946:
926:
584:, the French national research institute, which undertook a number of archaeological projects. The persons responsable (French for "in charge") were Alain Schnapp and Alain Duplouy. The final outcome of the survey was a virtual map of the surveyed area stored in what came to be known as The Itanos Archaeological Survey database, which was developed over the period and has been online since 2006 running on the servers of the French School. The database stores points (données, "data") on the map. One point is a numbered site containing one or more objects of archaeological interest, such as a wall, or a scatter of sherds. The information for a site includes description, date, etc. The database is searchable on a range of specifiable criteria.
508:(permissions). A competition for sites ensued. French troops had landed in Eastern Crete. The British Archaeological School had firmans for Goulas and Itanos. In 1898 J. Demargne of the French School of Archaeology occupied the two sites and demanded permission to excavate from the provisional government. The British, interested in other sites, such as Knossos, yielded gracefully to keep the peace. Demargne excavated the basilicas, or churches, of Itanos in 1899–1900. He was mainly interested in inscriptions, but before he could publish them, he grew ill, and in 1911 turned them over to
676:, believed to represent "a retreat to defensible locations" by lowland population as "substantial groups of immigrants" arrived. The survey area FN sites go on into EM I, but at its end the whole Itanos Peninsula is abandoned. As EM is known as the "Pre-palatial phase," during which populations collected in the vicinity of the palaces, Duplouy suggests that the communities on Itanos found difficulty "exploiting this peculiar territory" and delayed their "settlement nucleation" until EM II, which would count as the beginning of the Pre-palatial in the survey region.
890:
1953:
1894:
475:. A number of other agencies were on-site. At first Halbherr worked with them to recover and restore the code, completing the task in 1884. He then carried the mission to eastern Crete, hiking over the terrain, looking for inscriptions. He reported in 1891: “These researches extended from the province of Rettimo … as far as the furthermost eastern part of the island, exploring as it were foot by foot the soil of about two-thirds of Crete, and carrying out the first real systematic excavations.”
878:
992:, Book III, Chapter XV lists "Itanos town" as a place on the south coast of Crete. Ptolemy's view is somewhat distorted. His east Crete runs from east to west around Cape Sidero and below it is on south Crete, with nothing being really east. The cape comes to a point. It is not entirely certain that his Itanos is the archaeological or historical site of Itanos, and his sequence of towns remains for the most part unknown. His Itanos, however, is next to Sammonium, or
854:
488:
city, which occupied the lower ground" (Habitation quarter). Like Spratt, he goes over the ruins, concentrating on the
Necropolis, or cemetery, on a hill to the north, from which most of the inscriptions had come. The Italian mission ended in 1887. Now a respected archaeological peer in Crete, Halbherr went on to work for the Americans and British in other excavations of East Crete, but never came back to Itanos, although he did collaborate on the inscriptions.
484:
and copied by me, partly in situ, partly in the monastery of Toplu, whither they had been recently carried, have enabled the site of the ancient city of Itanos to be definitively identified with the ruins of
Erimopolis, …. Admiral Spratt, … was not lucky enough to find a single one bearing the name of the ancient city; whereas at the present day … we possess five….” This statement is universally accepted as the archaeological identification of Itanos.
866:
979:. The Service divides its responsibility into regional "ephorates" marked by a number, such as the 24th, which has only a geographic meaning, not a temporal one. These names are generally shortened or paraphrased in the literature, such as "Lasithi Ephorate of Antiquities" or "l'Ephore des Antiquités de Siteia." In addition the Ephorate may create subunits, also called Ephoria, to administer specific sites.
902:
842:
58:
914:
806:
1413:, p. 1025. The term "mainly" refers to an archaeological circumstance not readily visible in the ruins: the city was continuously occupied beginning in the 8th or 9th century BC and ending in the 7th century AD. Some parts of the occupation are less attested than others, while the material outside the chronological limits gives no evidence of its habitation.
818:
830:
612:, which gives different coordinates based on Greek reference points. According to the policy of the 24th Ephorate GPS coordinates are converted to EGSA87 coordinates, which are the ones appearing on maps of the survey, when they do. The collaborative institutions, however, decided to restrict access to the coordinates as a measure to protect the sites.
45:
412:
529:
of ancient habitation are covered by extensive construction of the
Christian era ...." In a hurry now, because nothing they found would justify a second season, performing abbreviated excavation of the necropolis they thought they had located a single building they called the "Grand Tombeau." They did not return.
