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early-morning darkness, before sunrise and the grapes thaw), and remotely-controlled temperature alarms. After re-thawing, the grapes will spoil quickly since ice crystals destroy cell walls. Thus, the harvest must be completed within a few hours on the first morning that is cold enough. Plastic films are used for "packaging" the vines during the waiting period between ripeness and first frost to protect the
429:, then they may not be used for icewine, a minimum considerably higher than that of German Eiswein. These grapes are often downgraded to a lower designation, such as Special Select Late Harvest or Select Late Harvest. Canadian rules were further tightened in British Columbia in 2000 after a producer dealt with the mild winter of 1999 by moving grapes up to the mountains to seek freezing temperatures.
599:
because they were too hard (the temperature was close to −20 °C (−4 °F)). The longer the harvest is delayed, the more fruit will be lost to wild animals and dropped fruit. Since the fruit must be pressed while it is still frozen, pickers often must work at night or very early in the morning, harvesting the grapes within a few hours, while cellar workers must work in unheated spaces.
579:
319:
350:, all left grapes on their vines in an attempt to produce icewine. Inniskillin and Reif lost their entire crop to hungry birds, while Hillebrand and Pelee Island were able to harvest a minuscule amount of frozen grapes. In 1984, Inniskillin winery was the first winery in Canada to produce icewine for commercial purposes, produced in 1984 under the direction of the winery's
733:
125:, at least not to any great degree. Only healthy grapes keep in good shape until the opportunity arises for an icewine harvest, which in extreme cases can occur after the New Year, on a northern hemisphere calendar. This gives icewine its characteristic refreshing sweetness balanced by high acidity. When the grapes are free of
382:(European) grape varieties in the 1990s expanded the palette of varieties available to be bitten by frost. By the early 2000s, Canada was established as the largest producer of icewine in the world. In 2001, the EU allowed the importation of Canadian icewine hence recognizing the standard equivalency.
365:
After icewine production established a commercial footing, Canadian icewine quickly became popular with domestic consumers and reviewers. Other
Canadian producers and regions picked up the idea since harsh Canadian winters lend themselves to large-scale production. The international breakthrough
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Icewine usually has a slightly lower alcohol content than regular table wine. Some
Riesling icewines from Germany have an alcohol content as low as 6%. Icewines produced in Canada usually have higher alcohol content, between 8 and 13 percent. In most years, icewines from Canada generally have higher
569:
The US law for icewines specifies that grapes must be naturally frozen. The TTB (Tax and Trade Bureau) regulations state that "Wine made from grapes frozen after harvest may not be labeled with the term 'icewine' or any variation thereof, and if the wine is labeled to suggest it was made from frozen
160:
Icewine production is limited to that minority of the world's wine-growing regions where the necessary cold temperatures can be expected to be reached with some regularity. Canada is the world's largest producer of icewine, producing a greater volume of icewine than all other countries combined with
293:
Production of a number of German icewines began to increase in 1961, and the wine increased in popularity in the following years. The production has been assisted by other technological inventions in the form of electric lighting driven by portable generators (to assist harvest in the cold hours of
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Icewine production is risky (the frost may not come at all before the grapes rot or are otherwise lost) and requires the availability of a large enough labour force to pick the whole crop within a few hours, at a moment's notice, on the first morning that is cold enough. The grapes for icewine must
598:
for several months following the normal harvest. If a freeze does not come quickly enough, the grapes may rot and the crop will be lost. If the freeze is too severe, no juice can be extracted. Vineland Winery in
Ontario once broke their pneumatic press in the 1990s while pressing the frozen grapes
557:
Northern
Michigan wineries continue to follow the German laws that govern what wine qualifies as icewine, which dictates that icewine must be picked only when the grapes are frozen on the vine. In 2002, six Michigan wineries produced over 13,000 half-bottles of ice wine, a record at that time. A
840:) compared to those from Germany. This is largely due to the more consistent winters in Canada. Must with insufficient brix level cannot be made into icewine, and is thus often sold as "special select late harvest" or "select late harvest" at a fraction of the price that true icewine commands.
827:
Even though it is normal for residual sugar content in icewine to run from 180 g/L up to as high as 320 g/L (with a mean in the 220 g/L range), icewine is very refreshing (as opposed to cloying) due to high acidity. (The titratable acidity in ice wine is almost always above 10 g/L.)
