219:
317:
159:
626:(384–322 BC) instead saw the forms as parts identical within the soul of every person. For both, ideography was a more perfect representation of the forms possessed by the Egyptians. The Aristotelian framework would be the foundation for the conception of language in the Mediterranean world into the medieval era.
629:
According to the classical theory, because ideographs directly reflected the forms, they were the only "true language", and had the unique ability to communicate arcane wisdom to readers. The ability to read
Egyptian hieroglyphs had been lost during late antiquity, in the context of the country's
364:) are generally among the oldest characters, with forms dating to the 12th century BC. Generally, with the evolution of the script, the forms of pictographs became less directly representational, to the extent that their referents are no longer plausible to intuit. Examples include
131:
English writing system—while also potentially representing the same idea across several languages, as they do not correspond to a specific spoken word. There may not always be a single way to read a given ideograph. While remaining logograms assigned to morphemes, specific
673:
Inspired by these conceptions of ideography, several attempts have been made to design a universal written language—i.e., an ideography whose interpretations are accessible to all people with no regard to the languages they speak. An early proposal was made in 1668 by
252:. Most logograms include some representation of the pronunciation of the corresponding word in the language, often using the rebus principle. Later systems used selected symbols to represent the sounds of the language, such as the adaptation of the logogram for
526:, a term which also includes symbols using non-graphical media. Modern analysis of Chinese characters reveals that pure signs are as old as the system itself, with prominent examples including the numerals representing numbers larger than four, including
242:. However, these symbols represent semantic elements of a language, and not the underlying ideas directly—their use generally requires knowledge of a specific spoken language. Modern scholars refer to these symbols instead as
266:. However, some logograms still meaningfully depict the meaning of the morpheme they represent visually. Pictograms are shaped like the object that the word refers to, such as an icon of a bull denoting the Semitic word
65:
or concept independent of any particular language. Some ideograms are more arbitrary than others: some are only meaningful assuming preexisting familiarity with some convention; others more directly resemble their
480:
developed during the second half of the 20th century, many researchers became convinced that the etymology of most characters originally thought to be ideographic compounds actually included some phonetic
680:
515:
Many ideograms only represent ideas by convention. For example, a red octagon only carries the meaning of 'stop' due to the public association and reification of that meaning over time. In the field of
587:
writers generally mistook the
Egyptian writing system to be purely ideographic. According to tradition, the Greeks had acquired the ability to write, among other things, from the Egyptians through
630:
Hellenization and
Christianization. However, the traditional notion that the latter trends compelled the abandonment of hieroglyphic writing has been rejected by recent scholarship.
2397:
637:
near the end of the 16th century, and initially related the system to their existing framework of ideography as partially informed by
Egyptian hieroglyphs. Ultimately,
5039:
579:
emerged from systems of pure ideograms, later societies with phonetic writing were often compelled by the intuitive connection between pictures, diagrams and
2472:
2204:
494:
583:—though ultimately ignorant of the latter's necessary phonetic dimension. Greek speakers began regularly visiting Egypt during the 7th century BC.
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in a language. In a broad sense, ideograms may form part of a writing system otherwise based on other principles, like the examples above in the
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2010:
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649:, as opposed to being purely ideographic. Champollion's insight in part stemmed from his familiarity with the work of French sinologist
2000:
1943:
1549:
490:
5909:
5865:
5895:
5004:
2364:
978:
Houston, Stephen; Baines, John; Cooper, Jerrold (2003). "Last
Writing: Script Obsolescence in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Mesoamerica".
4241:
6127:
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2383:
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3828:
1554:
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542:'eight'. These do not indicate anything about the quantities they represent visually or phonetically, only conventionally.
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2123:
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84:
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1231:
1473:
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systems, pictograms generally comprised most of the available symbols. Their use could also be extended via the
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are ideograms that represent an idea through a direct graphical resemblance to what is being referenced. In
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Other typographical examples include ⟨§⟩ 'section', ⟨€⟩ 'euro', ⟨£⟩ 'pound sterling', and ⟨©⟩ 'copyright'.
140:⟩ 'middle' may be classified as ideographs in a narrower sense, given their origin and visual structure.
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26:
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1958:
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1302:
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231:
22:
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1559:
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2047:
1802:
1737:
1574:
1529:
1435:
1385:
1380:
2972:
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659:, which demonstrated that Chinese characters were often used to write sounds, and not just ideas.
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2005:
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1307:
708:
634:
343:
While
Chinese characters generally function as logograms, three of the six classes in the
4236:
3419:
1216:
602:), who had been directly taught their silent form of "symbolic teaching". Beginning with
4386:
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303:
196:
192:
162:
80:
606:(428–347 BC), the conception of hieroglyphs as ideograms was rooted in a broader
6248:
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5858:
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43:
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2017:
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272:'ox'. Other logograms may visually represent meaning via more abstract techniques.
263:
166:
70:. Ideograms that represent physical objects by visually resembling them are called
3848:
610:
conception of most language as an imperfect and obfuscatory image of reality. The
6222:
5986:
5917:
5198:
4889:
4749:
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3813:
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2042:
1990:
1928:
1898:
1827:
1752:
1722:
1660:
1615:
685:
497:. Initially used to mark airports, the system gradually became more widespread.
283:
could be used either logographically or phonetically. For example, the
Sumerian
222:
Comparative evolution of cuneiform, Egyptian hieroglyphs, and
Chinese characters
215:
is used to refer exclusively to indicatives, contrasting them with pictograms.
4879:
4854:
4422:
3865:
3355:
3350:
3206:
3147:
2788:
2323:
1913:
1691:
1655:
1650:
1400:
844:
668:
588:
87:
are ideograms, for example ⟨1⟩ 'one', ⟨2⟩ 'two', ⟨+⟩ 'plus', and ⟨=⟩ 'equals'.