615:
The survey team began with the expectation that they would find a "countryside" supportive of the Greek city of Itanos, and it was to some degree present. They also found cultures going as far back as the
Neolithic, much before the city and the Greeks, which the Greeks had supplanted. In the words of
528:
The JHS reported: "The remains on the ancient acropolis have suffered very serious injury ... pottery ranging from
Protogeometric to Hellenistic has come to light, but without clear stratification; ...." From the East Akropolis they proceeded to the Habitation Quarter: "In the lower town the remains
483:
Halbherr happened to arrive at Toplou just as a fresh batch of inscriptions from
Erimoupolis was being sorted. Of those known to be from that location and those that had been left in place he found five mentioning Itanos and the Itanoi: “Only in 1884 a large number of epigraphical monuments collected
279:
municipality. The east akropolis of the city was on the headland between the two beaches. The beach shown as
Eremoupolis could not have appeared then as it does now, but the details have not yet been investigated scientifically. Itanos Beach on the other side went 100 yards further inland and was the
554:
The first part of the project, which began in 1994 as a collaboration between the
Ephorate, the French School, and the Institute of Mediterranean Studies of Rethymno, is usually termed "The Itanos Archaeological Survey" (La prospection d’Itanos). The decision to survey was based on a land settlement
479:
owned northeastern Crete. Halbherr discovered that the monks were removing inscriptions from
Erimoupolis. Dissatisfied, he sought and received permission to examine them. He had read Spratt, who had also removed inscriptions from there and had turned them over to the Fitzwilliam Museum of Cambridge.
591:
Noting that the photographs were indicating a "diversity of soils and landscapes" the team thought it more efficient to divide the surveyable territory into 11 zones, which they named after topographic features, such as hills. The zones form a semi-circle around the walled city but do not include a
370:
Ancient Itanus was one of the most powerful cities in Crete in
Hellenistic times owing to geography and a flourishing trade. The city controlled a vast territory that stretched from Cape Samonio (Cape Sidero today) on the north tip of Crete to Cape Erythrae (Cape Goudouras) on the far-southeast tip
304:
The Itanos promontory, today nearly deserted, has 55 Bronze Age and Final Neolithic sites. A Minoan site at Itanos seemed theoretically possible, and yet the survey uncovered no Minoan material on or around the site at all. Instead all the Minoan farms, dams and lookouts seemed centered around “the
631:
A period summary of the sites found follows. Usually sequence of pottery type is the main criterion for distinguishing period, but as no excavation was performed, no exact sequences were established, and the team had to group together whatever period pottery was found together, creating periods of
603:
Ground teams decided what was to be considered a site, which must have an above-ground feature. It was then assigned a number. A decision was made to have the numbers run consecutively within the whole territory rather than within the zones. Assessments of the date and culture came from laboratory
576:
north to (but not including) the military reservation on Cape Sidero, an area of about 20 km (7.7 sq mi), or 15% of Hellenistic Itanos’ territory, with the expectation that, based on the 1950 excavation, they would find “a Greek countryside.” The final results of the survey have now
487:
In a follow-up article Halbherr translates Erimoupolis as "deserted city" based on what appeared to be its fate. He was the first to perceive the city plan: "Two hills, of which the highest" (East Akropolis) " juts out into the sea ... form two centres, from which gradually arose ... the ancient
443:
Writing of his travel experiences Spratt interprets Eremoupoli as “desert city,” because “wild and neglected,” identifying it with a name from a manuscript as Etera. He says that he saw “inscriptions, old churches, tombs, and ruins.” The ruins “extend over the hills and slopes which overlook two
259:
of Crete, and later Christian buildings were erected. For unclear reasons it was abandoned in the 7th century AD after a life of about 1400 years. The location was lost. Archaeologists were able to locate it in the 19th century. Recently it has become a subject in ground-breaking technologies of
545:
and other institutions in Crete that what was needed was "un portrait le plus complet possible de l'histoire, de la topographie et de l'organisation spatiale de cette petite cité crétoise," to be acquired in "un programme de recherches archéologiques," further defined as "un projet scientifique
587:
The archaeological survey, 1994–2005, focused on remains discoverable on the surface. Also, a deliberate decision was made to ignore concentrations of sherds if there was no other surface manifestation. To locate sites the team turned to aerial photography, which was simplified by the previous
1079:
As might be expected of collaborative research, the participants belonged to multiple organizations. There were 3 Participants de l'UMR and 9 "Associates," many of whom later became the authors of some of the works cited in this article. They came from academic institutions located in Paris,
313:
with tsunami destroyed civilization on the promontory. Life at Vai went on in LMIII with a diminished capacity, yet the settlement disappeared altogether in the Early Iron Age, to be replaced by an Itanos newly placed close to the shore in the 8th century BC during the Geometric Period.
1169:
The dates of the FN in Crete vary in the literature and on the Internet. After an initial definition by C. Renfrew in 1972 that was unacceptably over 1000 years, a date of the late 4th millennium proposed by L. Vignetti and P. Bello in 1978 became standard and is used by the team.
757:
Color terrain map of the Itanos Archaeological Survey (see above) showing numbered dots for the data points. Also shown are two small maps outlining the survey zones and giving the sites per zone and the density of sites per zone. A subsequent figure shows the zones with the
523:
and elsewhere. A new generation of archaeologists at the French School decided to investigate Itanos for the presence of Minoan remains, which would suggest that "a major bronze age site" had preceded the one in evidence. The evidence did not go in that direction:
600:, on the military reservation. Their being surveyed was assigned to the 24th Ephorate (another government agency). Whether or not they were surveyed and what might have been found there has not been released to the public, nor it is mentioned in the publications.
