52:
653:
for this disease. Additionally, HPGD mutation analyses are relatively cheap and simple and may prove to be useful in early investigation in patients with unexplained clubbing or children presenting PDP-like features. Early positive results can prevent expensive and longtime tests at identifying the
762:
The effective treatment for PDP is currently unknown due to the lack of controlled data and is largely based on case reports. Although the HPGD enzyme is likely to be involved into the pathogenesis of PDP, no strategies against this mutation have been reported yet, since it is hard to tackle a
2873:
Hou Y, Lin Y, Qi X, Yuan L, Liao R, Pang Q, Cui L, Jiang Y, Wang O, Li M, Dong J, Xia W (2018). "Identification of mutations in the prostaglandin transporter gene SLCO2A1 and phenotypic comparison between two subtypes of primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (PHO): A single-center study".
1040:
The age of onset is often in puberty. Of the described cases, as high as 80% of the affected individuals was suffering from the disease prior to the age of 18. However, Latos-Bielenska et al. stated that this percentage should be lower, because also another form of osteoarthropathy â
618:. In order to exclude these other diseases, hormonal studies are done. For example, thyrotropin and growth hormone levels should be examined to exclude thyroid acropachy and acromegaly. However, skin biopsy helps to diagnose PDP in patients without skin manifestations.
1028:. This method is a type of cosmetic surgery procedure used to give a more youthful appearance. It involves the removal of excess facial skin and tightening of the skin on the face and neck. A second option is plastic surgery. This is also used for
3041:
3022:
2813:
Khan AK, Muhammad N, Khan SA, Ullah W, Nasir A, Afzal S, Ramzan K, Basit S, Khan S (2017) A novel mutation in the HPGD gene causing primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy with digital clubbing in a
Pakistani family. Ann Hum Genet doi:
1230:
6 patient organizations facilitate support for PDP patients. 4 of them are situated in Europe (Finland, France, Greece, and Poland). The other two are located in
Australia and Morocco (the Association Marocaine des GĂ©nodermatoses).
1186:
is confirmed in about half of the families, associated with the incomplete form. Of several families, an autosomal recessive model of inheritance is known, associated with the complete form with much more severe symptoms involving
2104:
Torgutalp M, Durmaz CD, Karabulut HG, Seifert W, Horn D, Akkaya Z, Turgay M (2019) Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy mimicking juvenile idiopathic arthritis: A novel SLCO2A1 mutation and imaging findings. Cytogenet Genome
661:
For the follow-up of PDP disease activity, bone formation markers such as TAP, BAP, BGP, carbodyterminal propeptide of type I procallagen or NTX can play an important role. Other biomarkers that can be considered are
2431:
Lemen RJ, Gates AJ, Mathé AA, Waring WW, Hyman AL, Kadowitz PD (1978). "Relationships among digital clubbing, disease severity, and serum prostaglandins F2alpha and E concentrations in cystic fibrosis patients".
567:
428:. These patients showed typical PDP symptoms such as digital clubbing and periostosis. The HPGD gene is mapped on chromosome 4q34 and encodes the enzyme HPGD (15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase). This
4529:
739:
occurs in 54% of the cases and is characterized by having mainly effect on the bones and thereby the skeletal changes. Its effect on the skin (causing for instance pachydermia) is very limited.
4643:
4830:
1085:
PDP occurs more frequently in men than in women (ratio around 7:1). Moreover, men suffer from more severe symptoms (see table 1). African
American people are affected to a higher extent.
99:
This disease affects more men than women. After onset, the disease stabilizes after about 5â20 years. Life of PDP patients can be severely impaired. Currently, symptomatic treatments are
1376:
MartĂnez-Ferrer A, et al. (2009). "Prostaglandin E2 and bone turnover markers in the evaluation of primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (pachydermoperiostosis): a case report".
835:
found in high levels in PDP and it is involved in the production of other inflammatory mediators which increase the expression of RANKL. RANKL is thought to increase bone resorption.
3148:
774:
and pain includes NSAIDs and corticosteroids. Other drugs used by PDP patients target bone formation or skin manifestations. Surgical care is used to improve cosmetic appearance.
1450:
GĂłmez RodrĂguez N, Ibåñez RuĂĄn J, GonzĂĄlez PĂ©rez M (2009). "Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (pachydermoperiostosis). Report of 2 familial cases and literature review".
4522:
4168:
1728:
YĂŒksel-Konuk B, et al. (2009). "Homozygous mutations in the 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase gene in patients with primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy".
3272:
4823:
4515:
4178:
728:
occurs in 40% of the cases and can involve all the symptoms but mainly pachydermia, periostosis and finger clubbing. This is also referred to as the full-blown
805:
associated with PDP. In addition, NSAIDs and corticosteroids decrease formation of inflammatory mediators, reducing inflammation and pain. In case of possible
4731:
580:
of long bones. In order diagnose PDP, often other diseases must be excluded. For example, to exclude secondary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, any signs of
3141:
4193:
4966:
4816:
4173:
3593:
1024:
Aside from drug treatments, there are many surgical methods to improve the facial appearance. One of them is facelift, technically known as facial
702:
494:
activation. This suggests that the activation of endothelial cells and platelets play an important role in the pathogenesis of PDP. VEGF promotes
572:
The easiest way to diagnose PDP is when pachydermia, finger clubbing and periostosis of the long bones are present. New bone formation under the
443:. So far, eight different mutations are known leading to a dysfunctional HPGD enzyme in PDP patients. Due to these mutations, the binding of the
4153:
1823:
Sinibaldi L, et al. (2010). "A novel homozygous splice site mutation in the HPGD gene causes mild primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy".
1773:"Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy with digital clubbing and palmoplantar hyperhidrosis caused by 15-PGHDâHPGD loss-of-function mutations"
3694:
3134:
2043:
Fonseca C, et al. (1992). "Circulating plasma levels of platelet-derived growth factor in patients with hypertrophic osteoarthropathy".
782:
4934:
4130:
4011:
3699:
3679:
3648:
3060:
625:
of fingers is present. This is useful to diagnose PDP, because the combination of clubbing and acroosteolysis is only found in PDP and
4899:
3871:
3618:
476:
4874:
4135:
3894:
3684:
3674:
2120:
Okten A, et al. (2007). "Two cases with pachydermoperiostosis and discussion of tamoxifen citrate treatment for arthralgia".
4659:
858:. Bisphosphonates inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption and therefore reduce bone remodeling and alleviate painful polyarthritis.
