63:
664:
for this disease. Additionally, HPGD mutation analyses are relatively cheap and simple and may prove to be useful in early investigation in patients with unexplained clubbing or children presenting PDP-like features. Early positive results can prevent expensive and longtime tests at identifying the
773:
The effective treatment for PDP is currently unknown due to the lack of controlled data and is largely based on case reports. Although the HPGD enzyme is likely to be involved into the pathogenesis of PDP, no strategies against this mutation have been reported yet, since it is hard to tackle a
2884:
Hou Y, Lin Y, Qi X, Yuan L, Liao R, Pang Q, Cui L, Jiang Y, Wang O, Li M, Dong J, Xia W (2018). "Identification of mutations in the prostaglandin transporter gene SLCO2A1 and phenotypic comparison between two subtypes of primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (PHO): A single-center study".
1051:
The age of onset is often in puberty. Of the described cases, as high as 80% of the affected individuals was suffering from the disease prior to the age of 18. However, Latos-Bielenska et al. stated that this percentage should be lower, because also another form of osteoarthropathy â
629:. In order to exclude these other diseases, hormonal studies are done. For example, thyrotropin and growth hormone levels should be examined to exclude thyroid acropachy and acromegaly. However, skin biopsy helps to diagnose PDP in patients without skin manifestations.
1039:. This method is a type of cosmetic surgery procedure used to give a more youthful appearance. It involves the removal of excess facial skin and tightening of the skin on the face and neck. A second option is plastic surgery. This is also used for
3052:
3033:
2824:
Khan AK, Muhammad N, Khan SA, Ullah W, Nasir A, Afzal S, Ramzan K, Basit S, Khan S (2017) A novel mutation in the HPGD gene causing primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy with digital clubbing in a
Pakistani family. Ann Hum Genet doi:
1241:
6 patient organizations facilitate support for PDP patients. 4 of them are situated in Europe (Finland, France, Greece, and Poland). The other two are located in
Australia and Morocco (the Association Marocaine des GĂ©nodermatoses).
1197:
is confirmed in about half of the families, associated with the incomplete form. Of several families, an autosomal recessive model of inheritance is known, associated with the complete form with much more severe symptoms involving
2115:
Torgutalp M, Durmaz CD, Karabulut HG, Seifert W, Horn D, Akkaya Z, Turgay M (2019) Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy mimicking juvenile idiopathic arthritis: A novel SLCO2A1 mutation and imaging findings. Cytogenet Genome
672:
For the follow-up of PDP disease activity, bone formation markers such as TAP, BAP, BGP, carbodyterminal propeptide of type I procallagen or NTX can play an important role. Other biomarkers that can be considered are
2442:
Lemen RJ, Gates AJ, Mathé AA, Waring WW, Hyman AL, Kadowitz PD (1978). "Relationships among digital clubbing, disease severity, and serum prostaglandins F2alpha and E concentrations in cystic fibrosis patients".
578:
439:. These patients showed typical PDP symptoms such as digital clubbing and periostosis. The HPGD gene is mapped on chromosome 4q34 and encodes the enzyme HPGD (15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase). This
4540:
750:
occurs in 54% of the cases and is characterized by having mainly effect on the bones and thereby the skeletal changes. Its effect on the skin (causing for instance pachydermia) is very limited.
4654:
4841:
1096:
PDP occurs more frequently in men than in women (ratio around 7:1). Moreover, men suffer from more severe symptoms (see table 1). African
American people are affected to a higher extent.
110:
This disease affects more men than women. After onset, the disease stabilizes after about 5â20 years. Life of PDP patients can be severely impaired. Currently, symptomatic treatments are
1387:
MartĂnez-Ferrer A, et al. (2009). "Prostaglandin E2 and bone turnover markers in the evaluation of primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (pachydermoperiostosis): a case report".
846:
found in high levels in PDP and it is involved in the production of other inflammatory mediators which increase the expression of RANKL. RANKL is thought to increase bone resorption.
3159:
785:
and pain includes NSAIDs and corticosteroids. Other drugs used by PDP patients target bone formation or skin manifestations. Surgical care is used to improve cosmetic appearance.
1461:
GĂłmez RodrĂguez N, Ibåñez RuĂĄn J, GonzĂĄlez PĂ©rez M (2009). "Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (pachydermoperiostosis). Report of 2 familial cases and literature review".
4533:
4179:
1739:
YĂŒksel-Konuk B, et al. (2009). "Homozygous mutations in the 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase gene in patients with primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy".
3283:
4834:
4526:
4189:
739:
occurs in 40% of the cases and can involve all the symptoms but mainly pachydermia, periostosis and finger clubbing. This is also referred to as the full-blown
816:
associated with PDP. In addition, NSAIDs and corticosteroids decrease formation of inflammatory mediators, reducing inflammation and pain. In case of possible
4742:
591:
of long bones. In order diagnose PDP, often other diseases must be excluded. For example, to exclude secondary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, any signs of
3152:
4204:
4977:
4827:
4184:
3604:
1035:
Aside from drug treatments, there are many surgical methods to improve the facial appearance. One of them is facelift, technically known as facial
713:
505:
activation. This suggests that the activation of endothelial cells and platelets play an important role in the pathogenesis of PDP. VEGF promotes
583:
The easiest way to diagnose PDP is when pachydermia, finger clubbing and periostosis of the long bones are present. New bone formation under the
454:. So far, eight different mutations are known leading to a dysfunctional HPGD enzyme in PDP patients. Due to these mutations, the binding of the
4164:
1834:
Sinibaldi L, et al. (2010). "A novel homozygous splice site mutation in the HPGD gene causes mild primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy".
1784:"Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy with digital clubbing and palmoplantar hyperhidrosis caused by 15-PGHDâHPGD loss-of-function mutations"
3705:
3145:
2054:
Fonseca C, et al. (1992). "Circulating plasma levels of platelet-derived growth factor in patients with hypertrophic osteoarthropathy".
793:
4945:
4141:
4022:
3710:
3690:
3659:
3071:
636:
of fingers is present. This is useful to diagnose PDP, because the combination of clubbing and acroosteolysis is only found in PDP and
4910:
3882:
3629:
487:
4885:
4146:
3905:
3695:
3685:
2131:
Okten A, et al. (2007). "Two cases with pachydermoperiostosis and discussion of tamoxifen citrate treatment for arthralgia".
4670:
869:. Bisphosphonates inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption and therefore reduce bone remodeling and alleviate painful polyarthritis.