374:
The importance of Itanos can be seen in the city's issuance of its own currency, as well as in many significant ruins. The capital of the greater regional power, Itanus had the temples of Asclepius, Athena, Tyche, and Zeus, and was a historic rival of both
444:
small bays.” He then proceeds to enumerate most of the ruins as they were found in the archaeological site: the city wall to the south, the two akropoleis, the buildings between them, the churches. He found and copied inscriptions. The monks of
1160:"Especially remarkable ... are the remains of ancient infrastructure: several sq. km of terraces, check dams, enclosure walls, roads and quarries. In antiquity nearly the whole of the peninsula, even what are now areas of bare rock, was used."
889:
616:
Moody and Rackham, the peninsula "is the large scale survival of a relict cultural landscape — details of Neolithic, Bronze Age (Minoan), Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Cretan lives ...." This landscape was owned by
49:
Looking northward from the east akropolis over the beach and bay of Eremoupolis, with Itanos promontory in the background. The ground of the "deserted city" appears bare of vegetation except for overgrown mounds containing structural
1050:
The full name is Institute of Mediterranean Studies of the Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, with offices at Rethymno. The abbreviation of the second part of the name, FORTH, is often used in the literature to mean the
588:
existence of military fly-over photographs dating from 1945, 1966, 1968, and 1992. These were compared to 1:5000 maps in possession of the Institute. To supplement them another fly-over was staged in 2004 to capture oblique views.
440:, resulting in Admiralty Chart No. 2536b, eastern Crete, one of the first of the accurate maps (see below under Maps). It notes the location of Eremoupolis, which it suggests might be Arsinoe or Etera, two pseudo-ancient toponyms.
925:
877:
559:
to Karoumes Beach south of Cape Plaka, westward to the mountains of East Crete, a total area of 130 km (50 sq mi). The southern part of this range was already known to have been Minoan. The major site,
1110:
The names do not reflect any communities in the civil division, although their use in the literature seems to imply a community. The name is either the zone or the topographic feature after which it is
1074:
1138:
In that system, a portable ground receiver communicates to a satellite system, which finds its position on an ellipsoidal model of the Earth, and calculates the longitude, latitude, and elevation
501:
301:. However Itanos seems to be too far away from Knossos to be u-ta-no, and J. Bennet ruled out the possibility that any Linear B tablets found at Knossos referred directly to classical Itanos.
1409:
A 2005 geophysical study says of it: "Itanos is marked mainly by three periods: Geometric, Roman and Late Christian, while the periods of original occupation and abandonment are not known."
541:, acting through its branch for East Crete, the 24th Ephoria (or Ephoreia, or Ephorate) of Prehistoric (or Prehistorical) and Classical Antiquities agreed with archaeological peers at the
1298:, p. 81 “The Villa was the hub of a complex system of exploitation and control of the territory, which included farms, agro-pastoral sites, check dams and lookout structures.”
251:
of the 8th century BC. This city flourished independently of other Cretan powers, playing a leading role in the trade of the region, even becoming, for a while, a protectorate of
2234:
1017:, is an alphabetic dictionary of place names. Itanos is "a city of Crete." He adds, esti kai akra; "It is also an akra," where akra can mean either "cape" or "citadel."
953:
British admiralty chart. The latest date on the chart is 1895. The soundings were collected by HMS Spitfire in 1852. Soundings are in fathoms. Elevations are in feet.
620:
and was threatened for a time by plans made by it with a real estate company to develop parts of it in exchange for a percentage, but in 2000 the peninsula was made a
580:
The survey was conducted by the two main institutional collaborators from 1994 to 2005 inclusive (12 years). The work was actually performed by an équipe ("team") of
945:
895:
View southward across East Akropolis. Itanos Bay and Beach in the background, Cape Plaka, Skaria Beach and the Grandes Islands further down. Vai Beach not visible.
1026:
Spratt was following the orders of his commander, Francis Beaufort, chief of the Hydrography Office of the Royal Navy, to “Pick up inscriptions and antiquities.”
581:
1919:
853:
592:
central area comprising Vai Palm Forest and agricultural land west of the ancient city. Excluded from public access to the database are the two quasi-islands,
2173:
1828:"Le territoire d'Itanos au Ier millénaire av. J.-C. De la naissance de la cité grecque à la conquête romaine. Méthode et résultats de la prospection d'Itanos"
1097:, pp. 104–105. The private, of restricted access, gives select academics access to the archaeological notes and such additional props as "sherd charts."
1174:, p. 15. The dates for EM are highly variable and depend on the theorist, but in general it covers the 3rd millennium BC and contains I, II, and III.
555:
arbitration recorded in a public inscription found in Hellenistic Itanos specifying that the city was sovereign over the entire northeast promontory from
2239:
2224:
2025:
Rackham, Oliver; Moody, Jennifer (2012). "4.3 Drivers of Change and the Landscape History of Cavo Sidero". In Papayannis, Thymio; Howard, Peter (eds.).
1781:
779:
Overlay on a satellite photo of the promontory of the Natura 2000 Protected Area. Overlay on another satellite photo of the data points of the survey.