1163:
In 25-38% of the cases, patients have a familial history of PDP. It is suggested that the incomplete form and complete form are
4295:
4006:
2502:
Gold JM, et al. (2008). "Improving tolerance of AIs: predicting risk and uncovering mechanisms musculoskeletal toxicity".
1676:
Uppal S, et al. (2008). "Mutations in 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase cause primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy".
1172:
138:
new bone formation of long bones) and digital clubbing (enlargement of fingertips). Other features include excessive sweating,
3317:
1168:
527:
126:
PDP has a number of visible signs. Most important clinical features are: pachydermia (thickening and wrinkling of the skin),
4755:
4285:
2574:"Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin mediates 13-cis retinoic acid-induced apoptosis of human sebaceous gland cells"
4726:
3943:
1042:
698:
115:
2211:
Adams B, Amin T, Leone V, Wood M, Kraft JK (2017). "Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy: ultrasound and MRI findings".
4198:
4101:
746:
occurs in only 6% of the cases and is the opposite of the incomplete form. Minor skeletal changes are found, and mostly
4692:
3968:
2752:
Mattuci-Cerinic; et al. (1998). "Colchicine treatment in a case of pachydermoperiostosis with acroosteolysis".
801:
is likely to be involved in periosteal bone formation and acroosteolysis, this is why these drugs can alleviate the
483:
and proliferation. In contrast to HPGD mutations, suspected mutations for these factors have not been reported yet.
4432:
4400:
4228:
3711:
3643:
3452:
3312:
3307:
2168:
Latos-Bielensk A, et al. (2007). "Pachydermoperiostosisâcritical analysis with report of five unusual cases".
1772:
3342:
1088:
Table 1. Distribution of different forms of PDP among 201 reported affected men and women (167 men and 34 women).
4422:
4113:
3412:
2824:
Zhang Z, Xia W, He J, Zhang Z, Ke Y, Yue H, Wang C, Zhang H, Gu J, Hu W, Fu W, Hu Y, Li M, Liu Y (January 2012).
606:
is another way to diagnose PDP. However, it is not a very specific method, because other diseases share the same
558:(3q22.1-q22.2). This syndrome occurs if both copies of either gene are mutated (autosomal recessive inheritance)
2062:
Bianchi L, et al. (1995). "Pachydermoperiostosis, study of epidermal growth factor and steroid receptors".
916:
4682:
4327:
4311:
4125:
3983:
3074:
2257:
Athappan G, et al. (2009). "Touraine
Solente Gole syndrome: the disease and associated tongue fissuring".
920:
503:
444:
406:
4474:
706:
681:
may also be raised in patients with lung cancer and finger clubbing. This may be related to raised levels of
4961:
4894:
4427:
4305:
4238:
4071:
3755:
3704:
3500:
3422:
1490:
Ghosn S, et al. (2010). "Treatment of pachydermoperiostosis pachydermia with botulinum toxin type A.".
1016:. However, the exact mechanism for improving leonine faces is unknown and needs to be further investigated.
714:
531:
4869:
4862:
4750:
4677:
4322:
4016:
3933:
3851:
3841:
3628:
3623:
3377:
997:
131:
2392:"Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in non-small Cell lung cancer correlates With hypertrophic osteoarthropathy"
2302:"Common and recurrent HPGD mutations in Caucasian individuals with primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy"
1926:
Silveria LH, et al. (2000). "Vascular endothelial growth factor and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy".
1532:
Leni George; et al. (2008). "Frontal rhytidectomy as surgical treatment for pachydermoperiostosis".
4956:
4857:
4492:
4407:
4270:
4223:
4163:
4066:
3953:
3716:
3588:
3467:
3322:
2927:
480:
472:
2795:
Jajic I, Jajic Z (1992). "Prevalence of primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in selected population".
1899:
Mattuci-Cerinic; et al. (1992). "Von
Willebrand factor antigen in hypertrophic osteoarthropathy".
1073:
PDP is a rare genetic disease. At least 204 cases of PDP have been reported. The precise incidence and
880:
competitively bind to estrogen receptors on tissue targets, producing a nuclear complex that decreases
626:
135:
674:
in some patients. However, further investigation is needed to confirm this use of disease monitoring.
607:
514:
formation in PDP patients. Other mediators found in increased concentrations in PDP patients, include
4738:
4375:
4316:
4078:
3583:
3565:
3560:
3520:
3193:
2453:"Arthroscopic Synovectomy in a Patient with Primary Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy Korean Rheum Assoc"
1219:
701:. It represents approximately 5% of the total hypertrophic osteoarthropathy cases. The other form is
417:
has vasodilatory effects, which is consistent with prolonged local vasodilation in digital clubbing.
2971:
865:
was effective in PDP treatment, especially for bone and joint pain. In PDP patients, high levels of
685:-2, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of prostaglandins. A similar association has been noted in
51:
4790:
4743:
4672:
4630:
4357:
4346:
4259:
4213:
4188:
4106:
3889:
3638:
3555:
3534:
3442:
3437:
3337:
3045:
2826:"Exome sequencing identifies SLCO2A1 mutations as a cause of primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy"
970:
824:
1853:
Silver F, et al. (1996). "Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy: endothelium and platelet function".
1589:
1029:
667:
542:
Two genes have been associated with this condition: hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase 15-(NAD) (
4705:
4667:
4395:
4385:
4275:
3973:
3784:
3737:
3726:
3603:
3457:
3282:
3260:
2777:
2658:
2554:
2282:
2236:
2193:
2145:
2087:
1878:
1802:
1753:
1701:
1557:
1401:
1332:
1206:
Two genes have been associated with this condition: hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase 15-(NAD) (
4785:
810:
1612:"Pachydermoperiostosis or primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy: A rare clinicoradiologic case"
425:
127:
4638:
4412:
4380:
4332:
4218:
4208:
4056:
3948:
3901:
3831:
3613:
3598:
3575:
3550:
3545:
3402:
3085:
2891:
2855:
2769:
2734:
2699:
2650:
2603:
2546:
2511:
2413:
2372:
2323:
2274:
2228:
2185:
2137:
2079:
2025:
1987:
1935:
1908:
1870:
1832:
1794:
1745:
1693:
1643:
1549:
1507:
1393:
1324:
940:
870:
866:
523:
40:
4615:
4607:
4290:
4254:
3988:
3570:
3515:
3462:
3417:
3255:
3224:
2883:
2845:
2837:
2761:
2726:
2689:
2640:
2593:
2585:
2538:
2464:
2403:
2362:
2354:
2313:
2266:
2220:
2177:
2129:
2071:
2017:
1977:
1969:
1862:
1784:
1737:
1685:
1633:
1623:
1541:
1499:
1459:
1385:
1316:
936:
622:
368:
143:
69:
4588:
4484:
4051:
3958:
3836:
3774:
3750:
3510:
3447:
3407:
3362:
3175:
1958:"A Case of Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy Associated with Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma"
1183:
1049:
978:
881:
790:
786:
686:
671:
110:
In 1868, PDP was first described by
Friedreich as 'excessive growth of bone of the entire
93:
4710:
3188:
2008:
904:
on bone and inhibits the resorbing activity of osteoclasts (disruption of bone tissue).
