752:
2229:
2101:
1818:
Iran, a chronicler tells us that only one Shia text could be found in Ismail's capital Tabriz. Thus it is questionable whether Ismail and his followers could have succeeded in forcing a whole people to adopt a new faith without the support of the Arab Shiite scholars. The rulers of
Safavid Persia also invited these foreign Shiite religious scholars to their court in order to provide legitimacy for their own rule over Persia.
56:
2164:, that wrecked the Safavid state and made it decline. The religious unrest and rebellions were especially provoked by his ill-fated persecution of the Sunnis living under his control. These troubles contributed to the further destabilization of the Safavid empire (towards the final years of its existence) and were factors that contributed in bringing the Safavids into an existential crisis.
2378:
1872:, where a large Sunni population was massacred. Thus, the population of Azerbaijan was forcibly converted to Shiism in the early 16th century at the same time as the people of what is nowadays Iran, when the Safavids held sway over it. Modern-day Azerbaijan therefore contains the second largest population of Shia Muslims by percentage right after Iran, and the two along with
3513:
1639:
587:
2081:(1587–1629). Abbas hated the Sunnis, and forced the population to accept Twelver Shiism. Thus by 1602 most of the formerly Sunnis of Iran had accepted Shiism. A significant number, however, did not accept Safavid rule, prompting Abbas to institute a number of administrative changes in order to further transform Iran into a Twelver Shia state.
1933:
had remained in
Safavid hands and efforts were being made to establish Shiism in place of Sunnism in these lands. Sunni scholars who refused to accept Shia doctrines were executed and Sunni tombs and shrines were destroyed once again, while the main mosques were converted for Shia use only. While not
3606:
Iran was a Shia country and gradually became an isolated island surrounded by a sea of
Sunnism. While lamenting the cruelty of forced conversion, modern Iranian historians generally agree that the establishment of Shia religious hegemony ultimately saved Iran from being incorporated into the Ottoman
1817:
in order to create a state clergy. Ismail offered them land and money in return for loyalty. These scholars taught the doctrine of
Twelver Shiism and made it accessible to the population and energetically encouraged conversion to Shiism. To emphasize how scarce Twelver Shiism was then to be found in
1792:
After the conquest, Ismail began transforming the religious landscape of Iran by imposing
Twelver Shiism on the populace. Since most of the population embraced Sunni Islam and since an educated version of Shiism was scarce in Iran at the time, Ismail imported a new Shia Ulama corps from traditional
2338:
Nader made a major effort to redefine the place of Shiism within the
Islamic world by working to gain recognition from the major Sunni powers. He attempted to integrate a redefined Shiism into the Sunni tradition. He rejected the Shia condemnation of the first three Sunni Caliphs and enforced that
2327:
should be venerated as before, but that the formula naming him as the deputy of God should no longer be spoken, because it had caused enmity between Shias and Sunnis. Externally he presented the policy as a wholesale conversion to
Sunnism. In general, this religious policy did not provoke popular
3617:
The word 'Safavi' which means
Safavid, as used by Sunnis, came to be associated with any expansionist Shia groups acting against Sunnis or their interests. The label is especially used against Iran or Iranian-backed groups and has particularly found currency during the sectarian turmoil in the
3578:
The
Safavid experience largely created the clear line of political demarcation and hostility between Twelver Shiism and Sunnism, even though doctrinal differences had long been recognized. Before the Safavids the Twelvers for many centuries had mostly accommodated themselves politically to the
2355:) belonging to Shia religious institutions. Fearful for their lives and feeling threatened in Iran, many Persian clergymen sought refuge and settlement in Iraq and formed the core of the Shia religious infrastructure that has persisted until the present around the Shia shrines in Iraq, such as
2287:
In 1736, after being chosen by an assembly of notables to be Shah, Nader agreed to accept on condition that they accept his new religious policy of restoring
Sunnism in Iran. The abandonment of Orthodox Shiism was necessary as the linchpin of a peace treaty he wanted to conclude with the Sunni
2283:
Nader made various attempts to reconcile his Persian subjects' Shia beliefs with the Sunni creed and sought to get the Ottomans to recognize this form of Shi'ism as its own sect with the possible motivation being to facilitate relations with the Sunni Ottomans, but possibly his real aim was to
2041:
clerics who administered and encouraged ritual cursing of the first three Sunni Caliphs among Iranians. His Sunni flirtation was also intended to reach out to the still-strong Sunni sympathies among Persians. Despite their quick rejection of Ismail II's policies, the majority of Ulema and the
2203:
Afghans in 1715 and the invasion of Iran. By the same course of the 1710s, there were numerous other uprisings and insurrections in other parts of the Safavid domains, often inspired by the persecutions instigated against non-Shiite minorities by the leading Shia Safavid ulama, e.g. the
2288:
Ottomans and was probably intended also as a way of diminishing the religious prestige of the Safavid house and of making himself a more attractive figure to the Sunni populations of areas he was planning to conquer. However, his religious policy fueled discontent in Iran itself.
2156:(r. 1694–1722) (the last effective Safavid Shah), there was a lot of religious unrest and religiously motivated rebellions in the Safavid state. Amongst the foreign interests, decades of misrule by incapable Shahs, and tireless wars against the Safavid's arch rival, the
1744:(who initially congratulated Ismail on his victories) to advise and ask the young monarch (in a "fatherly" manner) to stop the anti-Sunni actions. However, Ismail was strongly anti-Sunni, ignored the Sultan's warning, and continued to spread the Shia faith by the sword.
2350:
Nader alienated the Shiite clergy (partly in order to destroy the influential position they held) by trying to bridge the gap between Sunni and Shia by attempting to restore Sunnism in Iran. He also confiscated large sections of the religious endowment lands
1779:
The early Safavid rulers took a number of steps against the Sunni Ulama of Iran. These steps included giving the Ulama the choice of conversion, death, or exile and massacring the Sunni clerics who resisted the Shia transformation of Iran, as witnessed in
868:
Ismail and his followers pursued such a severe conversion policy in order to give Iran and the Safavid lands as distinct and unique an identity as was possible compared to its two neighboring Sunni Turkic military and political enemies, its arch rival the
1762:("killing of Umar") by Abu Lu'lua. The highlight of the day was making an effigy of Umar to be cursed, insulted, and finally burned. However, as relations between Iran and Sunni countries improved, the holiday was no longer observed (at least officially).
2124:. They would thus retain the official ownership and secure their land from being confiscated by royal commissioners or local governors, as long as a percentage of the revenues from the land went to the ulama and the quasi-religious organizations run by
1863:
from 1500 to 1502, one of the first acts of Ismail was to declare Twelver Shiism to be the state religion, despite the predominance of Sunni Muslims in the newly acquired territories. After the declaration, a conversion campaign was launched and Muslim
3571:
did identify with Shiism by the end of the Safavid era in 1722. Thus, the population of Azerbaijan was forcibly converted to Shiism in the early 16th century at the same time as the people of what is nowadays Iran, when the Safavids held sway over
840:". It appears that he aimed for complete destruction of Sunni Islam, and he largely achieved that goal in the lands over which he ruled. His hatred of the Sunnis knew no bounds, and his persecution of them was ruthless. He required the first three
3602:
The use of the Shia religion to exert control was not completely successful. It resulted in the annexation of large areas of the country, but was followed by centuries of conflict between the Sunni and Shia populations, even after the fall of the
3574:
Hence it is no accident that in Iran and Azerbaijan, today's Sunni minorities are concentrated among the country's non-Persian and non-Azerbaijani ethnic groups that are scattered along the country's borders, with their Sunni co-nationals next
4841:
Nadir Shah and the Ja 'fari Madhhab Reconsidered, Ernest Tucker, Iranian Studies, Vol. 27, No. 1/4, Religion and Society in Islamic Iran during the Pre-Modern Era (1994), pp. 163–179, Published by: International Society for Iranian Studies
2054:
672:—each of which had previously experienced their own eras of sectarian dominance. Through their actions, the Safavids were able to establish the Shia sect as the official religion of their empire, marking a significant turning point in
3773:
Forced conversion in the Safavid Empire made Persia for the first time dominantly Shia and left a lasting mark: Persia, now Iran, has been dominantly Shia ever since, and for centuries the only country to have a ruling Shia
2279:
It was an original religious policy, aimed at weakening Shia power, promoting his own rule in Sunni lands outside Iran and making Shiism a 5th school of orthodox Sunni Islam — a proposal rejected by both Sunni rulers and
751:
1914:, Ismail forced his new Iraqi subjects to convert to Shiism and outlawed Sunni practices. He then returned to Persia. These actions by the conquering Safavids caused the Mesopotamian Sunnis to seethe with resentment.
855:
to be ritually cursed, abolished Sunni Sufi orders, seizing their property, and gave Sunni ulama a choice of conversion, death, or exile. Shi'ite scholars were brought in from other regions to take their place.