1174:
In 25-38% of the cases, patients have a familial history of PDP. It is suggested that the incomplete form and complete form are
4306:
4017:
2513:
Gold JM, et al. (2008). "Improving tolerance of AIs: predicting risk and uncovering mechanisms musculoskeletal toxicity".
1687:
Uppal S, et al. (2008). "Mutations in 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase cause primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy".
1183:
149:
new bone formation of long bones) and digital clubbing (enlargement of fingertips). Other features include excessive sweating,
3328:
1179:
538:
137:
PDP has a number of visible signs. Most important clinical features are: pachydermia (thickening and wrinkling of the skin),
4766:
4296:
2585:"Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin mediates 13-cis retinoic acid-induced apoptosis of human sebaceous gland cells"
4737:
3954:
1053:
709:
126:
2222:
Adams B, Amin T, Leone V, Wood M, Kraft JK (2017). "Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy: ultrasound and MRI findings".
4209:
4112:
757:
occurs in only 6% of the cases and is the opposite of the incomplete form. Minor skeletal changes are found, and mostly
4703:
3979:
2763:
Mattuci-Cerinic; et al. (1998). "Colchicine treatment in a case of pachydermoperiostosis with acroosteolysis".
812:
is likely to be involved in periosteal bone formation and acroosteolysis, this is why these drugs can alleviate the
494:
and proliferation. In contrast to HPGD mutations, suspected mutations for these factors have not been reported yet.
4443:
4411:
4239:
3722:
3654:
3463:
3323:
3318:
2179:
Latos-Bielensk A, et al. (2007). "Pachydermoperiostosisâcritical analysis with report of five unusual cases".
1783:
3353:
1099:
Table 1. Distribution of different forms of PDP among 201 reported affected men and women (167 men and 34 women).
4433:
4124:
3423:
2835:
Zhang Z, Xia W, He J, Zhang Z, Ke Y, Yue H, Wang C, Zhang H, Gu J, Hu W, Fu W, Hu Y, Li M, Liu Y (January 2012).
617:
is another way to diagnose PDP. However, it is not a very specific method, because other diseases share the same
569:(3q22.1-q22.2). This syndrome occurs if both copies of either gene are mutated (autosomal recessive inheritance)
2073:
Bianchi L, et al. (1995). "Pachydermoperiostosis, study of epidermal growth factor and steroid receptors".
927:
4693:
4338:
4322:
4136:
3994:
3085:
2268:
Athappan G, et al. (2009). "Touraine
Solente Gole syndrome: the disease and associated tongue fissuring".
931:
514:
455:
417:
4485:
717:
692:
may also be raised in patients with lung cancer and finger clubbing. This may be related to raised levels of
4972:
4905:
4438:
4316:
4249:
4082:
3766:
3715:
3511:
3433:
1501:
Ghosn S, et al. (2010). "Treatment of pachydermoperiostosis pachydermia with botulinum toxin type A.".
1027:. However, the exact mechanism for improving leonine faces is unknown and needs to be further investigated.
725:
542:
4880:
4873:
4761:
4688:
4333:
4027:
3944:
3862:
3852:
3639:
3634:
3388:
1008:
142:
2403:"Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in non-small Cell lung cancer correlates With hypertrophic osteoarthropathy"
2313:"Common and recurrent HPGD mutations in Caucasian individuals with primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy"
1937:
Silveria LH, et al. (2000). "Vascular endothelial growth factor and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy".
1543:
Leni George; et al. (2008). "Frontal rhytidectomy as surgical treatment for pachydermoperiostosis".
4967:
4868:
4503:
4418:
4281:
4234:
4174:
4077:
3964:
3727:
3599:
3478:
3333:
2938:
491:
483:
2806:
Jajic I, Jajic Z (1992). "Prevalence of primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in selected population".
1910:
Mattuci-Cerinic; et al. (1992). "Von
Willebrand factor antigen in hypertrophic osteoarthropathy".
1084:
PDP is a rare genetic disease. At least 204 cases of PDP have been reported. The precise incidence and
891:
competitively bind to estrogen receptors on tissue targets, producing a nuclear complex that decreases
637:
146:
17:
685:
in some patients. However, further investigation is needed to confirm this use of disease monitoring.
618:
525:
formation in PDP patients. Other mediators found in increased concentrations in PDP patients, include
4749:
4386:
4327:
4089:
3594:
3576:
3571:
3531:
3204:
2464:"Arthroscopic Synovectomy in a Patient with Primary Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy Korean Rheum Assoc"
1230:
712:. It represents approximately 5% of the total hypertrophic osteoarthropathy cases. The other form is
428:
has vasodilatory effects, which is consistent with prolonged local vasodilation in digital clubbing.
2982:
876:
was effective in PDP treatment, especially for bone and joint pain. In PDP patients, high levels of
696:-2, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of prostaglandins. A similar association has been noted in
62:
4801:
4754:
4683:
4641:
4368:
4357:
4270:
4224:
4199:
4117:
3900:
3649:
3566:
3545:
3453:
3448:
3348:
3056:
2837:"Exome sequencing identifies SLCO2A1 mutations as a cause of primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy"
981:
835:
1864:
Silver F, et al. (1996). "Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy: endothelium and platelet function".
1600:
1040:
678:
553:
Two genes have been associated with this condition: hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase 15-(NAD) (
4716:
4678:
4406:
4396:
4286:
3984:
3795:
3748:
3737:
3614:
3468:
3293:
3271:
2788:
2669:
2565:
2293:
2247:
2204:
2156:
2098:
1889:
1813:
1764:
1712:
1568:
1412:
1343:
1217:
Two genes have been associated with this condition: hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase 15-(NAD) (
4796:
821:
1623:"Pachydermoperiostosis or primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy: A rare clinicoradiologic case"
436:
138:
4649:
4423:
4391:
4343:
4229:
4219:
4067:
3959:
3912:
3842:
3624:
3609:
3586:
3561:
3556:
3413:
3096:
2902:
2866:
2780:
2745:
2710:
2661:
2614:
2557:
2522:
2424:
2383:
2334:
2285:
2239:
2196:
2148:
2090:
2036:
1998:
1946:
1919:
1881:
1843:
1805:
1756:
1704:
1654:
1560:
1518:
1404:
1335:
951:
881:
877:
534:
51:
4626:
4618:
4301:
4265:
3999:
3581:
3526:
3473:
3428:
3266:
3235:
2894:
2856:
2848:
2772:
2737:
2700:
2651:
2604:
2596:
2549:
2475:
2414:
2373:
2365:
2324:
2277:
2231:
2188:
2140:
2082:
2028:
1988:
1980:
1873:
1795:
1748:
1696:
1644:
1634:
1552:
1510:
1470:
1396:
1327:
947:
633:
379:
154:
80:
4599:
4495:
4062:
3969:
3847:
3785:
3761:
3521:
3458:
3418:
3373:
3186:
1969:"A Case of Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy Associated with Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma"
1194:
1060:
989:
892:
801:
797:
697:
682:
121:
In 1868, PDP was first described by
Friedreich as 'excessive growth of bone of the entire
104:
4721:
3199:
2019:
915:
on bone and inhibits the resorbing activity of osteoclasts (disruption of bone tissue).
