Astrophotography - Knowledge

1253: 855:. Urban astrophotographers may use special light-pollution or narrow-band filters and advanced computer processing techniques to reduce ambient urban light in the background of their images. They may also stick to imaging bright targets like the Sun, Moon and planets. Another method used by amateurs to avoid light pollution is to set up, or rent time, on a remotely operated telescope at a dark sky location. Other challenges include setup and alignment of portable telescopes for accurate tracking, working within the limitations of “off the shelf” equipment, the endurance of monitoring equipment, and sometimes manually tracking astronomical objects over long exposures in a wide range of weather conditions. 1269: 1362: 4075: 1281: 1385: 1241: 1417: 1297: 327: 315:" (although, as in other scientific fields, these were not always men). Because of the very long exposures needed to capture relatively faint astronomical objects, many technological problems had to be overcome. These included making telescopes rigid enough so they would not sag out of focus during the exposure, building clock drives that could rotate the telescope mount at a constant rate, and developing ways to accurately keep a telescope aimed at a fixed point over a long period of time. Early photographic processes also had limitations. The 1441: 734: 472: 1045:

the difficulties in centering and focusing sometimes very dim objects in the narrow field of view, contending with magnified vibration and tracking errors, and the added expense of equipment (such as sufficiently sturdy telescope mounts, camera mounts, camera couplers, off-axis guiders, guide scopes, illuminated cross-hairs, or auto-guiders mounted on primary telescope or the guide-scope.) There are several different ways cameras (with removable lenses) are attached to amateur astronomical telescopes including:

1401: 1324: 840: 1309: 664:). This can also be compensated for by using the same technique used in professional astronomy of taking photographs at different wavelengths that are then combined to create a correct color image. Since the film is much slower than digital sensors, tiny errors in tracking can be corrected without much noticeable effect on the final image. Film astrophotography is becoming less popular due to the lower ongoing costs, greater sensitivity, and the convenience of 1343: 480: 4147: 4037: 375: 608: 143: 4048: 1156: 4111: 1123:), allowing the camera to basically photograph anything the observer can see. This method works well for capturing images of the moon and brighter planets, as well as narrow field images of stars and nebulae. Afocal photography was common with early 20th-century consumer-level cameras since many models had non-removable lenses. It has grown in popularity with the introduction of 4135: 891: 565:"), have the ability to record in a much wider spectral range, and simplify storage of information. Telescopes now use many configurations of CCD sensors including linear arrays and large mosaics of CCD elements equivalent to 100 million pixels, designed to cover the focal plane of telescopes that formerly used 10–14-inch (25–36 cm) photographic plates. 4087: 4123: 33: 672: 4099: 569: 300: 365:. A failed attempt to obtain a photograph of a Total Eclipse of the Sun was made by the Italian physicist, Gian Alessandro Majocchi during an eclipse of the Sun that took place in his home city of Milan, on July 8, 1842. He later gave an account of his attempt and the Daguerreotype photographs he obtained, in which he wrote: 592:. Operating outside the atmosphere's turbulence, scattered ambient light and the vagaries of weather allows the Hubble Space Telescope, with a mirror diameter of 2.4 metres (94 in), to record stars down to the 30th magnitude, some 100 times dimmer than what the 5-meter Mount Palomar Hale Telescope could record in 1949. 561:, cryogenic cooling, and light amplification, but starting in the 1970s after the invention of the CCD, photographic plates were gradually replaced by electronic imaging in professional and amateur observatories. CCD's are far more light sensitive, do not drop off in sensitivity over long exposures the way film does (" 908:, interesting planetary configurations, meteors, and bright comets. Exposure times must be short (under a minute) to avoid having the stars point image become an elongated line due to the Earth's rotation. Camera lens focal lengths are usually short, as longer lenses will show image trailing in a matter of seconds. A 1220:

in the last part of the 20th century, and advances in computer-controlled telescope mounts and CCD cameras, allows use of 'Remote Telescopes' for amateur astronomers not aligned with major telescope facilities to partake in research and deep-sky imaging. This enables the imager to control a telescope

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Astronomical filters usually come as sets and are manufactured to specific standards, in order to allow different observatories to make observations at the same standard. A common filter standard in the astronomy community is the Johnson Morgan UVB, designed to match a CCD’s color response to that of

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Astrophotographic hardware among non-professional astronomers varies widely since the photographers themselves range from general photographers shooting some form of aesthetically pleasing images to very serious amateur astronomers collecting data for scientific research. As a hobby, astrophotography

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over long exposures, in which sensitivity to light of different wavelengths appears to drop off at different rates as the exposure time increases, leading to a color shift in the image and reduced sensitivity over all as a function of time. This is compensated for, or at least reduced, by cooling the

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and had an aperture of only 2.4 in (6.1 cm), and a focal length of 32 in (81 cm). Commencing immediately after the beginning of totality, Berkowski exposed a daguerreotype plate for 84 seconds in the focus of the telescope, and on developing an image of the corona was obtained. He

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Filters can be categorised into two classes; broadband and narrowband. Broadband filters allow a wide range of wavelengths to pass through, removing small amounts of light pollution. Narrowband filters only allow light from very specific wavelengths to pass through, blocking out the vast majority of

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Piggyback astronomical photography is a method where a camera/lens is mounted on an equatorially mounted astronomical telescope. The telescope is used as a guide scope to keep the field of view centered during the exposure. This allows the camera to use a longer exposure and/or a longer focal length

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are popular for Solar, Lunar, and Planetary imaging. Mostly, these are manually focused cameras containing a CCD sensor instead of the more common CMOS. The lenses of these cameras are removed and then these are attached to telescopes to record images, videos, or both. In newer techniques, videos of