421:, with wineries in Ontario producing approximately 800,000 litres (210,000 US gal) of ice wine in 2016. However, it is also produced in all other wine growing provinces of Canada, including British Columbia, Quebec, and Nova Scotia. Icewine production is regulated by the
819:(acquiring a deep amber-golden color) as they age. The red varieties tend to have a light burgundy or even pink color like that of rosé wines, since the steeping of the skins in the pressed liquid typically used in red wine making is obviously not possible in ice wine production.
190:-like grapes were harvested late enough for the first frost to have fallen. In either case, the method seems later to have been forgotten. Wine from Chiomonte in the Val di Susa was popular in Roman times and this town still today produces one of Italy's few ice wines.
549:, Japan, produces an icewine each winter at the Furano Winery. Because such a small amount can be made each year, it is produced in limited batches and sold only at the cellar door, 3.3 kilometres from Furano Station. The Furano Wine icewine is produced only in red.
417:, consistently undergoes freezing in winter and has become the world's largest icewine producer. As a result, Canada produces a greater volume of icewine than all other countries combined. Approximately 90 per cent of all icewine produced in Canada originate from
507:, but icewine is also made in European countries such as Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Georgia, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland at least in smaller quantity.
436:
is considered the most widely known
Canadian icewine producer as the first Canadian winery to win a major international award, the Grand Prix d’Honneur at 1991 Vinexpo in France, with their 1989 Vidal Icewine (which was technically an illegal import into the
314:
by German immigrant Walter Hainle in 1972. This icewine was the result of an early and unexpected frost, and yielded 40 litres (8.8 imp gal; 11 US gal) of wine, which Hainle originally did not intend to sell, although he did so in 1978.
694:
subject grapes to temperatures around 20 degrees
Fahrenheit (or −7 degrees Celsius), and press them while still frozen. Ice crystals remain in the press, while concentrated juice flows out. The resulting wine resembles ice wine. The process of
181:
recommended that grapes should be left on the vine until
November or until they were stiff with frost. Details as to the winemaking and description of these wines are unknown. It cannot be completely ruled out that the descriptions refer to
885:
157:
only be harvested when they are frozen naturally and the temperature must be -8 C (20°F) or below when they are picked. This results in relatively small amounts of ice wine being made worldwide, making icewines generally expensive.
441:), placing Canadian icewines on the world stage. Pillitteri Estates Winery has emerged in the 2000s as the world's largest estate icewine producer. In November 2006, Canadian producer Royal DeMaria released five cases of
704:
These non-traditional wines are sometimes referred to as "icebox wines". This may be in reaction to restrictions on using the term "ice wine", such as was ruled in the United States of
America in 2002. An example is
285:
at
Schloss Johannisberg. There was little effort to systematically produce these wines during this period, and their production was probably the rare result of freak weather conditions. It was the invention of the
358:, often being mentioned as Canada's first icewine as they were "naturally frozen on the vine". Kaiser used nets to protect his vines and was able to produce Inniskillin's first icewine. This wine was made from
1650:
1453:
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1212:
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473:. Cold weather in Gansu province requires the trenching of vines to prevent die-off, but the region has conditions that lead to resilience to rots and is low in industrial pollution.
1307:
Ontario's
Niagara region is currently the largest producer of Icewines, followed by British Columbia. But producers of this type of wine can also be found in Quebec and Nova Scotia.
1373:
1697:
457:
China is the second largest global producer of ice wine, and produces approximately 40% of the world's ice wine, and with significant portions of the industry occurring in
1245:
221:
on February 11, 1830. The grapes were of the 1829 vintage. That winter was harsh and some wine growers had the idea to leave grapes hanging on the vine for use as animal
614:. They are often sold in half-bottle volume (375 mL) or the even smaller 200ml bottle. New World wineries in particular sometimes bottle 200 mL and 50 mL gift packages.
582:
Ice wine grapes freezing over at a Niagara-based winery. Most ice wine producing countries require the grapes to be frozen naturally in order to receive its designation.
1646:
1449:
1505:
969:
By law, Canadian icewine makers cannot call their product by that name unless it is made from grapes picked off the vine at or below −8 °C (18 °F).
683:(mechanical freezing) to simulate the effect of a frost and typically do not leave the grapes to hang for extended periods as is done with natural icewines.
1357:
1159:
1219:
1822:
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590:(by law in Canada −8 °C (18 °F)) or colder, and in Germany −7 °C (19 °F) or colder), to occur sometime after the grapes are
606:
leads to a slower-than-normal fermentation. It may take months to complete the fermentation (compared to days or weeks for regular wines) and
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99:
from the frozen grapes, resulting in a smaller amount of more concentrated, very sweet juice. With icewines, the freezing happens before the
1048:
2667:
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should be used. Because of the lower yield of grape musts and the difficulty of processing, icewines are significantly more expensive than
1320:
1622:
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952:
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In Austria, Germany, the US, and Canada, the grapes must freeze naturally to be called icewine. In other countries, some winemakers use
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is part of the wine classification in Luxembourg, but not in France, but is sometimes found on the rare bottles of icewine produced in
290:
press which made the production of ice wine practical and led to a substantial increase in the frequency and quantity of production.
