1291:
this be incorrect in syntax, the whole use of the word Person is lost in a number of instances, or only retained by some stiff and strange position of the words, as—"not letting the person be aware wherein offense has been given"—instead of—"wherein he or she has offended." In my both the specific intention and general etymon of "Person" in such sentences fully authorise the use of it and which instead of he, she, him, her, who, whom.
1290:
QUÆRE—whether we may not, nay ought not, to use a neutral pronoun, relative or representative, to the word "Person," where it hath been used in the sense of homo, mensch, or noun of the common gender, in order to avoid particularising man or woman, or in order to express either sex indifferently? If
489:
It is a bleak Day. Hear the Rain, how he pours, and the Hail, how he rattles; and see the Snow, how he drifts along, and oh the Mud, how deep he is! Ah the poor
Fishwife, it is stuck fast in the Mire; it has dropped its Basket of Fishes; and its Hands have been cut by the Scales as it seized some of
517:(based on word meaning). The concept of natural gender was beginning to develop in Old English, occasionally conflicting with the established grammatical gender. This development was, however, mostly to take place later, in Middle English.
2217:
2168:
1311:
490:
the falling
Creatures; and one Scale has even got into its Eye. And it cannot get her out. It opens its Mouth to cry for Help; but if any Sound comes out of him, alas he is drowned by the raging of the Storm.
2009:
481:, the English people". Nouns for inanimate objects and abstract concepts also had (grammatical) genders. Mark Twain parodied this grammatical structure (which exists in many languages like
2156:
1299:
consistently wrote in this manner, often of mixed groups of children: "Everyone got its legs kicked or its feet trodden on in the scramble to get out of the carriage." This usage (but in
1976:
1955:
1505:
are Latin and German words respectively which mean 'man' in a general sex-neutral sense, as opposed to "vir" and "Mann", which mean 'man' in the specifically masculine sense.
1650:"Narrative sociotemporality and complementary gender roles in Anglo-Saxon society: the relevance of wifmann and wæpnedmann to a plot summary of the Old English poem Beowulf"
323:, which were not necessarily the same as the gender of the person(s) referred to (though they tended to accord with the endings of the words). For instance, Old-English
887:
In Old
English, a subject was not required in the way it is today. As the subject requirement developed, there was a need for something to fill it with verbs taking
2002:
2149:
1699:
341:, literally "male-child" and "female-child" (grammatical gender survives here; some 21st-century English speakers still use "it" with "child", see below).
2252:
1995:
2142:
1808:
1784:
1131:
physical object, abstract concept, situation, action, characteristic, and almost any other concept or being, including, occasionally, humans.
1417:
1950:
1177:
1416:
1383:
1765:
1721:
1360:
2257:
1382:
1359:
1896:
Anima Poetæ: From the
Unpublished Note-Books of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, edited by Ernest Hartley Coleridge (1895), p. 190.
1614:
315:
This neuter pronoun, like the masculine and feminine ones, was used for both people and objects (inanimate or abstract).
145:
125:
537:. Around the same time, one case was lost, and distinct pronouns started to develop, so that by the 15th century (late
1304:
1415:
522:
627:
form continued well into the 16th century but had disappeared before the 17th in formal written
English. Genitive
2120:
2018:
1479:
1254:
500:
1381:
1358:
1049:
741:
702:
57:
1740:
1610:
1474:
1275:
671:
134:
121:
1283:
888:
401:
1965:
1834:"Towards the automatic recognition of anaphoric features in English text: the impersonal pronoun "it""
2124:
1906:
636:
382:, ancestor of "woman") meant "female person" and was grammatically masculine, like its last element,
117:
1469:
934:
But these were not the only such verbs. Most of the verbs used without a subject or with the dummy
509:
About half of the world's languages have gender, and there is a continuum between those with more
1885:
708:
667:
604:
510:
320:
153:
38:
34:
30:
631:
appeared in the later 16th century and had taken over by the middle of the 17th, by which time
1853:
745:
729:
678:, as well as pronouns, had disappeared, leaving only pronoun marking. At the same time, a new
651:
96:
2165:
1981:
1920:
1845:
1406:
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733:
41:
1959:
1400:
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68:
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20:
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2199:
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2057:
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1849:
1649:
1172:
866:
is one that appears only for syntactic reasons and has no semantic value. One use of
863:
857:
688:
137:
86:
2179:
2098:
2077:
2037:
1987:
1435:
1250:
1144:
196:
76:
2134:
160:
developed out of the neuter, singular. The older pronoun had the following forms:
1966:
On some
Philological Peculiarities in the English Authorized Version of the Bible
2032:
1698:
Study, The Centre for
Advanced; Isaksen, Karoline Kvellestad (11 October 2019).