4922:
4791:
4573:
4401:
4381:
4260:
4169:
4056:
4032:
3974:
3949:
3872:
3857:
3837:
3790:
3776:
3669:
3619:
3338:
3169:
3065:
2861:
2836:
2609:
2584:
2378:
2353:
2086:
1993:
1968:
1649:
1622:
1068:
858:
693:
626:
592:
413:
3061:
1474:
4961:
4578:
4568:
4480:
4428:
4255:
3922:
3780:
3771:
3756:
3551:
3398:
3393:
3378:
3368:
3358:
3227:
2741:
2419:
2402:
1800:
1331:
1222:
1016:
1012:
977:
854:
813:
778:
could be a solution for this, although this has not been reported yet in literature.
674:
510:
479:
478:
levels, studies in patients with hypertrophic osteoarthropathy also showed increased
2673:
2251:
2208:
2102:
1893:
1817:
1768:
1716:
1572:
1416:
1347:
896:
4786:
4631:
4609:
4450:
4311:
4214:
4131:
4107:
4099:
3805:
3799:
3488:
3438:
3383:
3343:
3313:
3303:
3278:
3248:
3240:
3177:
3125:
2792:
2569:
2297:
2160:
1036:
973:
935:
805:
782:
775:
721:
566:
558:
530:
506:
56:
4819:
2329:
2312:
992:, colchicine can inhibit cell division and inflammatory processes (e.g. action of
3090:
2728:
Terkeltaub RA (2009). "Colchicine update. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism".
2636:
2369:
2032:
1088:
of PDP are still unknown. A prevalence of 0.16% was suggested by Jajic et Jajic.
466:
cannot be transferred into PGE-M down and remain present at high concentrations.
4896:
4549:
4244:
3927:
3867:
3443:
3408:
3403:
3363:
3288:
3222:
3209:
1020:
1001:
993:
969:
959:
955:
888:
866:
862:
817:
614:
608:
588:
526:
518:
502:
451:
409:
405:
125:'. Touraine, Solente and Golé described PDP as the primary form of bone disease
3137:
3101:
2898:
2852:
2656:
2480:
2463:
1984:
1514:
611:
diseases must be absent. MRI and ultrasound also have characterictic findings.
4859:
4850:
4806:
4594:
4455:
4275:
4194:
3917:
3815:
3261:
3214:
3191:
3046:
3042:
2705:
2688:
2553:
2281:
2235:
2192:
2144:
1752:
1556:
1400:
1190:
1085:
997:
985:
884:
827:
604:
584:
522:
389:) plays a role in the pathogenesis of PDP. In PDP patients, high levels of PGE
150:
100:
2354:"Elevation of prostaglandin E2 in lung cancer patients with digital clubbing"
4563:
4475:
3932:
3877:
3820:
3810:
3677:
3516:
3497:
3308:
3253:
3120:
1639:
1361:
Yazici Y, Schur PH, Romain PL (2011). "Malignancy and rheumatic disorders".
1064:
1024:
943:
923:
873:
831:
758:
740:
666:
661:
632:
When clubbing is observed, it is helpful to check whether acroosteolysis of
596:
545:(EGF). It has not been described yet what role these mediators have in PDP.
443:
2906:
2870:
2749:
2665:
2618:
2561:
2526:
2428:
2387:
2338:
2289:
2243:
2200:
2152:
2040:
2002:
1950:
1847:
1809:
1760:
1708:
1658:
1564:
1522:
1408:
1339:
2784:
2714:
2094:
1923:
1885:
1067:
complications, including restricted motion, neurologic manifestations and
107:(swelling of tissue with loss of normal angle between nail and nail bed).
4467:
4376:
4291:
3937:
3832:
3827:
3536:
3502:
3298:
3000:
1175:
908:
843:
839:
622:
561:(4q34.1) and solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1 (
498:
122:
115:
3025:
972:
can also improve skin manifestations. It is able to bind to the ends of
3892:
2983:"Wortal Stowarzyszenia na Rzecz Dzieci z Zaburzeniami Genetycznymi GEN"
2776:
1877:
1226:
1011:(BTX-A) improved leonine facies of patients. BTX-A inhibits release of
912:
653:
600:
562:
880:
were found for steroids, which was the rationale to use tamoxifen, an
728:). Unlike SHO, PDP does not have an underlying disease or malignancy.
4518:
3037:
2600:
2540:
Molad Y (2002). "Update on colchichine and its mechanism of action".
1211:
440:
111:
103:(thickening of the skin), periostosis (excessive bone formation) and
2401:
Rotas I, Cito G, Letovanec I, Christodoulou M, Perentes JY (2016).
1700:
1318:
Castori M, et al. (2005). "Pachydermoperiostosis: an update".
1059:
PDP usually progresses for 5 to 20 years, until it becomes stable.
412:(respectively building and breaking down bone tissue). This is why
157:
abnormalities. An overview of all symptoms is provided in table 2.
1229:). The underlying pathophysiology appears to be an abnormality of
1221:) and solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 2A1/
1199:
579:
List of radiographic findings associated with cutaneous conditions
84:
1004:
activity of leukocytes, which leads to reduction of pachydermia.
765:
The cause of these differentiating pathologies is still unknown.
4940:
4917:
4660:
4047:
3079:
3076:
1218:
1207:
1203:
976:
to prevent its elongation. Because microtubules are involved in
962:
939:
554:
88:
4823:
4522:
3141:
4711:
2968:
1023:
transmission to the sweat glands and therefore inhibits sweat
958:
of the sebaceous glands is inhibited. Retinoids also decrease
926:
are used to improve skin manifestations. Retinoids can act on
2946:
1063:
may be normal, despite patients getting many functional and
2920:
2986:
842:(tumor necrosis factor-alpha). TNF-α is an inflammatory
490:(VEGF). These substances could also have a role in PDP
716:(SHO). SHO usually has an underlying disease (such as
3015:
800:
are most used in PDP treatment. These drugs inhibit
393:
and decreased levels of PGE-M (the metabolite of PGE
4932:
4895:
4858:
4779:
4730:
4702:
4669:
4640:
4617:
4608:
4587:
4556:
4494:
4466:
4367:
4356:
4157:
4098:
4045:
4010:
3891:
3747:
3736:
3668:
3496:
3487:
3176:
3111:
3019:
50:
40:
35:
911:studies showed that tamoxifen acts as an estrogen
4180:Disseminate and recurrent infundibulofolliculitis
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1189:The autosomal dominant model of inheritance with
1056:(FIO) - was taken into account in this analysis.