3743:
Shah persecuted the philosophers, mystics, and Sufis who had been promoted by his grandfather, and unleashed fanatical campaigns of forcible conversion on Sunnis, Jews, Christians and other religious minorities
894:
The conversion was part of the process of building a territory that would be loyal to the state and its institutions, thus enabling the state and its institutions to consolidate their rule throughout the whole
3844:"Iran: Safavid Period", Encyclopedia Iranica by Hamid Algar. Excerpt: "The Safavids originated as a hereditary lineage of Sufi shaikhs centered on Ardabil, Shafi'ite in school and probably Kurdish in origin."
2093:(1616–98, one of the most important Shiite clerics of all time), who devoted himself to (among other things) the eradication of Sunnism in Iran, the Safavid state made major efforts, in the 17th century to
2276:, since his own pro-Sunni beliefs had alienated his Shiite Iranian soldiers, who included the Shia Turkoman and ethnic Persian soldiers from central and western Iran, who made up the Safavid partisans.
1898:
in 1508. However, his armies zealously killed Sunnis and actively persecuted them through tribal allies of the Shah. His armies also destroyed several important Sunni sites, including the tombs of
2228:
719:
legal schools until the triumph of the Safavids (who had initially been Shafi'i Sufis themselves). Ironically, this was to the extent that up until the end of the 15th century the
2339:
position within his realm. In addition, he tried to secure Ottoman recognition of Twelver Shiism as a fifth Sunni school of law, to be called the Jaafari school after the 6th Imam,
660:, and other religious groups, eventually transforming Iran into a bastion of Shia Islam. This process led to hostilities with Iran's Sunni-majority neighbours, most notably the
2248:(to be called the Jaafari Madh'hab). However, the scheme to establish this failed to win support among most of the population. The reasons for his integration policy included:
864:
More than most Muslim dynasties, the Safavids worked for conversion to their branch of Islam and for ideological conformity. The reasons for this conversion policy included:
2097:
Shiite practice and culture in order to facilitate its spread in Iran among its Sunni populace. It was only under Majlisi that Shi'a Islam truly took hold among the masses.
2317:
He relied on his army, which was increasingly recruited from Sunni Afghans, Kurds, Turkmen, Baluchis and others (who naturally were gratified by the new religious policy).
2022:, thus placating the Ottomans and solidifying his own personal position. Another was his attempt to weaken the clerics as he attempted to forcibly demand land grants from
1699:
He reintroduced the Sadr (Arabic, leader) – an office that was responsible for supervising religious institutions and endowments. With a view to transforming Iran into a
1710:, the Portuguese ambassador to China who visited Iran in 1511–12, who when referring to Ismail noted: "He (i.e. Ismail) reforms our churches, destroys the houses of all
2046:, the Shah appointed Ulema with Sunni leanings such as Mawlana Mirza Jan Shirazi and Mir Makhdum Lala. Ismail II also wanted to do away with the inscribed names of the
828:
population was still Sunni. His army spread out first to the central regions in 1504. He captured southwestern Iran between 1505 and 1508 before finally conquering the
5591:
5107:
2011:
A few motives may account for Ismail II's approach to the anti-Sunni propaganda. A primary one was that he was keen to comply with one of the Ottoman demands of the
2367:
After Nader's death and the rapid disintegration of his empire, Shiism was quickly restored and religious properties were built up again in the following century.
2030:
amirs who were allied to the clerics. Thus, the public denunciation of Sunni emblems became one stage on which this power struggle between the Shah and the cleric-
4843:
3610:
The Ottoman advance in Europe suffered (since they now had to split their military resources) as Safavid Iran and European powers forged alliances, such as the
3599:
The Sunni majority was treated brutally and was most resistant to the Safavids' conversion policies, which went on at least until the end of the Safavid period.
2320:
The Persians were not simply ordered to adopt Sunnism as practiced elsewhere in the Muslim world; they were to retain their own discrete religious identity.
2120:
Because of the relative insecurity of property ownership in Persia, many private landowners secured their lands by donating them to the clergy as so called
1737:
and seized their assets, used state patronage to develop Shia shrines, institutions and religious art and imported Shia scholars to replace Sunni scholars.
5517:
3563:
Although conversion was not as rapid as Ismail's forcible policies might suggest, the vast majority of those who lived in the territory of what is now
5601:
2335:
he issued an edict that was sent throughout the country, enforcing the cessation of the traditional Shia practices that were most offensive to Sunnis.
1977:, the new Sadr, Ismail II strove to reverse the anti-Sunni practices among the populace. More specifically he strove to halt the public defamation of
2323:
Internally, he banned certain Shia practices; the more extreme ones, typical of the early Safavid period. He issued instructions to the Ulema that
4630:
Distant relations: Iran and Lebanon in the last 500 years. H. E. Chehabi, Rula Jurdi Abisaab, Centre for Lebanese Studies (Great Britain), p. 88.
1688:
Ismail consolidated his rule over the country and launched a thorough and, at times, brutal campaign to convert the majority Sunni population to
5374:
1784:. As a result, many Sunni scholars who refused to adopt the new religious direction lost their lives or fled to the neighboring Sunni states.
887:— and this struggle motivated the Safavids to create a more cohesive Iranian identity to counter the Ottoman threat; and eliminate a possible
5343:
3933:
3903:
3829:
5402:
615:
1918:
1828:(religious schools) and successfully persuaded them to participate in the government, which they had shunned in the past (following the
1108:
1696:
Imposing Shiism as the state and mandatory religion for the whole nation and much forcible conversion of Iranian Sufi Sunnis to Shiism.
5317:
5295:
5273:
5255:
4397:
4344:
4314:
1667:
1103:
5611:
5502:
3582:
Ismail's advent to power signaled the end of Sunni Islam in Iran and Shiite theologians came to dominate the religious establishment.
2208:, in the northwestern part of the Safavid domain, which resulted in the massacre of thousands of its Shia inhabitants. Mir Wais' son
5224:
4950:
4720:
4591:
3990:
3802:
3766:
3736:
3711:
3682:
3541:
4141:
3867:
3689:
Shah Ismail pursued a relentless campaign of forced conversion of the majority Sunni population in Iran to (Twelver) Shia Islam...
5606:
1048:
222:
80:
2651:
739:
in high esteem. In contrast, before the Safavid period, a minority of Iranians were Shia and there had been relatively few Shia
5596:
5522:
5095:
4874:
4480:
4087:
3960:
1624:
5066:
4830:
4678:
4556:
4533:
4458:
4237:
4120:
4108:
4021:
4005:
3948:
3819:
3792:
1765:
In 1501, Ismail invited all the Shia living outside Iran to come to Iran and be assured of protection from the Sunni majority.
4321:
In fact, at the start of the Safavid period Twelver Shi'ism was imported into Iran largely from Syria and Mount Lebanon (...)
4033:
5538:
5067:
Iran and the surrounding world: interactions in culture and cultural politics, By Nikki R. Keddie, Rudolph P. Matthee, pg.16
3611:
5419:
5111:
3142:
2696:
2347:
was to be replaced. However, neither the Sunni Ottomans nor the major Shia scholars of the time accepted his redefinition.
676:, which had been universally dominated by the Sunni sect until that period. It also marked a significant turning point in
5281:
4918:
5586:
4437:
The Encyclopedia of world history: ancient, medieval, and modern ... By Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer, pg.360
3152:
2937:
1934:
extensive, some conversions did take place, and those remaining faithful to Sunnism were subjected to persecution until
1363:
664:. Additionally, the Safavid campaign sought to ensure Twelver dominance among Shia Muslims, particularly with regard to
416:
4459:
Shi‘ite Lebanon: transnational religion and the making of national identities, By Roschanack Shaery-Eisenlohr, pg.12–13
2191:, along with the Shah's armies, and made the Afghan area free from the Shia's rule. The declaration of independence at
1529:
5412:
5096:
Rethinking a millennium: perspectives on Indian history from the eighth to ..., By Rajat Datta, Harbans Mukhia, pg.133
2171:
tried to forcibly convert his Afghan subjects from Sunni to Shia in the Safavids' easternmost territories of southern
1824:, during his reign, also imported more Arab Shia Ulama to Iran, built religious institutions for them, including many
1519:
1053:
232:
100:
95:
5497:
4890:
The Encyclopedia of world history: ancient, medieval, and modern. Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer, p. 364.
4669:
The Encyclopedia of world history: ancient, medieval, and modern. Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer, p. 363.
2441:
836:
in 1510. According to Daniel W. Brown, Isma'il was "the most successful and intolerant ruler since the fall of the
5397:
5367:
5287:
4853:
The Encyclopedia of world history: ancient, medieval, and modern. Peter N Stearns, William Leonard Langer, p. 363.
4567:
The Encyclopedia of world history: ancient, medieval, and modern. Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer, p. 360.