1623:
1057:
316:
254:
130:
2222:
1971:
1873:
The
Cambridge history of the English language: Volume I The beginnings to 1066
1452:
1440:
737:
495:
361:
1857:
1296:
1124:
675:
2093:
1300:
639:
positions only; some dialects also use "it", not "its", as a possessive.
405:
1662:(weak source, but supports only the spelling variants given for clarity)
468:
462:
456:
450:
444:
438:
429:
421:
415:
409:
395:
389:
383:
377:
371:
363:
355:
345:
336:
330:
324:
1444:
is about a shape shifting, malevolent entity that often manifests as a
1128:
329:(the ancestor of "child", pronounced "chilled") is neuter, as are both
1622:(2 ed.). CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS. p. 788. Archived from
1568:
1555:
The
Cambridge history of the English Language: Volume III 1476–1776
1594:
The
Cambridge history of the English Language: Volume II 1066–1476
1445:
1413:
1379:
1356:
2103:
2072:
471:
351:
2138:
1991:
2067:
1569:"it | Origin and meaning of it by Online Etymology Dictionary"
1326:
899:
were of this type, and, as the following example shows, dummy
513:(based on word form, or quite arbitrary), and those with more
1159:
The baby grunted again, and Alice looked very anxiously into
930:
on Saturday, that portends the deaths of judges and sheriffs
682:
pronoun system was developing that eventually split between
75:(objective) forms. (The accusative case is also called the "
2062:
1268:). It can be debatable whether a particular use is a dummy
1678:. London : Trübner. p. 89(PDF)/161(page number).
650:
is considered to be neuter or impersonal/non-personal in
1977:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
700:
to belong to the impersonal gender, along with relative
635:
had its modern form. "Hit" remains in some dialects in
1135:
You have a way with you, Bernard. I'm not sure I like
404:
Latin vocabulary gives three Anglo-Saxon words for an
103:
Historically, though, the morphology is more complex.
1056:
to have many of the same kind of dependents as other
1654:
Journal of the Australian Early Medieval Association
2086:
2025:
1741:"hit-self and hitself - Middle English Compendium"
1017:And examples still remain, such as the expression
1767:THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENTOF THEENGLISH LANGUAGE
1723:THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENTOF THEENGLISH LANGUAGE
662:was the neuter nominative and accusative form of
485:) by rendering it literally into modern English:
414:(dialectical "skratt", grammatically masculine),
16:Singular, neuter, third-person pronoun in English
1949:William Malone Baskervill and James Witt Sewel,
1531:Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2002).
1272:or not (for instance: "Who is it?"—"It's me!").
920:, that portends judges' and sheriffs' death
809:It took more than ten years it, to fully become
420:(grammatically feminine, like its last element,
1288:
1282:in a wider sense in all the situations where a
1230:
1185:
1157:
1133:
938:belong to one of the following semantic groups:
487:
1455:, the person trying to tag others is known as
2150:
2003:
1672:Wright, Thomas; Wülker, Richard Paul (1884).
1533:The Cambridge grammar of the English language
802:In our attempt to fight evil, we have become
133:had a single third-person pronoun – from the
56:has only three shapes representing five word
8:
498:, "Tale of the Fishwife and its Sad Fate",
2157:
2143:
2135:
2010:
1996:
1988:
1715:
1713:
912:, þaet tacnað demena and gerefena cwealm
615:Modern English (a bit before 1550–present)
533:started to separate and appear without an
1605:
1603:
1329:, the following pronunciations are used:
1875:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1832:Paice, C. D.; Husk, G. D. (1987-06-01).