435:in PDP patients are associated with mutations of
129:in 1935 and distinguished its three known forms.
27:Rare genetic disorder that affects bones and skin
2689:"Pachydermoperiostosis: trial with isotretinoin"
141:of the face and scalp, periostosis (swelling of
3284:Congenital onychodysplasia of the index fingers
2498:Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM, Flower JM (2007).
2352:Kozak KR, Milne GL, Bentzen SM, Yock T (2012).
761:symptoms are observed with limited periostosis.
521:, which can explain the clubbing and excessive
462:to HPGD is disrupted. As a result of this, PGE
4835:
4534:
4190:Erythromelanosis follicularis faciei et colli
3153:
2637:"Gene expression regulation by retinoic acid"
681:(RANKL), which are associated with increased
8:
4743:Systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis
1829:
1827:
781:Conventional PDP drug treatment to decrease
2263:
2261:
1233:but the details have yet to be elucidated.
1000:). It is suggested that colchicine inhibit
857:symptoms can be improved by treatment with
4842:
4828:
4820:
4614:
4541:
4527:
4519:
4364:
3744:
3493:
3160:
3146:
3138:
3016:
2014:
2012:
1905:
1903:
1859:
1857:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
731:PDP can be divided into three categories:
61:
32:
2860:
2704:
2655:
2630:
2628:
2608:
2479:
2418:
2377:
2328:
1992:
1799:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1648:
1638:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
942:, improves cosmetic features by inducing
4185:Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp
3605:Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia
2174:
2172:
2170:
2126:
2124:
2122:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1101:
446:the first step in the degradation of PGE
162:
2493:
2491:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1251:
950:. As a result of this, the increase of
714:secondary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
18:Idiopathic hypertrophic osteoathorpathy
4165:Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica of Bazex
1962:
1960:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1210:features. Male-female ratio in PDP is
965:in fibroblasts, improving pachyderma.
850:Bone formation and pain drug treatment
3001:"Genetic Support â Genetic Resources"
838:that blocks the biological action of
794:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
497:Von Willebrand factor is a marker of
420:can be explained by the action of PGE
93:primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
45:Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
7:
4946:Primary hypertrophic osteoathropathy
4205:Intermittent hairâfollicle dystrophy
2730:Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism
1054:familial idiopathic osteoarthropathy
789:Inflammation and pain drug treatment
482:of several other mediators, such as
4142:Recurrent palmoplantar hidradenitis
4023:Idiopathic facial aseptic granuloma
3660:Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis
1621:Rajul Rastogi; et al. (2009).
938:, the most effective drug to treat
804:activity and thereby prostaglandin
4911:Leukotriene C4 synthase deficiency
3883:Lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei
3630:Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp
2841:American Journal of Human Genetics
2502:. Elsevier. pp. 230â232, 363.
2087:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1995.tb08638.x
1967:Jin Hyun Kim; et al. (2004).
919:Skin manifestations drug treatment
488:vascular endothelial growth factor
25:
4886:Ghosal hematodiaphyseal dysplasia
4147:Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis
3906:Granulomatous perioral dermatitis
2462:Jaejoon Lee; et al. (2008).
1182:(involving a dominant allele) or
1019:junction. Furthermore, it blocks
2742:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2008.08.006
2420:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.09.023
1801:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01248.x
1782:Bergmann C, et al. (2011).
1332:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2005.00533.x
1186:(involving a recessive allele).
652:levels are correlated with PDP,
644:Biomarkers and mutation analysis
337:Decreased facial and pubic hair
99:. It is mainly characterized by
4978:Eicosanoid metabolism disorders
4307:Traumatic anserine folliculosis
4018:Granulomatous facial dermatitis
2635:Balmer JE, et al. (2002).
2583:Nelson AM, et al. (2008).
2311:Diggle CP, et al. (2010).
1599:Auger M, Stavrianeas N (2004).
1184:autosomal recessive inheritance
887:. Tamoxifen and several of its
708:PDP is one of the two types of
3329:Malalignment of the nail plate
1180:autosomal dominant inheritance
539:platelet-derived growth factor
97:Touraine-Solente-Golé syndrome
1:
4738:Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
3955:Erythrotelangiectatic rosacea
2687:Park YK, et al. (1988).
1475:10.1016/s2173-5743(09)70134-0
710:hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
350:Gastrointestinal involvement
225:Increased secretion of sebum
127:hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
4210:Keratosis pilaris atropicans
4113:Folliculitis nares perforans
2542:Current Rheumatology Reports
2500:Rang and Dale's Pharmacology
2370:10.1097/jto.0b013e3181fc76a9
2033:10.1097/rhu.0b013e3181df91c6
820:, the COX-2 selective NSAID
378:The locally acting mediator
160:Table 2. Overview of signs
4767:Adult-onset Still's disease
4704:Connective tissue disorders
3980:Persistent edema of rosacea
2330:10.1093/rheumatology/keq048
345:Peripheral vascular stasis
275:Widening of bone formation
268:Thick toe and finger bones
4994:
4412:Postmiliarial hypohidrosis
4240:Menkes kinky hair syndrome
3655:Frontal fibrosing alopecia
3464:Staining of the nail plate
3324:Longitudinal erythronychia
3319:Lichen planus of the nails
2899:10.1016/j.bone.2017.09.015
2853:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.019
2657:10.1194/jlr.r100015-jlr200
2481:10.4078/jkra.2008.15.3.261
1985:10.3346/jkms.2004.19.3.484
1515:10.1016/j.jaad.2009.08.067
1178:in different ways: either
928:retinoid nuclear receptors
677:and receptor activator of
576:
404:can mimic the activity of
4297:RubinsteinâTaybi syndrome
4125:Pseudofolliculitis barbae
3424:Pterygium inversum unguis
2706:10.3349/ymj.1988.29.2.204
2554:10.1007/s11926-002-0073-2
2515:Oncology (Williston Park)
2282:10.1007/s00296-008-0798-y
2236:10.1007/s00247-016-3544-8
2193:10.1007/s00431-006-0407-6
2145:10.1007/s10067-005-1161-2
1753:10.1007/s00296-009-0895-6
1557:10.1080/09546630701389955
1401:10.1007/s10067-009-1197-9
418:periosteal bone formation
197:Thick hand and foot skin
4694:Enteropathic arthropathy
4339:Uncombable hair syndrome
4323:Trichorrhexis invaginata
4137:Hidradenitis suppurativa
3995:Periorificial dermatitis
718:cardiopulmonary diseases
118:or surgical procedures.