1081:
976:
609:
901:
724:
Contour map with coordinates, showing the main features, all periods, followed by several black-and-white three-quarter view aerial photographs.
526:"... en 1950, ... Hubert Gallet de Santerre, André Dessenne et Jean Deshayes tentèrent en vain d’y découvrir un site majeur de l’Âge du Bronze."
1148:
1796:
Bourogiannis, Giorgos (2018). "The Phoenician Presence In The Aegean During The Early Iron Age: Trade, Settlement And Cultural Interaction".
419:
The archeological site of Itanos is open to the public. It is possible to see the ruins of structures, city walls and Christian churches.
93:
883:
View north from excavated buildings on East Akropolis, overlooking beach and bay of Eremoupolis, with Itanos Promontory in the background
865:
62:
Location of ancient Itanos in the municipal unit of Itanos (red area). The yellow area is the remainder of the Municipality of Siteia.
280:
deep channel of the harbor. Apparently, however, the east akropolis was not high enough or isolated enough to be a defensible fort.
1936:
504:
with formation of interim non-Ottoman governments released the archaeologists from any requirement to seek or abide by Ottoman
2088:"No more Gap, but New Social Practices: Evidence of Collective Funerary Rituals in Itanos during the 6th and 5th Centuries BC"
2041:"Vers la mise en réseau des données et des chercheurs: le système d'information de la prospection d'Itanos (Crète oriental)"
805:
1978:
1718:, pp. 228–230. The legal action came too late to prevent some destruction of sites, such as the ancient murex factory.
2026:
456:
For four years, 1884–1887, the Italian government financed a mission to central and eastern Crete under the direction of
2179:
538:
448:
cued him as to where they were. These monks had exposed them in superficial digging and then had covered them up again.
2060:
913:
437:
395:, relates a decision by the Roman Senate about Itanos' conflicts and territorial disputes with the neighbor cities
232:, the neuter form of Itanus, Latin for Greek Itanos. The base of the tripartite northeast promontory, today called
975:
Archaeological sites in Greece are national property, administered by the Archaeological Service, a branch of the
605:
1494:
1129:
For example, the identification Stephanes means the 60th site in the territory, located in Zone 9 (Stephanes).
569:
1183:
The forts are typically younger than the pottery but it is assumed the newer walls were built over older ones.
542:
169:
2072:"Ίτανος: ιστορία και τοπογραφία μιας παράκτιας θέσης της ανατολικής Κρήτης κατά την πρωτοβυζαντινή περίοδο"
1006:
661:
The FN is 3500-3000 BC The date given for the start of EM is 3100 BC. No date is given for the end of EM I.
2071:
1010:
347:
217:
1835:
1367:
1325:
19:
This article is about the ancient Greek city of East Crete. For the ancient Minoan city of Utanos, see
263:
Some of the ruins of the classical and early Christian city are now visible in the elevations around
841:
829:
817:
516:
457:
338:, were indebted for their knowledge of the Libyan coast to Corobius, a seller of purple at Itanus.
668:. These are only a few of 182 FN sites (2012) distributed over E Crete and along the N coast from
2155:
2147:
2130:
Ventris, Michael; Chadwick, John (1953). "Evidence for Greek Dialect in the Mycenaean Archives".
1810:
1352:
2092:
Beyond the Polis: Rituals, Rites And Cults in Early and Archaic Greece (12th-6th Centuries BC)
1093:
There are two interfaces, public and private. The public offers the option of generating maps.
653:
461:
391:
Many Greek inscriptions were found in situ; the most famous one, kept now in the monastery of
362:
Some of the coins of this city present the type of a woman terminating in the tail of a fish.
252:
247:, according to the archaeology. The site of the city itself, however, became inhabited in the
2229:
2139:
2112:
1965:
1906:
1879:
1869:
1061:
649:
617:
497:
476:
445:
244:
782:
A region approximating the maximum territory of the ancient city. The region of the survey.
1848:
1380:
1151:, a branch of the military. The system was developed to be more suitable to Greek terrain.
509:
1954:"Travaux menés en collaboration avec l'Ecole française en 1994: Itanos (Crète orientale)"
1895:"Travaux menés en collaboration avec l'Ecole française en 2001. Itanos (Crète orientale)"
1827:
2203:
Travaux menés en collaboration avec l'Ecole française en 2001. Itanos (Crète orientale)
2199:
Travaux menés en collaboration avec l'Ecole française en 1999. Itanos (Crète orientale)
2195:
Travaux menés en collaboration avec l'Ecole française en 1998. Itanos (Crète orientale)
2191:
Travaux menés en collaboration avec l'Ecole française en 1997. Itanos (Crète orientale)
2187:
Travaux menés en collaboration avec l'Ecole française en 1996. Itanos (Crète orientale)
460:, then minister of public instruction. He did not go himself, but sent a then student,
256:
2189:, Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique CXXI, 1997, p. 809–824; E. GRECO et al.,
2218:
2159:
2100:
2040:
1857:
335:
248:
225:
669:
665:
561:
556:
433:
233:
20:
57:
2079:Ψηφίδες, Μελέτες Ιστορίας, Αρχαιολογίας και Τέχνης στη μνήμη της Στέλλας Παπαδάκη
765:. It wraps around the walled city of Itanos from Vai southward north to the cape.