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There are also cameras specifically designed for amateur astrophotography based on commercially available imaging sensors. They may also allow the sensor to be cooled to reduce thermal noise in long exposures, provide raw image readout, and to be controlled from a computer for automated imaging. Raw

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and appearance of an astronomical object or phenomenon need to consider many factors, including how the human eye works. Particularly under different atmospheric conditions images need to evaluate several factors to produce analyzable or representative images, like images of space missions from the

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used the dry plate process to record several images of the same nebula in exposures up to 60 minutes with a 36 in (91 cm) reflecting telescope that he constructed in the backyard of his home in Ealing, outside London. These images for the first time showed stars too faint to be seen by the

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In this type of photography, the telescope itself is used as the "lens" collecting light for the film or CCD of the camera. Although this allows for the magnification and light-gathering power of the telescope to be used, it is one of the most difficult astrophotography methods. This is because of

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Dual axis mounts use two motors to drive both the right ascension and the declination axis together. This mount will compensate for the Earth's rotation by driving the right ascension axis, similar to a star tracker. However using an auto-guiding system, the secondary declination axis can also be

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Imaging can be done regardless of the location of the user or the telescopes they wish to use. The digital data collected by the telescope is then transmitted and displayed to the user by means of the Internet. An example of a digital remote telescope operation for public use via the Internet is

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A few minutes before and after totality an iodized plate was exposed in a camera to the light of the thin crescent, and a distinct image was obtained, but another plate exposed to the light of the corona for two minutes during totality did not show the slightest trace of photographic action. No

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Since the late 1990s amateurs have been following the professional observatories in the switch from film to digital CCDs for astronomical imaging. CCDs are more sensitive than film, allowing much shorter exposure times, and have a linear response to light. Images can be captured in many short

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software to improve the image in some way. Images can be brightened and manipulated in a computer to adjust color and increase the contrast. More sophisticated techniques involve capturing multiple images (sometimes thousands) to composite together in an additive process to sharpen images to

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cooling. Astronomical equipment companies also now offer a wide range of purpose-built astronomical CCD cameras complete with hardware and processing software. Many commercially available DSLR cameras have the ability to take long time exposures combined with sequential

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The beginning of the 20th century saw the worldwide construction of refracting telescopes and sophisticated large reflecting telescopes specifically designed for photographic imaging. Towards the middle of the century, giant telescopes such as the

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that allows the observer to view the same image in the telescope that is taking the picture. Guiding was formerly done manually throughout the exposure with an observer standing at (or riding inside) the telescope making corrections to keep a

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axis. This allows the mount to compensate for the Earth's rotation. Star trackers rely on the user ensuring the mount is polar aligned with high accuracy, as it is unable correct in the secondary declination axis, limiting exposure times.

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exposures to create a synthetic long exposure. Digital cameras also have minimal or no moving parts and the ability to be operated remotely via an infrared remote or computer tethering, limiting vibration. Simple digital devices such as

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The most basic types of astronomical photographs are made with standard cameras and photographic lenses mounted in a fixed position or on a tripod. Foreground objects or landscapes are sometimes composed in the shot. Objects imaged are

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Schielicke, Reinhard E.; Wittmann, Axel D. (2005). "On the Berkowski daguerreotype (Königsberg, 1851 July 28): the first correctly-exposed photograph of the solar corona". In Wittmann, A. D.; Wolfschmidt, G.; Duerbeck, H. W. (eds.).

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The Pleiades Star Cluster photographed with a 6 megapixel DSLR connected to an 80mm refracting telescope piggybacked on a larger telescope. Made from seven 180 second images combined and processed in Photoshop with a noise reduction

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very faint objects are taken and the sharpest frames of the video are 'stacked' together to obtain a still image of respectable contrast. The Philips PCVC 740K and SPC 900 are among the few webcams liked by astrophotographers. Any

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Astrophotography is a popular hobby among photographers and amateur astronomers. Techniques ranges from basic film and digital cameras on tripods up to methods and equipment geared toward advanced imaging. Amateur astronomers and

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Photography using extended exposure-times revolutionized the field of professional astronomical research, recording hundreds of thousands of new stars, and nebulae invisible to the human eye. Specialized and ever-larger

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of the telescope objective) is used to project a much more magnified image directly onto the film or CCD. Since the image is magnified with a narrow field of view this method is generally used for lunar and planetary

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systems suffer from induced tracking errors due to imperfect motor drives, the mechanical sag of the telescope, and atmospheric refraction. Tracking errors are corrected by keeping a selected aiming point, usually a

386:. Dr. August Ludwig Busch, the Director of the Königsberg Observatory gave instructions for a local daguerreotypist named Johann Julius Friedrich Berkowski to image the eclipse. Busch himself was not present at 1280: 75:) was taken in 1840, but it was not until the late 19th century that advances in technology allowed for detailed stellar photography. Besides being able to record the details of extended objects such as the 1501: 1440: 346:, New York University Professor of Chemistry, physician and scientific experimenter managed to make the first successful photograph of the Moon a year later on March 23, 1840, taking a 20-minute-long 530:, all with an aperture of around 13 in (330 mm) and a focal length of 11 ft (3.4 m), designed to create images with a uniform scale on the photographic plate of approximately 60 413:

also exposed a second plate for about 40 to 45 seconds but was spoiled when the Sun broke out from behind the Moon. More detailed photographic studies of the Sun were made by the British astronomer