4317:Trichomycosis axillaris
4250:Parakeratosis pustulosa
3767:Acne miliaris necrotica
3548:(male-pattern baldness)
3512:noncicatricial alopecia
3434:Purpura of the nail bed
1640:10.4103/0971-3026.50829
1627:Indian J Radiol Imaging
1601:"Pachydermoperiostosis"
726:paraneoplastic syndrome
543:epidermal growth factor
474:Apart from elevated PGE
470:Role of other mediators
232:Sebborheic hyperplasia
4874:Essential hypertension
4762:Palindromic rheumatism
4689:Ankylosing spondylitis
4632:Tuberculosis arthritis
4334:Trichostasis spinulosa
4028:Periorbital dermatitis
3945:Papulopustular rosacea
3863:Acne with facial edema
3853:Acne keloidalis nuchae
3640:Folliculitis decalvans
3635:Graham-Little syndrome
3389:Onychoptosis defluvium
2693:Yonsei Medical Journal
1009:botulinum toxin type A
431:Elevated levels of PGE
306:Thick stratum corneum
218:Cutis verticis gyrate
4504:Sebaceous hyperplasia
4419:Granulosis rubra nasi
4282:Pityriasis amiantacea
4235:Loose anagen syndrome
4175:Bubble hair deformity
3965:Gram-negative rosacea
3728:Nevoid hypertrichosis
3600:Pseudopelade of Brocq
3479:Twenty-nail dystrophy
3354:Nailâpatella syndrome
3334:Median nail dystrophy
1608:Orphanet Encyclopedia
1503:J. Am. Acad. Dermatol
484:Von Willebrand factor
73:Pachydermoperiostosis
36:Pachydermoperiostosis
4853:metabolism disorders
4750:Rheumatoid arthritis
4387:Miliaria crystalline
4328:Trichorrhexis nodosa
3595:cicatricial alopecia
3577:Alopecia neoplastica
3572:Trichorrhexis nodosa
3205:Yellow nail syndrome
830:can reduce pain and
143:periarticular tissue
4684:Psoriatic arthritis
4486:FoxâFordyce disease
4271:Pili pseudoannulati
4225:Lichen planopilaris
4200:Hair follicle nevus
4118:Tufted folliculitis
3901:Perioral dermatitis
3650:Triangular alopecia
3567:Lichen planopilaris
3546:Androgenic alopecia
3454:Splinter hemorrhage
3449:Shell nail syndrome
3294:Half and half nails
982:signal transduction
872:In isolated cases,
836:monoclonal antibody
587:can be detected by
4717:systemic sclerosis
4679:Reactive arthritis
4550:Diseases of joints
4407:Occlusion miliaria
4397:Miliaria pustulosa
4287:Plica neuropathica
3985:Rosacea conglobata
3796:Acne medicamentosa
3615:Traumatic alopecia
3469:Subungual hematoma
3112:External resources
2808:Clin Exp Rheumatol
2777:10.1007/BF00270458
2468:Korean Rheum Assoc
2056:Clin Exp Rheumatol
1939:Clin Exp Rheumatol
1878:10.1007/bf02229639
1836:Clin Exp Rheumatol
930:and thus regulate
774:defective enzyme.
648:Since elevated PGE
621:with PDP, such as
424:. Furthermore, PGE
360:Chronic gastritis
329:Muscle discomfort
91:. Other names are
83:that affects both
4955:
4954:
4817:
4816:
4775:
4774:
4650:Chondrocalcinosis
4516:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4392:Miliaria profunda
4352:
4351:
4344:Woolly hair nevus
4230:Lichen spinulosus
4068:Trichilemmal cyst
4041:
4040:
3960:Glandular rosacea
3913:Phymatous rosacea
3843:Occupational acne
3625:Hot comb alopecia
3610:Pressure alopecia
3587:Alopecia mucinosa
3562:Traction alopecia
3557:Telogen effluvium
3135:
3134:
2949:on 11 August 2011
2825:10.1111/ahg.12239
2650:(11): 1773â1780.
2521:(12): 1416â1424.
2445:Am Rev Respir Dis
2364:(12): 1877â1878.
2187:(12): 1237â1243.
1395:(10): 1229â1233.
1167:
1166:
952:connective tissue
882:estrogen receptor
878:nuclear receptors
638:Cheneyâs syndrome
535:b-thromboglobulin
397:) were observed.
371:
370:
299:Drooping eyelids
283:Digital clubbing
239:Keloid formation
147:shaggy periosteal
70:
69:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4985:
4844:
4837:
4830:
4821:
4802:Bouchard's nodes
4755:Felty's syndrome
4627:Septic arthritis
4615:
4543:
4536:
4529:
4520:
4365:
4302:Setleis syndrome
4266:Pili multigemini
4000:Pyoderma faciale
3745:
3582:Anagen effluvium
3494:
3429:Pterygium unguis
3349:Muehrcke's lines
3236:Onychotillomania
3162:
3155:
3148:
3139:
3017:
3005:
3004:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2985:. Archived from
2979:
2973:
2972:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2945:. Archived from
2935:
2929:
2928:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2864:
2832:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2708:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2659:
2641:
2632:
2623:
2622:
2612:
2601:10.1172/JCI33869
2595:(4): 1468â1478.
2580:
2574:
2573:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2495:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2422:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2381:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2332:
2323:(6): 1056â1062.
2308:
2302:
2301:
2276:(9): 1091â1093.
2265:
2256:
2255:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2176:
2165:
2164:
2128:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2021:J Clin Rheumatol
2016:
2007:
2006:
1996:
1973:J Korean Med Sci
1964:
1955:
1954:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1907:
1898:
1897:
1861:
1852:
1851:
1831:
1822:
1821:
1803:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1736:
1721:
1720:
1684:
1663:
1662:
1652:
1642:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1596:
1577:
1576:
1545:J Dermatol Treat
1540:
1527:
1526:
1509:(6): 1036â1041.