1929:
1801:
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and other dissolved solids do not freeze, but the water does, allowing for a more concentrated grape juice to develop. The grapes'
1724:
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1904:
808:. Pillitteri Estates Winery from the Niagara-on-the-Lake region of Ontario claim to be the first winery in the world producing
50:
1029:
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1669:
764:. Many vintners, especially from the New World, are experimenting with making icewine from other varieties: whites such as
2871:
1424:
401:
432:
Though Pelee Island Winery and Hillebrand were Canada's first commercial icewine producers, starting production in 1983,
3081:
2876:
129:, they are said to come in "clean". This results in a very complex and sweet wine. Much icewine is made from the grapes
1601:
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28:
3013:
1513:
1390:
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1423:
Jing, Wang; Li, Min; Jixin, Li; Tengzhen, Ma; Shunyu, Han; Morata, Antonio; Suárez Lepe, Jose A. (February 2018).
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177:(AD 23 – 79) wrote that certain grape varieties were not harvested before the first frost had occurred. The poet
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2007:
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1980:
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206:
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2002:
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in the provinces of British Columbia and Ontario. If the sugar level in the grapes measures less than 35°
307:
246:
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3156:
2572:
2341:
1985:
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Icewines from white varieties tend to be pale yellow or light gold in color when they are young and can
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3161:
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3003:
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1975:
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grapes). German wine law entirely bans post-harvest freezing methods, even if not labeled "Eiswein".
242:
112:
1480:
Record number of Michigan wineries make ice ine in 2002 vintage, (January 2, 2003), Sandra Silfven,
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100:
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2213:
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886:"Market Analysis Report: A Global Export Market Overview for British Columbia's Wine Industry"
777:
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37:
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designation. These wines would usually be produced from grapes affected by noble rot. Thus,
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requirements for icewine is as follows, in the measures used in the respective country:
326:. The winery was the first in Canada to produce icewine for commercial purposes in 1984.
45:
2786:
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2730:
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2541:
2513:
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2409:
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2074:
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2019:
1995:
1890:
1436:
957:
781:
773:
761:
737:
438:
378:
193:
134:
96:
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grapes, the label must be qualified to show that the grapes were frozen postharvest."
405:
Casks of wine outside The Ice House Winery. The winery is one of many wineries in the
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3112:
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3071:
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2720:
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2521:
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2014:
1990:
1858:
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643:
635:
631:
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396:
103:, not afterwards. Unlike the grapes from which other dessert wines are made, such as
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2188:
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72:
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2062:
1921:
852: – Process of softening that certain fleshy fruits undergo, beyond ripening
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is similar in its concentrating effects, although it occurs after fermentation.
650:
623:
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482:
366:
of Canadian icewine came in 1991, when Inniskillin's 1989 Vidal icewine won the
359:
355:
335:
323:
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harvests were a rare occurrence in Germany. Only six 19th-century vintages with
238:
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2735:
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318:
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122:
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In contrast to most other wine-producing regions, Canada, particularly the
229:, they were pressed and an icewine was produced. Sweet wines produced from
27:"Glacière" redirects here. For the Paris Métro station with that name, see
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1954:
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17:
1506:"The Wine Regions of Lake Erie - Articles - Lake Erie Living Magazine"
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718:
687:
527:. In most of France, the climate is too warm for icewine production.
466:
222:
187:
161:
Ontario producing over 90% of Canada's icewine, followed by Germany.
146:
108:
346:, two wineries with Austrian winemakers situated in another part of
732:
169:
There are indications that frozen grapes were used to make wine in
2361:
2316:
2286:
1939:
1450:
Deutsches Weininstitut (German Wine Institute): Quality categories
858: – Separating components of a mixture by their melting points
812:
icewine with the 2004 vintage, Semillion, and Sangiovese in 2007.
809:
745:
731:
577:
486:
458:
400:
317:
192:
142:
88:
76:
44:
36:
891:. Government of British Columbia. 2012. p. 2. Archived from
1913:
1869:
833:
603:
595:
426:
226:
209:
in 1794. Better documentation exists for an ice-wine harvest in
92:
84:
2935:
2649:
1886:
1867:
864: – Fermented beverage made from the juice of frozen apples
653:, the same as for Beerenauslese, corresponding to 127 °Oechsle.