4192:
3271:
2862:
2042:
military-political centre avoided a confrontation with him, even though in place of zealous Shia scholars like the
1750:
With the establishment of Safavid rule, there was a very raucous and colourful, almost carnival-like holiday on 26
1554:
435:
237:
4578:
723:(the most powerful and prominent Sunni state and future arch-enemy of the Shia Safavids) used to send many of its
4304:
1495:
708:
681:
336:
105:
5492:
4618:
4481:
The evolution of middle eastern landscapes: an outline to A.D. 1840, Part 1840, By John Malcolm Wagstaff, pg.205
3072:
3067:
2942:
5487:
4606:
4544:
4469:
4334:
4279:
4153:
3893:
3157:
1935:
1589:
1137:
1078:
923:
608:
563:
155:
90:
5512:
4862:
3147:
1420:
2754:
2536:
2257:
2233:
2205:
1974:
1865:
1549:
1180:
1175:
533:
5507:
4387:
5581:
2807:
2108:
2090:
1660:
1215:
696:
498:
142:
112:
85:
3632:
3356:
3037:
3017:
2832:
5576:
5360:
5021:
Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from tribal warrior to conquering tyrant]. Michael Axworthy, pp. 173, 176.
4500:
3534:
2912:
648:
as the nation's religious majority. Over the course of the next three centuries, the Safavids (who were
227:
217:
210:
187:
3414:
3351:
2892:
1740:
He killed Sunnis and destroyed and desecrated their graves and mosques. This caused the Ottoman Sultan
1398:
326:
321:
4908:
Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from tribal warrior to conquering tyrant, By Michael Axworthy, pg.165–166
2377:
1899:
5440:
3202:
3162:
2952:
2932:
2872:
1585:
1534:
1210:
1088:
1030:
939:
884:
548:
513:
370:
257:
192:
122:
5012:
Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from tribal warrior to conquering tyrant. Michael Axworthy, p. 165–6.
3647:
3192:
3172:
2188:
2141:
1846:
1814:
1098:
1058:
903:
735:
itself. Persia was also a seat of Sunni learning. The Sunni Iranians had always held the family of
601:
528:
465:
137:
117:
38:
5159:
Conceptualizing/re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African ..., By Maghan Keita, pg.77
4760:
Conceptualizing/re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African ..., By Maghan Keita, pg.80
4751:
Conceptualizing/re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African ..., By Maghan Keita, pg.87
4280:
Conceptualizing/re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African ..., By Maghan Keita, pg.90
5196:
Defenders of the Faith: Charles V, Suleyman the Magnificent, and the Battle for Europe, 1520-1536
3434:
3232:
3187:
2877:
2822:
2599:
2213:
2105:
2058:
2004:, whose official occupation was to publicly curse such figures and other supposed enemies of the
1903:
1619:
1444:
824:). He would take most of the next decade to consolidate his control over Iran, where most of the
778:
75:
4774:
4389:
The Shifts in Hizbullah's Ideology: Religious Ideology, Political Ideology and Political Program
3982:
3596:
on the other, date from this time and are not ethnic but religious, opposing Shiites and Sunnis.
2882:
2706:
983:
914:
649:
5077:
The modern Middle East: a political history since the First World War, By Mehran Kamrava, pg.29
4066:
1880:
are the only countries where a majority of the population is, at least nominally, Shia Muslim.
1868:, came under heavy pressure to accept Shiism. The imposition of Shiism was especially harsh in
5548:
5471:
5466:
5339:
5313:
5291:
5269:
5251:
5220:
4716:
4587:
4393:
4340:
4310:
4204:
4054:
3986:
3929:
3899:
3825:
3798:
3762:
3732:
3707:
3678:
3222:
3217:
3132:
3102:
3077:
2902:
2837:
2759:
2736:
2721:
2701:
2456:
2209:
2184:
2100:
2078:
1946:
1821:
1755:
1653:
1643:
1300:
1013:
998:
978:
934:
637:
591:
558:
523:
455:
282:
252:
4660:
Conceptualizing/re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African… Maghan Keita, p. 79.
3756:
3701:
3672:
1692:
and thus transform the religious landscape of Iran. His methods of converting Iran included:
5543:
5243:
5199:
4878:
4651:
Conceptualizing/re-conceptualizing Africa: the construction of African… Maghan Keita, p. 79.
4422:
4241:
3619:
3527:
3207:
3107:
3032:
3022:
2967:
2947:
2852:
2769:
2674:
2496:
2491:
2308:
1544:
1500:
1150:
958:
829:
692:
673:
568:
543:
460:
4609:. H. E. Chehabi, Rula Jurdi Abisaab, Centre for Lebanese Studies (Great Britain), pp. 86–7.
3027:
2626:
5407:
3919:
3361:
3182:
3012:
2977:
2842:
2827:
2731:
2636:
2586:
2581:
2161:
2012:
1539:
1429:
1008:
770:
677:
633:
508:
353:
4491:
The Azerbaijani Turks: power and identity under Russian rule, By Audrey L. Altstadt, pg.5
2992:
262:
4449:
Iran: religion, politics, and society : collected essays, By Nikki R. Keddie, pg.91
4078:
Modern Iran: roots and results of revolution]. Nikki R Keddie, Yann Richard, pp. 13, 20
3249:
2144:, Persia started to witness the emergence of a new and significant group of landowners.
5553:
3975:
3464:
3346:
3311:
3227:
2982:
2847:
2774:
2691:
2576:
2556:
2541:
2340:
2176:
2094:
1810:
1689:
1524:
1485:
1383:
1043:
968:
870:
825:
817:
789:
732:
727:(Islamic scholars) to Iran to further their education in Sunni Islam, due to a lack of
720:
661:
640:
against the Iranian populace, seeking to create a new demographic environment in which
573:
475:
411:
343:
5150:
Iran: a short history : from Islamization to the present, By Monika Gronke, pg.91
4742:
Iran: a short history : from Islamization to the present, By Monika Gronke, pg.87
4293:
Iran: a short history : from Islamization to the present, By Monika Gronke, pg.90
2244:, an unsuccessful attempt to integrate Shiism as the fifth of the already extant four
5570:
5435:
5217:
The Al-Qaeda Doctrine: The Framing and Evolution of the Leadership's Public Discourse
5141:
Modern Iran: roots and results of revolution, By Nikki R. Keddie, Yann Richard, pg.20
5132:
Modern Iran: roots and results of revolution, By Nikki R. Keddie, Yann Richard, pg.13
5057:
Modern Iran: roots and results of revolution, By Nikki R. Keddie, Yann Richard, pg.11
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1889:
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1707:
1490:
1455:
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973:
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874:
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669:
470:
331:
316:
3923:
17:
5383:
5305:
4821:
Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces, By Steven R. Ward, pg.50
4256:
Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces, By Steven R. Ward, pg.43
4045:
Modern Iran: roots and results of revolution. Nikki R Keddie, Yann Richard, p. 11.
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348:
247:
5086:
Encyclopaedic Historiography of the Muslim World, By NK Singh, A Samiuddin, pg.459
4899:
Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces]. Steven R Ward, p. 52.
4771:
An Outline Of The History Of Persia During The Last Two Centuries (A.D. 1722–1922)
4412:
The Cambridge illustrated history of the Islamic world, By Francis Robinson, pg.72
4165:
Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. Steven R. Ward, p. 44.
3419:
3002:
2015:
concluded in 1555, which called for an end to the vilification of the first three
55:
4978:
Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. Steven R Ward, p. 51.
4710:
4183:
The Cambridge illustrated history of the Islamic world. Francis Robinson, p. 72.
3895:
Timurids in Transition: Turko-Persian Politics and Acculturation in Medieval Iran
3726:
2140:, gained full ownership of these lands, and, according to contemporary historian
5461:
4969:
Iran: religion, politics, and society: collected essays. Nikki R Keddie, p. 92.
4099:
Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. Steven R Ward, pg.43
3589:
3499:
3484:
3404:
3256:
2997:
2922:
2726:
2716:
2571:
2245:
2172:
2005:
1907:
1829:
1759:
1505:
1368:
1003:
993:
645:
448:
363:
358:
309:
242:
197:
182:
177:
167:
132:
5048:
Iran: a short history: from Islamization to the present. Monika Gronke, p. 95.
4769:
Packard Humanities Institute – Persian Literature in Translation – Chapter IV:
1917:
5030:
Islam, continuity and change in the modern world]. John Obert Voll, pp. 80–1.
4925:
3637:
3568:
3454:
3449:
3286:
3212:
3167:
3137:
3127:
3092:
3082:
2987:
2927:
2546:
2406:
2399:
2241:
2043:
2038:
1852:
1794:
1741:
907:
809:
712:
657:
641:
503:
275:
46:
3703:
Conversion and Islam in the Early Modern Mediterranean: The Lure of the Other
2026:
and Shia Ulema. The shah also clashed with the Ustajlu tribe and a number of
1703:
state, the Sadr was also assigned the task of disseminating Twelver doctrine.
3489:
3479:
3474:
3459:
3424:
3316:
3306:
3296:
3266:
3197:
2897:
2887:
2391:
2273:
2269:
2031:
2027:
1973:'s reign (1576–77) was marked by a pro-Sunni policy. With the assistance of
1970:
1926:
1747:
He persecuted, imprisoned, exiled, and executed stubbornly resistant Sunnis.