991:
6190:
6169:
6162:
4956:
4941:
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4525:
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4276:
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3716:
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2277:
1995:
1963:
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1420:
1405:
1203:
702:
623:
517:
179:
149:
91:
72:
67:
4884:
2375:
21:"Ideograph" and "Ideography" redirect here. For the rhetorical device, see
4926:
4906:
4869:
4864:
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4705:
4546:
4305:
4081:
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153:
128:
124:
120:
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733:
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in 1823 stemmed from an understanding that they did represent spoken
506:
344:
285:
58:
52:
46:
428:) have a meaning synthesized from several other characters, such as
793:
Michalowski, Piotr (2008). "Sumerian". In
Woodard, Roger D. (ed.).
4381:
4376:
4226:
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3910:
3597:
2508:
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1370:
723:
603:
259:
217:
188:
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103:
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4754:
2333:
1120:
Ideogram: Chinese
Characters and the Myth of Disembodied Meaning
62:
4986:
4776:
4731:
4624:
4303:
4188:
3530:
2744:
2506:
2489:
2379:
2112:
1220:
1207:
681:
An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language
489:, a collection of 50 symbols developed during the 1970s by the
1395:
821:
The origin and early development of the Chinese writing system
1055:
Writing Systems: An Introduction to Their Linguistic Analysis
207:
for the recitation of oral literature. Some systems also use
94:⟨&⟩ is used in many languages to represent the word
335:
329:
323:
307:
297:
291:
267:
253:
211:, which denote abstract concepts. Sometimes, the word
795:
The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum
423:
387:
359:
1158:
Egyptian Hieroglyphs in the Late Antique Imagination
6200:
6151:
6091:
6024:
5934:
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5843:
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3023:
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2301:
2228:
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2155:
1981:
1851:
1715:
1669:
1593:
1492:
1461:
1454:
1361:
1255:
692:in 1949, and currently includes over 2,000 graphs.
1160:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
823:. American Oriental Society. pp. 67–72, 149.
1139:Ideography and Chinese Language Theory: A History
867:Mathematics as Sign: Writing, Imagining, Counting
351:) in origin, as they have no phonetic component:
4998:
2391:
2124:
1232:
797:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 6–46.
561:A mathematical symbol is a type of ideogram.
230:has historically often been used to describe
8:
1024:
1012:
953:
941:
929:
913:
901:
772:. Princeton University Press. p. 266.
107:
5368:
5067:
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4991:
4983:
4773:
4728:
4634:
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4313:
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2418:
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2384:
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2131:
2117:
2109:
1458:
1239:
1225:
1217:
1204:
986:(3). Cambridge University Press: 441–444.
980:Comparative Studies in Society and History
965:
925:
889:
495:United States Department of Transportation
1122:. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.
1100:. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.
1081:. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.
633:Europe only became fully acquainted with
169:as a mnemonic in reciting oral literature
16:Symbol that represents an idea or concept
2203:Languages by writing system /
760:
1189:The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy
1078:The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy
191:principle: for example, the pictorial
6142:American Printing House for the Blind
5918:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
5570:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
1036:
119:Ideograms are not to be equated with
7:
1156:Westerfeld, Jennifer Taylor (2019).
847:. American Institute of Graphic Arts
25:. For ideographic dictionaries, see
248:, and generally avoid calling them
2210:Ancient languages corpuses by size
491:American Institute of Graphic Arts
14:
1137:O'Neill, Timothy Michael (2016).
1186:(1984). "The Ideographic Myth".
476:'tree'. As the understanding of
315:
199:annotation cannot represent the
956:, pp. 18–20, 32–34, 46–50.
2471:Languages by writing system /
1057:. Cambridge University Press.
312:'sky'. In Akkadian, the graph
1:
5910:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
5866:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
1263:Biological data visualization
1192:. University of Hawaiʻi Press
869:. Stanford University Press.
592:
485:Example of ideograms are the
6121:National Braille Association
6100:Braille Institute of America
5818:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
2215:Undeciphered writing systems
663:Proposed universal languages
336:
330:
324:
308:
298:
268:
254:
53:
47:
6001:Refreshable braille display
5980:Optical braille recognition
5577:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
5109:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
4252:New Epoch Notation Painting
2220:Creators of writing systems
1098:Asia's Orthographic Dilemma
1096:Hannas, William C. (1997).
705:– the study of inscriptions
643:decipherment of hieroglyphs
622:, but those of his student
520:, these are a type of pure
424:
388:
360:
123:, which represent specific
6281:
6068:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
2149:Index of language articles
1303:Mathematical visualization
768:Ramsey, S. Robert (1987).
666:
568:
554:
504:
345:traditional classification
174:Pictograms and indicatives
147:
20:
5804:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
4982:
4785:
4772:
4740:
4727:
4633:
4620:
4318:Chinese family of scripts
4312:
4299:
4197:
4184:
3539:
3526:
3388:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
2753:
2740:
2515:
2502:
2498:
2485:
2473:by first written accounts
2417:
2146:
1298:Information visualization
1283:Educational visualization
1214:
1209:Links to related articles
1053:Coulmas, Florian (2003).
639:Jean-François Champollion
537:
529:
471:
463:
455:
447:
439:
431:
420:
411:
408:'down', or numerals like
403:
395:
384:
375:
367:
356:
322:could represent the stem
296:could represent the word
262:representing the initial
137:
5791:Chinese semi-syllabaries
5054:Unicode braille patterns
5040:International uniformity
3495:Thomas Natural Shorthand
2205:by first written account
1474:Charles-René de Fourcroy
1323:Scientific visualization
1250:of technical information
1199:– via pinyin.info.
729:Heterogram (linguistics)
651:Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat
436:'bright', a compound of
98:, originally a stylized
6128:Blindness organizations
6107:Braille Without Borders
5896:Canadian currency marks
5518:Egyptian lineage family
4701:Southwest Paleohispanic
2173:History of the alphabet
819:Boltz, William (1994).
714:List of writing systems
419:Ideographic compounds (
334:'sky', or the syllable
5445:Russian lineage family
4845:Great Lakes Algonquian
3754:Greco-Iberian alphabet
3687:Gabelsberger shorthand
2630:Inscriptional Parthian
1894:Christopher R. Johnson
1446:Technical illustration
1333:Software visualization
865:Rotman, Brian (2000).