2931:
1468:
259:
is a more recent German wine style than the botrytised wines.
2645:
1218:. Wine Marketing Association of Ontario. 2015. Archived from
756:, considered to be the noblest variety by German winemakers;
205:
It is believed that the first post-Roman icewine was made in
1647:
Deutsches Weininstitut (German Wine Institute): Must weights
1279:(Report). Vol. 11-621-M. Statistics Canada. p. 8.
1273:
From the Vine to the Glass: Canada's Grape and Wine Industry
1271:
Hope-Ross, Penny (16 October 2006). Houle, Christian (ed.).
449:
30,000, making it the world's most expensively priced wine.
237:
style by the early 19th century, following the discovery of
672:"Cryoextraction" redirects here. For the medical term, see
225:. When it was noticed that these grapes yielded very sweet
1846:
1725:"Icewine: Intensely sweet and indulgent | Canadian Living"
279:
harvests have been documented, including 1858, the first
197:
Monument commemorating the first harvest of ice wine in
1882:
760:, highly popular in Ontario, Canada; and the red grape
1003:"What exactly is ice wine and why is it so expensive?"
376:. The Canadian trend towards increased cultivation of
503:
The most famous (and expensive) icewines are German
3098:
Verband Deutscher Prädikats- und Qualitätsweingüter
3090:
3012:
2969:
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2762:
2744:
2711:
2683:
2550:
2512:
2407:
2384:
2267:
2154:
2142:
2035:
1963:
1920:
186:, a common style of wine in Roman times, where the
1666:Wines from Austria: Quality Designations in Detail
1391:"World's most expensive wine puts Petrus in shade"
1246:"Do Canadian wineries focus too much on ice wine?"
1623:"Frozen Vines (and Fingers) Yield a Sweet Reward"
953:"Frozen Vines (and Fingers) Yield a Sweet Reward"
41:Grapevines in Luxembourg being grown for ice wine
1594:
1592:
748:from the Niagara-based Pillitteri Estates Winery
249:in 1775, and the subsequent introduction of the
233:grapes were well-established as the most valued
752:Typical grapes used for icewine production are
594:, which means that the grapes may hang on the
2947:
2661:
1898:
1154:
1152:
1150:
8:
1418:
1416:
917:
915:
913:
562:, especially in Pennsylvania, New York, and
367:
280:
274:
268:
267:Throughout the 19th century and until 1960,
254:
1429:Advances in Biotechnology for Food Industry
1321:"Icewine - worth the money and the hassle?"
736:Examples of red grape ice wines, including
690:are frozen with refrigeration and pressed.
115:, icewine grapes should not be affected by
2954:
2940:
2932:
2668:
2654:
2646:
2151:
1905:
1891:
1883:
1864:
1774:"New standard to define icewine in Canada"
1183:"What's good and bad about wine in Canada"
1062:
1060:
663:For Luxembourg Vin de glace, 120 °Oechsle.
1616:
1614:
946:
944:
942:
1698:"German Oechsle – Brix Conversion Table"
1244:Sismondo, Christine (15 November 2016).
445:icewine with a half-bottle price set at
34:Dessert wine produced from frozen grapes
2846:Clarification and stabilization of wine
874:
686:Cryoextraction is the process by which
630:For German Eiswein, 110 to 128 degrees
1425:"Biotechnology of Ice Wine Production"
1369:Bielby, Amy, Food Network, canada.com
1348:
1346:
141:, but there is also icewine made from
1723:Sommelier, Anne Martin (2015-10-28).
1319:Robinson, Jancis (February 1, 2002).
1181:Robinson, Jancis (January 13, 2007).
1045:Ontario Wine Society: Niagara Icewine
880:
878:
7:
362:grapes and was labelled "Eiswein".
1431:. Handbook of Food Bioengineering.
1389:Aspler, Tony (September 14, 2006).
1095:Mitchell Beazley 2004, pp. 174-175
951:Lawlor, Julia (February 26, 2010).
465:provinces, and smaller portions in
1823:"Asia's favourite Canadian export"
1685:Wein-Plus Weinglossar: Mostgewicht
1437:10.1016/B978-0-12-811443-8.00010-4
660:, corresponding to 153.5 °Oechsle.
306:Icewine was first produced in the
25:
1930:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
1621:Julia Lawlor (25 February 2010).