1498:
1479:
1478:
1458:
1421:
1420:
1384:
1367:
1366:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1315:
1102:
968:Like retinoids,
948:sebaceous glands
834:in PDP. It is a
660:can be a useful
634:distal phalanges
619:skin alterations
367:Crohnâs disease
163:
155:gastrointestinal
81:genetic disorder
66:
65:
33:
21:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4933:Other/ungrouped
4928:
4891:
4854:
4848:
4818:
4813:
4797:Heberden's node
4780:Noninflammatory
4771:
4726:
4698:
4665:
4636:
4604:
4600:Joint stiffness
4583:
4552:
4547:
4517:
4508:
4490:
4462:
4359:
4348:
4321:Trichorrhexis (
4153:
4094:
4063:Epidermoid cyst
4037:
4006:
3970:Steroid rosacea
3887:
3848:Acne aestivalis
3786:Excoriated acne
3762:Acne conglobata
3739:
3732:
3664:
3501:
3483:
3459:Spotted lunulae
3419:Psoriatic nails
3374:Onychomatricoma
3187:Onychogryphosis
3172:
3170:skin appendages
3166:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3107:
3106:
3028:
3014:
3009:
3008:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2952:
2950:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2819:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2639:
2634:
2633:
2626:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2497:
2496:
2489:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2407:Ann Thorac Surg
2400:
2399:
2395:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2178:
2177:
2168:
2130:
2129:
2120:
2114:
2110:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2018:
2017:
2010:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1909:
1908:
1901:
1863:
1862:
1855:
1833:
1832:
1825:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1738:
1737:
1724:
1686:
1685:
1666:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1580:
1542:
1541:
1530:
1500:
1499:
1482:
1460:
1459:
1424:
1389:Rheumatol. Clin
1386:
1385:
1370:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1317:
1316:
1253:
1248:
1239:
1231:prostglandin E2
1214:towards males.
1172:
1094:
1082:
1077:
1061:Life expectancy
1049:
1033:
990:gene expression
934:. For example,
921:
906:
902:
859:bisphosphonates
852:
811:
802:cyclo-oxygenase
798:corticosteroids
791:
771:
748:incomplete form
706:
698:cystic fibrosis
691:
683:bone resorption
659:
651:
646:
581:
575:
551:
515:differentiation
509:(growth of new
477:
472:
465:
461:
449:
434:
427:
423:
403:
396:
392:
388:
383:
380:prostaglandin E
376:
321:Joint effusion
254:Acroosteolysis
204:Leonine facies
135:
105:finger clubbing
60:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4991:
4989:
4981:
4980:
4975:
4973:Genodermatoses
4970:
4960:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4923:Glutathionuria
4914:
4901:
4899:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4877:
4864:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4839:
4832:
4824:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4792:Osteoarthritis
4789:
4783:
4781:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4708:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4675:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4652:
4646:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4623:
4621:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4591:
4589:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4574:Oligoarthritis
4571:
4566:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4538:
4531:
4523:
4514:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4500:
4498:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4472:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4426:
4424:Ross' syndrome
4421:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4402:Miliaria rubra
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4382:Colloid milium
4373:
4371:
4362:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4325:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4261:Pili bifurcati
4258:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4220:Koenen's tumor
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4170:Acroosteolysis
4167:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4104:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4074:Steatocystoma
4072:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4057:Sebaceous cyst
4052:
4050:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4033:SAPHO syndrome
4030:
4025:
4020:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3975:Ocular rosacea
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3950:Lupoid rosacea
3947:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3897:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3873:Acne necrotica
3870:
3865:
3860:
3858:Acne mechanica
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3838:Acne cosmetica
3835:
3830:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3803:
3793:
3791:Acne fulminans
3788:
3783:
3777:Infantile acne
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3753:
3751:
3742:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3680:
3674:
3672:
3670:Hypertrichosis
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3620:Tumor alopecia
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3507:
3505:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3414:Plummer's nail
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3182:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3142:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3093:
3082:
3068:
3049:
3029:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:Classification
3013:
3012:External links
3010:
3007:
3006:
2992:
2989:on 2003-10-21.
2974:
2960:
2943:asso.orpha.net
2930:
2912:
2876:
2827:
2817:
2798:
2771:(4): 185â188.
2755:
2736:(6): 411â419.
2720:
2699:(2): 204â207.
2679:
2624:
2575:
2548:(3): 252â256.
2532:
2505:
2487:
2474:(3): 261â267.
2454:
2434:
2393:
2358:J Thorac Oncol
2344:
2303:
2257:
2230:(5): 727â730.
2224:Pediatr Radiol
2214:
2166:
2133:Rheumatol Clin
2118:
2108:
2081:(1): 128â133.
2065:
2046:
2027:(4): 183â184.
2008:
1979:(3): 484â486.
1956:
1929:
1918:(5): 765â767.
1899:
1872:(5): 435â439.
1866:Clin Rheumatol
1853:
1842:(2): 153â157.
1823:
1774:
1722:
1701:10.1038/ng.153
1695:(6): 789â793.
1664:
1633:(2): 123â126.
1613:
1578:
1528:
1480:
1469:(6): 259â263.
1463:Rheumatol Clin
1422:
1368:
1353:
1326:(6): 477â486.
1250:
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1235:
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1120:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1093:
1090:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1069:leonine facies
1048:
1045:
1032:
1029:
1015:acting at the
920:
917:
904:
900:
851:
848:
824:is preferred.
809:
790:
787:
770:
767:
763:
762:
751:
744:
705:
704:Classification
702:
694:cyclooxygenase
689:
657:
649:
645:
642:
627:hypothyroidism
593:cardiovascular
574:
571:
550:
547:
475:
471:
468:
463:
459:
447:
432:
425:
421:
414:acroosteolysis
401:
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327:
323:
322:
319:
316:
315:
312:
308:
307:
304:
301:
300:
297:
293:
292:
291:Hyperhidrosis
289:
285:
284:
281:
277:
276:
273:
270:
269:
266:
263:
262:
259:
256:
255:
252:
249:
248:
245:
244:Bone features
241:
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226:
223:
220:
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199:
198:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
166:Skin features
134:
131:
68:
67:
54:
48:
47:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4990:
4979:
4976:
4974:
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4965:
4963:
4947:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4924:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4887:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4875:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4852:
4845:
4840:
4838:
4833:
4831:
4826:
4825:
4822:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
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4790:
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4778:
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4752:
4751:
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4723:
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4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4707:
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4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
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4674:
4672:
4668:
4662:
4659:
4656:
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4648:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4639:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4580:
4579:Polyarthritis
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4569:Monoarthritis
4567:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4544:
4539:
4537:
4532:
4530:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4481:Chromhidrosis
4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4429:Hyperhidrosis
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4379:
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4313:
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4308:
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4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4256:Pili annulati
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
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4188:
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4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
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4135:
4134:
4133:
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4129:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4109:
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4105:
4103:
4101:
4097:
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4084:
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4079:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4044:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3923:Blepharophyma
3921:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3781:Neonatal acne
3778:
3775:
3773:
3772:Tropical acne
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3757:Acne vulgaris
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3735:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3552:Hypotrichosis
3550:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3474:Terry's nails
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3399:Onychoschizia
3397:
3395:
3394:Onychorrhexis
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3379:Onychomycosis
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3369:Onychomadesis
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3359:Onychoatrophy
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3228:Nail clubbing
3226:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3168:Disorders of
3163:
3158:
3156:
3151:
3149:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3011:
3002:
2996:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2969:"΀ο ÎÎÎ»Î»ÎżÎœ |"
2964:
2961:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2880:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2847:(1): 125â32.