1296: 1240: 791:" is a secondary technique that involves taking a video of an object rather than standard long exposure photos. Software can then select the highest quality images which can then be stacked. 1342: 1095:), placed in the converging cone of light before the focal plane of the telescope objective, to reduce overall image magnification. It is used on very long focal length telescopes, such as 40:

composited from digitized black-and-white photographic plates recorded through red and blue astronomical filters, with a computer synthesized green channel. The plates were taken using the

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Astronomical photography was one of the earliest types of scientific photography and almost from its inception it diversified into subdisciplines that each have a specific goal including

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The conventional over-the-counter film has long been used for astrophotography. Film exposures range from seconds to over an hour. Commercially available color film stock is subject to

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that compensate for the Earth's rotation are used for longer exposures without objects being blurred. They include commercial equatorial mounts and homemade equatorial devices such as

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so equipment and observatories doing astronomical imaging are often located in remote locations to allow long exposures without the film or detectors being swamped with stray light.

495:, in 1876, in their work to record the spectra of astronomical objects. In 1880, Henry Draper used the new dry plate process with photographically corrected 11 in (28 cm) 2367: 676: 4005: 203:) the object to be imaged is moving, so the telescope has to be kept constantly centered on that object. This guiding is done through a second co-mounted telescope called a " 2358:

Large collection of astronomical photographs taken from the Lick Observatory from the Lick Observatory Records Digital Archive, UC Santa Cruz Library’s Digital Collections

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Tracking mounts can come in two forms; single axis and dual axis. Single axis mounts are often known as star trackers. Star trackers have a single motor which drives the

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photographic alteration was caused by the light of the corona condensed by a lens for two minutes, during totality, on a sheet of paper prepared with bromide of silver.

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One of Andrew Ainslie Common's 1883 photographs of the same nebula, the first to show that a long exposure could record stars and nebulae invisible to the human eye.

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image readout allows later better image processing by retaining all the original image data which along with stacking can assist in imaging faint deep sky objects.

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Since the Earth is constantly rotating, telescopes and equipment are rotated in the opposite direction to follow the apparent motion of the stars overhead (called

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that allows long exposures can be used for this purpose, but some phones have a specific mode for astrophotography that will stitch together multiple exposures.

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on the guide star. Since the advent of computer-controlled systems, this is accomplished by an automated system in professional and even amateur equipment.

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2 minute time exposure of the comet Hale-Bopp imaged using a camera on a fixed tripod. The tree in the foreground was illuminated using a small flashlight.

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has many challenges that have to be overcome that differ from conventional photography and from what is normally encountered in professional astronomy.

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over long periods of time. The amount of light hitting the film or detector is also increased by increasing the diameter of the primary optics (the

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The late 20th century saw advances in astronomical imaging take place in the form of new hardware, with the construction of giant multi-mirror and

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photography. Digital video cameras are also used. There are many techniques and pieces of commercially manufactured equipment for attaching

4000: 2051: 1052:– In this method the image produced by the telescope falls directly on the film or CCD with no intervening optics or telescope eyepiece. 3937: 3484: 307:

The development of astrophotography as a scientific tool was pioneered in the mid-19th century for the most part by experimenters and

2207: 3693: 2288: 1684: 1523: 1203: 1177: 637: 134:, seeking aesthetically pleasing images rather than scientific data. Amateurs use a wide range of special equipment and techniques. 2161: 1376: 1100: 523:, was started in 1887. It was conducted by 20 observatories all using special photographic telescopes with a uniform design called 1974: 4182: 3660: 1542: 851:, equipment often needs to be portable so that it can be taken far away from the lights of major cities or towns to avoid urban 3979: 3957: 3446: 507:, the first photograph of a nebula ever made. A breakthrough in astronomical photography came in 1883, when amateur astronomer 342:. Tracking errors in guiding the telescope during the long exposure meant the photograph came out as an indistinct fuzzy spot. 335: 119:. Astrophotography had an early role in sky surveys and star classification but over time it has used ever more sophisticated 1603: 3625: 3113: 2900: 2143: 2083: 1181: 383: 271:. These often require specialized equipment such as telescopes designed for precise imaging, for wide field of view (such as 1011:. Mounts can suffer from inaccuracies due to backlash in the gears, wind, and imperfect balance, and so a technique called 4187: 4172: 3534: 3466: 3219: 2746: 1334: 843:

NGC281, popularly the 'Pacman Nebula', imaged from a suburban location using a 130mm amateur telescope and a DSLR camera.

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In 1850 the first daguerreotype ever made of a star, the bright Vega, was taken by J.A. Whipple working under W.C. Bond

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Allowing the stars to intentionally become elongated lines in exposures lasting several minutes or even hours, called “

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Astronomical photography did not become a serious research tool until the late 19th century, with the introduction of

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Henry Draper with a refractor telescope set up for photography (photo probably taken in the 1860s or early 1870).

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over long periods of time or using specialized optical filters which limit the photons to a certain wavelength.

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Some camera manufacturers modify their products to be used as astrophotography cameras, such as Canon's

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driven, compensating for errors in polar alignment, allowing for significantly longer exposure times.

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The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography: Digital Imaging, Theory and Applications, History, and Science

1914: 1903:"Lucky imaging and speckle discrimination for the detection of faint companions with adaptive optics" 1641: 496: 441: 351: 1103:, to obtain a wider field of view, or to reduce the focal ratio of the setup thereby increasing the 839: 700:

can be modified to allow access to the focal plane and even (after the cutting of a few wires), for

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The first solar eclipse photograph was taken on July 28, 1851, by a daguerrotypist named Berkowski.

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lens or even be attached to some form of photographic telescope co-axial with the main telescope.