1675:Anglo-Saxon and Old English vocabularies
1596:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1557:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1331:
744:. The reflexive form also appears as an
162:
152:- "this" – which had a plural and three
1700:"Do we really need grammatical gender?"
1518:
1491:
1921:"Gender Census 2021: Worldwide Report"
1261:can also have no referent at all (See
988:(d) Mental processes or states (
696:. As a result, some scholars consider
1163:face to see what was the matter with
619:Middle English gradually gave way to
350:, (which meant "female", ancestor of
7:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1526:
1524:
1522:
360:("Man") was grammatically male, but
156:in the singular. The modern pronoun
1809:"which - Middle English Compendium"
1764:Algeo, John; Pyles, Thomas (2010).
1720:Algeo, John; Pyles, Thomas (2010).
1303:, as if an acronym) also occurs in
752:very seldom appears as a modifier.
666:. But by the 17th century, the old
603:During the Middle English period,
362:meant "a person", and could, like
164:Old English, third-person pronoun
14:
1785:"who - Middle English Compendium"
958:(b) Seeming or appearance (
2253:Modern English personal pronouns
2019:Modern English personal pronouns
1616:A Concise Anglo−Saxon Dictionary
1178:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
1038:it's obvious that you were there
943:(a) Events or happenings (
870:is as a dummy pronoun (see also
973:(c) Sufficiency or lack (
670:system, which marked gender on
623:in the early 16th century. The
1838:Computer Speech & Language
1648:Huisman, Rosemary (Jan 2008).
882:it's clear that you understand
85:the dependent and independent
1:
1729:(6 ed.). pp. 91–92.
1535:. Cambridge University Press.
1421:female speaker with US accent
1387:female speaker with US accent
1364:female speaker with US accent
1262:
477:feminine, and both mean "the
455:(inhabitants of heaven), and
1850:10.1016/0885-2308(87)90003-9
607:was gradually replaced with
599:, sometimes without a space.
469:
463:
457:
451:
445:
439:
430:
422:
416:
410:
396:
390:
384:
378:
372:
368:, be qualified with a gender
364:
356:
346:
337:
331:
325:
126:Proto-Indo-European pronouns
1980:, Fourth edition, (Boston:
1871:Hogg, Richard, ed. (1992).
1592:Blake, Norman, ed. (1992).
1315:as a gender-neutral pronoun
1305:District of Columbia police
1195:," said Mrs. Owens, firmly.
771:being there; it allows for
449:(inhabitants of a region),
434:(grammatically masculine).
2274:
1773:(6 ed.). p. 167.
1207:eyes wide in wakefulness.
855:
115:
2213:
2175:
2121:English personal pronouns
2112:
1553:Lass, Roger, ed. (1999).
1480:English personal pronouns
1052:, but it is possible for
916:If on saturn's-day
800:Predicative complement:
501:The Awful German Language
173:
170:
1982:Houghton Mifflin Company
1704:partner.sciencenorway.no
1688:Deutscher 2005 pp. 41–42
1236:is I; do not be afraid."
903:often took on this role.
891:. Weather verbs such as
692:and impersonal relative
2258:Gender-neutral pronouns
2169:gender-neutral pronouns
1968:. By Thomas Watts, Esq.
1611:John Richard Clark Hall
1475:Gender-specific pronoun
1276:Samuel Taylor Coleridge
1232:But he said to them, "
461:(inhabitants of hell).
352:"wife" as in "fishwife"
122:Proto-Germanic pronouns
1706:(in Norwegian Bokmål).