4911:
4780:
4562:
4390:
4370:
4249:
4158:
4045:
4021:
3963:
3938:
3861:
3846:
3826:
3779:
3765:
3658:
3608:
3327:
3158:
3054:
2850:
2825:
2598:
2573:
2367:
2342:
2075:
1982:
1957:
1638:
1611:
1057:
847:
682:
615:
581:
402:
3050:
1463:
4950:
4567:
4557:
4469:
4417:
4244:
3911:
3769:
3760:
3745:
3540:
3387:
3382:
3367:
3357:
3347:
3216:
2730:
2408:
2391:
1789:
1320:
1211:
1005:
1001:
966:
843:
802:
767:
could be a solution for this, although this has not been reported yet in literature.
663:
499:
468:
467:
levels, studies in patients with hypertrophic osteoarthropathy also showed increased
2662:
2240:
2197:
2091:
1882:
1806:
1757:
1705:
1561:
1405:
1336:
885:
4775:
4620:
4598:
4439:
4300:
4203:
4120:
4096:
4088:
3794:
3788:
3477:
3427:
3372:
3332:
3302:
3292:
3267:
3237:
3229:
3166:
3114:
2781:
2558:
2286:
2149:
1025:
962:
924:
794:
771:
764:
710:
555:
547:
519:
495:
45:
4808:
2318:
2301:
981:, colchicine can inhibit cell division and inflammatory processes (e.g. action of
3079:
2717:
Terkeltaub RA (2009). "Colchicine update. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism".
2625:
2358:
2021:
1077:
of PDP are still unknown. A prevalence of 0.16% was suggested by Jajic et Jajic.
455:
cannot be transferred into PGE-M down and remain present at high concentrations.
4885:
4538:
4233:
3916:
3856:
3432:
3397:
3392:
3352:
3277:
3211:
3198:
1009:
990:
982:
958:
948:
944:
877:
855:
851:
806:
603:
597:
577:
515:
507:
491:
440:
398:
394:
114:'. Touraine, Solente and Golé described PDP as the primary form of bone disease
3126:
3090:
2887:
2841:
2645:
2469:
2452:
1973:
1503:
600:
diseases must be absent. MRI and ultrasound also have characterictic findings.
4848:
4839:
4795:
4583:
4444:
4264:
4183:
3906:
3804:
3250:
3203:
3180:
3035:
3031:
2694:
2677:
2542:
2270:
2224:
2181:
2133:
1741:
1545:
1389:
1179:
1074:
986:
974:
873:
816:
593:
573:
511:
378:) plays a role in the pathogenesis of PDP. In PDP patients, high levels of PGE
139:
89:
2343:"Elevation of prostaglandin E2 in lung cancer patients with digital clubbing"
4552:
4464:
3921:
3866:
3809:
3799:
3666:
3505:
3486:
3297:
3242:
3109:
1628:
1350:
Yazici Y, Schur PH, Romain PL (2011). "Malignancy and rheumatic disorders".
1053:
1013:
932:
912:
862:
820:
747:
729:
655:
650:
621:
When clubbing is observed, it is helpful to check whether acroosteolysis of
585:
534:(EGF). It has not been described yet what role these mediators have in PDP.
432:
2895:
2859:
2738:
2654:
2607:
2550:
2515:
2417:
2376:
2327:
2278:
2232:
2189:
2141:
2029:
1991:
1939:
1836:
1798:
1749:
1697:
1647:
1553:
1511:
1397:
1328:
2773:
2703:
2083:
1912:
1874:
1056:
complications, including restricted motion, neurologic manifestations and
96:(swelling of tissue with loss of normal angle between nail and nail bed).
4456:
4365:
4280:
3926:
3821:
3816:
3525:
3491:
3287:
2989:
1164:
897:
832:
828:
611:
550:(4q34.1) and solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1 (
487:
111:
104:
3014:
961:
can also improve skin manifestations. It is able to bind to the ends of
3881:
2972:"Wortal Stowarzyszenia na Rzecz Dzieci z Zaburzeniami Genetycznymi GEN"
2765:
1866:
1215:
1000:(BTX-A) improved leonine facies of patients. BTX-A inhibits release of
901:
642:
589:
551:
869:
were found for steroids, which was the rationale to use tamoxifen, an
717:). Unlike SHO, PDP does not have an underlying disease or malignancy.
4507:
3026:
2589:
2529:
Molad Y (2002). "Update on colchichine and its mechanism of action".
1200:
429:
100:
92:(thickening of the skin), periostosis (excessive bone formation) and
2390:
Rotas I, Cito G, Letovanec I, Christodoulou M, Perentes JY (2016).
1689:
1307:
Castori M, et al. (2005). "Pachydermoperiostosis: an update".
1048:
PDP usually progresses for 5 to 20 years, until it becomes stable.
401:(respectively building and breaking down bone tissue). This is why
146:
abnormalities. An overview of all symptoms is provided in table 2.
1218:). The underlying pathophysiology appears to be an abnormality of
1210:) and solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 2A1/
1188:
568:
List of radiographic findings associated with cutaneous conditions
73:
993:
activity of leukocytes, which leads to reduction of pachydermia.
754:
The cause of these differentiating pathologies is still unknown.
4929:
4906:
4649:
4036:
3068:
3065:
1207:
1196:
1192:
965:
to prevent its elongation. Because microtubules are involved in
951:
928:
543:
77:
4812:
4511:
3130:
4700:
2957:
1012:
transmission to the sweat glands and therefore inhibits sweat
947:
of the sebaceous glands is inhibited. Retinoids also decrease
915:
are used to improve skin manifestations. Retinoids can act on
2935:
1052:
may be normal, despite patients getting many functional and
2909:
2975:
831:(tumor necrosis factor-alpha). TNF-α is an inflammatory
479:(VEGF). These substances could also have a role in PDP
705:(SHO). SHO usually has an underlying disease (such as
3004:
789:
are most used in PDP treatment. These drugs inhibit
382:
and decreased levels of PGE-M (the metabolite of PGE
4921:
4884:
4847:
4768:
4719:
4691:
4658:
4629:
4606:
4597:
4576:
4545:
4483:
4455:
4356:
4345:
4146:
4087:
4034:
3999:
3880:
3736:
3725:
3657:
3485:
3476:
3165:
3100:
3008:
39:
29:
24:
900:studies showed that tamoxifen acts as an estrogen
4169:Disseminate and recurrent infundibulofolliculitis
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1178:The autosomal dominant model of inheritance with
1045:(FIO) - was taken into account in this analysis.