1440:
1353:
1322:
1275:
1265:
782:
763:
538:
423:
297:
5310:
The Pursuit of Pleasure: Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500-1900
3409:
3276:
1580:
1425:
5186:
Iran and America: re-kindling a love lost, By Badi Badiozamani, pg.174–175
4952:
Immortal, Updated Edition: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces
4121:
The Judeo-Persian poet ‘Emrānī and his "Book of treasure": ‘Emrānī's Ganǰ…
3579:
Sunnis, and numerous religious movements combined Twelver and Sunni ideas.
2053:
5248:
The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant
4174:
Iran and America: re-kindling a love lost]. Badi Badiozamani, pp. 174–5.
3494:
3444:
3394:
3331:
2972:
2446:
2395:
2324:
2265:
2192:
2133:
2047:
1982:
1942:
1856:
1825:
1722:
1594:
1378:
1342:
1220:
1093:
844:
837:
813:
797:
736:
728:
428:
401:
387:
127:
5280:
Fisher, William Bayne; Avery, P.; Hambly, G. R. G; Melville, C. (1991).
5177:
Iran's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook, By Massoume Price, pg.75
5168:
Iran's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook, By Massoume Price, pg.74
4831:
Iran's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook, By Massoume Price, pg.74
1638:
883:
The Safavids were engaged in a lengthy struggle with the Ottomans — the
687:
As a direct result of the Safavid conversion campaign, the Shia sect of
586:
5039:
Iran's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook. Massoume Price, p. 81.
3439:
3336:
3321:
3177:
3087:
2812:
2656:
2646:
2616:
2611:
2531:
2471:
2414:
2403:
2360:
2344:
2217:
2200:
2180:
2125:
2062:
2000:
1950:
1895:
1877:
1869:
1860:
1798:
1734:
1599:
1571:
1465:
1450:
1388:
1348:
1317:
1310:
1305:
1270:
1260:
1255:
1190:
1185:
1113:
841:
805:
665:
304:
292:
287:
3585:
The hierarchical organization of the Shiite clergy began under Ismail.
4875:
Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from tribal warrior to conquering tyrant
4067:
The modern Middle East: a political history since the First World War
3593:
3469:
3429:
3389:
3281:
3246:
3112:
3007:
2789:
2779:
2641:
2631:
2566:
2551:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2384:
2332:
2297:
2284:
overthrow the Turks by uniting the Muslim world with him as its head.
2253:
2137:
2023:
2019:
1990:
1730:
1715:
1700:
1245:
1118:
1038:
877:
852:
821:
801:
766:
759:
716:
553:
493:
396:
377:
172:
162:
70:
4470:
Science under Islam: rise, decline and revival, By S. M. Deen, pg.37
2187:
in 1709. Mir Wais and his Sunni Afghans killed the Safavid governor
1721:
He enforced the ritual of cursing of the first three Sunni Caliphs (
4987:
Iraq: Old Land, New Nation in Conflict, By William Spencer, p. 23.
4270:
The failure of political Islam, By Olivier Roy, Carol Volk, pg.170
3559:
Ismail's conversion policy had the following historical outcomes:
3399:
2817:
2606:
2561:
2521:
2516:
2501:
2436:
2431:
2356:
2305:
2261:
2227:
2196:
2132:). Increasingly, members of the religious class, particularly the
2016:
1978:
1954:
1930:
1806:
1781:
1711:
1435:
1250:
1240:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1145:
1123:
1083:
833:
740:
724:
688:
406:
382:
4642:
The failure of political Islam. Olivier Roy, Carol Volk, p. 170.
4524:
Iraq: Old Land, New Nation in Conflict, By William Spencer, pg.51
2195:
in 1709 was a turning point that was followed by the conquest of
4996:
Science under Islam: rise, decline and revival. SM Deen, p. 38.
4216:
Iraq: Old Land, New Nation in Conflict. William Spencer, p. 51.
4088:
The Encyclopedia of world history: ancient, medieval, and modern
3564:
2907:
2526:
2352:
2301:
1986:
1911:
1873:
1726:
1155:
848:
785:
774:
653:
5356:
5352:
4699:
RM Savory, Safavids, Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed page 185-6.
4580:
Safavid Persia: the history and politics of an Islamic society
2681:
1280:
680:, having been the nation's first demographic change since the
4638:
4636:
4034:
The Azerbaijani Turks: power and identity under Russian rule
2167:
Despite the heavy decline of the Safavid state, it was when
5336:
Converting Persia: Religion and Power in the Safavid Empire
2328:
opposition within Persia because the people simply adapted.
2077:
Shiism did not become fully established until the reign of
4433:
4431:
2343:. The whole pattern of Shiism as built on the idea of the
1793:
Shiite centers of the Arabic speaking lands, largely from
4797:
4607:
Distant relations: Iran and Lebanon in the last 500 years
4545:
History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey, Volume 1
3949:
Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces
2050:
on the Safavid coinage, but his attempt came to nought.
4690:
Molavi, Afshin, The Soul of Iran, Norton, 2005, p. 170.
4228:
A new introduction to Islam, By Daniel W. Brown, pg.191
4109:
Iran: a short history: from Islamization to the present
4022:
Iran: religion, politics, and society: collected essays
3588:
The current borders between Iran, on the one hand, and
1910:. After declaring Shiism the official form of Islam in
1906:. The Safavids even expelled the family of Gilani from
4154:
The Cambridge illustrated history of the Islamic world
2216:, marching west to besiege and capture their capital,
5312:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
4392:. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p. 20.
4339:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 30.
4132:
A new introduction to Islam. Daniel W Brown, p. 191.
3853:
The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age, 1300–1600, by
3786:
3784:
3782:
3758:
What Every American Should Know about the Middle East
4090:. Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer, p. 360.
5531:
5480:
5454:
5428:
5390:
1929:, central and southern Iraq, including Baghdad and
1706:He destroyed Sunni mosques. This was even noted by
4586:(illustrated ed.). I.B. Tauris. p. 161.
3974:
2037:The Shah hoped to weaken the public appeal of the
4252:
4250:
2314:Nader had the leading cleric in Persia strangled.
2292:He implemented the following anti-Shia policies:
2232:Nader Shah's portrait from the collection of the
1733:) as usurpers, from all mosques, disbanded Sunni
5008:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4142:Encyclopaedic Historiography of the Muslim World
3925:Islam, continuity and change in the modern world
3555:Historical outcome of Ismail's conversion policy
2311:, to add to the other four Sunni schools of law.
4681:. Graham E. Fuller, Rend Rahim Francke, p. 76.
4266:
4264:
4262:
4224:
4222:
3928:. Internet Archive. Syracuse University Press.
3618:Middle-East in the early 21st century, e.g. in
2220:, thus effectively ending the Safavid dynasty.
27:Historical event in Islamic and Iranian history
5368:
4955:Georgetown University Press, 8 jan. 2014 p 52
4445:
4443:
4421:The Middle East and Islamic world reader, By
4289:
4287:
3535:
2008:), which rose during the early Safavid rule.
1661:
609:
8:
5268:, 2017, ed. Ketab Corporation, Los Angeles,
4965:
4963:
4961:
4534:The history of Iraq, By Courtney Hunt, pg.48
4207:. Elton L Daniel, 'Alī Akbar Mahdī, p. 185.
4006:Modern Iran: roots and results of revolution
1851:After conquering Tabriz in Iran, along with
5375:
5361:
5353:
5219:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 120.
3794:The Caspian: Politics, Energy and Security
3677:, Cambridge University Press, p. 40,
3542:
3528:
2369:
1684:Methods of forced conversion to Shia Islam
1668:
1654:
928:
898:
880:— to the west and north-east respectively.
691:remains dominant among the populations of
616:
602:
31:
4619:Safavid Iran: rebirth of a Persian empire
1938:expelled the Safavids from most of Iraq.
5446:Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam
4809:
4557:Gulf States, By Michael Gallagher, pg.17
4238:The Middle East and Islamic world reader
3063:Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam
2099:
2052:
1916:
750:
5592:Converts to Shia Islam from Sunni Islam
5266:Shah Abbas, Emperor of Persia,1587-1629
5108:"AZERBAIJAN: A HOT-SPOT GETTING HOTTER"
4785:
3868:"The Origins Of The Shiite-Sunni Split"
3663:
3614:, to combat their common Ottoman enemy.
2372:
947:
913:
34:
5276:, English translation by Azizeh Azodi.
4303:Floor, Willem; Herzig, Edmund (2015).
4193:Iraq: Old Land, New Nation in Conflict
2252:Most of his troops were Sunni Afghan,
4679:The Arab Shi'a: The Forgotten Muslims
4577:Melville, Charles Peter, ed. (1996).
4306:Iran and the World in the Safavid Age
2183:Afghans) to start a rebellion in the
1953:, they once more again massacred the
891:within Iran among its Sunni subjects.
7:
5403:List of mothers of the Safavid shahs
4501:Safavids and the rise of Shi'a Islam
652:) heavily persecuted Sunni Muslims,
5264:Yves Bomati and Houchang Nahavandi,
4709:Savory, Roger (24 September 2007).
4057:. Olivier Roy, Carol Volk, p. 170.
2116:Emergence of a clerical aristocracy
1961:Significant figures of the campaign
1945:returned in 1624 under the rule of
5334:Abisaab, Rula (26 February 2004).