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Nebulae in a montage of two film exposures with an 8" Schmidt–Newton telescope, manually guided

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far away in a dark location. The observers can image through the telescopes using CCD cameras.

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See for example, U.S. Patent No. 4,038,669, Cryogenic Cameras, John M. Guerra, July 26, 1977.

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1 minute exposure using ISO 800 film, wide angle lens, piggybacked on an equatorial telescope

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The Sun may have been first photographed in an 1845 daguerreotype by the French physicists

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process was far too slow to record anything but the brightest objects, and the wet plate

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An amateur astrophotography set up with an automated guide system connected to a laptop.

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Some progress was made in the field of photographic emulsions and in the techniques of

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Keith Mackay, Keith's Astrophotography and Astronomy site, Methods of Astrophotography

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packages are available specifically for astronomical photographic image manipulation.

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telescopes. It would also see the introduction of space-based telescopes, such as the

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over long exposures, so there are many techniques for cooling the camera, including

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Gladysz, Szymon (2008). Hubin, Norbert; Max, Claire E; Wizinowich, Peter L (eds.).

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20sec exposure photograph taken with a tripod mounted DSLR camera with 18-55mm lens

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When the camera lens is not removed (or cannot be removed) a common method used is

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The first photograph of a star other than the Sun was a daguerreotype of the star

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today uses photography, the term "astrophotography" usually refers to its use in

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telescope mounts to keep celestial objects centered while Earth rotates. All

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Star trails photographed in earth orbit from the International Space Station

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Common, Andrew Ainslie & Taylor, Albert (1890). "Eclipse Photography".

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Both digital camera images and scanned film images are usually adjusted in

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used the wet collodion plate process to obtain the first ever photographic

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taken via eyepiece projection from an 8-inch Schmidt Cassegrain telescope.

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feature. The camera itself is moving in these shots on a motorized mount.

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Images are recorded on many types of media and imaging devices including

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Henry Draper's 1880 photograph of the Orion Nebula, the first ever taken.

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is used as a closed feedback system to correct for these inaccuracies.

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and to allow the detector to record images in other spectra such as in

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The Measurement of Starlight: Two Centuries of Astronomical Photometry

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technique, using 10 seconds of video stacked to create a final image.

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technique, using 10 seconds of video stacked to create a final image.

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Digital camera images may also need further processing to reduce the

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sensitivity for improved capture of red hydrogen emission nebulae.

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photography. It was first used by Sir William Huggins and his wife

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photographic film. However there are over 200 standards available.

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digital cameras since most models also have non-removable lenses.

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cameras to telescopes. Consumer-level digital cameras suffer from

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since both film and digital imaging devices can accumulate light

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and other equipment and techniques designed for specific fields.

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The Sun's solar corona was first successfully imaged during the

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process limited exposures to the time the plate could stay wet.

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were constructed as essentially big cameras to record images on

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Development of Solar Research / Entwicklung der Sonnenforschung

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The earliest surviving dagerrotype of the Moon by Draper (1840)

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Description of the types of images used in astrophotography.

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National Geographic Society – Palomar Observatory Sky Survey

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How to Photograph & Process Nightscapes and Time-Lapses

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The first known attempt at astronomical photography was by

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With very low light capability, a few specific models of

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are also used to record images in specific wavelengths.

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With a few exceptions, astronomical photography employs

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as both film and digital cameras can accumulate and sum

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Prime focus astrophotography – Prescott Astronomy Club

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Spectrometers, ASTROLab of Mont-Mégantic National Park

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A composite of several Digital-SLR photos compiled in

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loen.ucolick.org, Lick Observatory 12-inch Telescope

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UCO Lick Observatory page on the Crossley telescope