424:in PDP patients are associated with mutations of
118:in 1935 and distinguished its three known forms.
16:Rare genetic disorder that affects bones and skin
2678:"Pachydermoperiostosis: trial with isotretinoin"
130:of the face and scalp, periostosis (swelling of
3273:Congenital onychodysplasia of the index fingers
2487:Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM, Flower JM (2007).
2341:Kozak KR, Milne GL, Bentzen SM, Yock T (2012).
750:symptoms are observed with limited periostosis.
510:, which can explain the clubbing and excessive
451:to HPGD is disrupted. As a result of this, PGE
4824:
4523:
4179:Erythromelanosis follicularis faciei et colli
3142:
2626:"Gene expression regulation by retinoic acid"
670:(RANKL), which are associated with increased
8:
4732:Systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis
1818:
1816:
770:Conventional PDP drug treatment to decrease
2252:
2250:
1222:but the details have yet to be elucidated.
989:). It is suggested that colchicine inhibit
846:symptoms can be improved by treatment with
4831:
4817:
4809:
4603:
4530:
4516:
4508:
4353:
3733:
3482:
3149:
3135:
3127:
3005:
2003:
2001:
1894:
1892:
1848:
1846:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
720:PDP can be divided into three categories:
50:
21:
2849:
2693:
2644:
2619:
2617:
2597:
2468:
2407:
2366:
2317:
1981:
1788:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1637:
1627:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
931:, improves cosmetic features by inducing
4174:Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp
3594:Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia
2163:
2161:
2159:
2115:
2113:
2111:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1090:
435:the first step in the degradation of PGE
151:
2482:
2480:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1240:
939:. As a result of this, the increase of
703:secondary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
4154:Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica of Bazex
1951:
1949:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1199:features. Male-female ratio in PDP is
954:in fibroblasts, improving pachyderma.
839:Bone formation and pain drug treatment
2990:"Genetic Support â Genetic Resources"
827:that blocks the biological action of
783:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
486:Von Willebrand factor is a marker of
409:can be explained by the action of PGE
82:primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
34:Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
7:
4935:Primary hypertrophic osteoathropathy
4194:Intermittent hairâfollicle dystrophy
2719:Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism
1043:familial idiopathic osteoarthropathy
778:Inflammation and pain drug treatment
471:of several other mediators, such as
4131:Recurrent palmoplantar hidradenitis
4012:Idiopathic facial aseptic granuloma
3649:Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis
1610:Rajul Rastogi; et al. (2009).
927:, the most effective drug to treat
793:activity and thereby prostaglandin
4900:Leukotriene C4 synthase deficiency
3872:Lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei
3619:Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp
2830:American Journal of Human Genetics
2491:. Elsevier. pp. 230â232, 363.
2076:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1995.tb08638.x
1956:Jin Hyun Kim; et al. (2004).
908:Skin manifestations drug treatment
477:vascular endothelial growth factor
14:
4875:Ghosal hematodiaphyseal dysplasia
4136:Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis
3895:Granulomatous perioral dermatitis
2451:Jaejoon Lee; et al. (2008).
1171:(involving a dominant allele) or
1008:junction. Furthermore, it blocks
2731:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2008.08.006
2409:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.09.023
1790:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01248.x
1771:Bergmann C, et al. (2011).
1321:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2005.00533.x
1175:(involving a recessive allele).
641:levels are correlated with PDP,
633:Biomarkers and mutation analysis
326:Decreased facial and pubic hair
88:. It is mainly characterized by
4967:Eicosanoid metabolism disorders
4296:Traumatic anserine folliculosis
4007:Granulomatous facial dermatitis
2624:Balmer JE, et al. (2002).
2572:Nelson AM, et al. (2008).
2300:Diggle CP, et al. (2010).
1588:Auger M, Stavrianeas N (2004).
1173:autosomal recessive inheritance
876:. Tamoxifen and several of its
697:PDP is one of the two types of
3318:Malalignment of the nail plate
1169:autosomal dominant inheritance
528:platelet-derived growth factor
86:Touraine-Solente-Golé syndrome
1:
4727:Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
3944:Erythrotelangiectatic rosacea
2676:Park YK, et al. (1988).
1464:10.1016/s2173-5743(09)70134-0
699:hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
339:Gastrointestinal involvement
214:Increased secretion of sebum
116:hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
4199:Keratosis pilaris atropicans
4102:Folliculitis nares perforans
2531:Current Rheumatology Reports
2489:Rang and Dale's Pharmacology
2359:10.1097/jto.0b013e3181fc76a9
2022:10.1097/rhu.0b013e3181df91c6
809:, the COX-2 selective NSAID
367:The locally acting mediator
149:Table 2. Overview of signs
4756:Adult-onset Still's disease
4693:Connective tissue disorders
3969:Persistent edema of rosacea
2319:10.1093/rheumatology/keq048
334:Peripheral vascular stasis
264:Widening of bone formation
257:Thick toe and finger bones
4983:
4401:Postmiliarial hypohidrosis
4229:Menkes kinky hair syndrome
3644:Frontal fibrosing alopecia
3453:Staining of the nail plate
3313:Longitudinal erythronychia
3308:Lichen planus of the nails
2888:10.1016/j.bone.2017.09.015
2842:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.019
2646:10.1194/jlr.r100015-jlr200
2470:10.4078/jkra.2008.15.3.261
1974:10.3346/jkms.2004.19.3.484
1504:10.1016/j.jaad.2009.08.067
1167:in different ways: either
917:retinoid nuclear receptors
666:and receptor activator of
565:
393:can mimic the activity of
4286:RubinsteinâTaybi syndrome
4114:Pseudofolliculitis barbae
3413:Pterygium inversum unguis
2695:10.3349/ymj.1988.29.2.204
2543:10.1007/s11926-002-0073-2
2504:Oncology (Williston Park)
2271:10.1007/s00296-008-0798-y
2225:10.1007/s00247-016-3544-8
2182:10.1007/s00431-006-0407-6
2134:10.1007/s10067-005-1161-2
1742:10.1007/s00296-009-0895-6
1546:10.1080/09546630701389955
1390:10.1007/s10067-009-1197-9
407:periosteal bone formation
186:Thick hand and foot skin
4683:Enteropathic arthropathy
4328:Uncombable hair syndrome
4312:Trichorrhexis invaginata
4126:Hidradenitis suppurativa
3984:Periorificial dermatitis
707:cardiopulmonary diseases
107:or surgical procedures.