2846:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2828:
2821:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2765:Rheumatol Int
2759:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2589:J Clin Invest
2586:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2506:
2501:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2455:
2451:(4): 639â646.
2450:
2446:
2438:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2270:Rheumatol Int
2264:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2181:Eur J Pediatr
2175:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2075:Br J Dermatol
2069:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1741:Rheumatol Int
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
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1673:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
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1441:
1439:
1437:
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1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1243:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1225:transporter (
1224:
1223:prostaglandin
1220:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1193:and variable
1192:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1031:Surgical Care
1030:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:neuromuscular
1014:
1013:acetylcholine
1010:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
978:cell division
975:
971:
966:
964:
961:
957:
953:
949:
946:within human
945:
941:
937:
933:
932:transcription
929:
925:
918:
916:
914:
910:
898:
894:
893:DNA synthesis
890:
886:
883:
879:
875:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
855:Rheumatologic
849:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
823:
819:
815:
814:polyarthritis
807:
803:
799:
796:(NSAIDs) and
795:
788:
786:
784:
779:
777:
768:
766:
760:
756:
752:
749:
745:
742:
738:
737:complete form
734:
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732:
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699:
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560:
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548:
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532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
511:blood vessels
508:
504:
500:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
480:plasma levels
469:
467:
457:
453:
445:
442:
438:
429:
419:
415:
411:
407:
398:
384:
373:
366:
364:
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359:
357:
356:
353:Peptic ulcer
352:
349:
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344:
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333:
332:
328:
325:
324:
320:
318:
317:
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302:
298:
296:Eye features
295:
294:
290:
287:
286:
282:
279:
278:
274:
272:
271:
267:
265:
264:
261:Mylefibrosis
260:
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82:
78:
74:
64:
58:
55:
53:
49:
46:
43:
39:
34:
19:
4968:Osteopathies
4939:
4916:
4904:
4897:Leukotrienes
4879:
4867:
4787:Hemarthrosis
4671:Seronegative
4657:(Pseudogout)
4610:Inflammatory
4451:Hypohidrosis
4444:Palmoplantar
4312:Trichomegaly
4215:Kinking hair
4132:Hidradenitis
4108:Folliculitis
4100:Inflammation
3989:
3806:Halogen acne
3800:steroid acne
3646:
3593:
3510:
3439:Racquet nail
3409:Pincer nails
3384:Onychophosis
3344:Melanonychia
3314:Ingrown nail
3304:Hapalonychia
3279:Chevron nail
3249:Ingrown nail
3241:Onychophagia
3215:Azure lunula
3200:Beau's lines
3119:
3095:
3084:
3070:
3051:
3032:
2995:
2987:the original
2977:
2963:
2951:. Retrieved
2947:the original
2942:
2933:
2925:iholiitto.fi
2924:
2915:
2890:
2886:
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2413:(2): e51â3.
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2024:
2020:
1976:
1972:
1945:(1): 57â62.
1942:
1938:
1932:
1915:
1911:
1869:
1865:
1839:
1835:
1794:(6): 531â3.
1791:
1788:Exp Dermatol
1787:
1777:
1747:(1): 39â43.
1744:
1740:
1692:
1688:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1607:
1551:(1): 61â63.
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1356:
1323:
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1240:
1216:
1188:
1173:
1155:
1142:
1129:
1122:
1117:
1105:Form of PDP
1098:
1095:
1092:Distribution
1083:
1075:Epidemiology
1058:
1050:
1041:eye drooping
1037:rhytidectomy
1034:
1006:
974:microtubules
967:
936:isotretinoin
922:
895:. Cells are
871:
853:
826:
792:
783:inflammation
780:
776:Gene therapy
772:
764:
754:
747:
736:
730:
722:malignancies
707:
687:
679:NF-ÎșB ligand
671:
647:
631:
613:
582:
567:chromosome 3
559:chromosome 4
552:
531:endothelin-1
507:angiogenesis
496:
473:
450:and related
430:
399:
377:
247:Periostosis
176:Coarse skin
169:Pachydermia
159:
136:
120:
109:
96:
92:
79:) is a rare
76:
72:
71:
57:Rheumatology
44:
4860:Prostanoids
4434:Generalized
4245:Monilethrix
4046:Follicular
3928:Gnathophyma
3868:Pomade acne
3723:Prepubertal
3706:generalised
3702:Congenital
3691:generalised
3532:universalis
3444:Red lunulae
3404:Platonychia
3364:Onycholysis
3339:Mees' lines
3289:Green nails
3260:ungrouped:
3223:Koilonychia
3210:Leukonychia
3185:thickness:
2644:J Lipid Res
2139:(1): 8â11.
1912:J Rheumatol
1320:Clin. Genet
1021:cholinergic
1002:chemotactic
994:neutrophils
970:colchicines
960:procollagen
956:hyperplasia
897:accumulated
889:metabolites
867:risedronate
863:pamidronate
818:gastropathy
808:. Since PGE
755:fruste form
615:Skin biopsy
609:mediastinal
589:radiographs
541:(PDGF) and
527:osteocalcin
519:osteoblasts
503:endothelial
492:progression
452:eicosanoids
410:osteoclasts
406:osteoblasts
314:Arthralgia
41:Other names
4962:Categories
4851:Eicosanoid
4807:Osteophyte
4619:Infectious
4595:Joint pain
4456:Anhidrosis
4276:Pili torti
4195:Hair casts
3918:Rhinophyma
3816:Bromoderma
3647:ungrouped:
3262:Paronychia
3234:behavior:
3192:Onychauxis
3097:DiseasesDB
2953:12 January
2893:: 96â102.