2329:How to Photograph the Night Sky (Astrophotography) 1801: 1290:using a digital-SLR camera with a 500 mm lens 1091:– Compression uses a positive lens (also called a 620:also use homemade equipment and modified devices. 2052:"CanonEOS 60Da astrophotography camera announced" 275:), or for work at specific wavelengths of light. 1854:"CCDs, CMOS, and the Future of Astrophotography" 428:and daguerreotype photographer and experimenter 2280:The Cambridge encyclopedia of amateur astronomy 1634:Journal of the British Astronomical Association 367: 2444: 2251:An Introduction to Observational Astrophysics 554:were pushing the limits of film photography. 8: 992:”, is an artistic technique sometimes used. 3996:Conservation and restoration of photographs 2225:"How Focal Ratio Affects Your Astro Images" 1184:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3723:Comparison of digital and film photography 2451: 2437: 2429: 2398:Astrophotography Techniques – Astropix.com 2184:. Cambridge University Press. p. 69. 1743: 1741: 1604:Hastings Historical Society (blogspot.com) 1580:Scientific Photography and Applied Imaging 3948:Photographs considered the most important 2283:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1204:Learn how and when to remove this message 706:digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) cameras 1422:Saturn image using negative projection ( 889: 600:For broader coverage of this topic, see 521:Astrographic Catalogue and Carte du Ciel 478: 470: 325: 180:). This is accomplished by using either 141: 31: 4070: 2362:History of Astrophotography Timeline – 1569: 1258:Fixed tripod mounted camera capturing " 1236: 1066:) or a positive lens (placed after the 957:. For example, with a 35 mm lens on an 916:states that, to keep stars point-like, 544:200 in (5.1 m) Hale Telescope 1808:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1765:A Dictionary of the History of Science 1317:, camera with a 300mm lens piggybacked 755:, and filtering out light pollution. 2380:The Early History of Astrophotography 2312:. Taylor & Francis. p. 508. 1333:shot at the prime focus of an 8" f/4 7: 2386:CCD's Versus Professional Plate Film 1768:. Taylor & Francis. p. 75. 1182:adding citations to reliable sources 503:to make a 51-minute exposure of the 211:", a device with a prism or optical 67:, celestial events, or areas of the 3943:Museums devoted to one photographer 2417:Beginners Guide to Astrophotography 2025:Mitchell, Don P. (7 October 1959). 810:Images attempting to reproduce the 444:and English amateur astronomer Sir 3485:Timeline of photography technology 2373:One of the first photos of the Sun 1973:Singapore, AFP (24 January 2021). 1058:– A method in which the telescope 638:digital single-lens reflex cameras 350:image using a 5-inch (13 cm) 169:) being used. Urban areas produce 25: 1524:List of Hubble anniversary images 1493:(Luminance, Red, Green, and Blue) 1040:Telescope focal plane photography 546:and the 48 in (120 cm) 4145: 4133: 4121: 4109: 4097: 4085: 4073: 4046: 4036: 4035: 2181:Astrophotography for the Amateur 1439: 1415: 1399: 1390:The Moon photographed using the 1383: 1360: 1341: 1322: 1307: 1295: 1279: 1267: 1251: 1239: 1154: 4047: 2408:The Beauty of Space Photography 2392:The History of Astrophotography 1860:. American Astronomical Society 1700:Edward Emerson Barnard (1895). 1661:American Journal of Photography 1367:Image of the moon taken with a 762:from long exposures, including 515:The first all-sky photographic 432:, on July 16 and 17, 1850 with 99:. This is accomplished through 27:Imaging of astronomical objects 2344:"Photography, Celestial" 2138:. Sky Publishing Corporation. 2136:The Handbook for Star Trackers 1616:Memoir, Henry Draper 1837–1882 559:forming gas hypersensitization 440:. In 1863 the English chemist 408:-inch (17 cm) Königsberg 384:Solar eclipse of July 28, 1851 279:may cool the sensor to reduce 1: 3535:Painted photography backdrops 3467:Golden triangle (composition) 2747:35 mm equivalent focal length 2178:Michael A. Covington (1999). 1679:. Deutsch. pp. 128–147. 684:Video of night sky made with 460:. In 1872 American physician 1377:Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope 961:sensor, the maximum time is 799:Astronomical pictures, like 580:maintenance mission in 2009. 538:but it was never completed. 336:Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre 18:IRIS (astronomical software) 3245:Intentional camera movement 2277:Bakich, Michael E. (2003). 1909:. Adaptive Optics Systems. 1722:Harvard College Observatory 749:overcome atmospheric seeing 434:Harvard College Observatory 4204: 3938:Most expensive photographs 3290:Multi-exposure HDR capture 1583:. Focal Press. p. 1. 847:Since most people live in 764:subtracting a “dark frame” 630:single-lens reflex cameras 599: 4031: 2306:Michael R. Peres (2007). 2114:BBC Sky at Night Magazine 1630:"Dr. John William Draper" 644:, and even off-the-shelf 3872:Digital image processing 2423:What is Astrophotography 2410:Documentary produced by 2210:August 31, 2009, at the 2110:"What is an autoguider?" 1800:J. B. Hearnshaw (1996). 1703:Astronomical Photography 1497:Montage (image software) 1335:Schmidt–Newton telescope 1286:Fixed tripod image of a 766:and a processing called 618:amateur telescope makers 596:Amateur astrophotography 493:Margaret Lindsay Huggins 277:Astronomical CCD cameras 4183:Photographic techniques 3980:Photography periodicals 3540:Photography and the law 2350:Encyclopædia Britannica 2249:Gallaway, Mark (2020). 1449:photographed using the 1227:The Bareket Observatory 1031:"Piggyback" photography 801:observational astronomy 662:Cold camera photography 548:Samuel Oschin telescope 207:" or via some type of " 184:or computer-controlled 128:observational astronomy 42:Samuel Oschin Telescope 3892:Gelatin silver process 2916:Science of photography 2901:Photographic processes 2879:Perspective distortion 2164:July 31, 2010, at the 2027:"Soviet Space Cameras" 1628:Trombino, Don (1980). 