4123:'Emrānī, David Yeroushalmi, p. 20.
3981:. John Wiley & Sons. pp.
2212:defeated the Safavids in the 1722
1775:Massacre of Iranian Sunni scholars
25:
3554:
1788:Immigration of Arab Shia scholars
628:Following their rise to power in
5602:Anti-Sunni attacks and incidents
4144:. NK Singh, A Samiuddin, p. 90.
3511:
2376:
1637:
585:
54:
3731:, Könemann, 2004, p. 501,
3706:, Routledge, 2017, p. 92,
3073:Shiism in Persia after Safavids
2447:Prophet Muḥammad ibn `Abd Allāh
1770:Fate of Sunni and Shia scholars
4055:The failure of political Islam
3791:Akiner, Shirin (5 July 2004).
3671:Arshin Adib-Moghaddam (2017),
3068:Shia in Persia before Safavids
2802:Crucial figures and influences
1993:(including the banning of the
1336:Other related sects and groups
1:
5283:The Cambridge History of Iran
3638:Nader Shah's religious policy
731:(Islamic schools) within the
4547:, By Ezel Kural Shaw, pg.95]
4386:Alagha, Joseph Elie (2006).
3824:. Markus Wiener Publishers.
2300:and instead founded a mixed
1625:Criticism of Twelver Shi'ism
1364:Bektashism and folk religion
709:Arab conquest and conversion
707:Iran's population after the
417:Bektashism and folk religion
5413:Safavid dynasty family tree
4205:Culture and customs of Iran
4156:. Francis Robinson, p. 72.
4036:. Audrey L Altstadt, p. 5.
3977:A New Introduction to Islam
3963:. Daniel W. Brown, p. 191.
3961:A new introduction to Islam
3728:Islam: Art and Architecture
5628:
5288:Cambridge University Press
5286:. Vol. 7. Cambridge:
4621:. Andrew J Newman, p. 118.
4309:. I.B.Tauris. p. 20.
4195:. William Spencer, p. 51.
3622:, Lebanon, Iraq and Yemen.
2863:Abu al-Hassan al-Kharaqani
2309:Islamic school of theology
2160:, and new imperial rival,
2057:Shah Abbas I entertaining
1981:and the ritual cursing of
1887:
1844:
1620:List of Twelver Shia books
5539:Ottoman–Safavid relations
4865:. A Reza Arasteh, p. 11.
4069:. Mehran Kamrava, p. 29.
4024:. Nikki R Keddie, p. 91.
3951:. Steven R. Ward, p. 43.
3818:Lombard, Maurice (2004).
3755:Melissa L. Rossi (2008),
3612:Habsburg–Persian alliance
3153:Kalender Çelebi rebellion
2296:Nader abandoned Orthodox
1516:Other hadith collections
1496:Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih
682:Muslim conquest of Persia
632:in the 16th century, the
5488:Military of Safavid Iran
5215:Donald Holbrook (2014).
4919:"The Army of Nader Shah"
4111:. Monika Gronke, p. 91.
3973:Daniel W. Brown (2009).
3892:Subtelny, Maria (2007).
3797:. Taylor & Francis.
3379:Other influential groups
3158:Nur Ali Halife rebellion
1936:Suleiman the Magnificent
924:The Fourteen Infallibles
711:was mostly Sunni of the
636:initiated a campaign of
564:Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim
5607:Shia Islam and politics
5338:. Bloomsbury Academic.
4863:Man and society in Iran
4712:Iran Under the Safavids
4336:Iran Under the Safavids
3821:The Golden Age of Islam
2234:Smithsonian Institution
1975:Makhdum Sharifi Shirazi
1866:peoples of the Caucasus
1836:Conversions beyond Iran
1550:Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya
1520:Book of Sulaym ibn Qays
873:, and, for a time, the
832:region and the city of
5597:Persecution by Muslims
5498:Persian–Portuguese War
4425:, Stuart Schaar, pg.42
4333:Savory, Roger (2007).
4244:, Stuart Schaar, pg.42
2808:Khadija bint Khuwaylid
2237:
2112:
2109:Muhammad Baqir Majlesi
2091:Muhammad Baqir Majlisi
2089:Under the guidance of
2085:Mohammad Baqir Majlesi
2069:
2034:group was played out.
1922:
793:
499:Khadija bint Khuwaylid
86:Succession to Muhammad
5518:Georgian-Safavid Wars
5429:Ideology and religion
4513:Encyclopedia of Islam
4366:Encyclopaedia Iranica
3148:Baba Zünnun Rebellion
3143:Persecution of Alevis
2913:Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi
2231:
2206:1721 sack of Shamakhi
2103:
2056:
1920:
1754:(or alternatively, 9
1644:Shia Islam portal
1079:Imamate of the Family
754:
747:Conquests of Ismail I
592:Shia Islam portal
218:Verse of purification
65:Beliefs and practices
5612:Shia–Sunni relations
5532:Other related topics
5493:Ottoman–Persian Wars
5441:Ideology of Safavids
4008:. Nikki R. Keddie,
2953:Shah Nimatullah Wali
2933:Safi-ad-din Ardabili
2873:Khoja Akhmet Yassawi
2383:Part of a series on
2240:During the reign of
2152:During the reign of
2065:. Ceiling fresco at
1535:Reality of Certainty
1211:Mourning of Muharram
1089:Mourning of Muharram
885:Ottoman-Persian Wars
804:in Iran, as well as
684:in the 7th century.
514:Umm Kulthum bint Ali
193:Mourning of Muharram
123:Mourning of Muharram
18:Ideology of Safavids
5587:Islam in Azerbaijan
5513:Mughal–Persian Wars
5306:Matthee, Rudolph P.
4511:Juan Eduardo Campo,
4423:Marvin E. Gettleman
4242:Marvin E. Gettleman
3648:Islam in Azerbaijan
3193:Auspicious Incident
3173:Battle of Chaldiran
2189:George XI of Kartli
1847:Islam in Azerbaijan
1216:Arba'een Pilgrimage
529:Ruqayya bint Husayn
436:Extinct Shi'a sects
156:Days of remembrance
143:Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage
138:The Four Companions
5508:Persian–Uzbek wars
4798:Fisher et al. 1991
3674:Psycho-nationalism
3435:Yazidis in Armenia
3233:Gazi Quarter riots
3188:Kuyucu Murad Pasha
2893:Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar
2878:Abdul-Qadir Gilani
2823:Salman the Persian
2238:
2214:Battle of Gulnabad
2113:
2070:
2059:Vali Muhammad Khan
1923:
1904:Abdul-Qadir Gilani
1758:) celebrating the
1479:Hadith collections
860:Religious policies
820:, today a part of
796:From 1500 to 1502
794:
779:Commander-in-chief
349:Atba-i-Malak Bohra
276:Branches and sects
223:Two weighty things
5564:
5563:
5503:Russo-Persian War
5481:Military and wars
5472:School of Isfahan
5345:978-1-86064-970-7
5244:Axworthy, Michael
3935:978-0-8156-2639-8
3905:978-90-04-16031-6
3831:978-1-55876-322-7
3633:Shia–Sunni divide
3552:
3551:
3357:Arabati Baba Teḱe
3203:Koçgiri Rebellion
3163:Şahkulu Rebellion
3133:Celali rebellions
3103:Abbasid Caliphate
3078:Umayyad Caliphate
3018:Arabati Baba Teḱe
2903:Haji Bektash Veli
2838:Dhul-Nun al-Misri
2652:Düşkünlük Meydanı
2537:Al-Insān al-Kāmil
2442:Haqq–Muhammad–Ali
2079:Abbas I of Persia
1947:Abbas I of Persia
1822:Abbas I of Persia
1678:
1677:
1574:and jurisprudence
1181:Nahy ani l-Munkar
1021:
1020:
769:, the founder of
638:forced conversion
626:
625:
559:Fatimah bint Asad
524:Fatima bint Hasan
253:Battle of Karbala
16:(Redirected from
5619:
5544:Gunpowder Empire
5377:
5370:
5363:
5354:
5349:
5323:
5301:
5261:
5231:
5230:
5212:
5206:
5200:James Reston Jr.
5193:
5187:
5184:
5178:
5175:
5169:
5166:
5160:
5157:
5151:
5148:
5142:
5139:
5133:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5119:
5110:. Archived from
5104:
5098:
5093:
5087:
5084:
5078:
5075:
5069:
5064:
5058:
5055:
5049:
5046:
5040:
5037:
5031:
5028:
5022:
5019:
5013:
5010:
4997:
4994:
4988:
4985:
4979:
4976:
4970:
4967:
4956:
4949:Steven R. Ward.
