
1791:.
1779::
1740:.
1715:.
1685:.
1634:.
1588:.
1538:.
1516:)
1502:.
1477:.
1451:.
1427:.
1415::
1392:.
1364:)
1350:.
1331:.
1231:.
1202:.
1176:.
1117:.
1054:.
1022:.
991:.
912:.
889:.
769:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