1577:Sidney F. Ray (1999). 1538:Edward Emerson Barnard 895: 844: 739: 692: 612: 590:Hubble Space Telescope 581: 574:Hubble Space Telescope 484: 476: 379: 372: 331: 304: 233:stellar classification 154: 45: 44:between 1987 and 1991. 3345:Schlieren photography 2889:Photographic printing 2812:Exposure compensation 2412:Off Book (web series) 2388:(astronomyonline.org) 2134:Ballard, Jim (1988). 1718:"The Great Refractor" 1519:Satellite photography 893: 842: 803:and photography from 753:signal-to-noise ratio 736: 683: 610: 571: 509:Andrew Ainslie Common 482: 474: 377: 329: 302: 146:The large 48" Oschin 145: 35: 4188:Photography by genre 4173:Astronomical imaging 3134:Straight photography 2772:Chromatic aberration 2419:(Skies & Scopes) 1907:SPIE Digital Library 1879:Chan, Maria (2022). 1430:attached to a 250mm 1178:improve this section 1009:equatorial platforms 795:Color and brightness 497:refracting telescope 442:William Allen Miller 352:reflecting telescope 313:gentleman scientists 65:astronomical objects 53:astronomical imaging 4006:photographic plates 3681:Digital photography 2864:Hyperfocal distance 2777:Circle of confusion 2384:Ricky Leon Murphy: 2229:Sky & Telescope 1953:Don Davis Space Art 1919:2008SPIE.7015E..2HG 1646:1980JBAA...90..565T 1432:Newtonian telescope 1371:digital camera via 1369:Nikon Coolpix P5000 1105:speed of the system 1101:Schmidt–Cassegrains 1075:Negative projection 1064:eyepiece projection 1056:Positive projection 666:digital photography 657:reciprocity failure 563:reciprocity failure 552:Palomar Observatory 426:William Cranch Bond 344:John William Draper 309:amateur astronomers 267:, and even unknown 152:Palomar Observatory 117:photographic plates 3500:Autochrome Lumière 3495:Analog photography 3320:Pigeon photography 3114:Social documentary 2593:discontinued films 1531:Astrophotographers 1375:through an 8-inch 1329:Film image of the 1113:afocal photography 1081:or a photographic 1005:barn door trackers 896: 845: 740: 693: 613: 582: 576:shortly after the 485: 477: 430:John Adams Whipple 417:starting in 1861. 380: 332: 305: 285:infrared astronomy 155: 113:optical telescopes 101:long time exposure 46: 4061: 4060: 3852:Collodion process 3788:Chromogenic print 3775:Color photography 3285:Multiple exposure 3260:Lo-fi photography 2792:Color temperature 2319:978-0-240-80740-9 2260:978-3-030-43551-6 2223:Wright, Richard. 2191:978-0-521-62740-5 2054:. 24 January 2011 2001:"Images of Venus" 1999:Mitchell, Don P. 1927:10.1117/12.788442 1858:Sky and Telescope 1819:978-0-521-40393-1 1775:978-1-85070-418-8 1590:978-0-240-51323-2 1507:Night photography 1373:Afocal projection 1214: 1213: 1206: 1117:afocal projection 805:space exploration 681: 602:Amateur astronomy 132:amateur astronomy 126:Since almost all 16:(Redirected from 4195: 4168:Astrophotography 4150: 4149: 4138: 4137: 4136: 4126: 4125: 4124: 4114: 4113: 4112: 4102: 4101: 4090: 4089: 4088: 4078: 4077: 4069: 4050: 4049: 4039: 4038: 3912:Print permanence 3857:Cross processing 3815:CMYK color model 3800:Color management 3753:Foveon X3 sensor 3748:Three-CCD camera 3392:Miniature faking 3350:Sabattier effect 2967:Astrophotography 2822:Zebra patterning 2453: 2446: 2439: 2430: 2378:Peter Abrahams: 2354: 2346: 2323: 2302: 2265: 2264: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2220: 2214: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2175: 2169: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2092: 2086: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2022: 2016: 2015: 2013: 2011: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1970: 1964: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1949:"Martian colors" 1945: 1939: 1938: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1850: 1844: 1841: 1835: 1830: 1824: 1823: 1807: 1797: 1791: 1786: 1780: 1779: 1760:Sebastian, Anton 1756: 1750: 1745: 1736: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1714: 1708: 1707: 1697: 1691: 1690: 1671: 1665: 1664: 1656: 1650: 1649: 1625: 1619: 1613: 1607: 1601: 1595: 1594: 1574: 1443: 1419: 1403: 1387: 1364: 1345: 1331:Andromeda Galaxy 1326: 1311: 1299: 1283: 1271: 1255: 1243: 1209: 1202: 1198: 1195: 1189: 1158: 1150: 1146:Remote Telescope 1001:Telescope mounts 976: 974: 973: 970: 967: 945: 943: 942: 933: 930: 886:Equipment setups 744:image processing 682: 586:segmented mirror 466:absorption lines 436:'s 15 inch 415:Warren De la Rue 407: 406: 402: 399: 363:Hippolyte Fizeau 311:, or so-called " 225:star cartography 51:, also known as 49:Astrophotography 21: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4193: 4192: 4158: 4157: 4156: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4122: 4120: 4110: 4108: 4096: 4086: 4084: 4072: 4064: 4062: 4057: 4027: 3984: 3926: 3917:Push processing 3833: 3826: 3820:RGB color model 3769: 3675: 3559: 3471: 3437:Diagonal method 3423: 3168: 3072:Photojournalism 2935: 2767:Black-and-white 2735: 2714:Slide projector 2709:Movie projector 2588:available films 2462: 2457: 2394:(astrosurf.com) 2375:(taken in 1845) 2341: 2338: 2320: 2305: 2291: 2276: 2273: 2271:Further reading 2268: 2261: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2233: 2231: 2222: 2221: 2217: 2212:Wayback Machine 2203: 2199: 2192: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2166:Wayback Machine 2157: 2153: 2146: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2118: 2116: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2071: 2067: 2057: 2055: 2050: 2049: 2045: 2035: 2033: 2031:Don P. Mitchell 2024: 2023: 2019: 2009: 2007: 2005:Don P. Mitchell 1998: 1997: 1993: 1983: 1981: 1972: 1971: 1967: 1957: 1955: 1947: 1946: 1942: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1885: 1883: 1878: 1877: 1873: 1863: 1861: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1831: 1827: 1820: 1799: 1798: 1794: 1787: 1783: 1776: 1758: 1757: 1753: 1746: 1739: 1726: 1724: 1716: 1715: 