4947:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4930:
4924:. Archived from
4923:
4915:
4909:
4906:
4900:
4897:
4891:
4888:
4882:
4879:Michael Axworthy
4872:
4866:
4860:
4854:
4851:
4845:
4839:
4833:
4828:
4822:
4819:
4813:
4807:
4801:
4795:
4789:
4783:
4777:
4767:
4761:
4758:
4752:
4749:
4743:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4706:
4700:
4697:
4691:
4688:
4682:
4676:
4670:
4667:
4661:
4658:
4652:
4649:
4643:
4640:
4631:
4628:
4622:
4616:
4610:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4585:
4574:
4568:
4565:
4559:
4554:
4548:
4542:
4536:
4531:
4525:
4522:
4516:
4509:
4503:
4498:
4492:
4489:
4483:
4478:
4472:
4467:
4461:
4456:
4450:
4447:
4438:
4435:
4426:
4419:
4413:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4300:
4294:
4291:
4282:
4277:
4271:
4268:
4257:
4254:
4245:
4235:
4229:
4226:
4217:
4214:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4184:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4166:
4163:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4139:
4133:
4130:
4124:
4118:
4112:
4106:
4100:
4097:
4091:
4085:
4079:
4076:
4070:
4064:
4058:
4052:
4046:
4043:
4037:
4031:
4025:
4019:
4013:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3980:
3970:
3964:
3958:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3864:
3858:
3851:
3845:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3788:
3777:
3776:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3668:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3518:Islam portal
3516:
3515:
3514:
3208:Dersim Rebellion
3108:Babak Khorramdin
3038:Börklüce Mustafa
3033:Sheikh Bedreddin
3023:Pir Sultan Abdal
2968:Ali Mirza Safavi
2948:Imadaddin Nasimi
2943:Sadr al-Dīn Mūsā
2853:Mansur Al-Hallaj
2833:Jābir ibn Hayyān
2675:The Twelve Imams
2497:Wahdat al-mawjud
2417:
2409:
2380:
2375:
2370:
1949:and reconquered
1925:Likewise, under
1714:who follow (the
1670:
1663:
1656:
1642:
1641:
1545:Mafatih al-Jinan
1530:Wasā'il al-Shīʿa
1501:Tahdhib al-Ahkam
1104:Wilayat al-Faqih
929:
899:
703:Pre-Safavid Iran
618:
611:
604:
590:
589:
569:Ruqayya bint Ali
544:Fatima bint Musa
58:
49:
43:
42:
32:
21:
5627:
5626:
5622:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5567:
5566:
5565:
5560:
5527:
5523:Defensive walls
5476:
5450:
5424:
5408:Safavid dynasty
5386:
5381:
5346:
5333:
5330:
5328:Further reading
5320:
5304:
5298:
5279:
5258:
5242:
5239:
5234:
5227:
5214:
5213:
5209:
5194:
5190:
5185:
5181:
5176:
5172:
5167:
5163:
5158:
5154:
5149:
5145:
5140:
5136:
5131:
5127:
5117:
5115:
5114:on 1 March 2020
5106:
5105:
5101:
5094:
5090:
5085:
5081:
5076:
5072:
5065:
5061:
5056:
5052:
5047:
5043:
5038:
5034:
5029:
5025:
5020:
5016:
5011:
5000:
4995:
4991:
4986:
4982:
4977:
4973:
4968:
4959:
4948:
4944:
4934:
4932:
4931:on 3 March 2016
4928:
4921:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4907:
4903:
4898:
4894:
4889:
4885:
4873:
4869:
4861:
4857:
4852:
4848:
4840:
4836:
4829:
4825:
4820:
4816:
4808:
4804:
4796:
4792:
4784:
4780:
4768:
4764:
4759:
4755:
4750:
4746:
4741:
4737:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4708:
4707:
4703:
4698:
4694:
4689:
4685:
4677:
4673:
4668:
4664:
4659:
4655:
4650:
4646:
4641:
4634:
4629:
4625:
4617:
4613:
4605:
4601:
4594:
4583:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4562:
4555:
4551:
4543:
4539:
4532:
4528:
4523:
4519:
4510:
4506:
4499:
4495:
4490:
4486:
4479:
4475:
4468:
4464:
4457:
4453:
4448:
4441:
4436:
4429:
4420:
4416:
4411:
4407:
4400:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4370:
4368:
4360:Abisaab, Rula.
4359:
4358:
4354:
4347:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4317:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4260:
4255:
4248:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4220:
4215:
4211:
4203:
4199:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4178:
4173:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4152:
4148:
4140:
4136:
4131:
4127:
4119:
4115:
4107:
4103:
4098:
4094:
4086:
4082:
4077:
4073:
4065:
4061:
4053:
4049:
4044:
4040:
4032:
4028:
4020:
4016:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3959:
3955:
3947:
3943:
3936:
3920:John Obert Voll
3918:
3917:
3913:
3906:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3876:
3874:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3852:
3848:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3805:
3790:
3789:
3780:
3769:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3739:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3685:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3629:
3573:
3557:
3548:
3512:
3510:
3505:
3504:
3380:
3372:
3371:
3362:Javad Nurbakhsh
3252:
3238:
3237:
3183:Abaza rebellion
3058:
3048:
3047:
3013:Demir Baba Teke
2978:Nur-Ali Khalifa
2883:Ahmed ar-Rifa'i
2843:Bayazid Bastami
2828:Uwais al-Qarani
2803:
2795:
2794:
2750:
2742:
2741:
2677:
2667:
2666:
2602:
2592:
2591:
2492:Wahdat al-wujud
2457:Islamic prophet
2427:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2382:
2373:
2226:
2185:Kandahar region
2150:
2142:Iskandar Munshi
2118:
2087:
2075:
2013:Peace of Amasya
1997:, known as the
1968:
1963:
1892:
1886:
1849:
1843:
1838:
1790:
1777:
1772:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1614:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1590:The Infallibles
1575:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1540:Nahj al-Balagha
1512:
1480:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1415:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1337:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1295:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1205:
1204:Other practices
1197:
1196:
1195:
1176:Amr bi-l maʿrūf
1140:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1033:
1023:
1022:
926:
915:Twelver Shi'ism
862:
812:, and parts of
771:Safavid dynasty
749:
705:
678:Iranian history
674:Islamic history
634:Safavid dynasty
622:
584:
579:
578:
509:Zaynab bint Ali
489:
481:
480:
451:
441:
440:
354:Sulaymani Bohra
278:
268:
267:
238:Fatimah's house
213:
203:
202:
158:
148:
147:
66:
45:
44:
36:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5625:
5623:
5615:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5569:
5568:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5546:
5541:
5535:
5533:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5484:
5482:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5458:
5456:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5432:
5430:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5417:
5416:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5372:
5365:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5344:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5319:978-0691118550
5318:
5302:
5297:978-0521200950
5296:
5277:
5274:978-1595845672
5262:
5257:978-0857721938
5256:
5250:. I.B.Tauris.
5238:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5225:
5207:
5188:
5179:
5170:
5161:
5152:
5143:
5134:
5125:
5099:
5088:
5079:
5070:
5059:
5050:
5041:
5032:
5023:
5014:
4998:
4989:
4980:
4971:
4957:
4942:
4910:
4901:
4892:
4883:
4867:
4855:
4846:
4834:
4823:
4814:
4802:
4800:, p. 316.
4790:
4778:
4762:
4753:
4744:
4735:
4721:
4701:
4692:
4683:
4671:
4662:
4653:
4644:
4632:
4623:
4611:
4599:
4592:
4569:
4560:
4549:
4537:
4526:
4517:
4504:
4493:
4484:
4473:
4462:
4451:
4439:
4427:
4414:
4405:
4399:978-9053569108
4398:
4378:
4352:
4346:978-0521042512
4345:
4325:
4316:978-1780769905
4315:
4295:
4283:
4272:
4258:
4246:
4230:
4218:
4209:
4197:
4185:
4176:
4167:
4158:
4146:
4134:
4125:
4113:
4101:
4092:
4080:
4071:
4059:
4047:
4038:
4026:
4014:
3998:
3991:
3965:
3953:
3941:
3934:
3911:
3904:
3884:
3859:
3846:
3837:
3830:
3810:
3803:
3778:
3767:
3747:
3737:
3718:
3712:
3693:
3683:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3615:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3465:Zoroastrianism
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3347:Jelali revolts
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3312:Khalwati order
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3228:Sivas Massacre
3225:
3223:Çorum Massacre
3220:
3218:Maraş Massacre
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2983:Kaygusuz Abdal
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2848:Ibn al-Rawandi
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2365:
2364:
2348:
2341:Jafar al-Sadiq
2336:
2329:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2268:and Christian
2225:
2222:
2179:(chief of the
2177:Mir Wais Hotak
2149:
2146:
2117:
2114:
2086:
2083:
2074:
2071:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1894:Ismail seized
1885:
1882:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1811:Eastern Arabia
1789:
1786:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1756:Rabi' al-awwal
1748:
1745:
1738:
1719:
1718:of) Muhammad…"
1704:
1697:
1690:Twelver Shiism
1685:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:Related topics
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1525:Bihar al-Anwar
1522:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1486:The Four Books
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1438:
1433:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
953:
952:
945:
944:
943:
942:
937:
927:
922:
921:
918:
917:
911:
910:
897:
896:
892:
881:
871:Ottoman Empire
861:
858:
818:North Caucasus
790:Safavid Empire
748:
745:
733:Ottoman Empire
721:Ottoman Empire
704:
701:
662:Ottoman Empire
644:would replace
624:
623:
621:
620:
613:
606:
598:
595:
594:
581:
580:
577:
576:
574:Sayyida Nafisa
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
549:Hakimah Khātūn
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
490:
487:
486:
483:
482:
479:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
452:
447:
446:
443:
442:
439:
438:
433:
432:
431:
426:
421:
420:
419:
409:
404:
394:
393:
392:
391:
390:
385:
375:
374:
373:
368:
367:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
344:Hebtiahs Bohra
341:
340:
339:
314:
313:
312:
302:
301:
300:
295:
290:
279:
274:
273:
270:
269:
266:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
214:
209:
208:
205:
204:
201:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
159:
154:
153:
150:
149:
146:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
109:
108:
103:
98:
88:
83:
78:
73:
67:
64:
63:
60:
59:
51:
50:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5624:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5582:Islam in Iran
5580:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5479:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5453:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5427:
5421:
5420:Grand viziers
5418:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5398:Safavid shahs
5396:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5378:
5373:
5371:
5366:
5364:
5359:
5358:
5355:
5347:
5341:
5337:
5332:
5331:
5327:
5321:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5284:
5278:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5228:
5226:9781623566678
5222:
5218:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5192:
5189:
5183:
5180:
5174:
5171:
5165:
5162:
5156:
5153:
5147:
5144:
5138:
5135:
5129:
5126:
5113:
5109:
5103:
5100:
5097:
5092:
5089:
5083:
5080:
5074:
5071:
5068:
5063:
5060:
5054:
5051:
5045:
5042:
5036:
5033:
5027:
5024:
5018:
5015:
5009:
5007:
5005:
5003:
4999:
4993:
4990:
4984:
4981:
4975:
4972:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4953:
4946:
4943:
4927:
4920:
4914:
4911:
4905:
4902:
4896:
4893:
4887:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4871:
4868:
4864:
4859:
4856:
4850:
4847:
4844:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4827:
4824:
4818:
4815:
4812:, p. 42.
