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as automobiles, televisions and washing machines. From 1951 to 1971, average per capita income in real terms trebled, a trend accompanied by significant improvements in consumption patterns and living conditions. In 1955, for instance, only 3% of households owned refrigerators and 1% washing machines, while by 1975 the respective figures were 94% and 76%. In addition, 66% of all homes had come to possess cars. In 1954 the national public broadcasting
202:
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73:
225:
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193:, stating that "the growth of nation's economy, industry, and living standards in the postwar years has truly been phenomenal. A nation once literally in ruins, beset by heavy unemployment and inflation, has expanded its output and assets, stabilized its costs and currency, and created new jobs and new industries at a rate unmatched in the Western world".
284:
At the same time, the doubling of
Italian GDP between 1950 and 1962 had a massive impact on society and culture. Italian society, largely rural and excluded from the benefits of modern economy during the first half of the century, was suddenly flooded with a huge variety of cheap consumer goods, such
264:
The needs of a modernizing economy and society created a great demand for new transport and energy infrastructures. Thousands of miles of railways and highways were completed in record times to connect the main urban areas, while dams and power plants were built all over Italy, often without regard
244:
The impact of the economic miracle on
Italian society was huge. Fast economic expansion induced massive inflows of migrants from rural Southern Italy to the industrial cities of the North. Emigration was especially directed to the factories of the so-called "industrial triangle", the region placed
63:
to the late 1960s, and in particular the years from 1958 to 1963. This phase of
Italian history represented not only a cornerstone in the economic and social development of the country—which was transformed from a poor, mainly rural, nation into a global industrial power—but also a period of
64:
momentous change in
Italian society and culture. As summed up by one historian, by the end of the 1970s, "social security coverage had been made comprehensive and relatively generous. The material standard of living had vastly improved for the great majority of the population."
265:
for geological and environmental conditions. A concurrent boom of the real estate market, increasingly under pressure by strong demographic growth and internal migrations, led to the explosion of urban areas. Vast neighborhoods of low-income apartments and
150:
The above-mentioned highly favorable historical backgrounds, combined with the presence of a large and cheap stock of labour force, laid the foundations of a spectacular economic growth. The boom lasted almost uninterrupted until the
544:"2008/107/1 Computer, Programma 101, and documents (3), plastic / metal / paper / electronic components, hardware architect Pier Giorgio Perotto, designed by Mario Bellini, made by Olivetti, Italy, 1965–1971"
88:, Italy was in ruins and occupied by foreign armies, a condition that worsened the chronic development gap towards the more advanced European economies. However, the new geopolitical logic of the
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213:
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and street violence. The natural environment was constantly under strain by unregulated industrial expansion, leading to widespread air and water pollution and ecological disasters like the
124:(1950–1953), whose demand for metal and other manufactured products was a further stimulus to the growth of every kind of industry in Italy. In addition, the creation in 1957 of the
168:
830:
1625:
2620:
1657:
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1640:
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159:, gradually cooled the economy, which has never returned to its heady post-war growth rates. The Italian economy experienced an average rate of growth of
2252:
1182:
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395:
858:
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163:
of 5.8% per year between 1951 and 1963, and 5.0% per year between 1964 and 1973. Italian rates of growth were second only, but very close, to the
120:, receiving $ 1.5 billion from 1948 to 1952. The end of the Plan, that could have stopped the recovery, coincided with the crucial point of the
1070:
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1699:
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131:
2610:
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1966:
1593:
1426:
1187:
1012:
1613:
1588:
1431:
741:
622:
597:
527:
468:
1985:
1266:
1152:
1562:
2109:
2021:
1868:
1863:
1694:
690:
367:
2057:
1645:
1122:
766:
176:
2308:
2139:
2026:
1557:
1552:
967:
714:
1704:
2067:
2006:
1991:
1843:
1157:
2411:
2129:
1975:
1757:
1667:
1567:
1453:
1421:
1106:
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2094:
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1821:
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1729:
1603:
1137:
1063:
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2185:
2149:
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1132:
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896:
400:
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2406:
2104:
1946:
1878:
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1828:
1385:
1350:
1147:
911:
871:
639:
51:) is the term used by historians, economists, and the mass media to designate the prolonged period of strong
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2011:
1981:
1956:
1873:
1833:
1772:
1671:
1436:
1406:
957:
143:
105:
2089:
2077:
1853:
1838:
1530:
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881:
160:
125:
375:
all stigmatized selfishness and immorality that they believed characterized the miracle's roaring years.