3125:
2909:
2617:
586:Natural icewines require a hard
558:growing number of wineries near
1799:Touring and tasting itineraries
1797:wineriesofniagaraonthelake.com
1780:. Glacier FarmMedia. 2014-02-13
51:Niagara College Teaching Winery
1821:Cole, Trevor (27 March 2013).
1115:Mitchell Beazley 2004, p. 172
1001:Winegetter, The (2013-12-17).
984:Mitchell Beazley 2004, pg. 19
936:, accessed on January 22, 2013
924:, accessed on January 22, 2013
298:from being eaten by wildlife.
1:
2872:Glossary of viticulture terms
342:, as well as Hillebrand, and
2877:Glossary of winemaking terms
1859:Wine Country Ontario Icewine
1754:. Tax and Trade Bureau. 2002
1687:, accessed on April 6, 2008.
1668:, accessed on April 6, 2008
1649:, accessed on April 6, 2008
1608:, accessed on April 6, 2008.
1452:, accessed on April 6, 2008
1164:The Oxford Companion to Wine
602:The high sugar level in the
49:Ice wines produced from the
1537:"TTB - Wine - Wine Rulings"
1072:wine.appellationamerica.com
1047:, accessed on July 6, 2008
1028:, accessed on July 6, 2008
638:, depending on the region (
519:. The French language term
3178:
2797:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
1599:Ontariograpes.com: Icewine
1456:December 24, 2007, at the
1068:"Ice wine kings - Ontario"
934:Wein-Plus Glossar: Martial
922:Wein-Plus Glossar: Eiswein
671:
534:
517:German wine classification
480:
394:
26:
3121:
2905:
2887:History of the wine press
2777:Sparkling wine production
2611:
1880:
1486:, accessed July 18, 2006.
1358:Canada's Most Famous Wine
1213:"Canada On the World Map"
1051:October 14, 2007, at the
674:Cryoextraction (medicine)
656:For Canadian Icewine, 35
649:For Austrian Eiswein, 25
608:special strains of yeasts
2882:Wine tasting descriptors
2603:Wine tasting descriptors
2532:Phenolic content in wine
2424:Alternative wine closure
2008:Great French Wine Blight
1252:. The Woodbridge Company
1134:"EU Regulation 885/2001"
717:'s Vin Glace (made from
566:, also produce icewine.
515:quality category in the
2772:Malolactic fermentation
1653:April 14, 2008, at the
409:that produces ice wine.
1804:June 30, 2011, at the
1729:www.canadianliving.com
1510:www.lakeerieliving.com
1032:July 23, 2008, at the
749:
583:
564:Ashtabula County, Ohio
500:
419:Ontario-based wineries
410:
368:
327:
322:Icewine grapevines at
281:
275:
269:
255:
202:
68:
53:
42:
29:Glacière (Paris Métro)
2573:Wine and food pairing
1672:May 13, 2008, at the
1376:July 6, 2011, at the
1371:The Skinny on Icewine
735:
581:
535:Further information:
490:
481:Further information:
404:
395:Further information:
321:
196:
48:
40:
3037:Hessische Bergstraße
3004:Trockenbeerenauslese
2224:Muscat of Alexandria
1331:on December 29, 2008
1193:on February 13, 2012
1113:Riesling Renaissance
1093:Riesling Renaissance
982:Riesling Renaissance
491:Icewine produced by
369:Grand Prix d'Honneur
243:Schloss Johannisberg
113:Trockenbeerenauslese
2802:Yeast in winemaking
2754:Carbonic maceration
856:Fractional freezing
698:freeze distillation
344:Pelee Island Winery
83:while still on the
2792:Traditional method
2593:Wine personalities
2297:Cabernet Sauvignon
1855:at Wines of Canada
1827:The Globe and Mail
1704:on October 7, 2010
1627:The New York Times
1604:2016-01-05 at the
1492:June 13, 2003, at
1325:jancisrobinson.com
1250:The Globe and Mail
1187:jancisrobinson.com
898:on 7 November 2018
806:Cabernet Sauvignon
796:, or reds such as
750:
742:Cabernet Sauvignon
634:, the same as for
584:
545:region of Central
501:
411:
386:Ice wine producers
340:Reif Estate Winery
328:
203:
139:Cabernet Sauvignon
54:
43:
3139:
3138:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2922:
2693:Late harvest wine
2643:
2642:
2380:
2379:
2277:Alicante Bouschet
2025:Judgment of Paris
1749:"ATF Rul. 2002-7"
1516:on 3 October 2013
1401:on April 22, 2009
1352:Schreiner, John,
1277:Analysis in Brief
640:wine growing zone
434:Inniskillin Wines
415:Niagara Peninsula
407:Niagara Peninsula
288:pneumatic bladder
184:dried grape wines
16:(Redirected from
3169:
3130:
3129:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2933:
2914:
2913:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2647:
2622:
2621:
2537:Proteins in wine
2204:Grüner Veltliner
2152:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1884:
1865:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1808:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1753:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1700:. Archived from
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1663:
1657:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1618:
1609:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1573:. Archived from
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1543:. Archived from
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1512:. Archived from
1502:
1496:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1420:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1397:. Archived from
1386:
1380:
1367:
1361:
1350:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1327:. Archived from
1316:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1224:
1217:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1189:. Archived from
1178:
1172:
1171:
1166:. Archived from
1156:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1130:
1124:
1109:
1103:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1064:
1055:
1042:
1036:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1013:
998:
992:
978:
972:
971:
966:
965:
948:
937:
931:
925:
919:
908:
907:
905:
903:
897:
890:
882:
497:Rhine Palatinate
371:
334:-based wineries
312:British Columbia
284:
278:
272:
258:
118:Botrytis cinerea
21:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3132:Wine portal
3124:
3117:
3086:
3008:
2965:
2960:
2930:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2916:Wine portal
2908:
2901:
2892:History of wine
2850:
2834:
2806:
2758:
2740:
2721:Deacidification
2707:
2679:
2674:
2644:
2639:
2624:Wine portal
2616:
2607:
2546:
2508:
2413:
2403:
2376:
2263:
2244:Sauvignon blanc
2179:Cayetana blanca
2147:
2145:grape varieties
2138:
2031:
1959:
1916:
1911:
1876:
1849:at IceWine.info
1843:
1831:
1829:
1820:
1817:
1815:Further reading
1812:
1811:
1806:Wayback Machine
1796:
1792:
1783:
1781:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1733:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1674:Wayback Machine
1664:
1660:
1655:Wayback Machine
1645:
1641:
1631:
1629:
1620:
1619:
1612:
1606:Wayback Machine
1597:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1458:Wayback Machine
1448:
1444:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1378:Wayback Machine
1368:
1364:
1351:
1344:
1334:
1332:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1300:
1298:
1287:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1253:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1228:
1226:
1225:on 16 June 2016
1222:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1158:
1157:
1148:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1110:
1106:
1090:
1086:
1076:
1074:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1053:Wayback Machine
1043:
1039:
1034:Wayback Machine
1026:Hainle: History
1024:
1020:
1011:
1009:
1000:
999:
995:
979:
975:
963:
961:
950:
949:
940:
932:
928:
920:
911:
901:
899:
895:
888:
884:
883:
876:
871:
846:
825:
823:Characteristics
730:
728:Grape varieties
711:Vin de Glacière
677:
670:
620:
576:
555:
539:
533:
511:is part of the
485:
479:
455:
399:
393:
388:
354:-born co-owner
308:Okanagan Valley
304:
265:
175:Pliny the Elder
167:
79:that have been
71:) is a type of
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3175:
3173:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3144:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2971:Classification
2967:
2966:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2936:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2920:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2782:Sugars in wine
2779:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2731:Chaptalization
2728:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2650:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2558:Classification
2554:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2542:Sugars in wine
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2514:Wine chemistry
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2489:Wine dispenser
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2420:
2418:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2292:Cabernet Franc
2289:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2259:Welschriesling
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2214:Müller-Thurgau
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1981:Ancient Greece
1978:
1969:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1850:
1842:
1841:External links
1839:
1838:
1837:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1790:
1765:
1740:
1715:
1689:
1677:
1658:
1639:
1610:
1588:
1577:on 8 June 2012
1558:
1547:on 8 June 2012
1527:
1497:
1473:
1461:
1442:
1412:
1381:
1362:
1342:
1311:
1285:
1263:
1236:
1204:
1173:
1170:on 2014-10-27.