330:
is the first Greek historian we know who mentioned Itanus. According to him, the
1120:
The reservation, a naval base, is denied to the public except by prearrangement.
993:
762:
621:
573:
565:
468:
306:
136:
350:, Itanos was founded by Itanos, son of Phoenix, or a bastard son of one of the
2207:
2116:
1858:"3D reconstruction and digitalization of an archeological site, Itanos, Crete"
400:
351:
1393:
740:
Contour map showing numbered locations of the surveyed or excavated features.
664:
FN sherds are in association with walled forts on elevations overlooking the
293:
The toponym u-ta-no, and the corresponding adjective, u-ta-ni-jo, appears on
108:
95:
1320:
707:
Contour map showing the location of features excavated to date, all periods.
593:
380:
327:
310:
2039:
Costa, Laurent; Eyraud, Franck; Duplouy, Alain; Sarris, Apostolos (2008).
1969:
1910:
1874:
294:
1884:
859:
East Basilica from the top of East Akropolis. Harbor area in background.
2197:, Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique CXXIII, 1999, p. 515–530;
761:
The territory of the survey in NE Crete excluding the military base on
625:
597:
520:
396:
376:
298:
44:
2205:, Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique CXXVI, 2002, p. 577–582.
2201:, Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique CXXIV, 2000, p. 547～559;
2193:, Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique CXXII, 1998, p. 585–602;
2151:
907:
View southward to Itanos Beach from the inner slope of East Akropolis.
411:
2034:. Athens: Mediterranean Institute for Nature and Anthropos (Med-INA).
1339:
931:
East Basilica overlooking Itanos Bay, Cape Plaka in the far distance.
537:
Previous archaeology had left many questions unresolved. In 1994 the
505:
472:
392:
272:
24:
2087:
2009:
1644:
1622:
1600:
1558:
1539:
1060:
This is the inscription now fixed into the doorway of the church at
2143:
1992:
1029:
195:
24th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities (East Crete)
16:
The archaeological site of the classical city in East Crete, Greece
673:
331:
276:
785:
Natura 2000, Rackham and Moody on a Google Earth satellite photo.
604:
analysis of sherds collected at the site. The ground teams used
2010:"Final Neolithic Crete and the Southeast Aegean: Supplement 1"
1980:
Comments on the proposed Itanos Gaia (Cavo Sidero) Development
1789:
A companion to Linear B: Mycenaean Greek Texts and Their World
1237:
Natural History," Book IV, Chapter 12, "promontory of Itanum."
687:
A number of plans and aerial views of the site are available.
572:. The French School therefore concentrated on the region from
1030:"Thomas Spratt: 19th century Antiquarian traveller to Crete"
608:
to obtain coordinates for a site. Greece, however, uses the
546:
interdisciplinaire" and "une collaboration internationale."
436:
surveyed the coasts of Crete under the direction of Captain
2208:"Itanos: Excavation project 2011 - 2015, study 2011 - 2019"
2101:"Integrated geophysical studies at ancient Itanos (Greece)"
1714:
The details of an investigation and lawsuit are stated in
512:. Meanwhile, the site lay as he had left it for 50 years.
1690:
1661:
1098:
1094:
771:
1507:
Cook, J.M. (1951). "Archaeology in Greece, 1949-1950".
871:
East Akropolis from Itanos Beach, anciently the harbor.
1815:
Activities: 11th International Cretological Conference
1791:. Vol. 2. Louvain-la-neuve; Walpole, MA: Peeters.
1075:"Prospection archéologique à Itanos (Crète orientale)"
224:) was a Greek city and port on the northeast coast of
658:
Examples: Alatopatela 12, Soros 74, Vamies 14, 15, 17
1495:
D. Viviers, Itanos. Archéologie d'une cité crétoise
727:
The site from the E-W akropoleis line to South Hill
634:
243:Occupation of the promontory began as early as the
199:
191:
183:
175:
164:
156:
151:
147:
Maximum territory: 130 km (50 sq mi)
143:
132:
124:
87:
75:
67:
2090:. In Lemos, Irene S.; Tsingarida, Athena (eds.).
1482:
716:
811:Slab from the East Basilica, or Christian church
464:, to take command. They were both epigraphists.
179:Subsurface ruins except for excavated features
2081:(in Greek). Irakleio: Crete University Press.
1782:"13. The Geography of the Mycenaean Kingdoms"
743:Site from the North Necropolis to South Hill.
710:Site from the North Necropolis to South Hill.
228:, on the promontory which the Romans called
8:
2174:TF1 Le site archéologique d'Itanos en images
2086:Tsingarida, Athena; Viviers, Didier (2019).
1715:
1702:
788:
30:
2235:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Crete
1937:"Researches in Crete: I-Itanos (concluded)"
1674:
1672:
1670:
309:,” a major site. The volcanic explosion of
996:, and may therefore be the historical one.