2396:
2323:
2303:
2217:
2166:
1924:
1904:
1714:
1308:
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1162:
1142:
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launched the first
Italian-made television set in 1954, and the first European made portable TV in 1962.
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2062:
1951:
1929:
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were built in the outskirts of many cities, leading over the years to severe problems of congestion,
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1919:
1540:
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1037:
1007:
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615:
Power in Europe? II: Great
Britain, France, Germany, and Italy, and the Origins of the EEC 1952–57
543:
297:
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2471:
2328:
2269:
2222:
2144:
2001:
1971:
1961:
1936:
1909:
1816:
1809:
1745:
1501:
1496:
1213:
801:
Rota, Mauro. "Credit and growth: reconsidering
Italian industrial policy during the Golden Age."
667:
336:
183:
508:
Italy, a difficult democracy: a survey of
Italian politics by Frederic Spotts and Theodor Wieser
19:
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2446:
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2197:
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339:, who denounced it as a sneaky form of homogenization and cultural decay. Popular movies like
97:
128:, of which Italy was among the founder members, provided more investments and eased exports.
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1996:
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808:
Tolliday, Steven W. "Introduction: enterprise and state in the
Italian'economic miracle'."
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Poverty and
Inequality in Common Market Countries edited by Victor George and Roger Lawson
418:
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52:
257:. Between 1955 and 1971, around 9 million people are estimated to have been involved in
520:
The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947–1952
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personally praised Italy's extraordinary economic growth at an official dinner with
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987:
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155:'s" massive strikes and social unrest of 1969–1970, that combined with the later
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chemical accident, until a green consciousness developed starting in the 1980s.
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240:, the film that represented the hyperactive lifestyle of Italy in those years.
229:
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638:
Kennedy, John F. (July 1, 1963). Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. (eds.).
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16:
Italian historical period of economic growth from post-WWII to late 1960s
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209:, launched in 1957, is considered a symbol of Italy's economic miracle.
261:, uprooting entire communities and creating large metropolitan areas.
100:, and now a new, fragile democracy threatened by the proximity of the
2016:
759:
Immigrants at the margins. Law, race and exclusion in Southern Europe
92:
made possible that the former enemy Italy, a hinge-country between
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640:"290 - Remarks at a Dinner Given in His Honor by President Segni"
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116:, and therefore a recipient of the generous aid provided by the
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Mass culture and Italian society from fascism to the Cold War
431:, the period of unrest following the Italian economic miracle
327:
on society in Italy has often been fiercely criticized by
794:
Nardozzi, Giangiacomo. "The Italian" Economic Miracle"."
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Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
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76:One of a number of posters created to promote the
146:ever and was an economic success internationally.
522:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–45.
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831:
736:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 219.
691:"Brionvega. A brief history of the black box"
8:
592:. Cambridge University Press. p. 428.
463:. Cambridge University Press. p. 441.
245:between the major manufacturing centres of
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761:. Cambridge University Press. p. 53.
663:"Italian Pride Is Revived in a Tiny Fiat"
488:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
396:Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale
588:Nicholas Crafts, Gianni Toniolo (1996).
459:Nicholas Crafts, Gianni Toniolo (1996).
442:
484:David Forgacs, Stephen Gundle (2013).
7:
1609:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
590:Economic growth in Europe since 1945
461:Economic growth in Europe since 1945
414:Post–World War II economic expansion
289:began a regular television service.
803:European Review of Economic History
798:(2003) 19#2 pp: 139-180, in English
617:. Berlin: de Gruyter. p. 198.
661:Tagliabue, John (11 August 2007).
311:which prominently features a 1958
259:inter-regional migrations in Italy
14:
642:. The American Presidency Project
2621:Post–World War II economic booms
2565:
2564:
2553:
568:"Cyber Heroes: Camillo Olivetti"
175:had been doing better. In 1963,
167:rates, in Europe, and among the
2294:Orders, decorations, and medals
734:A history of contemporary Italy
319:The pervasive influence of the
142:is considered one of the first
449:Life, November 24, 1967 (p.48)
45:il miracolo economico italiano
1:
236:, street symbol of the Roman
112:as an important ally for the
104:and the presence of a strong
2334:Water supply and sanitation
1758:Italian geographical region
1626:Monarchy and the World Wars
1568:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
1454:War of the Sicilian Vespers
1107:Timeline of Italian history
796:Rivista di storia economica
2639:
2253:Inventions and discoveries
1663:Fall of the Fascist regime
1646:Fourth War of Independence
1604:Expedition of the Thousand
1594:Second War of Independence
49:il boom economico italiano
2611:Economic history of Italy
2596:1960s in economic history
2591:1950s in economic history
2549:
2193:
2048:
2027:Security and intelligence
1900:
1753:
1614:Third War of Independence
1589:First War of Independence
518:Michael J. Hogan (1987).