4811:
4810:Axworthy 2010
4806:
4803:
4799:
4794:
4791:
4788:, p. 27.
4787:
4782:
4779:
4776:
4772:
4766:
4763:
4757:
4754:
4748:
4745:
4739:
4736:
4724:
4722:9780521042512
4718:
4714:
4713:
4705:
4702:
4696:
4693:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4675:
4672:
4666:
4663:
4657:
4654:
4648:
4645:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4627:
4624:
4620:
4615:
4612:
4608:
4603:
4600:
4595:
4593:9781860640230
4589:
4582:
4581:
4573:
4570:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4553:
4550:
4546:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4530:
4527:
4521:
4518:
4514:
4508:
4505:
4502:
4497:
4494:
4488:
4485:
4482:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4455:
4452:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4418:
4415:
4409:
4406:
4401:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4382:
4379:
4367:
4363:
4362:"JABAL ʿĀMEL"
4356:
4353:
4348:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4299:
4296:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4276:
4273:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4234:
4231:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4189:
4186:
4180:
4177:
4171:
4168:
4162:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4138:
4135:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4105:
4102:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4084:
4081:
4075:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4051:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4035:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4002:
3999:
3994:
3992:9781405158077
3988:
3984:
3979:
3978:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3942:
3937:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3915:
3912:
3907:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3888:
3885:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3855:Halil Inalcik
3850:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3833:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3814:
3811:
3806:
3804:9780203641675
3800:
3796:
3795:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3770:
3768:9780452289598
3764:
3760:
3759:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3738:9783833111785
3734:
3730:
3729:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3713:9781317159780
3709:
3705:
3704:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3684:9781108423076
3680:
3676:
3675:
3667:
3664:
3658:
3654:
3653:Islam in Iraq
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3643:Islam in Iran
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3545:
3540:
3538:
3533:
3531:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3509:
3508:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3342:Chepni people
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3292:Mevlevi Order
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3118:Kaykhusraw II
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3098:Ishaq al-Turk
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3056:Alevi history
3052:
3051:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2963:Shaykh Haydar
2961:
2959:
2958:Shaykh Junayd
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2868:Yusuf Hamdani
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2858:Nasir Khusraw
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2671:
2670:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2596:
2595:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2371:
2368:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2334:
2331:In 1736 from
2330:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2235:
2230:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2169:Sultan Husayn
2165:
2163:
2159:
2158:Ottoman Turks
2155:
2154:Sultan Husayn
2148:Sultan Husayn
2147:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2067:Chehel Sotoun
2064:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1957:inhabitants.
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1890:Islam in Iraq
1883:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1815:Southern Iraq
1812:
1808:
1804:
1803:Mount Lebanon
1800:
1797:(of Southern
1796:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1752:Dhu al-Hijjah
1749:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1683:
1681:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1609:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1491:Kitab al-Kafi
1489:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1476:
1475:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1456:Seghatoleslam
1454:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1410:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1332:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1290:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1231:
1230:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:Other beliefs
1069:
1068:
1060:
1059:Judgement Day
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
956:
955:
954:
951:
946:
941:
938:
936:
933:
932:
931:
930:
925:
920:
919:
916:
912:
909:
905:
901:
900:
893:
890:
886:
882:
879:
876:
875:Central Asian
872:
867:
866:
865:
859:
857:
854:
850:
846:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
791:
787:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
765:
761:
757:
756:Shah Ismail I
753:
746:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
702:
700:
698:
694:
690:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
650:Twelver Shias
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
619:
614:
612:
607:
605:
600:
599:
597:
596:
593:
588:
583:
582:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
491:
485:
484:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
453:
450:
445:
444:
437:
434:
430:
427:
425:
422:
418:
415:
414:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
398:
395:
389:
386:
384:
381:
380:
379:
376:
372:
369:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
338:
335:
334:
333:
332:Dawoodi Bohra
330:
329:
328:
325:
324:
323:
320:
319:
318:
315:
311:
308:
307:
306:
303:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
285:
284:
281:
280:
277:
272:
271:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
215:
212:
207:
206:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
188:Eid al-Ghadir
186:
184:
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87:
84:
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77:
74:
72:
69:
68:
62:
61:
57:
53:
52:
48:
40:
33:
30:
19:
5577:Safavid Iran
5445:
5384:Safavid Iran
5335:
5309:
5282:
5265:
5247:
5216:
5210:
5203:
5195:
5191:
5182:
5173:
5164:
5155:
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5112:the original
5102:
5091:
5082:
5073:
5062:
5053:
5044:
5035:
5026:
5017:
4992:
4983:
4974:
4951:
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4933:. Retrieved
4926:the original
4913:
4904:
4895:
4886:
4870:
4858:
4849:
4837:
4826:
4817:
4805:
4793:
4786:Matthee 2005
4781:
4770:
4765:
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4738:
4726:. Retrieved
4711:
4704:
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4686:
4674:
4665:
4656:
4647:
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4602:
4579:
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4365:
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4320:
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4050:
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4029:
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4001:
3976:
3968:
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3924:
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3887:
3875:. Retrieved
3871:
3862:
3849:
3840:
3820:
3813:
3793:
3772:
3757:
3750:
3742:
3727:
3721:
3702:
3696:
3688:
3673:
3666:
3558:
3415:Baháʼí Faith
3367:Galibi Order
3352:Ni'matullāhī
3327:Babai Revolt
3272:Akbari Sufis
3262:Qalandariyya
3123:Babai revolt
3062:
3043:Torlak Kemal
2993:Balım Sultan
2918:Zahed Gilani
2452:Muhammad-Ali
2413:
2381:
2366:
2291:
2239:
2175:that caused
2166:
2151:
2129:
2121:
2119:
2104:Portrait of
2088:
2076:
2036:
2010:
1998:
1995:tabarrā'iyān
1994:
1969:
1940:
1924:
1893:
1850:
1820:
1791:
1778:
1687:
1679:
1461:Hojatoleslam
1399:Ni'matullāhī
1374:Qalandariyya
1221:Intercession
1109:Usul al-fiqh
1094:Intercession
950:Twelve Imams
889:fifth-column
863:
795:
706:
686:
627:
519:Umm al-Banin
248:Second Fitna
128:Intercession
118:Judgment Day
29:
5118:17 December
4935:17 December
3877:14 February
3761:, Penguin,
3590:Afghanistan
3500:Panentheism
3485:Manichaeism
3405:Khurramites
3257:Malamatiyya
2923:Sari Saltik
2260:, Khorasan
2173:Afghanistan
2044:Astarabadis
2006:Ahl al-Bayt
1908:Mesopotamia
1855:, southern
1832:doctrine).