971:
969:
29:
1977:Moody, Jennifer; Rackham, Oliver (2016).
1883:
1873:
1651:(in French). L’École française d’Athènes.
1629:(in French). L’École française d’Athènes.
1607:(in French). L’École française d’Athènes.
1586:
1565:(in French). l’École française d’Athènes.
1546:(in French). l’École française d’Athènes.
1470:
1458:
1446:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1204:
1202:
1200:
732:
318:Geometric, archaic, and classical periods
1525:
944:
940:
749:
410:
2210:. University of Brussels-CReA-Heritage.
2077:. In Gratziou, O.; Loukos, Ch. (eds.).
2065:. Vol. 1. London: John Van Voorst.
1763:
1751:
1739:
1727:
1638:
1636:
1616:
1614:
1575:
1410:
1307:
1295:
1283:
1208:
1196:
1171:
1082:Italian School of Archaeology at Athens
965:
801:
423:History of archaeological investigation
2178:other annual reports are available on
2099:Vafidis, Antonis; et al. (2005).
1844:
1833:
1434:
1422:
1376:
1365:
1271:
1259:
1149:Hellenic Military Geographical Service
387:The Hellenistic inscriptions of Itanus
1958:Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique
1899:Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique
1893:Greco, Emanuele; et al. (2002).
1678:
1247:
23:. For the modern municipal unit, see
7:
2059:Spratt, T.A.B.; et al. (1865).
1826:Duplouy, Alain; et al. (2019).
1809:Duplouy, Alain; et al. (2018).
1993:"The End of the Neolithic in Crete"
919:East Akropolis from the north side.
791:, pp. 222, 225, Figs 4.3, 4.8
519:had been developed from remains at
500:and subsequent intervention of the
1952:Kalpaxis, T.; et al. (1995).
1811:"The Itanos Archaeological Survey"
1353:"The Itanos Archaeological Survey"
271:, in the modern municipal unit of
14:
2240:Populated places in ancient Crete
2225:Former populated places in Greece
2105:Journal of Archaeological Science
1856:Ercek, Rudy; et al. (2010).
774:, pp. 117, 121, Figures 4,6
471:had been turning up piecemeal at
924:
912:
900:
888:
876:
864:
852:
840:
828:
816:
804:
568:, was studied by members of the
56:
43:
2062:Travels and Researches in Crete
1920:"Researches in Crete: I-Itanos"
1509:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
2028:Reclaiming the Greek Landscape
1623:"Mode d'emploi et conventions"
1080:Brussels, Crete and Rome. The
977:Ministry of Culture and Sports
624:reservation and in 2015 Sitia
1:
2094:. Bruxelles: CReA-Patrimoine.
2070:Tsigonaki, Christina (2009).
1935:Halbherr, Frederico (1891b).
1918:Halbherr, Frederico (1891a).
1483:Tsingarida & Viviers 2019
717:Tsingarida & Viviers 2019
236:, is still called Itanos or
1643:Duplouy, Alain, ed. (2006).
1621:Duplouy, Alain, ed. (2006).
1599:Duplouy, Alain, ed. (2006).
1557:Duplouy, Alain, ed. (2006).
1538:Duplouy, Alain, ed. (2006).
1147:EGAS87 is maintained by the
550:Itanos Archaeological Survey
539:Greek Archaeological Service
83:Itanos Municipal Unit (2011)
2132:Journal of Hellenic Studies
2008:Nowicki, Krzysztof (2012).
1991:Nowicki, Krzysztof (2002).
735:, p. 162, Figures 1-6
689:
498:Cretan Insurrection of 1897
2256:
1862:Virtual Archaeology Review
713:P. Duboeuf, D. Theodorescu
533:The collaborative missions
438:Thomas Abel Brimage Spratt
342:Itanos and the geographers
221:
18:
2117:10.1016/j.jas.2005.02.007
2048:Archeologia e Calcolatori
1540:"La prospection d'Itanos"
1396:- English translation at
543:Ecole française d'Athènes
55:
42:
35:
1716:Rackham & Moody 2012
1703:Moody & Rackham 2016
1645:"La zone de prospection"
789:Rackham & Moody 2012
768:ARSCAN, the survey team.
752:, p. 719, Figure 5
719:, p. 214, Figure 1
570:British School at Athens
323:Herodotean first mention
255:. It became part of the
36:
1798:Revista di Studi Fenice
1274:, pp. 139–140, 147
835:Ruins on East Akropolis
823:Ruins on East Akropolis
515:By 1950 the concept of
260:sub-surface surveying.
170:French School at Athens
128:Ancient Greek port city
1843:Cite journal requires
1774:Reference bibliography
1742:, p. 10, Figure 1
1375:Cite journal requires
1011:Stephanus of Byzantium
949:
628:. The plans were off.
564:, an early version of
502:International Squadron
416:
348:Stephanos of Byzantium
289:Bronze Age and earlier
1970:10.3406/bch.1995.7008
1911:10.3406/bch.2002.7109
1875:10.4995/var.2010.4794
1780:Bennet, John (2011).
1084:was also represented.
948:
415:Entrance to the site.