1711: 1699: 1698: 1694: 1687: 1673: 1672: 1668: 1658: 1657: 1653: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1614: 1610: 1602: 1598: 1591: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1528: 1479:Light pollution 1461: 1454: 1444: 1435: 1420: 1411: 1404: 1395: 1388: 1379: 1365: 1356: 1346: 1337: 1327: 1318: 1315:Comet Hale-Bopp 1312: 1303: 1300: 1291: 1284: 1275: 1272: 1263: 1256: 1247: 1244: 1235: 1218:Internet access 1210: 1199: 1193: 1190: 1175: 1159: 1133: 1125:point and shoot 1020:right ascension 996:Tracking mounts 971: 968: 965: 964: 962: 934: 931: 928: 927: 925: 899:Fixed or tripod 888: 853:light pollution 833: 797: 776:". Commercial, 731: 729:Post-processing 710:point and shoot 708:and even basic 671: 626: 605: 598: 446:William Huggins 438:Great refractor 404: 400: 397: 395: 297: 273:Schmidt cameras 209:off-axis guider 190:telescope mount 171:light pollution 140: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4201: 4199: 4191: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4154: 4142: 4130: 4118: 4106: 4094: 4082: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4055: 4044: 4032: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4009: 4008: 4003: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3982: 3977: 3976: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3838: 3836: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3824: 3823: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3797: 3792: 3791: 3790: 3779: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3756: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3714: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3702: 3701: 3689:Digital camera 3685: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3515:Camera obscura 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3481: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3457:Rule of thirds 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3433: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3395: 3394: 3384: 3379: 3378: 3377: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3225:Harris shutter 3222: 3220:Hand-colouring 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3110: 3109: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2943: 2941: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2911:Red-eye effect 2908: 2903: 2898: 2897: 2896: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2845: 2844: 2839: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2817:Exposure value 2814: 2809: 2804: 2802:Depth of focus 2799: 2797:Depth of field 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2733: 2728: 2727: 2726: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2695: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2654: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2602: 2597: 2596: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2560: 2559: 2558: 2553: 2543: 2542: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2463: 2458: 2456: 2455: 2448: 2441: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2389: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2360: 2355: 2337: 2336:External links 2334: 2333: 2332: 2324: 2318: 2303: 2289: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2266: 2259: 2241: 2215: 2197: 2190: 2170: 2151: 2144: 2126: 2101: 2087: 2065: 2043: 2017: 1991: 1965: 1940: 1893: 1871: 1845: 1836: 1825: 1818: 1792: 1781: 1774: 1751: 1737: 1709: 1692: 1685: 1666: 1651: 1620: 1608: 1596: 1589: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1548:Robert Gendler 1545: 1540: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1527: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1476: 1470:Canon EOS 60Da 1466:Canon EOS 20Da 1462: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1455: 1445: 1438: 1436: 1421: 1414: 1412: 1405: 1398: 1396: 1389: 1382: 1380: 1366: 1359: 1357: 1347: 1340: 1338: 1328: 1321: 1319: 1313: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1294: 1292: 1285: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1266: 1264: 1257: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1212: 1211: 1162: 1160: 1153: 1148: 1147: 1143: 1142: 1138: 1132: 1129: 1115:, also called 1109: 1108: 1086: 1072: 1053: 1042: 1041: 1033: 1032: 998: 997: 949:regardless of 947: 946: 906:constellations 901: 900: 887: 884: 864:hydrogen-alpha 832: 829: 796: 793: 768:image stacking 730: 727: 625: 622: 597: 594: 424:by astronomer 296: 293: 287:. Specialized 261:variable stars 178:diurnal motion 159:long exposures 148:Schmidt Camera 139: 136: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4200: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4141: 4131: 4129: 4119: 4117: 4107: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4093: 4083: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4067: 4054: 4045: 4043: 4034: 4033: 4030: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3998: 3997: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3987: 3981: 3978: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3954: 3953:Photographers 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3929: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3842:Bleach bypass 3840: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3829: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3810:primary color 3808: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3795:Reversal film 3793: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3760:Image sharing 3758: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3735: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3697: 3696: 3695: 3692: 3691: 3690: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3678: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3661:United States 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3520:Daguerreotype 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3426: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3393: 3390: 3389: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3365:Stopping down 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3330:Rephotography 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3265:Long-exposure 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 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2006: 2002: 1995: 1992: 1980: 1976: 1969: 1966: 1954: 1950: 1944: 1941: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1897: 1894: 1882: 1875: 1872: 1859: 1855: 1849: 1846: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1829: 1826: 1821: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1805: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1785: 1782: 1777: 1771: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1723: 1719: 1713: 1710: 1706:. p. 66. 