1422:
1388:
1365:
1295:The children's author
1293:
1284:gender-neutral pronoun
1244:
1229:
1191:looks like nobody but
1184:
1156:
1028:The same use of dummy
1015:
932:
742:predicative complement
507:
2125:third-person pronouns
1420:
1386:
1363:
1048:Pronouns rarely take
940:
905:
529:In the 12th century,
116:Further information:
1907:Five Children and It
443:is feminine, so are
118:Old English pronouns
1470:Generic antecedents
1333:
1301:all capital letters
1105:external modifier:
1034:cleft constructions
908:Gif on sæternesdæg
654:. In Old English, (
437:Similarly, because
402:Archbishop Ælfric's
354:), is also neuter.
321:grammatical genders
319:in Anglo-Saxon had
165:
52:In Modern English,
1958:2005-09-19 at the
1952:An English Grammar
1813:quod.lib.umich.edu
1789:quod.lib.umich.edu
1745:quod.lib.umich.edu
1573:www.etymonline.com
1423:
1389:
1366:
1332:
1286:might be desired:
1235:
1224:The Graveyard Book
1214:
1210:
1206:
1194:
1190:
1166:
1162:
1138:
1069:That's not the it
706:and interrogative
605:grammatical gender
511:grammatical gender
400:, "male person").
163:
89:(possessive) forms
2240:
2239:
2132:
2131:
1629:on 30 August 2021
1427:
1426:
1418:
1384:
1361:
1325:According to the
1233:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1203:the child opened
1192:
1188:
1164:
1160:
1136:
792:; It connects to
788:I pointed her to
545:were as follows:
313:
312:
71:(subjective) and
2265:
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1310:Some people use
1242:
1227:
1217:
1202:
1199:It was then that
1198:
1182:
1154:
728:can appear as a
597:, -silf, -sijlfe
541:), the forms of
521:Middle English (
505:
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2228:Spivak pronouns
2209:
2171:
2163:
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2108:
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2016:
1960:Wayback Machine
1946:
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1278:proposed using
1243:
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1215:
1200:
1196:
1183:
1171:
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1118:
1090:it that I meant
1076:*That's not it
1065:Relative clause
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1944:External links
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1927:. 1 April 2021
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1226:(2008), p. 25.
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1211:stared around
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889:zero arguments
856:Main article:
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839:They were the
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621:Modern English
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609:natural gender
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589:-selfe, -selve
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515:natural gender
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1725:
1724:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1691:
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1682:
1677:
1676:
1668:
1665:
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1606:
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1549:
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1543:
1539:
1534:
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1512:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1492:
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1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1438:'s 1986 book
1437:
1434:
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1408:
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1398:
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1355:
1352:
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1321:Pronunciation
1320:
1318:
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1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1277:
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1266:
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1252:
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1237:
1225:
1222:Neil Gaiman,
1218:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1173:Lewis Carroll
1168:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1140:
1132:
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1126:
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1115:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1103:Adverb phrase
1101:
1099:
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1081:
1079:
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1022:
1011:
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995:
991:
987:
984:
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976:
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965:
961:
957:
954:
950:
946:
942:
941:
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937:
931:
929:
926:
921:
919:
914:
913:
911:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
885:
883:
879:
875:
874:
869:
865:
864:dummy pronoun
859:
858:Dummy pronoun
852:
848:
844:
842:
836:
834:
832:
826:
824:
822:
816:
814:
812:
806:
805:
799:
797:
795:
791:
785:
784:
778:
776:
774:
770:
767:being there;
766:
761:
760:
755:
754:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
720:
715:
713:
711:
710:
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691:
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685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
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642:
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634:
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626:
622:
614:
612:
610:
606:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
576:
572:
570:
566:
562:
559:Accusative: (
558:
556:
552:
549:Nominative: (
548:
547:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
524:
520:
518:
516:
512:
503:
502:
497:
491:
486:
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475:
473:
465:
459:
453:
447:
441:
435:
432:
426:
425:
418:
412:
407:
403:
398:
392:
386:
380:
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342:
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327:
322:
318:
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297:
295:
292:
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287:
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186:
183:
180:
178:
177:
168:
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161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
138:demonstrative
136:
132:
127:
123:
119:
111:
106:
104:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
70:
66:
63:
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61:
59:
55:
47:
45:
43:
40:
36:
32:
28:
27:
22:
2189:
2114:
2087:non-standard
2047:
1975:
1951:
1929:. Retrieved
1924:
1915:
1910:, p. 1.