414:
79:Lasithi Regional Unit
68:Alternative name
1601:"La base de données"
582:UMR 7041 of the CNRS
139:promontory, NE Crete
517:Minoan civilization
458:Domenico Comparetti
407:Archaeological site
269:Eremoupolis Beaches
109:35.2638°N 26.2630°E
105: /
32:
2014:Aegean Archaeology
1997:Aegean Archaeology
1649:Prospection Itanos
1627:Prospection Itanos
1605:Prospection Itanos
1563:Prospection Itanos
1544:Prospection Itanos
1473:, pp. 160–161
1437:, pp. 188–199
1342:, vol. ii. p. 314.
1329:. Vol. 4.151.
950:
417:
366:Hellenistic period
200:Public access
81:Sitia Municipality
2185:E. GRECO et al.,
1691:Costa et al. 2008
1662:Costa et al. 2008
1235:Pliny the Elder,
1099:Costa et al. 2008
1095:Costa et al. 2008
957:
956:
795:
794:
772:Costa et al. 2008
680:
679:
462:Federico Halbherr
297:tablets found in
240:in modern Greek.
207:
206:
187:Hellenic Republic
2247:
2211:
2163:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2111:(7): 1023–1036.
2095:
2082:
2076:
2066:
2055:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2021:
2004:
1987:
1985:
1973:
1948:
1931:
1914:
1889:
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1108:
1102:
1091:
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1062:Toplou Monastery
1058:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1024:
1018:
1003:
997:
986:
980:
973:
941:
928:
916:
904:
892:
880:
868:
856:
844:
832:
820:
808:
690:
683:Plan of the city
635:
618:Toplou Monastery
577:been released.
477:Toplou Monastery
446:Toplou Monastery
334:, when founding
249:Geometric Period
223:
120:
119:
117:
116:
115:
114:35.2638; 26.2630
110:
106:
103:
102:
101:
98:
60:
47:
33:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2215:
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2206:
2170:
2129:
2121:
2119:
2098:
2085:
2074:
2069:
2058:
2043:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2007:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1951:
1934:
1917:
1892:
1855:
1842:
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1825:
1808:
1795:
1784:
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1556:
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1524:
1520:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1489:
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1469:
1465:
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1421:
1417:
1408:
1404:
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1358:
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1346:
1338:
1334:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1302:
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1278:
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1266:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1215:
1207:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1092:
1088:
1077:. ARSCAN. 2016.
1073:
1072:
1068:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1035:
1033:
1028:Moore, Dudley.
1027:
1025:
1021:
1004:
1000:
987:
983:
974:
967:
962:
939:
932:
929:
920:
917:
908:
905:
896:
893:
884:
881:
872:
869:
860:
857:
848:
845:
836:
833:
824:
821:
812:
809:
800:
685:
657:
650:Final Neolithic
552:
535:
494:
492:French missions
454:
452:Italian mission
430:
428:British mission
425:
409:
389:
371:of the island.
368:
360:
358:Coins of Itanus
344:
325:
320:
291:
286:
253:Ptolemaic Egypt
245:Final Neolithic
113:
111:
107:
104:
99:
96:
94:
92:
91:
82:
80:
63:
51:
38:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2253:
2251:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2168:External links
2166:
2165:
2164:
2144:10.2307/628239
2127:
2096:
2083:
2067:
2056:
2036:
2022:
2005:
1988:
1974:
1949:
1947:(12): 241–245.
1932:
1930:(11): 201–203.
1915:
1890:
1853:
1845:|journal=
1823:
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1591:
1587:Tsigonaki 2009
1579:
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1549:
1530:
1518:
1499:
1487:
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1471:Tsigonaki 2009
1463:
1459:Halbherr 1891b
1451:
1447:Halbherr 1891a
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1415:
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1386:
1377:|journal=
1344:
1332:
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1224:Halbherr 1891a
1213:
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1192:
1189:
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1103:
1101:, p. 106.
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733:Tsigonaki 2009
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696:Region covered
694:
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654:Early Minoan I
646:
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257:Roman province
205:
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165:Archaeologists
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71:Itanus (Latin)
69:
65:
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53:
52:
48:
40:
39:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
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2133:
2128:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2050:(in French).
2049:
2042:
2037:
2030:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1941:The Antiquary
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1924:The Antiquary
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1901:(in French).
1900:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1837:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1696:
1693:, p. 104
1692:
1687:
1684:
1681:, p. 578
1680:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1664:, p. 116
1663:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1592:
1589:, p. 162
1588:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1531:
1528:, p. 717
1527:
1526:Kalpaxis 1995
1522:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1488:
1485:, p. 213
1484:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1461:, p. 241
1460:
1455:
1452:
1449:, p. 203
1448:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1428:
1425:, p. 192
1424:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1369:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1310:, p. 82.