1689:Nat. Genet
1246:References
1195:expression
1191:penetrance
1143:Incomplete
1086:prevalence
1080:Prevalence
998:leukocytes
986:regulation
885:antagonist
861:, such as
828:Infliximab
822:etorixocib
605:intestinal
585:periosteum
577:See also:
523:fibroblast
211:Furrowing
183:Oily skin
151:arthralgia
101:pachyderma
4722:Sjögren's
4564:Arthritis
4496:Sebaceous
4476:Body odor
4439:Gustatory
4158:Ungrouped
4083:multiplex
4011:Ungrouped
3933:Metophyma
3878:Blackhead
3821:Chloracne
3811:Iododerma
3738:Acneiform
3711:localised
3696:patterned
3686:localised
3682:Acquired
3678:Hirsutism
3498:Hair loss
3309:Hook nail
3254:Anonychia
3121:eMedicine
2939:"Accueil"
2317:Rheumatol
1176:inherited
1047:Prognosis
1025:secretion
944:apoptosis
924:Retinoids
874:tamoxifen
832:arthritis
806:synthesis
769:Treatment
759:cutaneous
741:phenotype
667:pathology
662:biomarker
597:pulmonary
573:Diagnosis
456:substrate
444:catalyzes
437:HPGD gene
342:Vascular
288:Sweating
280:Clubbing
139:furrowing
52:Specialty
4588:Symptoms
4468:Apocrine
4377:Miliaria
4292:Poliosis
3990:variants
3938:Otophyma
3833:Tar acne
3828:Oil acne
3740:eruption
3716:X-linked
3537:Ophiasis
3517:Alopecia
3503:Baldness
3299:Hangnail
3126:derm/815
2907:28963081
2871:22197487
2814:(7): 73.
2750:18973929
2674:22957863
2666:12401878
2619:18317594
2562:12010611
2527:19322949
2429:26777972
2388:22024643
2339:20299379
2290:19050893
2252:44002008
2244:26939972
2209:24196660
2201:17285282
2153:16738844
2103:23015271
2062:(7): 72.
2041:20414127
2003:15201523
1951:10728444
1894:11830195
1848:20406614
1818:37699664
1810:21426412
1769:34504809
1761:19306095
1717:23484059
1709:18500342
1659:19881067
1573:27962868
1565:18273728
1523:20933299
1417:24964091
1409:19455364
1348:21973812
1340:16283874
1170:Heredity
1130:Complete
1065:cosmetic
909:In vitro
907:phases.
844:cytokine
623:myxedema
549:Genetics
499:platelet
326:Muscles
133:Symptoms
123:skeleton
116:steroids
4642:Crystal
4557:General
4369:Eccrine
4078:simplex
3893:Rosacea
3798:(e.g.,
3527:totalis
3272:Chronic
3247:other:
3221:shape:
3198:color:
3091:D010004
2862:3257902
2793:1399956
2785:3187331
2715:3064439
2610:2262030
2570:4507579
2379:3371124
2298:5673717
2161:6656163
2095:7756124
1994:2816858
1924:1613707
1886:8894355
1650:2765176
1237:Society
1227:SLCO2A1
1007:Use of
913:agonist
654:urinary
601:hepatic
563:SLCO2A1
311:Joints
190:Eczema
4881:TBSAX1
4360:glands
4254:Pili (
3522:areata
3080:259100
3077:167100
3066:757.39
2921:"Home"
2905:
2869:
2859:
2791:
2783:
2748:
2713:
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2617:
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2199:
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2151:
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2001:
1991:
1949:
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1715:
1707:
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1571:
1563:
1521:
1415:
1407:
1346:
1338:
1212:skewed
1156:Fruste
513:) and
441:enzyme
112:NSAIDs
59:
4906:LTC4s
4869:PTGIS
4731:Other
4358:Sweat
4090:Milia
4048:cysts
3267:Acute
3102:29069
3062:731.2
3047:M89.4
3043:L62.0
2789:S2CID
2670:S2CID
2640:(PDF)
2566:S2CID
2294:S2CID
2248:S2CID
2205:S2CID
2157:S2CID
2099:S2CID
1890:S2CID
1814:S2CID
1765:S2CID
1713:S2CID
1604:(PDF)
1569:S2CID
1413:S2CID
1344:S2CID
1200:joint
1123:Women
903:and G
840:TNF-α
565:) in
557:) in
374:Cause
334:Hair
85:bones
4941:HPGD
4918:GGT1
4661:Gout
4655:CPPD
3749:Acne
3489:Hair
3178:Nail
3086:MeSH
3072:OMIM
3057:9-CM
2955:2022
2903:PMID
2887:Bone
2867:PMID
2781:PMID
2746:PMID
2711:PMID
2662:PMID
2615:PMID
2558:PMID
2523:PMID
2425:PMID
2384:PMID
2335:PMID
2286:PMID
2240:PMID
2197:PMID
2149:PMID
2091:PMID
2037:PMID
1999:PMID
1947:PMID
1920:PMID
1882:PMID
1844:PMID
1806:PMID
1757:PMID
1705:PMID
1655:PMID
1561:PMID
1519:PMID
1405:PMID
1336:PMID
1219:HPGD
1208:skin
1206:and
1204:bone
1163:12%
1150:71%
1147:50%
1137:18%
1134:45%
1108:Sex
996:and
984:and
963:mRNA
954:and
940:acne
899:in G
753:The
746:The
735:The
675:IL-6
625:and
607:and
555:HPGD
501:and
486:and
416:and
408:and
385:(PGE
153:and
145:and
114:and
89:skin
87:and
4712:SLE
3053:ICD
3034:ICD
2895:doi
2891:106
2857:PMC
2849:doi
2773:doi
2738:doi
2701:doi
2652:doi
2605:PMC
2597:doi
2593:118
2550:doi
2476:doi
2415:doi
2411:101
2374:PMC
2366:doi
2325:doi
2278:doi
2232:doi
2189:doi
2185:166
2141:doi
2116:Res
2083:doi
2079:133
2029:doi
1989:PMC
1981:doi
1874:doi
1796:doi
1749:doi
1697:doi
1645:PMC
1635:doi
1553:doi
1511:doi
1471:doi
1397:doi
1328:doi
1160:5%
1118:Men
988:of
865:or
724:or
688:PGE
656:PGE
517:of
458:PGE
400:PGE
95:or
77:PDP
4964::
4059:"
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1997:.
1987:.
1977:19
1975:.
1971:.
1959:^
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1941:.
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1371:^
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