1905:
1901:
1892:
1881:
1872:
1866:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1816:. Retrieved
1812:
1803:
1792:. Retrieved
1788:
1779:
1766:
1759:
1748:. Retrieved
1744:
1735:
1722:
1703:
1693:
1684:
1674:
1667:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1631:. Retrieved
1624:the original
1615:
1593:
1587:
1576:. Retrieved
1572:
1563:
1554:
1532:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1456:
1451:In games of
1439:
1436:Stephen King
1404:
1394:
1371:
1348:
1324:
1312:
1309:
1294:
1289:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1258:
1246:
1245:
1231:
1223:
1186:
1176:
1158:
1148:
1145:Tom Stoppard
1134:
1120:
1119:
1107:
1106:
1095:
1094:*That's not
1093:
1087:
1085:
1084:Determiner:
1078:that I meant
1077:
1075:
1071:that I meant
1070:
1068:
1058:noun phrases
1053:
1047:
1037:
1029:
1027:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
982:
978:
974:
967:
963:
959:
952:
948:
944:
935:
933:
927:
924:
922:
917:
915:
909:
907:
906:
900:
896:
892:
886:
881:
878:it's raining
877:
871:
867:
861:
850:
840:
838:
830:
828:
820:
818:
817:Determiner:
810:
808:
803:
801:
793:
789:
787:
782:
780:
775:to be there.
772:
768:
764:
762:
758:
757:
749:
725:
724:
707:
701:
697:
693:
687:
672:common nouns
663:
659:
655:
647:
646:
632:
628:
624:
618:
611:in English.
602:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
574:
568:
564:
560:
554:
550:
542:
534:
530:
528:
508:
499:
488:
436:
343:
317:Common nouns
314:
307:
303:
298:
293:
288:
278:
274:
269:
264:
259:
246:
242:
237:
232:
227:
216:
212:
207:
202:
195:
157:
149:
141:
129:
102:
92:
82:
64:
53:
51:
39:third-person
25:
24:
18:
2223:neopronouns
2185:generic she
1633:5 September
1409:)/ᵻtˈsɛlf/
1403:)/ɪtˈsɛlf/
1249:is usually
1123:is used to
1086:That's not
579:Reflexive:(
467:is neuter,
388:, and like
224:Accusative
192:Nominative
131:Old English
112:Old English
2247:Categories
2218:neologisms
2180:generic he
1818:2021-03-20
1794:2021-03-20
1750:2021-03-20
1578:2021-03-20
1513:References
1343:Recording
1067:modifier:
1050:dependents
1044:Dependents
1036:, such as
1032:exists in
837:Modifier:
829:It did it
819:I touched
738:determiner
676:adjectives
573:Genitive:
496:Mark Twain
452:heofonwaru
391:wæpnedmann
332:wæpnedcild
181:Masculine
73:accusative
69:nominative
48:Morphology
2115:See also
1886:John 6:20
1858:0885-2308
1307:reports.
1297:E. Nesbit
1241:John 6:20
1129:inanimate
1116:Semantics
827:Adjunct:
763:s there;
756:Subject:
721:Functions
686:relative
464:Angelcynn
394:(variant
376:(variant
344:The word
285:Genitive
187:Feminine
171:Singular
97:reflexive
2026:standard
1984:, 2000).
1956:Archived
1931:16 April
1613:(1916).
1464:See also
1255:specific
1251:definite
1239:—
1220:—
1170:—
1142:—
1108:not even
1019:suffice
928:thunders
918:thunders
910:geðunrað
876:) as in
779:Object:
684:personal
680:relative
637:stressed
585:it self.
493:—
446:landwaru
408:person,
406:intersex
144:-, from
87:genitive
31:singular
2166:English
1962:, 1896.
1193:himself
1150:Arcadia
1012:, etc.)
985:, etc.)
983:suffice
970:, etc.)