401:Japanese economic miracle
386:Economic history of Italy
1705:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus
1700:Institutional referendum
805:(2013) 17#4 pp: 431–451.
548:www.powerhousemuseum.com
144:programmable calculators
108:, was considered by the
33:Italian economic miracle
2228:Emigration and diaspora
1437:Guelphs and Ghibellines
1422:the Sardinian Judicates
812:(2000) 1#2 pp: 241–248.
757:Kitty Calavita (2005).
613:Ennio Di Nolfo (1992).
138:, developed in 1965 by
2110:Science and technology
2058:Italian regions by GDP
1859:Marine protected areas
1531:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
810:Enterprise and Society
732:Paul Ginsborg (2003).
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241:
221:
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126:European Common Market
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2309:Public administration
1417:the Holy Roman Empire
1017:United Arab Emirates
368:C'eravamo tanto amati
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216:
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37:Italian economic boom
22:
2537:World Heritage Sites
1992:Council of Ministers
1730:Coronavirus pandemic
1128:Currency and coinage
301:Scene from the film
2068:Automotive industry
2007:Metropolitan cities
1553:Early Modern period
1526:Kingdom of Sardinia
1477:Italian city-states
715:"Hollywood in Rome"
689:Cappellieri, Alba.
333:Pier Paolo Pasolini
253:and the seaport of
197:Society and culture
2130:Telecommunications
1497:Maritime republics
721:. 9 December 2019.
668:The New York Times
337:Luciano Bianciardi
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313:Lancia Aurelia B24
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1967:Political parties
1915:Foreign relations
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1461:Kingdom of Naples
1449:Kingdom of Sicily
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1045:
859:Post-World War II
719:harpersbazaar.com
495:978-0-253-21948-0
424:Wirtschaftswunder
277:disaster and the
184:Italian President
84:After the end of
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2560:Italy portal
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2497:National symbols
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1898:
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1631:Kingdom of Italy
1558:Napoleonic Italy
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391:Economic miracle
363:Vittorio De Sica
315:cabriolet (1962)
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1947:Law enforcement
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1672:Social Republic
1636:Colonial Empire
1619:Capture of Rome
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789:Further reading
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171:countries only
157:1973 oil crisis
106:Communist party
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53:economic growth
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2120:Stock exchange
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1982:Prime Minister
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1773:Climate change
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470:0-521-49627-6
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429:Years of Lead
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407:La Dolce Vita
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118:Marshall Plan
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110:United States
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98:Mediterranean
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78:Marshall Plan
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67:
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21:
2397:Architecture
2367:Quattrocento
2324:Social class
2304:Prostitution
2218:Demographics
2140:Trade unions
2083:Central Bank
1925:Human rights
1905:Constitution
1709:
1688:Contemporary
1658:World War II
1546:Italian Wars
1470:Early modern
1412:Papal States
1390:Italy under
1336:Ancient Rome
932:West Germany
891:
809:
802:
795:
777:
758:
752:
733:
727:
718:
709:
698:. Retrieved
694:
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644:. Retrieved
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562:
551:. Retrieved
547:
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405:
373:Ettore Scola
366:
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263:
243:
228:The elegant
177:US President
149:
102:Iron Curtain
86:World War II
83:
61:World War II
48:
36:
32:
30:
27:in the 1960s
2462:Italophilia
2422:Coat of arm
2372:Cinquecento
2248:Immigration
2198:Aristocracy
2063:Agriculture
1957:Nationality
1930:LGBT rights
1844:Earthquakes
1725:Mani pulite
1641:World War I
1584:Unification
1577:Late modern
1541:Renaissance
1386:Middle Ages
1379:Middle Ages
1356:Roman Italy
1123:Citizenship
998:Philippines
941:Later years
912:South Korea
570:. Hive Mind
345:(1962) and
342:Il Sorpasso
325:consumerism
304:Il Sorpasso
271:urban decay
165:West German
2585:Categories
2532:Traditions
2522:Television
2507:Philosophy
2472:Literature
2412:Cathedrals
2382:Settecento
2243:Healthcare
2208:Corruption
2203:Censorship
1962:Parliament
1920:Government
1720:Maxi Trial
1668:Resistance
1397:Ostrogoths
1329:Messapians
1214:Villanovan
1204:Prehistory
1197:Prehistory
768:0521846633
700:2023-03-08
674:8 February
574:2010-11-07
553:2016-03-20
437:References
371:(1974) by
361:(1963) by
351:(1963) by
321:mass media
275:Vajont Dam
238:Dolce Vita
230:Via Veneto
153:Hot Autumn
114:Free World
2492:Mythology
2467:Libraries
2387:Ottocento
2329:Terrorism
2270:Languages
2223:Education
2145:Transport
2095:Companies
2002:Provinces
1972:President
1937:Judiciary
1910:Elections
1822:Volcanoes
1817:Volcanism
1810:Apennines
1795:Mountains
1763:Peninsula
1746:Geography
1677:Civil War
1402:Byzantium
1309:Etruscans
1244:Canegrate
1239:Golasecca
1224:Rinaldone
1219:Terramare
1209:Neolithic
988:Lithuania
973:Indonesia
907:Singapore
887:Hong Kong
353:Dino Risi
309:Dino Risi
293:Criticism
218:Brionvega
122:Korea War
80:in Europe
23:Downtown
2570:Category
2457:Internet
2447:Folklore
2377:Seicento
2362:Trecento
2357:Duecento
2319:Religion
2280:Regional
2258:Italians
2233:Gambling
2125:Taxation
1952:Military
1893:Politics
1695:Republic
1482:Florence
1407:Lombards
1346:Republic
1292:Samnites
1287:Picentes
1229:Apennine
1188:Railways
1168:Military
1116:By topic
1100:Overview
1084:articles
1008:Thailand
1003:Slovakia
993:Malaysia
379:See also
348:I Mostri
207:Fiat 500
140:Olivetti
96:and the
90:Cold War
2527:Theatre
2502:Palaces
2482:Museums
2452:Gardens
2437:Fashion
2427:Cuisine
2407:Castles
2349:Culture
2299:Poverty
2275:Italian
2186:Society
2167:Welfare
2135:Tourism
2105:Exports
2073:Banking
2053:Economy
2041:Economy
1997:Regions
1879:Valleys
1849:Islands
1829:Beaches
1800:Prealps
1780:Geology
1768:Climate
1432:Normans
1392:Odoacer
1341:Kingdom
1324:Ligures
1260:Ancient
1234:Nuragic
1183:Postage
1158:Judaism
1148:Genetic
1138:Fashion
1133:Economy
1092:History
1038:Vietnam
978:Ireland
963:Estonia
872:Belgium
867:Austria
646:30 July
358:Il Boom
68:History
41:Italian
2558:
2432:Design
2417:Cinema
2392:Anthem
2314:Racism
2263:People
2238:Health
2100:Energy
2090:Brands
2017:Comune
2012:Cities
1874:Rivers
1834:Canals
1517:Amalfi
1502:Venice
1361:Empire
1302:Veneti
1277:Latins
1249:Latial
1082:
1013:Turkey
983:Latvia
948:Brazil
927:Taiwan
922:Sweden
902:Mexico
882:Greece
877:France
765:
740:
621:
596:
526:
492:
467:
410:(1960)
279:Seveso
59:after
2517:Sport
2487:Music
2477:Media
2339:Women
2213:Crime
2078:Banks
1854:Lakes
1839:Caves
1790:Flora
1785:Fauna
1507:Genoa
1492:Milan
1487:Siena
1427:Arabs
1314:Celts
1297:Umbri
1173:Music
1143:Flags
1080:Italy
1021:Dubai
968:India
958:China
953:Chile
917:Spain
897:Japan
892:Italy
331:like
255:Genoa
251:Turin
247:Milan
173:Japan
57:Italy
25:Milan
2442:Flag
2172:Wine
2160:road
2155:rail
1986:List
1976:List
1805:Alps
1670:and
1512:Pisa
1282:Osci
1178:Name
1163:LGBT
849:and
763:ISBN
738:ISBN
676:2015
648:2017
619:ISBN
594:ISBN
524:ISBN
490:ISBN
465:ISBN
365:and
335:and
323:and
249:and
234:Rome
205:The
191:Rome
169:OEEC
31:The
2402:Art
2150:air
1942:Law
307:by
287:RAI
232:in
189:in
161:GDP
55:in
47:or
35:or
2587::
717:.
693:.
665:.
546:.
355:,
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1984:(
1978:)
1974:(
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771:.
746:.
703:.
678:.
650:.
627:.
602:.
577:.
556:.
532:.
498:.
473:.
151:"
39:(
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