4306:Trichomycosis axillaris
4239:Parakeratosis pustulosa
3756:Acne miliaris necrotica
3537:(male-pattern baldness)
3501:noncicatricial alopecia
3423:Purpura of the nail bed
1629:10.4103/0971-3026.50829
1616:Indian J Radiol Imaging
1590:"Pachydermoperiostosis"
715:paraneoplastic syndrome
532:epidermal growth factor
463:Apart from elevated PGE
459:Role of other mediators
221:Sebborheic hyperplasia
4863:Essential hypertension
4751:Palindromic rheumatism
4678:Ankylosing spondylitis
4621:Tuberculosis arthritis
4323:Trichostasis spinulosa
4017:Periorbital dermatitis
3934:Papulopustular rosacea
3852:Acne with facial edema
3842:Acne keloidalis nuchae
3629:Folliculitis decalvans
3624:Graham-Little syndrome
3378:Onychoptosis defluvium
2682:Yonsei Medical Journal
998:botulinum toxin type A
420:Elevated levels of PGE
295:Thick stratum corneum
207:Cutis verticis gyrate
4493:Sebaceous hyperplasia
4408:Granulosis rubra nasi
4271:Pityriasis amiantacea
4224:Loose anagen syndrome
4164:Bubble hair deformity
3954:Gram-negative rosacea
3717:Nevoid hypertrichosis
3589:Pseudopelade of Brocq
3468:Twenty-nail dystrophy
3343:Nailâpatella syndrome
3323:Median nail dystrophy
1597:Orphanet Encyclopedia
1492:J. Am. Acad. Dermatol
473:Von Willebrand factor
62:Pachydermoperiostosis
25:Pachydermoperiostosis
4842:metabolism disorders
4739:Rheumatoid arthritis
4376:Miliaria crystalline
4317:Trichorrhexis nodosa
3584:cicatricial alopecia
3566:Alopecia neoplastica
3561:Trichorrhexis nodosa
3194:Yellow nail syndrome
819:can reduce pain and
132:periarticular tissue
4673:Psoriatic arthritis
4475:FoxâFordyce disease
4260:Pili pseudoannulati
4214:Lichen planopilaris
4189:Hair follicle nevus
4107:Tufted folliculitis
3890:Perioral dermatitis
3639:Triangular alopecia
3556:Lichen planopilaris
3535:Androgenic alopecia
3443:Splinter hemorrhage
3438:Shell nail syndrome
3283:Half and half nails
971:signal transduction
861:In isolated cases,
825:monoclonal antibody
576:can be detected by
4706:systemic sclerosis
4668:Reactive arthritis
4539:Diseases of joints
4396:Occlusion miliaria
4386:Miliaria pustulosa
4276:Plica neuropathica
3974:Rosacea conglobata
3785:Acne medicamentosa
3604:Traumatic alopecia
3458:Subungual hematoma
3101:External resources
2797:Clin Exp Rheumatol
2766:10.1007/BF00270458
2457:Korean Rheum Assoc
2045:Clin Exp Rheumatol
1928:Clin Exp Rheumatol
1867:10.1007/bf02229639
1825:Clin Exp Rheumatol
919:and thus regulate
763:defective enzyme.
637:Since elevated PGE
610:with PDP, such as
413:. Furthermore, PGE
349:Chronic gastritis
318:Muscle discomfort
80:. Other names are
72:that affects both
4944:
4943:
4806:
4805:
4764:
4763:
4639:Chondrocalcinosis
4505:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4381:Miliaria profunda
4341:
4340:
4333:Woolly hair nevus
4219:Lichen spinulosus
4057:Trichilemmal cyst
4030:
4029:
3949:Glandular rosacea
3902:Phymatous rosacea
3832:Occupational acne
3614:Hot comb alopecia
3599:Pressure alopecia
3576:Alopecia mucinosa
3551:Traction alopecia
3546:Telogen effluvium
3124:
3123:
2938:on 11 August 2011
2814:10.1111/ahg.12239
2639:(11): 1773â1780.
2510:(12): 1416â1424.
2434:Am Rev Respir Dis
2353:(12): 1877â1878.
2176:(12): 1237â1243.
1384:(10): 1229â1233.
1156:
1155:
941:connective tissue
871:estrogen receptor
867:nuclear receptors
627:Cheneyâs syndrome
524:b-thromboglobulin
386:) were observed.
360:
359:
288:Drooping eyelids
272:Digital clubbing
228:Keloid formation
136:shaggy periosteal
59:
58:
19:Medical condition
4974:
4833:
4826:
4819:
4810:
4791:Bouchard's nodes
4744:Felty's syndrome
4616:Septic arthritis
4604:
4532:
4525:
4518:
4509:
4354:
4291:Setleis syndrome
4255:Pili multigemini
3989:Pyoderma faciale
3734:
3571:Anagen effluvium
3483:
3418:Pterygium unguis
3338:Muehrcke's lines
3225:Onychotillomania
3151:
3144:
3137:
3128:
3006:
2994:
2993:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2974:. Archived from
2968:
2962:
2961:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2934:. Archived from
2924:
2918:
2917:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2853:
2821:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2697:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2648:
2630:
2621:
2612:
2611:
2601:
2590:10.1172/JCI33869
2584:(4): 1468â1478.
2569:
2563:
2562:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2484:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2411:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2370:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2321:
2312:(6): 1056â1062.
2297:
2291:
2290:
2265:(9): 1091â1093.
2254:
2245:
2244:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2165:
2154:
2153:
2117:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2010:J Clin Rheumatol
2005:
1996:
1995:
1985:
1962:J Korean Med Sci
1953:
1944:
1943:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1896:
1887:
1886:
1850:
1841:
1840:
1820:
1811:
1810:
1792:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1725:
1710:
1709:
1673:
1652:
1651:
1641:
1631:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1585:
1566:
1565:
1534:J Dermatol Treat
1529:
1516:
1515:
1498:(6): 1036â1041.