955:, etc.)
897:thunder
746:adjunct
730:subject
525:–1400s)
458:helwaru
428:), and
411:scritta
373:Wifmann
338:wifcild
184:Neuter
174:Plural
154:genders
107:History
77:oblique
42:pronoun
2123:, and
1856:
1503:Mensch
1395:itself
1376:/ɪts/
1263:Dummy
1257:, but
1216:
1201:
1197:
1181:(1865)
1153:, 1993
1125:denote
1110:itself
1023:to say
1006:repent
1002:please
998:grieve
968:become
953:befall
949:happen
945:chance
849:Dummy
843:crowd.
831:itself
811:itself
794:itself
781:I saw
773:itself
734:object
716:Syntax
668:gender
652:gender
643:Gender
504:(1880)
483:German
479:Angles
431:bæddel
424:-estre
397:wepman
379:wimman
255:Dative
140:base *
124:, and
95:: the
93:itself
67:: the
35:neuter
2094:y'all
1771:(PDF)
1727:(PDF)
1627:(PDF)
1620:(PDF)
1486:Notes
1446:clown
1353:/ɪt/
1337:Form
964:think
873:there
740:or a
703:which
694:which
587:Also
470:Angel
308:heora
58:forms
29:is a
2104:yinz
2073:they
1972:'It'
1933:2021
1854:ISSN
1635:2021
1501:and
1499:Homo
1340:IPA
1253:and
994:list
990:like
979:need
975:lack
960:seem
893:rain
823:top.
709:what
674:and
523:1066
440:waru
385:mann
365:cild
357:Mann
335:and
326:cild
304:hira
299:hire
279:heom
270:hire
228:hine
99:form
83:its:
2200:who
2195:one
2068:you
2058:one
2053:who
2043:she
1846:doi
1453:tag
1372:its
1327:OED
1205:its
1161:its
1127:an
1098:it.
1096:the
1088:the
1010:rue
923:If
895:or
880:or
821:its
769:its
759:It'
689:who
629:its
625:hit
575:his
569:him
474:eod
347:wif
294:his
289:his
275:him
265:him
260:him
238:hīe
233:hit
208:hēo
203:hit
146:PIE
142:khi
79:".)
19:In
2249::
2190:it
2119:,
2099:ye
2078:me
2063:we
2048:it
2038:he
1974:,
1923:.
1852:.
1840:.
1836:.
1811:.
1787:.
1743:.
1712:^
1702:.
1656:.
1652:.
1602:^
1571:.
1541:^
1521:^
1457:it
1441:It
1407:US
1401:UK
1349:it
1317:.
1313:it
1280:it
1270:it
1265:it
1259:it
1247:It
1234:It
1213:it
1209:It
1189:He
1175:,
1165:it
1147:,
1137:it
1121:It
1092:;
1074:;
1060:.
1054:it
1040:.
1030:it
1025:.
1021:it
1008:,
1004:,
1000:,
996:,
992:,
981:,
977:,
966:,
962:,
951:,
947:,
936:it
925:it
901:it
884:.
868:it
862:A
851:it
841:it
807:;
804:it
790:it
786:;
783:it
765:it
750:It
748:.
736:,
732:,
726:It
712:.
698:it
664:hē
660:it
648:It
633:it
567:/
565:it
555:it
543:it
531:it
370:.
306:/
277:/
249:)
243:hī
219:)
213:hī
197:hē
158:it
150:ko
120:,
65:it
60::
54:it
44:.
37:,
33:,
26:it
23:,
2158:e
2151:t
2144:v
2033:I
2011:e
2004:t
1997:v
1935:.
1860:.
1848::
1842:2
1821:.
1797:.
1753:.
1660:.
1658:4
1637:.
1581:.
1459:.
1448:.
1405:(
1399:(
1187:"
1167:.
1139:.
1080:.
833:.
813:.
796:.
658:)
656:h
595:)
593:n
591:(
583:)
581:h
563:)
561:h
553:)
551:h
535:h
472:ð
247:e
245:(
217:e
215:(
148:*
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