770:The Languages of China
493:at the request of the
223:
170:
108:
6209:Accessible publishing
6135:Schools for the blind
6114:Japan Braille Library
5903:Computer Braille Code
5557:Indian lineage family
4937:Old Persian cuneiform
3804:Carolingian minuscule
2610:Ancient North Arabian
1788:Lawrence J. Rosenblum
1601:Edward Walter Maunder
1525:Charles Joseph Minard
1343:User interface design
1318:Product visualization
1116:Unger, James Marshall
557:Mathematical notation
551:Mathematical notation
505:Further information:
478:Old Chinese phonology
221:
161:
148:Further information:
27:Conceptual dictionary
6255:Communication design
5973:Mountbatten Brailler
5328:(largely reassigned)
5111:(largely reassigned)
4660:Southeastern Iberian
4655:Northeastern Iberian
2553:Egyptian hieroglyphs
2068:Scientific modelling
2043:Information graphics
1783:Clifford A. Pickover
1733:William S. Cleveland
1641:Henry Norris Russell
1626:Howard G. Funkhouser
1570:Florence Nightingale
1535:Francis Amasa Walker
1431:Statistical graphics
1353:Volume visualization
1328:Social visualization
460:'rest', composed of
347:are ideographic (or
277:Egyptian hieroglyphs
232:Egyptian hieroglyphs
203:, but are used as a
85:mathematical symbols
23:Ideograph (rhetoric)
5925:Nemeth braille code
5711:(reassigned vowels)
5236:(extended to 8-dot)
4810:Canadian Aboriginal
4696:Khitan small script
4418:Khitan large script
3608:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
2048:Information science
2011:in computer science
1803:Sheelagh Carpendale
1738:George G. Robertson
1575:Karl Wilhelm Pohlke
1510:André-Michel Guerry
1386:Graph of a function
1381:Engineering drawing
328:'deity', the word
258:'ox' as the letter
61:that represents an
5959:Braille translator
5936:Braille technology
5912:(science; GS8/GS6)
5881:Symbols in braille
5811:Taiwanese Mandarin
5326:Taiwanese Mandarin
4932:Nwagu Aneke script
4484:Other logosyllabic
4406:Chinese-influenced
4345:Oracle bone script
4327:Chinese characters
4262:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
3652:Eclectic shorthand
3640:Duployan shorthand
3593:Caucasian Albanian
3393:Canadian syllabics
2429:History of writing
2314:Canadian syllabics
2183:Scripts in Unicode
2168:History of writing
2088:Volume cartography
1852:Early 21st century
1748:Catherine Plaisant
1743:Bruce H. McCormick
1697:Mary Eleanor Spear
1687:Arthur H. Robinson
1621:Arthur Lyon Bowley
1594:Early 20th century
1441:Technical drawings
1313:Molecular graphics
1288:Flow visualization
1278:Data visualization
719:Character (symbol)
600: 495 BC
571:History of writing
240:Chinese characters
236:Sumerian cuneiform
224:
171:
134:Chinese characters
6242:
6241:
6236:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6154:tactile alphabets
6082:William Bell Wait
6075:Sabriye Tenberken
5876:
5875:
5741:
5740:
5726:(Japanese vowels)
5524:-mediated scripts
5451:-mediated scripts
4978:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4830:Ditema tsa Dinoko
4768:
4767:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4436:
4435:
4295:
4294:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4175:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3371:
3370:
2736:
2735:
2723:Teeline Shorthand
2481:
2480:
2373:
2372:
2365:In Southeast Asia
2106:
2105:
2083:Visual perception
2033:Graphic organizer
2006:Computer graphics
1977:
1976:
1959:Martin Wattenberg
1934:Hanspeter Pfister
1889:Martin Krzywinski
1813:Jock D. Mackinlay
1793:Thomas A. DeFanti
1716:Late 20th century
1636:Ejnar Hertzsprung
1338:Technical drawing
1167:978-0-8122-5157-9
1148:978-3-11-045923-4
1129:978-0-8248-2656-7
1107:978-0-8248-1892-0
1088:978-0-8248-1068-9
1064:978-0-521-78217-3
1039:, pp. 13–16.
944:, pp. 38–40.
932:, pp. 18–20.
916:, pp. 32–34.
904:, pp. 43–45.
876:978-0-804-73684-8
830:978-0-940490-78-9
804:978-0-521-68497-2
779:978-0-691-01468-5
684:. More recently,
647:Egyptian language
302:'deity', the god
57:'to write') is a
6272:
6225:
6218:
6216:Braille literacy
6211:
6193:
6186:
6179:
6172:
6165:
6144:
6137:
6130:
6123:
6116:
6109:
6102:
6084:
6077:
6070:
6063:
6056:
6049:
6042:
6035:
6017:
6010:
6008:Slate and stylus
6003:
5996:
5994:Perkins Brailler
5989:
5982:
5975:
5968:
5961:
5954:
5952:Braille embosser
5947:
5927:
5920:
5913:
5905:
5898:
5891:
5869:
5861:
5854:
5836:
5829:
5820:
5813:
5806:
5799:
5792:
5776:
5773:American Braille
5757:
5754:Algerian Braille
5734:
5727:
5719:
5712:
5704:
5697:
5690:
5683:
5675:
5668:
5661:
5643:
5635:
5628:
5621:
5614:
5607:
5600:
5593:
5586:
5579:
5572:
5549:
5541:
5534:
5510:
5503:
5496:
5489:
5482:
5475:
5468:
5461:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5396:
5389:
5382:
5369:
5364:
5357:
5350:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5321:
5314:
5307:
5300:
5293:
5286:
5279:
5272:
5265:
5258:
5251:
5244:
5237:
5229:
5222:
5215:
5208:
5201:
5194:
5187:
5180:
5173:
5166:
5159:
5152:
5145:
5138:
5126:
5119:
5112:
5104:
5097:
5090:
5083:
5068:
5056:
5049:
5042:
5035:
5018:
5007:
5000:
4993:
4984:
4774:
4729:
4635:
4627:Semi-syllabaries
4622:
4323:
4314:
4301:
4186:
3541:
3528:
3430:Japanese Braille
3015:Zanabazar square
2884:Nepalese scripts
2774:Bengali–Assamese
2764:
2755:
2742:
2659:Pitman shorthand
2504:
2500:
2487:
2419:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2377:
2302:Current examples
2283:Semi-syllabaries
2133:
2126:
2119:
2110:
2093:Volume rendering
2078:Visual analytics
2073:Spatial analysis
2053:Misleading graph
1904:David McCandless
1879:Gordon Kindlmann
1843:Alfred Inselberg
1838:Leland Wilkinson
1773:Michael Friendly
1707:Howard T. Fisher
1670:Mid 20th century
1611:W. E. B. Du Bois
1515:William Playfair
1505:Adolphe Quetelet
1479:Joseph Priestley
1462:Pre-19th century
1459:
1426:Skeletal formula
1293:Geovisualization
1268:Chemical imaging
1241:
1234:
1227:
1218:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1171:
1152:
1133:
1111:
1092:
1068:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
1003:
975:
969:
963:
957:
951:
945:
939:
933:
923:
917:
911:
905:
899:
893:
887:
881:
880:
862:
856:
855:
853:
852:
841:
835:
834:
816:
810:
808:
790:
784:
783:
765:
690:Charles K. Bliss
601:
597:
594:
541:
539:
533:
531:
511:Sign (semiotics)
475:
473:
467:
465:
459:
457:
451:
449:
443:
441:
435:
433:
427:
422:
415:
413:
407:
405:
399:
397:
391:
386:
379:
377:
371:
369:
363:
358:
339:
333:
327:
321:
319:
311:
301:
295:
293:
281:cuneiform graphs
271:
257:
139:
111:
56:
50:
6280:
6279:
6275:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6270:
6269:
6265:Writing systems
6245:
6244:
6243:
6238:
6237:
6228:
6221:
6214:
6207:
6196:
6189:
6182:
6175:
6168:
6161:
6147:
6140:
6133:
6126:
6119:
6112:
6105:
6098:
6087:
6080:
6073:
6066:
6059:
6052:
6045:
6040:Charles Barbier
6038:
6031:
6020:
6013:
6006:
5999:
5992:
5985:
5978:
5971:
5964:
5957:
5950:
5943:
5930:
5923:
5916:
5908:
5901:
5894:
5887:
5872:
5864:
5857:
5850:
5839:
5832:
5825:
5816:
5809:
5802:
5795:
5790:
5779:
5771:
5765:Frequency-based
5760:
5752:
5737:
5730:
5722:
5715:
5707:
5700:
5693:
5686:
5678:
5671:
5664:
5657:
5646:
5638:
5631:
5624:
5617:
5610:
5603:
5596:
5589:
5582:
5575:
5568:
5561:Bharati Braille
5558:
5552:
5544:
5537:
5530:
5519:
5513:
5506:
5499:
5492:
5485:
5478:
5471:
5464:
5457:
5446:
5440:
5433:
5428:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5399:
5392:
5385:
5378:
5367:
5360:
5353:
5346:
5339:
5332:
5324:
5317:
5310:
5303:
5296:
5289:
5282:
5275:
5268:
5261:
5254:
5247:
5240:
5232:
5225:
5218:
5211:
5204:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5176:
5169:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5141:
5135:Unified English
5129:
5122:
5115:
5107:
5100:
5093:
5086:
5079:
5064:Braille scripts
5059:
5052:
5045:
5038:
5031:
5020:
5016:
5011:
4966:
4781:
4764:
4760:Stokoe notation
4736:
4715:
4674:
4629:
4608:
4592:
4556:
4535:Logoconsonantal
4530:
4479:
4432:
4401:
4308:
4291:
4272:Siglas poveiras
4193:
4172:
4131:
4035:Younger Futhark
3739:Gregg shorthand
3535:
3514:
3367:
3019:
2749:
2732:
2511:
2494:
2477:
2450:Writing systems
2438:
2413:
2411:writing systems
2404:
2374:
2369:
2348:
2297:
2224:
2199:Writing systems
2187:
2151:
2142:
2140:Writing systems
2137:
2107:
2102:
2098:Information art
2038:Imaging science
1983:
1973:
1954:Fernanda Viégas
1949:Moritz Stefaner
1874:Jessica Hullman
1847:
1818:Alan MacEachren
1768:Ben Shneiderman
1711:
1665:
1589:
1488:
1450:
1363:
1357:
1308:Medical imaging
1251:
1245:
1210:
1195:
1193:
1184:DeFrancis, John
1182:
1179:
1177:Further reading
1174:
1168:
1155:
1149:
1136:
1130:
1114:
1108:
1095:
1089:
1073:DeFrancis, John
1071:
1065:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1027:, pp. 5–6.