1487:
1468:
1467:
1447:
1410:
1409:
1373:
1356:
1355:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1304:
1091:
957:Like retinoids,
937:sebaceous glands
823:in PDP. It is a
649:can be a useful
623:distal phalanges
608:skin alterations
356:Crohnâs disease
152:
144:gastrointestinal
70:genetic disorder
55:
54:
22:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4922:Other/ungrouped
4917:
4880:
4843:
4837:
4807:
4802:
4786:Heberden's node
4769:Noninflammatory
4760:
4715:
4687:
4654:
4625:
4593:
4589:Joint stiffness
4572:
4541:
4536:
4506:
4497:
4479:
4451:
4348:
4337:
4310:Trichorrhexis (
4142:
4083:
4052:Epidermoid cyst
4026:
3995:
3959:Steroid rosacea
3876:
3837:Acne aestivalis
3775:Excoriated acne
3751:Acne conglobata
3728:
3721:
3653:
3490:
3472:
3448:Spotted lunulae
3408:Psoriatic nails
3363:Onychomatricoma
3176:Onychogryphosis
3161:
3159:skin appendages
3155:
3125:
3120:
3119:
3096:
3095:
3017:
3003:
2998:
2997:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2808:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2615:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2486:
2485:
2478:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2396:Ann Thorac Surg
2389:
2388:
2384:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2256:
2255:
2248:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2167:
2166:
2157:
2119:
2118:
2109:
2103:
2099:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2007:
2006:
1999:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1898:
1897:
1890:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1727:
1726:
1713:
1675:
1674:
1655:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1592:
1587:
1586:
1569:
1531:
1530:
1519:
1489:
1488:
1471:
1449:
1448:
1413:
1378:Rheumatol. Clin
1375:
1374:
1359:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1306:
1305:
1242:
1237:
1228:
1220:prostglandin E2
1203:towards males.
1161:
1083:
1071:
1066:
1050:Life expectancy
1038:
1022:
979:gene expression
923:. For example,
910:
895:
891:
848:bisphosphonates
841:
800:
791:cyclo-oxygenase
787:corticosteroids
780:
760:
737:incomplete form
695:
687:cystic fibrosis
680:
672:bone resorption
648:
640:
635:
570:
564:
540:
504:differentiation
498:(growth of new
466:
461:
454:
450:
438:
423:
416:
412:
392:
385:
381:
377:
372:
369:prostaglandin E
365:
310:Joint effusion
243:Acroosteolysis
193:Leonine facies
124:
94:finger clubbing
49:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4980:
4978:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4962:Genodermatoses
4959:
4949:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4912:Glutathionuria
4903:
4890:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4866:
4853:
4851:
4845:
4844:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4813:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4781:Osteoarthritis
4778:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4697:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4664:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4641:
4635:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4612:
4610:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4563:Oligoarthritis
4560:
4555:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4527:
4520:
4512:
4503:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4489:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4461:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4415:
4413:Ross' syndrome
4410:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4391:Miliaria rubra
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4371:Colloid milium
4362:
4360:
4351:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4250:Pili bifurcati
4247:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4209:Koenen's tumor
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4159:Acroosteolysis
4156:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4093:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4063:Steatocystoma
4061:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4046:Sebaceous cyst
4041:
4039:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4022:SAPHO syndrome
4019:
4014:
4009:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3964:Ocular rosacea
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3939:Lupoid rosacea
3936:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3886:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3862:Acne necrotica
3859:
3854:
3849:
3847:Acne mechanica
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3827:Acne cosmetica
3824:
3819:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3792:
3782:
3780:Acne fulminans
3777:
3772:
3766:Infantile acne
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3742:
3740:
3731:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3669:
3663:
3661:
3659:Hypertrichosis
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3609:Tumor alopecia
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3496:
3494:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3403:Plummer's nail
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3171:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3131:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3082:
3071:
3057:
3038:
3018:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:Classification
3002:
3001:External links
2999:
2996:
2995:
2981:
2978:on 2003-10-21.
2963:
2949:
2932:asso.orpha.net
2919:
2901:
2865:
2816:
2806:
2787:
2760:(4): 185â188.
2744:
2725:(6): 411â419.
2709:
2688:(2): 204â207.
2668:
2613:
2564:
2537:(3): 252â256.
2521:
2494:
2476:
2463:(3): 261â267.
2443:
2423:
2382:
2347:J Thorac Oncol
2333:
2292:
2246:
2219:(5): 727â730.
2213:Pediatr Radiol
2203:
2155:
2122:Rheumatol Clin
2107:
2097:
2070:(1): 128â133.
2054:
2035:
2016:(4): 183â184.
1997:
1968:(3): 484â486.
1945:
1918:
1907:(5): 765â767.
1888:
1861:(5): 435â439.
1855:Clin Rheumatol
1842:
1831:(2): 153â157.
1812:
1763:
1711:
1690:10.1038/ng.153
1684:(6): 789â793.
1653:
1622:(2): 123â126.
1602:
1567:
1517:
1469:
1458:(6): 259â263.
1452:Rheumatol Clin
1411:
1357:
1342:
1315:(6): 477â486.
1239:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1082:
1079:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1058:leonine facies
1037:
1034:
1021:
1018:
1004:acting at the
909:
906:
893:
889:
840:
837:
813:is preferred.
798:
779:
776:
759:
756:
752:
751:
740:
733:
694:
693:Classification
691:
683:cyclooxygenase
678:
646:
638:
634:
631:
616:hypothyroidism
582:cardiovascular
563:
560:
539:
536:
464:
460:
457:
452:
448:
436:
421:
414:
410:
403:acroosteolysis
390:
383:
379:
375:
370:
364:
361:
358:
357:
354:
351:
350:
347:
344:
343:
340:
336:
335:
332:
328:
327:
324:
320:
319:
316:
312:
311:
308:
305:
304:
301:
297:
296:
293:
290:
289:
286:
282:
281:
280:Hyperhidrosis
278:
274:
273:
270:
266:
265:
262:
259:
258:
255:
252:
251:
248:
245:
244:
241:
238:
237:
234:
233:Bone features
230:
229:
226:
223:
222:
219:
216:
215:
212:
209:
208:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
155:Skin features
123:
120:
57:
56:
43:
37:
36:
31:
27:
26:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4979:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4913:
4909:
4908:
4904:
4901:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4876:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4864:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4841:
4834:
4829:
4827:
4822:
4820:
4815:
4814:
4811:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4628:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4596:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4569:
4568:Polyarthritis
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4558:Monoarthritis
4556:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4533:
4528:
4526:
4521:
4519:
4514:
4513:
4510:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4470:Chromhidrosis
4468:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4418:Hyperhidrosis
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4344:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4245:Pili annulati
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4033:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3912:Blepharophyma
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3770:Neonatal acne
3767:
3764:
3762:
3761:Tropical acne
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3746:Acne vulgaris
3744:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3541:Hypotrichosis
3539:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3463:Terry's nails
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3388:Onychoschizia
3386:
3384:
3383:Onychorrhexis
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3368:Onychomycosis
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3358:Onychomadesis
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3348:Onychoatrophy
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3217:Nail clubbing
3215:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3157:Disorders of
3152:
3147:
3145:
3140:
3138:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3000:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2959:
2958:"΀ο ÎÎÎ»Î»ÎżÎœ |"
2953:
2950:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2869:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2836:(1): 125â32.