1146:
1125:
1111:Freddy Price,
1104:
1091:Freddy Price,
1084:
1056:
1037:
1018:
1007:the winegetter
993:
980:Freddy Price,
973:
958:New York Times
938:
926:
909:
873:
872:
870:
867:
866:
865:
859:
853:
845:
842:
824:
821:
810:Shiraz (Syrah)
782:Muscat Ottonel
778:Gewürztraminer
762:Cabernet Franc
738:Cabernet Franc
729:
726:
681:cryoextraction
669:
668:Cryoextraction
666:
665:
664:
661:
654:
647:
619:
616:
575:
572:
554:
551:
532:
529:
478:
475:
454:
451:
392:
389:
387:
384:
379:Vitis vinifera
303:
300:
264:
261:
231:late harvested
166:
163:
135:Cabernet Franc
75:produced from
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3174:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3152:Canadian wine
3150:
3149:
3147:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3120:
3114:
3113:Liebfraumilch
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3103:Oechsle scale
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3072:Saale-Unstrut
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2994:Beerenauslese
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2952:
2950:
2945:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2527:Acids in wine
2525:
2523:
2522:Aroma of wine
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2386:Major regions
2383:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2342:Montepulciano
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1716:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1678:
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1656:
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1648:
1643:
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1628:
1624:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:"Ruling 78-4"
1562:
1559:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1528:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1494:archive.today
1491:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1469:Furano Winery
1465:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1286:0-662-44156-7
1282:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1264:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1237:
1221:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1121:1-84000-777-X
1118:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1101:1-84000-777-X
1098:
1094:
1088:
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513:Prädikatswein
510:
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499:-based winery
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30:
19:
3157:Dessert wine
3123:
2998:
2907:
2764:Fermentation
2615:
2598:Wine tasting
2219:Muscat blanc
2189:Chenin blanc
2079:
1986:Ancient Rome
1830:. Retrieved
1793:
1782:. Retrieved
1777:
1768:
1756:. Retrieved
1743:
1732:. Retrieved
1728:
1718:
1708:November 24,
1706:. Retrieved
1702:the original
1692:
1680:
1661:
1642:
1630:. Retrieved
1626:
1579:. Retrieved
1575:the original
1570:
1561:
1549:. Retrieved
1545:the original
1540:
1530:
1518:. Retrieved
1514:the original
1509:
1500:
1483:Detroit News
1481:
1476:
1464:
1445:
1428:
1403:. Retrieved
1399:the original
1395:decanter.com
1394:
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1365:
1353:
1333:. Retrieved
1329:the original
1324:
1314:
1306:
1299:. Retrieved
1276:
1266:
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1249:
1239:
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1220:the original
1207:
1195:. Retrieved
1191:the original
1186:
1176:
1168:the original
1163:
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1128:
1112:
1107:
1092:
1087:
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1071:
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1021:
1010:. Retrieved
1006:
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981:
976:
968:
962:. Retrieved
956:
929:
900:. Retrieved
893:the original
830:
826:
814:
786:Chenin blanc
766:Seyval blanc
751:
710:
703:
696:
685:
680:
678:
658:degrees Brix
622:The minimum
621:
618:Requirements
601:
585:
568:
556:
540:
521:Vin de glace
520:
512:
508:
504:
502:
493:Ernst Loosen
456:
431:
412:
377:
364:
329:
305:
292:
266:
204:
168:
159:
155:
153:and others.
126:
116:
101:fermentation
73:dessert wine
60:
56:
55:
3162:German wine
3082:Württemberg
3067:Rheinhessen
3042:Mittelrhein
2963:German wine
2867:Wine bottle
2839:Other steps
2830:Wine cellar
2787:Süssreserve
2479:Wine cellar
2469:Wine bottle
2410:accessories
2408:Packaging,
2367:Tempranillo
1996:Noah's wine
1976:Phoenicians
1922:Viticulture
1571:www.ttb.gov
1541:www.ttb.gov
1405:December 2,
1354:Wine Access
1335:December 2,
1256:29 December
1229:19 December
1197:December 2,
902:21 December
838:must weight
804:, and even
794:Ehrenfelser
790:Pinot blanc
715:King Estate
651:degrees KMW
624:must weight
612:table wines
483:German wine
356:Karl Kaiser
336:Inniskillin
324:Inniskillin
296:ripe grapes
235:German wine
219:Rheinhessen
211:Dromersheim
3146:Categories
3057:Palatinate
2746:Maceration
2736:Wine press
2726:Destemming
2677:Winemaking
2583:Wine fraud
2578:Wine fault
2563:Oenophilia
2499:Wine label
2494:Wine glass
2459:Port tongs
2357:Sangiovese
2352:Pinot noir
2312:Douce noir
2239:Rkatsiteli
2184:Chardonnay
2174:Catarratto
2148:by acreage
2122:Biodynamic
2085:Aromatized
1874:winemaking
1832:2013-03-30
1784:2024-06-05
1734:2024-06-05
1012:2024-06-05
964:2010-03-15
869:References
802:Pinot noir
770:Chardonnay
722:Pinot gris
707:Bonny Doon
692:Winemakers
574:Production
443:Chardonnay
151:Sangiovese
3032:Franconia
2698:Noble rot
2588:Winemaker
2568:Sommelier
2504:Wine rack
2484:Wine cork
2474:Wine cave
2464:Screw cap
2434:Corkscrew
2399:New World
2394:Old World
2372:Zinfandel
2347:Mourvèdre
2254:Trebbiano
2194:Colombard
2095:Noble rot
2075:Fortified
2053:Sparkling
2020:New World
1297:. 2006049
1295:1707-0503
862:Ice cider
560:Lake Erie
330:In 1983,
213:close to
207:Franconia
133:, Vidal,
123:noble rot
105:Sauternes
3062:Rheingau
2984:Spätlese
2979:Kabinett
2713:Pressing
2635:Glossary
2551:Industry
2444:Jug wine
2439:Decanter
2429:Box wine
2327:Isabella
2322:Grenache
2302:Carignan
2249:Sémillon
2234:Riesling
2229:Palomino
1972:Ancient
1955:Vineyard
1950:Veraison
1935:Oenology
1853:Ice wine
1802:Archived
1778:AGCanada
1670:Archived
1651:Archived
1632:26 March
1602:Archived
1490:Archived
1454:Archived
1374:Archived
1356:(2006).