1830:Hidden imam
1760:Umar Kushan
1570:Sources of
1506:Al-Istibsar
1414:Scholarship
1369:Malamatiyya
1347:Sufism and
1234:Holy cities
1099:Occultation
1049:Prophethood
646:Sunni Islam
449:Ahl al-Kisa
364:Qutbi Bohra
359:Alavi Bohra
337:Progressive
263:Persecution
243:First Fitna
198:Omar Koshan
183:Eid al-Adha
178:Eid al-Fitr
81:Prophethood
5571:Categories
3659:References
3569:Azerbaijan
3455:Nabataeans
3450:Gnosticism
3385:Isma'ilism
3287:Naqshbandi
3213:Seyid Riza
3138:Bayezid II
3128:Baba Ishak
3093:Al-Muqanna
3083:Abu Muslim
3028:Kul Nesîmî
2988:Otman Baba
2928:Yunus Emre
2749:Leadership
2662:Müsahiplik
2627:Hıdırellez
2587:Psychology
2582:Philosophy
2547:Four Doors
2400:Kaysanites
2258:Caucasians
2242:Nader Shah
2224:Nader Shah
2095:Persianize
1999:tabaqa-yi
1900:Abū Ḥanīfa
1888:See also:
1853:Azerbaijan
1845:See also:
1841:Azerbaijan
1795:Jabal Amil
1742:Bayezid II
1708:Tomé Pires
1384:Bektashism
1039:Monotheism
1031:Principles
908:Shia Islam
895:territory.
810:Azerbaijan
800:conquered
777:, and the
697:Azerbaijan
670:Ismaʿilism
658:Christians
642:Shia Islam
504:Umm Salama
488:Holy women
76:Holy Books
71:Monotheism
47:Shia Islam
5467:Miniature
5436:Safaviyya
4881:, p. 171.
3898:. BRILL.
3857:, pg.167.
3774:majority.
3603:Safavids.
3490:Shamanism
3480:Mandaeism
3475:Zurvanism
3460:Zoroaster
3425:Yarsanism
3317:Bayramiye
3307:Qizilbash
3302:Safaviyya
3297:Zahediyeh
3267:Qadiriyya
3198:Mahmud II
2898:Ahi Evren
2888:Ibn Arabi
2732:al-Askari
2697:al-Abidin
2600:Practices
2577:Cosmology
2396:Hurufiyya
2392:Batiniyya
2274:Armenians
2270:Georgians
2256:Turkmen,
2246:Madh'habs
2134:mujtahids
2126:dervishes
2032:Qizilbash
2028:Qizilbash
2001:tabarrā'i
1971:Ismail II
1966:Ismail II
1941:When the
1927:Tahmasp I
1826:Madrasahs
1595:Consensus
1441:Ayatollah
1359:Safaviyya
1354:Qizilbash
1276:Kadhimiya
1266:Jerusalem
1138:Practices
1009:al-Askari
974:al-Sajjad
783:Qizilbash
764:Safaviyya
743:in Iran.
729:Madrasahs
539:Shahrbanu
424:Qizilbash
5308:(2005).
5246:(2010).
4728:7 August
4012:, p. 11.
3922:(1994).
3627:See also
3495:Tengrism
3445:Ishikism
3395:Alawites
3332:Hurufism
3245:Related
2998:Gül Baba
2973:Ismail I
2737:al-Mahdi
2712:al-Kazim
2707:al-Sadiq
2702:al-Baqir
2389:Ismāʿīli
2325:Imam Ali
2280:Shiites.
2266:Baluchis
2193:Kandahar
2136:and the
2048:12 imams
1983:Abu Bakr
1943:Safavids
1921:Iraq Map
1857:Dagestan
1735:Tariqahs
1723:Abu Bakr
1555:Al-Amali
1379:Hurufism
1343:Alawites
1014:al-Mahdi
989:al-Kazim
984:al-Sadiq
979:al-Baqir
935:Muhammad
904:a series
902:Part of
845:Abu Bakr
838:Fatimids
830:Khorasan
814:Dagestan
798:Ismail I
737:Muhammad
456:Muhammad
412:Bektashi
388:Satpanth
322:Musta'li
317:Isma'ili
228:Mubahala
168:Arba'een
39:a series
37:Part of
5455:Culture
5391:Dynasty
5237:Sources
5202:, p.359
4775:page 29
4515:, p.625
3872:NPR.org
3607:Empire.
3440:Sabians
3420:Yazdanī
3337:Nuqtavi
3322:Jelveti
3250:Ṭarīqah
3178:Selim I
3168:Şahkulu
3088:Sunpadh
2813:Fatimah
2760:Murshid
2727:al-Naqi
2722:al-Taqi
2717:ar-Rida
2657:Fasting
2617:Taqiyya
2612:Zeyārat
2532:Keramat
2487:Marifat
2477:Tariqat
2472:Buyruks
2426:Beliefs
2416:Alevism
2407:Shī‘ism
2404:Twelver
2361:Karbala
2345:Imamate
2218:Isfahan
2201:Ghilzai
2199:by the
2181:Ghilzai
2138:seyyeds
2130:futuvva
2106:Allamah
2073:Abbas I
2063:Bukhara
2024:Sayyids
2020:Caliphs
1951:Baghdad
1896:Baghdad
1878:Bahrain
1870:Shirvan
1861:Armenia
1799:Lebanon
1586:Hadiths
1572:ijtihad
1466:Ijtihad
1451:Allamah
1443: (
1428: (
1349:Alevism
1323:Shaykhi
1311:Akhbari
1301:Ja'fari
1271:Samarra
1261:Mashhad
1256:Karbala
1191:Tabarri
1186:Tawalli
1114:Ijtihad
1054:Imamate
1044:Justice
1004:al-Naqi
999:al-Taqi
994:ar-Rida
940:Fatimah
842:caliphs
826:Persian
806:Armenia
788:of the
781:of the
762:of the
713:Shafi'i
666:Zaydism
327:Tayyibi
298:Shaykhi
288:Akhbari
283:Ja'fari
211:History
101:Twelver
96:Ismaili
91:Imamate
5549:Abbasi
5342:
5316:
5294:
5272:
5254:
5223:
4719:
4590:
4396:
4371:15 May
4343:
4313:
3989:
3985:–236.
3932:
3902:
3828:
3801:
3765:
3735:
3710:
3681:
3594:Turkey
3470:Mazdak
3430:Yazidi
3410:Bábism
3390:Nizari
3282:Uwaisi
3277:Rifa'i
3247:Muslim
3113:Maziar
3008:Alians
3003:Fuzûlî
2790:Cemevi
2780:Dergah
2770:Rehber
2692:Husayn
2642:Mawlid
2632:Nowruz
2622:Ashura
2572:Poetry
2567:Yaqeen
2562:Sulook
2552:Manzil
2542:Lataif
2482:Haqiqa
2385:Nizari
2374:
2333:Qazvin
2298:Shiism
2254:Steppe
2210:Mahmud
2162:Russia
1991:Uthman
1859:, and
1731:Uthman
1729:, and
1716:Sunnah
1701:Shiite
1600:Reason
1581:Qur'an
1426:Marja'
1394:Galibi
1389:Rifa`i
1294:Groups
1246:Medina
1119:Taqlid
1084:Angels
969:Husayn
878:Uzbeks
853:Uthman
822:Russia
802:Tabriz
786:Armies
767:Tariqa
760:Sheikh
758:, the
717:Hanafi
554:Narjis
494:Fatima
476:Husayn
466:Fatima
429:Ishiki
397:Ghulat
378:Nizari
371:Hafizi
310:Houthi
258:Origin
173:Mawlid
163:Ashura
133:Clergy
113:Angels
5554:Abazi
4929:(PDF)
4922:(PDF)
4584:(PDF)
4240:, By
3620:Syria
3575:door.
3400:Druze
2938:Nāimī
2818:Khidr
2775:Babas
2687:Hasan
2647:Music
2607:Zakat
2522:Kashf
2517:Ihsan
2502:Baqaa
2467:Batin
2462:Zahir
2437:Quran
2432:Allah
2357:Najaf
2353:Waqfs
2306:Sunni
2262:Kurds
2197:Herat
2039:Amili
2017:Sunni
1979:Aisha
1955:Sunni
1931:Basra
1807:Syria
1782:Herat
1712:Moors
1436:Hawza
1318:Alevi
1306:Usuli
1251:Najaf
1241:Mecca
1171:Jihad
1166:Khums
1161:Zakat
1146:Salat
1124:Irfan
964:Hasan
834:Herat
741:Ulama
725:Ulama
689:Islam
534:Rubab
471:Hasan
407:Alevi
402:Alawi
383:Khoja
305:Zaydi
293:Usuli
233:Khumm
106:Zaydi
5340:ISBN
5314:ISBN
5292:ISBN
5270:ISBN
5252:ISBN
5221:ISBN
5120:2014
4937:2014
4730:2014
4717:ISBN
4588:ISBN
4394:ISBN
4373:2016
4341:ISBN
4311:ISBN
3987:ISBN
3930:ISBN
3900:ISBN
3879:2021
3826:ISBN
3799:ISBN
3763:ISBN
3733:ISBN
3708:ISBN
3679:ISBN
3592:and
3567:and
3565:Iran
2908:Rumi
2755:Dede
2637:Saya
2527:Nafs
2507:Fana
2402:and
2359:and
2302:Shia
2272:and
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1989:and
1987:Umar
1912:Iraq
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1445:list
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668:and
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630:Iran
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