1705: 1704: 1696: 1693: 1688: 1686:3-8171-1755-8 1682: 1678: 1670: 1667: 1662: 1655: 1652: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1597: 1592: 1586: 1582: 1581: 1573: 1570: 1564: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1553:Isaac Roberts 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1530: 1529: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1458: 1452: 1448: 1442: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1418: 1413: 1409: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1386: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1363: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1344: 1339: 1336: 1332: 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2145:0933346476 2084:0993958907 1979:Fact Check 1913:: 70152H. 1663:: 203–209. 1565:References 1512:Star trail 880:smartphone 812:true color 723:time-lapse 689:time-lapse 660:film (see 634:35 mm film 517:astrometry 410:heliometer 388:Königsberg 237:photometry 229:astrometry 218:cross hair 196:guide star 186:altazimuth 182:equatorial 4178:Space art 4092:Astronomy 3958:Norwegian 3922:Stop bath 3867:Developer 3862:Cyanotype 3490:Ambrotype 3452:Lead room 3375:Slit-scan 3310:Photogram 3305:Panoramic 3215:Fireworks 3047:Landscape 2692:telephoto 2640:reflector 2635:monolight 2630:lens hood 2615:cucoloris 2556:safelight 2467:Equipment 2368:1861–1900 2364:1800–1860 2119:9 January 1935:121543131 1886:14 August 1426:) with a 1408:Photoshop 1165:does not 1097:Maksutovs 718:cryogenic 648:used for 536:magnitude 519:project, 489:dry plate 321:collodion 249:asteroids 167:objective 69:night sky 55:, is the 4042:Category 3738:CMOS APS 3636:Slovenia 3564:Regional 3510:Calotype 3447:Headroom 3325:Redscale 3240:Infrared 3190:Brenizer 3164:Wildlife 3087:Portrait 3032:Forensic 3022:Fine-art 2957:Aircraft 2947:Abstract 2827:F-number 2807:Exposure 2782:Clipping 2757:Aperture 2625:hot shoe 2551:enlarger 2546:Darkroom 2299:50511043 2234:15 March 2208:Archived 2162:Archived 2058:30 April 1762:(2001). 1558:Max Wolf 1459:See also 1060:eyepiece 972:35 × 1.5 951:aperture 938:in mm × 920:Maximum 914:500 rule 860:EOS 60Da 831:Hardware 778:freeware 499:made by 97:galaxies 4152:Science 4080:Physics 4066:Portals 4053:Outline 3989:Related 3671:Vietnam 3656:Ukraine 3591:Denmark 3571:Albania 3550:Tintype 3477:History 3442:Framing 3335:Rollout 3300:Panning 3250:Kirlian 3159:Wedding 3037:Glamour 3017:Fashion 3002:Eclipse 2972:Banquet 2894:Albumen 2704:Monopod 2682:fisheye 2650:softbox 2504:pinhole 2494:instant 2484:digital 1915:Bibcode 1864:1 March 1642:Bibcode 1447:Jupiter 1233:Gallery 1186:removed 1171:sources 1131:Filters 975:⁠ 963:⁠ 944:⁠ 926:⁠ 875:webcams 738:plugin. 698:webcams 646:webcams 578:STS-125 532:arcsecs 525:normal 458:Capella 403:⁄ 295:History 289:filters 269:planets 253:meteors 163:photons 138:Methods 105:photons 93:nebulae 85:planets 61:imaging 4051: 4040: 3968:street 3963:Polish 3651:Turkey 3646:Taiwan 3631:Serbia 3621:Norway 3596:Greece 3581:Canada 3180:Afocal 3139:Street 3119:Sports 3102:Selfie 3057:Nature 3012:Erotic 2977:Candid 2952:Aerial 2940:Genres 2842:medium 2719:Tripod 2687:swivel 2600:Filter 2578:holder 2573:format 2474:Camera 2316: 2297: 2287: 2257: 2188: 2142: 2082: 1933: 1816: 1772: 1727:18 May 1683: 1587: 1451:Afocal 1428:webcam 1392:Afocal 1353:Trifid 1349:Lagoon 1121:afocal 1079:Barlow 454:Sirius 257:comets 201:comets 95:, and 83:, and 4104:Stars 3973:women 3931:Lists 3887:Fixer 3765:Pixel 3694:D-SLR 3641:Sudan 3611:Korea 3606:Japan 3601:India 3586:China 3370:Strip 3295:Night 3275:Macro 3185:Bokeh 3129:Stock 3097:Ruins 2837:large 2667:prime 2645:snoot 2605:Flash 2583:stock 2524:still 2509:press 2499:phone 2489:field 2036:5 May 2010:4 May 1984:4 May 1958:4 May 1931:S2CID 1216:Fast 959:APS-C 825:Titan 821:Venus 624:Media 390:(now 265:novae 89:stars 4001:film 3706:MILC 3205:ETTR 3067:Nude 3027:Fire 2926:Sync 2724:head 2672:zoom 2657:Lens 2620:gobo 2568:base 2563:Film 2539:view 2314:ISBN 2295:OCLC 2285:ISBN 2255:ISBN 2236:2021 2186:ISBN 2140:ISBN 2121:2022 2080:ISBN 2060:2012 2038:2024 2012:2024 1986:2024 1960:2024 1911:7015 1888:2022 1866:2023 1814:ISBN 1770:ISBN 1729:2021 1681:ISBN 1585:ISBN 1491:LRGB 1351:and 1169:any 1167:cite 1099:and 1007:and 981:and 817:Mars 780:and 770:or " 572:The 456:and 422:Vega 361:and 340:Moon 77:Moon 73:Moon 3743:CCD 2534:toy 2529:TLR 2519:SLR 1923:doi 1810:122 1180:by 966:500 953:or 929:500 823:or 550:at 150:at 81:Sun 63:of 59:or 4164:: 2366:, 2347:. 2293:. 2227:. 2112:. 2078:, 2029:. 2003:. 1977:. 1951:. 1929:. 1921:. 1905:. 1856:. 1812:. 1740:^ 1731:. 1720:. 1638:90 1636:. 1632:. 1472:, 1468:, 1229:. 985:. 827:. 819:, 668:. 652:. 632:, 468:. 354:. 263:, 259:, 255:, 251:, 243:, 239:, 235:, 231:, 227:, 91:, 79:, 4068:: 2452:e 2445:t 2438:v 2425:? 2322:. 2301:. 2263:. 2238:. 2194:. 2168:. 2148:. 2123:. 2098:. 2062:. 2040:. 2014:. 1988:. 1962:. 1937:. 1925:: 1917:: 1890:. 1868:. 1822:. 1778:. 1689:. 1648:. 1644:: 1593:. 1262:" 1207:) 1201:( 1196:) 1192:( 1188:. 1174:. 1107:. 1062:( 969:/ 932:/ 787:" 721:( 604:. 405:2 401:1 398:+ 396:6 20:)

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