1023:
1019:
1011:
1007:
977:
976:
972:
966:Westerfeld 2019
964:
960:
952:
948:
940:
936:
926:Westerfeld 2019
924:
920:
912:
908:
900:
896:
890:Westerfeld 2019
888:
884:
877:
864:
863:
859:
850:
848:
843:
842:
838:
831:
818:
817:
813:
805:
792:
791:
787:
780:
767:
766:
762:
758:
753:
748:
709:List of symbols
698:
688:was devised by
671:
665:
635:written Chinese
599:
595:
577:writing systems
573:
567:
559:
553:
548:
535:
527:
513:
503:
469:
461:
453:
445:
437:
429:
409:
401:
393:
373:
365:
313:
289:
176:
156:
146:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6278:
6276:
6268:
6267:
6262:
6260:Graphic design
6257:
6247:
6246:
6240:
6239:
6234:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6226:
6219:
6212:
6204:
6202:
6201:Related topics
6198:
6197:
6195:
6194:
6187:
6180:
6177:New York Point
6173:
6166:
6158:
6156:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6145:
6138:
6131:
6124:
6117:
6110:
6103:
6095:
6093:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6085:
6078:
6071:
6064:
6061:Harris Mowbray
6057:
6050:
6043:
6036:
6028:
6026:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6011:
6004:
5997:
5990:
5983:
5976:
5969:
5962:
5955:
5948:
5945:Braille e-book
5940:
5938:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5928:
5921:
5914:
5906:
5899:
5892:
5884:
5882:
5878:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5870:
5862:
5855:
5847:
5845:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5830:
5823:
5822:
5821:
5814:
5807:
5800:
5787:
5785:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5749:
5747:
5743:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5735:
5728:
5720:
5713:
5705:
5698:
5691:
5684:
5676:
5669:
5662:
5654:
5652:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5644:
5636:
5629:
5622:
5615:
5608:
5601:
5594:
5587:
5580:
5573:
5565:
5563:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5550:
5542:
5535:
5527:
5525:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5511:
5504:
5497:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5469:
5462:
5454:
5452:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5397:
5390:
5383:
5375:
5373:
5366:
5365:
5358:
5351:
5344:
5337:
5330:
5322:
5315:
5308:
5301:
5294:
5287:
5280:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5252:
5245:
5238:
5230:
5223:
5216:
5209:
5202:
5195:
5188:
5181:
5174:
5167:
5160:
5153:
5146:
5139:
5127:
5120:
5113:
5105:
5098:
5091:
5084:
5076:
5074:
5072:French-ordered
5065:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5050:
5043:
5036:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5021:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5002:
4995:
4987:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4912:Linear Elamite
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4770:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4734:Sign languages
4732:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4711:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4686:Espanca script
4682:
4680:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4645:Linear Elamite
4641:
4639:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4526:Yi (Classical)
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4446:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4352:
4350:Bronze scripts
4347:
4342:
4337:
4331:
4329:
4320:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4163:Flag semaphore
4160:
4158:New York Point
4155:
4153:Telegraph code
4150:
4148:Maritime flags
4145:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4102:Visible Speech
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4072:Sorang Sompeng
4069:
4064:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3956:Galik alphabet
3953:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3854:Tironian notes
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3699:
3697:Garay alphabet
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3637:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3545:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3480:Sorang Sompeng
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3403:Déné syllabics
3400:
3390:
3385:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2761:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2698:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2664:Proto-Sinaitic
2661:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2525:
2524:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2415:
2414:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2380:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2356:
2354:
2353:Related topics
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2063:Patent drawing
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2028:Graphic design
2025:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1969:Hadley Wickham
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1924:Tamara Munzner
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1823:David Goodsell
1820:
1815:
1810:
1808:Cynthia Brewer
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1702:Edgar Anderson
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1677:Jacques Bertin
1673:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1631:John B. Peddle
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1585:Francis Galton
1582:
1580:Toussaint Loua
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1560:Georg von Mayr
1557:
1552:
1550:Matthew Sankey
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1465:
1463:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1416:Sankey diagram
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1348:Visual culture
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1153:
1147:
1141:. De Gruyter.
1134:
1128:
1112:
1106:
1093:
1087:
1069:
1063:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1029:
1017:
1005:
970:
958:
946:
934:
928:, p. 18;
918:
906:
894:
882:
875:
857:
836:
829:
811:
803:
785:
778:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
699:
697:
694:
664:
661:
641:'s successful
620:world of forms
612:views of Plato
566:
563:
555:Main article:
552:
549:
547:
544:
502:
499:
487:DOT pictograms
483:
482:
417:
381:
349:semantographic
193:Dongba symbols
175:
172:
165:, used by the
163:Dongba symbols
145:
142:
117:
116:
113:
88:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6277:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6252:
6250:
6224:
6220:
6217:
6213:
6210:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6199:
6192:
6188:
6185:
6184:Night writing
6181:
6178:
6174:
6171:
6167:
6164:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6155:
6150:
6143:
6139:
6136:
6132:
6129:
6125:
6122:
6118:
6115:
6111:
6108:
6104:
6101:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6092:Organisations
6090:
6083:
6079:
6076:
6072:
6069:
6065:
6062:
6058:
6055:
6054:Valentin Haüy
6051:
6048:
6044:
6041:
6037:
6034:
6033:Louis Braille
6030:
6029:
6027:
6023:
6016:
6012:
6009:
6005:
6002:
5998:
5995:
5991:
5988:
5984:
5981:
5977:
5974:
5970:
5967:
5966:Braille watch
5963:
5960:
5956:
5953:
5949:
5946:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5937:
5933:
5926:
5922:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5904:
5900:
5897:
5893:
5890:
5889:Braille music
5886:
5885:
5883:
5879:
5867:
5863:
5860:
5856:
5853:
5852:Luxembourgish
5849:
5848:
5846:
5842:
5835:
5831:
5828:
5824:
5819:
5815:
5812:
5808:
5805:
5801:
5798:
5794:
5793:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5782:
5774:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5763:
5755:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5744:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5703:
5699:
5696:
5692:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5674:
5670:
5667:
5663:
5660:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5651:Other scripts
5649:
5641:
5637:
5634:
5630:
5627:
5623:
5620:
5616:
5613:
5609:
5606:
5602:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5588:
5585:
5581:
5578:
5574:
5571:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5555:
5547:
5543:
5540:
5536:
5533:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5516:
5509:
5505:
5502:
5498:
5495:
5491:
5488:
5484:
5481:
5477:
5474:
5470:
5467:
5463:
5460:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5443:
5432:
5427:
5424:
5423:Northern Sámi
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5398:
5395:
5391:
5388:
5384:
5381:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5372:Nordic family
5370:
5363:
5359:
5356:
5352:
5349:
5345:
5342:
5338:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5320:
5316:
5313:
5312:South African
5309:
5306:
5302:
5299:
5295:
5292:
5288:
5285:
5281:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5264:
5260:
5257:
5253:
5250:
5246:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5234:Luxembourgish
5231:
5228:
5224:
5221:
5217:
5214:
5210:
5207:
5203:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5189:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5175:
5172:
5168:
5165:
5161:
5158:
5154:
5151:
5147:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5125:
5121:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5092:
5089:
5085:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5062:
5055:
5051:
5048:
5047:ASCII braille
5044:
5041:
5037:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5015:
5008:
5003:
5001:
4996:
4994:
4989:
4988:
4985:
4981:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4780:
4775:
4771:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4739:
4735:
4730:
4726:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4623:
4619:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4595:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4578:Attic (Greek)
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4516:Proto-Elamite
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4302:
4298:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4192:
4187:
4183:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4030:Elder Futhark
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3921:Old Hungarian
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3455:Masaram Gondi
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3425:Gunjala Gondi
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3237:Old Sundanese
3235:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3180:Old Maldivian
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3163:Bilang-bilang
3161:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2983:Sylheti Nagri
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2784:Brahmi script
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2679:South Arabian
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2625:Inscriptional
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2389:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2023:Graph drawing
2021:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1980:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1944:Claudio Silva
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1909:Mauro Martino
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1833:Michael Maltz
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1798:George Furnas
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1778:Howard Wainer
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1682:Rudolf Modley
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1646:Max O. Lorenz
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1555:Charles Booth
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1530:Luigi Perozzo
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1520:August Kekulé
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1500:Charles Dupin
1498:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1484:Gaspard Monge
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1469:Edmond Halley
1467:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1273:Crime mapping
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1248:Visualization
1242:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1206:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
974:
971:
968:, p. 32.