2835:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2817:
2810:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2754:Rheumatol Int
2748:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2578:J Clin Invest
2575:
2568:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2495:
2490:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2444:
2440:(4): 639â646.
2439:
2435:
2427:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2259:Rheumatol Int
2253:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2170:Eur J Pediatr
2164:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2064:Br J Dermatol
2058:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1730:Rheumatol Int
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1232:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1214:transporter (
1213:
1212:prostaglandin
1209:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1182:and variable
1181:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1020:Surgical Care
1019:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:neuromuscular
1003:
1002:acetylcholine
999:
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
967:cell division
964:
960:
955:
953:
950:
946:
942:
938:
935:within human
934:
930:
926:
922:
921:transcription
918:
914:
907:
905:
903:
899:
887:
883:
882:DNA synthesis
879:
875:
872:
868:
864:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
844:Rheumatologic
838:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
812:
808:
804:
803:polyarthritis
796:
792:
788:
785:(NSAIDs) and
784:
777:
775:
773:
768:
766:
757:
755:
749:
745:
741:
738:
734:
731:
727:
726:complete form
723:
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501:
500:blood vessels
497:
493:
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478:
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470:
469:plasma levels
458:
456:
446:
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434:
431:
427:
418:
408:
404:
400:
396:
387:
373:
362:
355:
353:
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348:
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345:
342:Peptic ulcer
341:
338:
337:
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322:
321:
317:
314:
313:
309:
307:
306:
302:
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287:
285:Eye features
284:
283:
279:
276:
275:
271:
268:
267:
263:
261:
260:
256:
254:
253:
250:Mylefibrosis
249:
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63:
53:
47:
44:
42:
38:
35:
32:
28:
23:
4957:Osteopathies
4928:
4905:
4893:
4886:Leukotrienes
4868:
4856:
4776:Hemarthrosis
4660:Seronegative
4646:(Pseudogout)
4599:Inflammatory
4440:Hypohidrosis
4433:Palmoplantar
4301:Trichomegaly
4204:Kinking hair
4121:Hidradenitis
4097:Folliculitis
4089:Inflammation
3978:
3795:Halogen acne
3789:steroid acne
3635:
3582:
3499:
3428:Racquet nail
3398:Pincer nails
3373:Onychophosis
3333:Melanonychia
3303:Ingrown nail
3293:Hapalonychia
3268:Chevron nail
3238:Ingrown nail
3230:Onychophagia
3204:Azure lunula
3189:Beau's lines
3108:
3084:
3073:
3059:
3040:
3021:
2984:
2976:the original
2966:
2952:
2940:. Retrieved
2936:the original
2931:
2922:
2914:iholiitto.fi
2913:
2904:
2879:
2875:
2868:
2833:
2829:
2819:
2809:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2722:
2718:
2712:
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2497:
2488:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2402:(2): e51â3.
2399:
2395:
2385:
2350:
2346:
2336:
2309:
2305:
2295:
2262:
2258:
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2212:
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2173:
2169:
2125:
2121:
2100:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2013:
2009:
1965:
1961:
1934:(1): 57â62.
1931:
1927:
1921:
1904:
1900:
1858:
1854:
1828:
1824:
1783:(6): 531â3.
1780:
1777:Exp Dermatol
1776:
1766:
1736:(1): 39â43.
1733:
1729:
1681:
1677:
1619:
1615:
1605:
1596:
1540:(1): 61â63.
1537:
1533:
1495:
1491:
1455:
1451:
1381:
1377:
1351:
1345:
1312:
1308:
1229:
1205:
1177:
1162:
1144:
1131:
1118:
1111:
1106:
1094:Form of PDP
1087:
1084:
1081:Distribution
1072:
1064:Epidemiology
1047:
1039:
1030:eye drooping
1026:rhytidectomy
1023:
995:
963:microtubules
956:
925:isotretinoin
911:
884:. Cells are
860:
842:
815:
781:
772:inflammation
769:
765:Gene therapy
761:
753:
743:
736:
725:
719:
711:malignancies
696:
676:
668:NF-ÎșB ligand
660:
636:
620:
602:
571:
556:chromosome 3
548:chromosome 4
541:
520:endothelin-1
496:angiogenesis
485:
462:
439:and related
419:
388:
366:
236:Periostosis
165:Coarse skin
158:Pachydermia
148:
125:
109:
98:
85:
81:
68:) is a rare
65:
61:
60:
46:Rheumatology
33:
4849:Prostanoids
4423:Generalized
4234:Monilethrix
4035:Follicular
3917:Gnathophyma
3857:Pomade acne
3712:Prepubertal
3695:generalised
3691:Congenital
3680:generalised
3521:universalis
3433:Red lunulae
3393:Platonychia
3353:Onycholysis
3328:Mees' lines
3278:Green nails
3249:ungrouped:
3212:Koilonychia
3199:Leukonychia
3174:thickness:
2633:J Lipid Res
2128:(1): 8â11.
1901:J Rheumatol
1309:Clin. Genet
1010:cholinergic
991:chemotactic
983:neutrophils
959:colchicines
949:procollagen
945:hyperplasia
886:accumulated
878:metabolites
856:risedronate
852:pamidronate
807:gastropathy
797:. Since PGE
744:fruste form
604:Skin biopsy
598:mediastinal
578:radiographs
530:(PDGF) and
516:osteocalcin
508:osteoblasts
492:endothelial
481:progression
441:eicosanoids
399:osteoclasts
395:osteoblasts
303:Arthralgia
30:Other names
4951:Categories
4840:Eicosanoid
4796:Osteophyte
4608:Infectious
4584:Joint pain
4445:Anhidrosis
4265:Pili torti
4184:Hair casts
3907:Rhinophyma
3805:Bromoderma
3636:ungrouped:
3251:Paronychia
3223:behavior:
3181:Onychauxis
3086:DiseasesDB
2942:12 January
2882:: 96â102.