1160:"Canada"
1049:Archived
1030:Archived
850:Bletting
844:See also
836:degree (
817:maderise
754:Riesling
547:Hokkaido
471:Xinjiang
463:Lioaning
352:Austrian
247:Rheingau
239:Spätlese
131:Riesling
127:Botrytis
95:is then
61:ice wine
3108:Trocken
3091:Related
3014:Regions
2999:Eiswein
2989:Auslese
2897:Terroir
2855:Related
2703:Vintage
2685:Harvest
2630:Outline
2454:Muselet
2416:storage
2307:Cinsaut
2282:Barbera
2209:Macabeo
2169:Aligoté
2127:Organic
2117:Natural
2070:Dessert
2015:Georgia
1965:History
1945:Terroir
1940:Species
1847:Icewine
632:Oechsle
509:Eiswein
505:Eiswein
374:Vinexpo
348:Ontario
338:'s and
332:Niagara
282:eiswein
276:eiswein
270:eiswein
263:Germany
256:eiswein
251:Auslese
201:in 1830
179:Martial
173:times.
165:History
97:pressed
69:Eiswein
57:Icewine
18:Icewine
3077:Saxony
2862:Winery
2825:Solera
2449:Kvevri
2337:Merlot
2332:Malbec
2132:Kosher
2108:Other
2063:Orange
2036:Styles
2003:France
1758:5 June
1581:2 June
1551:2 June
1520:2 June
1301:20 May
1293:
1283:
1139:2 June
1119:
1099:
1077:2 June
988:
798:Merlot
792:, and
774:Kerner
746:Shiraz
744:, and
719:Oregon
688:grapes
642:) and
588:freeze
543:Furano
525:Alsace
477:Europe
467:Yunnan
391:Canada
302:Canada
223:fodder
215:Bingen
199:Bingen
188:raisin
147:Merlot
143:Shiraz
109:Tokaji
89:sugars
87:. The
81:frozen
77:grapes
65:German
3047:Mosel
3027:Baden
2812:Aging
2362:Syrah
2317:Gamay
2287:Bobal
2199:Glera
2164:Airén
2156:White
2112:Table
2100:Straw
2090:Fruit
2048:White
1991:China
1870:Wines
1752:(PDF)
1535:RRD.
1223:(PDF)
1216:(PDF)
896:(PDF)
889:(PDF)
758:Vidal
531:Japan
459:Gansu
453:China
360:Vidal
171:Roman
111:, or
3052:Nahe
2414:and
2143:Top
2058:Rosé
1914:Wine
1872:and
1760:2024
1710:2010
1634:2019
1583:2017
1553:2017
1522:2017
1407:2008
1337:2008
1303:2016
1291:ISSN
1281:ISBN
1258:2019
1231:2019
1199:2008
1141:2017
1117:ISBN
1097:ISBN
1079:2017
986:ISBN
904:2019
834:brix
604:must
596:vine
592:ripe
541:The
495:, a
469:and
461:and
427:Brix
227:must
137:and
93:must
85:vine
59:(or
3022:Ahr
2820:Oak
2269:Red
2080:Ice
2043:Red
1433:doi
713:or
709:'s
447:C$
423:VQA
372:at
310:of
245:in
241:at
217:in
121:or
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780:,
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740:,
439:EU
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