967:
962:
959:
955:
950:
947:
943:
938:
935:
931:
927:
922:
919:
915:
910:
907:
903:
898:
895:
892:, p. 23.
891:
886:
883:
878:
872:
868:
861:
858:
846:
840:
837:
832:
826:
822:
815:
812:
806:
800:
796:
789:
786:
781:
775:
771:
764:
761:
755:
750:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
704:
701:
700:
695:
693:
691:
687:
683:
682:
677:
670:
662:
660:
658:
657:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
627:
625:
621:
617:
616:ontologically
613:
609:
605:
590:
586:
585:Ancient Greek
582:
578:
572:
564:
562:
558:
550:
545:
543:
525:
524:
519:
512:
508:
500:
498:
496:
492:
488:
479:
468:'person' and
426:
418:
390:
383:Indicatives (
382:
362:
354:
353:
352:
350:
346:
341:
338:
332:
326:
318:
310:
305:
300:
288:
287:
282:
278:
273:
270:
265:
261:
256:
251:
247:
246:
241:
237:
233:
229:
220:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
201:Naxi language
198:
194:
190:
186:
185:proto-writing
182:
181:
173:
168:
164:
160:
155:
151:
143:
141:
135:
130:
126:
122:
114:
110:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
86:
82:
79:
78:
77:
75:
74:
69:
64:
60:
55:
49:
45:
41:
37:
32:
28:
24:
19:
5724:Thai and Lao
5401:Scandinavian
5033:1829 braille
5025:Braille cell
4825:Cypro-Minoan
4691:Pahawh Hmong
4604:Sitelen Pona
4568:Hindu-Arabic
4190:
3901:Mundari Bani
3475:Pahawh Hmong
3284:Tamil-Brahmi
3190:Eveyla Akuru
3185:Dhives Akuru
2652:Paleo-Hebrew
2519:
2455:undeciphered
2278:Pictographic
2273:Phonogrammic
2257:
2058:Neuroimaging
2018:CPK coloring
2001:Color coding
1939:Hans Rosling
1919:Miriah Meyer
1884:Aaron Koblin
1869:Jeffrey Heer
1763:Edward Tufte
1758:Pat Hanrahan
1728:Nigel Holmes
1606:Otto Neurath
1545:Oliver Byrne
1493:19th century
1390:
1194:. Retrieved
1188:
1157:
1138:
1119:
1097:
1077:
1054:
1032:
1025:O'Neill 2016
1020:
1015:, p. 1.
1013:O'Neill 2016
1008:
983:
979:
973:
961:
954:O'Neill 2016
949:
942:O'Neill 2016
937:
930:O'Neill 2016
921:
914:O'Neill 2016
909:
902:O'Neill 2016
897:
885:
866:
860:
849:. Retrieved
839:
820:
814:
794:
788:
769:
763:
744:Traffic sign
679:
676:John Wilkins
672:
654:
632:
628:
614:involved an
608:metaphysical
574:
560:
534:'five', and
521:
514:
484:
372:'field'，and
355:Pictograms (
348:
342:
306:or the word
284:
274:
264:glottal stop
249:
243:
227:
225:
212:
208:
178:
177:
167:Nakhi people
118:
95:
71:
39:
35:
33:
31:
18:
6223:RoboBraille
6047:Róża Czacka
5987:Perforation
5784:Independent
5682:(Bhutanese)
5417:Greenlandic
5088:Azerbaijani
4890:Jindai moji
4779:Syllabaries
4750:SignWriting
4650:Celtiberian
4552:Hieroglyphs
4355:Seal script
4340:Traditional
4212:Blissymbols
4117:Warang Citi
4092:Tolong Siki
4045:Marcomannic
4025:Dalecarlian
4015:Anglo-Saxon
3995:Pau Cin Hau
3886:Medefaidrin
3839:Merovingian
3799:Blackletter
3707:Asomtavruli
3500:Warang Citi
3309:Ulu scripts
3254:New Tai Lue
3197:Mon–Burmese
3051:Bhattiprolu
2879:Nandinagari
2706:ʾEsṭrangēlā
2465:constructed
2293:Syllabaries
2263:Logographic
2258:Ideogrammic
1991:Cartography
1929:Ade Olufeko
1899:Manuel Lima
1828:Kwan-Liu Ma
1753:Stuart Card
1723:Borden Dent
1661:Erwin Raisz
1616:Henry Gantt
1046:Works cited
845:"Resources"
686:Blissymbols
452:'Moon', or
209:indicatives
144:Terminology
6249:Categories
5775:(obsolete)
5756:(obsolete)
5548:(Pakistan)
5459:Belarusian
5341:Vietnamese
5284:Portuguese
5270:Philippine
5227:Lithuanian
4880:Hentaigana
4875:Man'yōgana
4335:Simplified
4222:Ersu Shaba
4136:Non-linear
3941:Old Uyghur
3931:Old Permic
3926:Old Italic
3859:Visigothic
3794:Beneventan
3729:Glagolitic
3692:Gadabuursi
3356:Kolezhuthu
3351:Vatteluttu
3289:Tanchangya
3212:Saurashtra
2789:Devanagari
2647:Phoenician
2600:Manichaean
2324:Devanagari
1914:John Maeda
1692:John Tukey
1656:Harry Beck
1651:Fritz Kahn
1401:Photograph
1196:2024-02-29
1037:Unger 2003
851:2024-03-07
751:References
669:Pasigraphy
667:See also:
653:regarding
598: – c.