1678:Nat. Genet
1235:References
1184:expression
1180:penetrance
1132:Incomplete
1075:prevalence
1069:Prevalence
987:leukocytes
975:regulation
874:antagonist
850:, such as
817:Infliximab
811:etorixocib
594:intestinal
574:periosteum
566:See also:
512:fibroblast
200:Furrowing
172:Oily skin
140:arthralgia
90:pachyderma
4711:Sjögren's
4553:Arthritis
4485:Sebaceous
4465:Body odor
4428:Gustatory
4147:Ungrouped
4072:multiplex
4000:Ungrouped
3922:Metophyma
3867:Blackhead
3810:Chloracne
3800:Iododerma
3727:Acneiform
3700:localised
3685:patterned
3675:localised
3671:Acquired
3667:Hirsutism
3487:Hair loss
3298:Hook nail
3243:Anonychia
3110:eMedicine
2928:"Accueil"
2306:Rheumatol
1165:inherited
1036:Prognosis
1014:secretion
933:apoptosis
913:Retinoids
863:tamoxifen
821:arthritis
795:synthesis
758:Treatment
748:cutaneous
730:phenotype
656:pathology
651:biomarker
586:pulmonary
562:Diagnosis
445:substrate
433:catalyzes
426:HPGD gene
331:Vascular
277:Sweating
269:Clubbing
128:furrowing
41:Specialty
4577:Symptoms
4457:Apocrine
4366:Miliaria
4281:Poliosis
3979:variants
3927:Otophyma
3822:Tar acne
3817:Oil acne
3729:eruption
3705:X-linked
3526:Ophiasis
3506:Alopecia
3492:Baldness
3288:Hangnail
3115:derm/815
2896:28963081
2860:22197487
2803:(7): 73.
2739:18973929
2663:22957863
2655:12401878
2608:18317594
2551:12010611
2516:19322949
2418:26777972
2377:22024643
2328:20299379
2279:19050893
2241:44002008
2233:26939972
2198:24196660
2190:17285282
2142:16738844
2092:23015271
2051:(7): 72.
2030:20414127
1992:15201523
1940:10728444
1883:11830195
1837:20406614
1807:37699664
1799:21426412
1758:34504809
1750:19306095
1706:23484059
1698:18500342
1648:19881067
1562:27962868
1554:18273728
1512:20933299
1406:24964091
1398:19455364
1337:21973812
1329:16283874
1159:Heredity
1119:Complete
1054:cosmetic
898:In vitro
896:phases.
833:cytokine
612:myxedema
538:Genetics
488:platelet
315:Muscles
122:Symptoms
112:skeleton
105:steroids
4631:Crystal
4546:General
4358:Eccrine
4067:simplex
3882:Rosacea
3787:(e.g.,
3516:totalis
3261:Chronic
3236:other:
3210:shape:
3187:color:
3080:D010004
2851:3257902
2782:1399956
2774:3187331
2704:3064439
2599:2262030
2559:4507579
2368:3371124
2287:5673717
2150:6656163
2084:7756124
1983:2816858
1913:1613707
1875:8894355
1639:2765176
1226:Society
1216:SLCO2A1
996:Use of
902:agonist
643:urinary
590:hepatic
552:SLCO2A1
300:Joints
179:Eczema
4870:TBSAX1
4349:glands
4243:Pili (
3511:areata
3069:259100
3066:167100
3055:757.39
2910:"Home"
2894:
2858:
2848:
2780:
2772:
2737:
2702:
2661:
2653:
2606:
2596:
2557:
2549:
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2416:
2375:
2365:
2326:
2285:
2277:
2239:
2231:
2196:
2188:
2148:
2140:
2090:
2082:
2028:
1990:
1980:
1938:
1911:
1881:
1873:
1835:
1805:
1797:
1756:
1748:
1704:
1696:
1646:
1636:
1560:
1552:
1510:
1404:
1396:
1335:
1327:
1201:skewed
1145:Fruste
502:) and
430:enzyme
101:NSAIDs
48:
4895:LTC4s
4858:PTGIS
4720:Other
4347:Sweat
4079:Milia
4037:cysts
3256:Acute
3091:29069
3051:731.2
3036:M89.4
3032:L62.0
2778:S2CID
2659:S2CID
2629:(PDF)
2555:S2CID
2283:S2CID
2237:S2CID
2194:S2CID
2146:S2CID
2088:S2CID
1879:S2CID
1803:S2CID
1754:S2CID
1702:S2CID
1593:(PDF)
1558:S2CID
1402:S2CID
1333:S2CID
1189:joint
1112:Women
892:and G
829:TNF-α
554:) in
546:) in
363:Cause
323:Hair
74:bones
4930:HPGD
4907:GGT1
4650:Gout
4644:CPPD
3738:Acne
3478:Hair
3167:Nail
3075:MeSH
3061:OMIM
3046:9-CM
2944:2022
2892:PMID
2876:Bone
2856:PMID
2770:PMID
2735:PMID
2700:PMID
2651:PMID
2604:PMID
2547:PMID
2512:PMID
2414:PMID
2373:PMID
2324:PMID
2275:PMID
2229:PMID
2186:PMID
2138:PMID
2080:PMID
2026:PMID
1988:PMID
1936:PMID
1909:PMID
1871:PMID
1833:PMID
1795:PMID
1746:PMID
1694:PMID
1644:PMID
1550:PMID
1508:PMID
1394:PMID
1325:PMID
1208:HPGD
1197:skin
1195:and
1193:bone
1152:12%
1139:71%
1136:50%
1126:18%
1123:45%
1097:Sex
985:and
973:and
952:mRNA
943:and
929:acne
888:in G
742:The
735:The
724:The
664:IL-6
614:and
596:and
544:HPGD
490:and
475:and
405:and
397:and
374:(PGE
142:and
134:and
103:and
78:skin
76:and
4701:SLE
3042:ICD
3023:ICD
2884:doi
2880:106
2846:PMC
2838:doi
2762:doi
2727:doi
2690:doi
2641:doi
2594:PMC
2586:doi
2582:118
2539:doi
2465:doi
2404:doi
2400:101
2363:PMC
2355:doi
2314:doi
2267:doi
2221:doi
2178:doi
2174:166
2130:doi
2105:Res
2072:doi
2068:133
2018:doi
1978:PMC
1970:doi
1863:doi
1785:doi
1738:doi
1686:doi
1634:PMC
1624:doi
1542:doi
1500:doi
1460:doi
1386:doi
1317:doi
1149:5%
1107:Men
977:of
854:or
713:or
677:PGE
645:PGE
506:of
447:PGE
389:PGE
84:or
66:PDP
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