1309:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1262:, p. 148
1261:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1226:, p. 201
1225:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1047:
1044:
1031:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1002:
999:
995:
991:
985:
982:
978:
972:
970:
966:
959:
952:
947:
943:
942:
936:
927:
922:
915:
910:
903:
898:
891:
886:
879:
874:
867:
862:
855:
850:
847:East Basilica
843:
838:
831:
826:
819:
814:
807:
802:
797:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
777:
773:
770:
767:
764:
760:
756:
755:
751:
750:Kalpaxis 1995
748:
745:
742:
739:
738:
734:
731:
729:
726:
723:
722:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
705:
701:
698:
695:
692:
691:
688:
682:
675:
671:
667:
663:
660:
655:
651:
648:
647:
643:
640:
637:
636:
633:
632:convenience.
629:
627:
623:
619:
613:
611:
607:
601:
599:
595:
589:
585:
583:
578:
575:
571:
567:
563:
558:
549:
547:
544:
540:
532:
530:
527:
522:
518:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
491:
489:
485:
481:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
451:
449:
447:
441:
439:
435:
427:
422:
420:
413:
406:
404:
402:
398:
394:
386:
384:
383:(Ierapytna).
382:
378:
372:
365:
363:
357:
355:
353:
349:
346:According to
341:
339:
337:
333:
329:
322:
317:
315:
312:
308:
302:
300:
296:
288:
283:
281:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
226:ancient Crete
219:
218:Ancient Greek
215:
211:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
150:
146:
142:
138:
135:
131:
127:
123:
118:
90:
86:
78:
74:
70:
66:
59:
54:
46:
41:
34:
26:
22:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2135:
2131:
2120:. Retrieved
2108:
2104:
2091:
2078:
2061:
2051:
2047:
2027:
2017:
2013:
2000:
1996:
1979:
1961:
1957:
1944:
1940:
1927:
1923:
1902:
1898:
1885:10251/139895
1865:
1861:
1836:cite journal
1818:
1814:
1801:
1797:
1788:
1766:, p. 81
1764:Duplouy 2018
1759:
1752:Nowicki 2012
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1411:Vafidis 2005
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1368:cite journal
1357:. Retrieved
1347:
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1308:Duplouy 2018
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1296:Duplouy 2018
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1286:, p. 80
1284:Duplouy 2018
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1250:, p. 81
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1209:Duplouy 2018
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1172:Nowicki 2002
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1034:. Retrieved
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686:
670:Cape Sideros
666:Sea of Crete
644:Description
630:
614:
602:
590:
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562:Roussolakkos
557:Cape Sideros
553:
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510:A.J. Reinach
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133:Part of
21:Roussolakkos
1986:. ekrit.gr.
1964:: 713–736.
1905:: 577–582.
1754:, p. 8
1730:, p. 7
1435:Spratt 1865
1423:Spratt 1865
1398:attalus.org
1272:Bennet 2011
1260:Bennet 2011
1036:27 February
994:Cape Sidero
763:Cape Sidero
693:Description
622:Natura 2000
566:Palaikastro
469:Gortyn code
137:Cape Sidero
112: /
88:Coordinates
2219:Categories
2138:: 84–130.
2122:2022-02-20
2054:: 103–122.
1679:Greco 2002
1497:, CREA ULB
1394:Syll.³ 685
1359:2018-12-18
1248:Ercek 2010
1051:Institute.
1032:. Academia
746:C. Licoppe
401:Hierapytna
192:Management
168:Primarily
157:Discovered
152:Site notes
100:26°15′47″E
97:35°15′50″N
2160:163873642
1868:(1): 81.
1559:"Accueil"
1326:Histories
1321:Herodotus
1191:Citations
990:Geography
988:Ptolemy,
656:(FN/EM I)
594:Kyriamadi
574:Vai Beach
381:Ierapetra
328:Herodotus
311:Santorini
305:villa of
184:Ownership
176:Condition
672:to past
432:In 1852
352:Kouretes
295:Linear B
50:remains.
2230:Lasithi
2020:: 7–34.
1015:Ethnika
798:Gallery
758:points.
702:Source
626:Geopark
598:Sideros
521:Knossos
506:firmans
397:Praisos
377:Praesus
332:Therans
299:Knossos
284:History
2180:Persée
2158:
2152:628239
2150:
2136:LXXIII
1515:: 252.
1340:Eckhel
1111:named.
1007:Itanos
1005:S. v.
699:Author
638:Period
610:EGSA87
473:Gortyn
393:Toplou
336:Cyrene
273:Itanos
265:Itanos
230:Itanum
222:Ἴτανος
214:Itanos
210:Itanus
76:Region
37:Ἴτανος
31:Itanos
25:Itanos
2156:S2CID
2148:JSTOR
2075:(PDF)
2044:(PDF)
2032:(PDF)
1984:(PDF)
1903:CXXVI
1785:(PDF)
1355:. HAL
960:Notes
674:Sitia
641:Dates
277:Sitia
275:, of
238:Itano
1962:CXIX
1849:help
1819:A2.1
1802:XLVI
1513:LXXI
1381:help
1038:2022
937:Maps
596:and
496:The
467:The
399:and
379:and
267:and
203:Open
160:1884
144:Area
125:Type
2140:doi
2113:doi
1966:doi
1907:doi
1880:hdl
1870:doi
606:GPS
307:Vai
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