596: 570
589:Pythagoras
569:See also:
501:Pure signs
481:component.
444:'Sun' and
180:Pictograms
73:pictograms
68:signifieds
6191:Vibratese
6170:Moon type
6163:Decapoint
5844:Eight-dot
5797:Cantonese
5746:Reordered
5709:Inuktitut
5598:Malayalam
5508:Ukrainian
5487:Mongolian
5466:Bulgarian
5429:Norwegian
5394:Icelandic
5185:Hungarian
5143:Esperanto
5095:Cantonese
4679:Redundant
4491:Anatolian
4442:Cuneiform
4370:bird-worm
4306:Logograms
4277:Testerian
4191:Ideograms
4168:Moon type
4055:Staveless
3946:Mongolian
3891:Molodtsov
3849:Sütterlin
3717:Mkhedruli
3583:Bassa Vah
3533:Alphabets
3505:Mwangwego
3470:Mwangwego
3445:Kharosthi
3398:Blackfoot
3361:Malayanma
3232:Sundanese
3227:Sukhothai
3175:Malayalam
3126:Khom Thai
3086:Goykanadi
3010:Tocharian
2963:ʼPhags-pa
2834:Khudabadi
2779:Bhaiksuki
2674:Samaritan
2605:Nabataean
2460:inventors
2360:In Africa
2344:Mongolian
2288:Shorthand
2248:Alphabets
2178:Graphemes
1996:Chartjunk
1964:Bang Wong
1859:Polo Chau
1565:John Snow
1540:John Venn
1421:Schematic
1406:Pictogram
992:0010-4175
756:Citations
734:Lexigrams
703:Epigraphy
624:Aristotle
618:separate
581:logograms
518:semiotics
400:'up' and
361:xiàngxíng
250:ideograms
245:logograms
226:The word
150:Pictogram
125:morphemes
121:logograms
92:ampersand
51:'idea' +
40:ideograph
5827:Japanese
5688:Georgian
5680:Dzongkha
5666:Armenian
5584:Gujarati
5449:Cyrillic
5380:Estonian
5355:Yugoslav
5291:Romanian
5263:Nigerian
5178:Hawaiian
5164:Ghanaian
5081:Albanian
4942:Sumerian
4907:Linear B
4870:Katakana
4865:Hiragana
4815:Cherokee
4745:ASLwrite
4706:Bopomofo
4561:Numerals
4547:Hieratic
4506:Isthmian
4475:Sumerian
4455:Assyrian
4450:Akkadian
4107:Vithkuqi
4082:Tifinagh
4050:Medieval
4005:Pisidian
4000:Phrygian
3971:Vagindra
3916:Ol Chiki
3824:Interlac
3779:Kayah Li
3769:Jenticha
3724:Veso Bey
3712:Nuskhuri
3702:Georgian
3672:Formosan
3667:Etruscan
3662:Enochian
3618:Cyrillic
3603:Coelbren
3561:Armenian
3460:Meroitic
3450:Mandombe
3440:Jenticha
3304:Tigalari
3269:Tai Viet
3264:Tai Tham
3244:Tagbanwa
3096:Javanese
3046:Baybayin
3036:Balinese
3024:Southern
2919:Pracalit
2914:Pachumol
2889:Bhujimol
2849:Mahajani
2809:Gurmukhi
2799:Gujarati
2767:Northern
2747:Abugidas
2728:Ugaritic
2716:Maḏnḥāyā
2590:Tifinagh
2583:Solitreo
2521:Numerals
2434:Grapheme
2422:Overview
2253:Featural
2243:Abugidas
2163:Language
2156:Overview
1982:Related
1391:Ideogram
1118:(2003).
1075:(1986).
739:Logotype
696:See also
575:As true
540:⟩
536:⟨
532:⟩
528:⟨
474:⟩
470:⟨
466:⟩
462:⟨
458:⟩
454:⟨
450:⟩
446:⟨
442:⟩
438:⟨
434:⟩
430:⟨
416:'three'.
414:⟩
410:⟨
406:⟩
402:⟨
398:⟩
394:⟨
389:zhǐshìzì
380:'heart'.
378:⟩
374:⟨
370:⟩
366:⟨
320:⟩
314:⟨
294:⟩
290:⟨
228:ideogram
213:ideogram
205:mnemonic
195:without
154:Logogram
129:phonetic
100:ligature
81:Numerals
36:ideogram
5732:Tibetan
5673:Burmese
5659:Amharic
5642:(India)
5619:Sinhala
5612:Punjabi
5591:Kannada
5539:Persian
5494:Russian
5434:Swedish
5412:Finnish
5387:Faroese
5362:Zambian
5334:Turkish
5319:Spanish
5242:Maltese
5220:Latvian
5213:Italian
5192:Iñupiaq
5171:Guarani
5131:English
5102:Catalan
5019:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
5014:Braille
4897:Kikakui
4835:Eskayan
4820:Cypriot
4670:Dunging
4542:Demotic
4521:Tenevil
4465:Hittite
4460:Elamite
4413:Jurchen
4392:Sawndip
4387:Chữ Nôm
4287:Zapotec
4282:Yerkish
4257:Nsibidi
4242:Miꞌkmaw
4232:Isotype
4202:Adinkra
4143:Braille
4127:Zaghawa
4097:Vellara
4077:Sunuwar
4067:Sidetic
4062:Shavian
3990:Osmanya
3980:Ol Onal
3834:Kurrent
3819:Insular
3809:Fraktur
3784:Klingon
3774:Kaddare
3748:Archaic
3657:Elbasan
3645:Chinook
3635:Deseret
3623:Bosnian
3578:Avoiuli
3566:Avestan
3556:Ariyaka
3485:Tengwar
3383:Bharati
3344:Serawai
3334:Pasemah
3319:Lampung
3274:Lai Tay
3259:Tai Noi
3222:Sinhala
3202:Pallava
3170:Makasar
3158:Lontara
3133:Kulitan
3106:Kannada
3101:Kadamba
3091:Hanunoo
3081:Grantha
3076:Fakkham
2993:Tibetan
2978:Soyombo
2973:Siddhaṃ
2968:Sharada
2944:Litumol
2934:Tirhuta
2924:Ranjana
2909:Kvemmol
2869:Multani
2854:Marchen
2819:Kalinga
2759:Brahmic
2696:Sogdian
2635:Psalter
2615:Pahlavi
2595:Mandaic
2573:Cursive
2558:Elymaic
2529:Aramaic
2319:Chinese
2268:Numeral
1864:Ben Fry
1376:Diagram
1000:3879458
565:History
425:huìyìzì
392:) like
102:of the
6152:Other
6025:People
6015:Braigo
5834:Korean
5702:Hebrew
5633:Telugu
5532:Arabic
5522:Arabic
5480:Kyrgyz
5473:Kazakh
5407:Danish
5305:Slovak
5298:Samoan
5277:Polish
5256:Navajo
5157:German
5150:French
5017:
4962:Yugtun
4952:Woleai
4902:Kpelle
4885:Sōgana
4805:Byblos
4583:Muisca
4501:Cretan
4470:Luwian
4428:Tangut
4247:Mixtec
4217:Dongba
4122:Yezidi
4112:Wancho
4087:Todhri
4040:Gothic
4020:Cipher
3961:Manchu
3951:Evenki
3936:Orkhon
3881:Manchu
3876:Lydian
3871:Lycian
3814:Gaelic
3764:Hanifi
3759:Hangul
3734:Gothic
3682:Fraser
3677:Fox II
3613:Coptic
3588:Carian
3571:Pazend
3544:Linear
3490:Thaana
3435:Sarati
3376:Others
3339:Rejang
3324:Lembak
3314:Incung
3294:Telugu
3249:Tai Le
3143:Langdi
3066:Chakma
2956:Karani
2929:Tamyig
2904:Kummol
2899:Himmol
2894:Golmol
2874:Nagari
2859:Meitei
2844:Lepcha
2829:Khojki
2814:Kaithi
2701:Syriac
2689:Musnad
2568:Ashuri
2563:Hebrew
2546:Elifba
2541:Arabic
2534:Hatran
2509:Abjads
2329:Hangul
2309:Arabic
2238:Abjads
1984:topics
1455:People
1362:Image
1256:Fields
1164:
1145:
1126:
1104:
1085:
1061:
998:
990:
873:
827:
809:p. 12.
801:
776:
656:fanqie
507:Symbol
286:dingir
238:, and
136:like ⟨
59:symbol
54:gráphō
42:(from
5868:(GS8)
5859:Kanji
5717:Khmer
5695:Greek
5626:Tamil
5559:i.e.
5520:i.e.
5501:Tatar
5447:i.e.
5348:Welsh
5249:Māori
5206:Irish
5124:Dutch
5117:Czech
4927:Nüshu
4795:Bamum
4790:Afaka
4597:Other
4588:Roman
4573:Abjad
4496:Bagam
4397:Bowen
4382:Kanji
4377:Hanja
4365:small
4360:large
4267:Olmec
4237:Kaidā
4227:Emoji
4207:Aztec
4010:Runic
3985:Osage
3966:Oirat
3911:Ogham
3844:Sigla
3789:Latin
3744:Greek
3628:Early
3598:Cirth
3551:Adlam
3420:Geʽez
3415:Fox I
3279:Tamil
3138:Lanna
3121:Khmer
3111:Karen
3061:Buhid
3041:Batak
2998:Uchen
2988:Takri
2939:Limbu
2839:Laṇḍā
2824:Khema
2804:Gupta
2794:Dogri
2711:Serṭā
2684:Zabur
2669:Punic
2642:Pegon
2578:Rashi
2492:Types
2443:Lists
2407:Types
2339:Latin
2230:Types
2192:Lists
1436:Table
1371:Chart
1364:types
996:JSTOR
724:Emoji
604:Plato
546:Types
299:diĝir
275:Many
269:ʾālep
260:aleph
255:ʾālep
189:rebus
106:word
104:Latin
44:Greek
5640:Urdu
5605:Odia
5546:Urdu
4922:Loma
4917:Lisu
4860:Kana
4850:Iban
4840:Geba
4800:Bété
4755:si5s
4665:Khom
4638:Full
4511:Maya
3906:N'Ko
3465:Miao
3410:Dham
3329:Ogan
3299:Thai
3217:Shan
3153:Leke
3116:Kawi
3071:Cham
3056:Buda
3031:Ahom
2951:Odia
2864:Modi
2620:Book
2334:Kana
1411:Plot
1162:ISBN
1143:ISBN
1124:ISBN
1102:ISBN
1083:ISBN
1059:ISBN
988:ISSN
871:ISBN
825:ISBN
799:ISBN
774:ISBN
523:sign
509:and
331:šamu
279:and
197:Geba
152:and
90:The
83:and
63:idea
48:idéa
5199:IPA
4947:Vai
4855:Idu
4423:Sui
3896:Mru
3866:Luo
3829:IPA
3510:Rma
3207:Pyu
3148:Lao
3003:Umê
2409:of
1396:Map
678:in
421:会意字
385:指事字
325:il-
96:and
38:or
34:An
6251::
4957:Yi
994:.
984:45
982:.
593:c.
357:象形
340:.
337:an
309:an
304:An
292:𒀭
234:,
109:et
76:.
5137:)
5133:(
5006:e
4999:t
4992:v
3750:)
3746:(
2399:e
2392:t
2385:v
2132:e
2125:t
2118:v
1240:e
1233:t
1226:v
1170:.
1151:.
1132:.
1110:.
1091:.
1067:.
1002:.
879:.
854:.
833:.
807:.
782:.
591:(
538:八
530:五
472:木
464:人
456:休
448:月
440:日
432:明
412:三
404:下
396:上
376:心
368:田
138:中
112:.
29:.
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