Shtokavian - Knowledge (XXG)

1302:, the shared innovations originate from a "Trans-Carpathian" homeland, and by the 4th and 6th century, "the major dialect divisions of Slavic were already established". Dialectologists and Slavists maintain that when the separation of Western South Slavic speeches happened, they separated into five divergent groups, more specifically two, one Slovene and a second Serbo-Croatian with four divergent groups - Kajkavian, Chakavian, Western Shtokavian and Eastern Shtokavian. The latter group can be additionally divided into a first (Kajkavian, Chakavian, Western Shtokavian) and second (Eastern Shtokavian, Torlakian). As noted by 544: 4869:. Their structures are grammatically and phonologically almost identical, but have differences in vocabulary and semantics: "Lexical differences between the ethnic variants are extremely limited, even when compared with those between closely related Slavic languages (such as standard Czech and Slovak, Bulgarian and Macedonian), and grammatical differences are even less pronounced. More importantly, complete understanding between the ethnic variants of the standard language makes translation and second language teaching impossible." See 2893:, where the Kosovo-Resava dialect becomes more dominant. It has been recorded several exclaves with Torlakian speeches inside Kosovo-Resava dialect area. One is the most prominent and preserved, like village Dublje near Svilajnac, where the majority of settlers came from Torlakian speaking village Veliki Izvor near Zajecar. Few centuries ago, before settlers from Kosovo and Metohija brought Kosovo-Resava speeches to Eastern Serbia (to Bor and Negotin area), Torlakian speech had been overwhelmingly represented in this region. 4227:'we wish', a "hyper-Ijekavism") in Croatia in 1399. Partial attestation can be found in earlier texts (for instance, Ikavian pronunciation is found in a few Bosnian documents from the latter half of the 13th century), but philologists generally accept the aforementioned dates. In the second half of the 20th century, many vernaculars with unsubstituted yat are found. The intrusion of the vernacular into Church Slavic grew in time, to be finally replaced by the vernacular idiom. This process took place for Croats, Serbs and 329: 531: 4075: 2692: 1310:". According to isoglosses, and presumed end of existence of the common Southwestern Slavic language around the 8th-9th century, the formation of the Proto-Western Shtokavian and Proto-Eastern Shtokavian linguistic and territorial unit would be around the 9th-10th century (Proto-Western Shtokavian closer to Proto-Chakavian, while Proto-Eastern Shtokavian shared an old isogloss with Bulgarian). According to 4829:– but eventually lost, mainly due to historical and political reasons. By the 1650s it was fairly obvious that Shtokavian would become the dialectal basis for the Croatian standard, but this process was finally completed in the 1850s, when Neo-Shtokavian Ijekavian, based mainly on Ragusan (Dubrovnik), Dalmatian, Bosnian, and Slavonian literary heritage became the national standard language. 3649: 2995: 2385:" or "retraction", length of the old syllables was preserved, but their quality changed. Stress (intensity) on the inner syllables moved to the preceding syllable, but they kept the high pitch. That process produced the "rising" accents characteristic for Neo-Shtokavian, and yielded the modern four-tone system. Stress on the initial syllables remained the same in quality and pitch. 1374:. From the 12th century, both dialects started separating further from Chakavian and Kajkavian idioms. According to research of historical linguistics, Old-Shtokavian was well established by the mid-15th century. In this period it was still mixed with Church Slavonic to varying degrees. However, the ultimate development of Western Shtokavian and Eastern Shtokavian was not 1386:(since the 16th century). Initially two separate proto-idioms started to resemble each other so greatly that, according to Brozović (1975), " we can no longer speak of an independent Western Shtokavian, but only about the better or weaker preservation of former West Shtokavian features in some dialects of the unique Shtokavian group of dialects". 2364:- Shtakavian; "Eastern Shtokavian" including Eastern Herzegovinian-Krajina, Šumadija-Vojvodina, Kosovo-Resava, Zeta-Raška dialect). The isogloss developed between 7th and 8/9th century, and the former relates those dialects with Chakavian and Kajkavian, while the latter relates those dialects with Bulgarian. 4824:

Croatian has had a long tradition of Shtokavian vernacular literacy and literature. It took almost four and half centuries for Shtokavian to prevail as the dialectal basis for the Croatian standard. In other periods, Chakavian and Kajkavian dialects, as well as hybrid Chakavian–Kajkavian–Shtokavian

4820:

However, it must be stressed that standard variants, irrespectively of their mutual differences, have been stylised in such manners that parts of the Neo-Shtokavian dialect have been retained—for instance, declension—but other features were purposely omitted or altered—for instance, the phoneme "h"

4598:

However, contemporary native speakers, after process of national crystallization and identification had been completed, can be roughly identified as predominant speakers of various Shtokavian subdialects. Because standard languages propagated through media have strongly influenced and altered the

4594:

The dispute was primarily concerned with who can, philologically, be labelled as "Slovene", "Croat" and "Serb" with the aim of expanding one's national territory and influence. Born in the climate of romanticism and national awakening, these polemical battles led to increased tensions between the

4558:

During the first half of the 19th century, protagonists of nascent Slavic philology were, as far as South Slavic dialects were concerned, embroiled in frequently bitter polemic about "ethnic affiliation" of native speakers of various dialects. This, from contemporary point of view, rather bizarre

4231:

independently and without mutual interference until the mid-19th century. Historical linguistics, textual analysis and dialectology have dispelled myths about allegedly "unspoilt" vernacular speech of rural areas: for instance, it is established that Bosniaks have retained phoneme "h" in numerous

4239:

The Ekavian pronunciation, sometimes called Eastern, is spoken primarily in Serbia, and in small parts of Croatia. The Ikavian pronunciation, sometimes called Western, is spoken in western and central Bosnia, western Herzegovina, some of Slavonia and the major part of Dalmatia in Croatia. The

1389:

As can be seen from the image on the right, originally the Shtokavian dialect covered a significantly smaller area than it covers today, meaning that the Shtokavian speech has spread for the last five centuries, overwhelmingly at the expense of Chakavian and Kajkavian idioms. The modern areal

4844:

Also, the contemporary situation is unstable with regard to the accentuation, because phoneticians have observed that the 4-accents speech has, in all likelihood, shown to be increasingly unstable, which resulted in proposals that a 3-accents norm be prescribed. This is particularly true for

4840:

Bosnian is only currently beginning to take shape. The Bosniak idiom can be seen as a transition between Serbian Ijekavian and Croatian varieties, with some specific traits. After the collapse of Yugoslavia, Bosniaks affirmed their wish to stylize their own standard language, based on the

4529:

The Ikavian pronunciation is the only one that is not part of any standard variety of Serbo-Croatian today, though it was a variant used for a significant literary output between the 15th and 18th centuries. This has led to a reduction in its use and an increase in the use of Ijekavian in

4836:

was present in the 18th century, it was Vuk Karadžić who, between 1818 and 1851, made a radical break with the past and established Serbian Neo-Shtokavian folklore idiom as the basis of standard Serbian (until then, educated Serbs had been using Serbian Slavic, Russian Slavic and hybrid

4204:

Historically, the yat reflexes had been inscribed in Church Slavic texts before the significant development of Shtokavian dialect, reflecting the beginnings of the formative period of the vernacular. In early documents it is predominantly Church Slavic of the Serbian or Croatian

3514:(spoken in northeastern Šumadija, Lower Great Morava Valley and Banat) is sometimes classified as a subdialect of the Kosovo-Resava dialect but is also considered to be a separate dialect as it the represents mixed speech of Šumadija–Vojvodina and Kosovo–Resava dialects. 4534:

today use both Ikavian and Ijekavian words in everyday speech, without a clearly predictable pattern (usually more emotionally charged or intimate words are Ikavian and more academic, political, generally standardised words Ijekavian, but it is not a straight out rule).

2373:

The Shtokavian dialect is divided into Old-Shtokavian and Neo-Shtokavian subdialects. The primary distinction is the accentuation system: although there are variations, "old" dialects preserve the older accent system, which consists of two types of falling

1516:

a decade or two before 1400. In the next two centuries Shtokavian vernacular texts had been written mainly in Dubrovnik, other Adriatic cities and islands influenced by Dubrovnik, as well as in Bosnia, by Bosnian Franciscans and Bosnian Muslim vernacular

4559:

obsession was motivated primarily by political and national interests that prompted philologists-turned-ideologues to express their views on the subject. The most prominent contenders in the squabble, with conflicting agenda, were the Czech philologist

6283:

Wechselbeziehungen zwischen slawischen Sprachen, Literaturen und Kulturen in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart : Akten der Tagung aus Anlaß des 25jährigen Bestehens des Instituts für Slawistik an der Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 25. – 27. Mai

1354:

saw the majority of Chakavian dialects as derived from the same accentological core as Western Shtokavian. Western Shtokavian was principally characterized by a three-accent system, whereas Eastern Shtokavian was mostly marked by a two-accent system.

2388:

Most speakers of Shtokavian, native or taught, from Serbia and Croatia do not distinguish between short rising and short falling tones. They also pronounce most unstressed long vowels as short, with some exceptions, such as genitive plural endings.

1555:. Some of these isoglosses are not exclusive and have also been shared by neighboring dialects, and some of them have mostly but not completely spread over the whole Shtokavian area. The differences between Shtokavian and the unrelated, neighboring 4860:

The Croatian, Serbian, and Bosnian standard variants, although all based on the East Herzegovinian subdialect of Neo-Shtokavian and mutually intelligible, do differ slightly, as is the case with other pluricentric languages (English, Spanish,

1484:, in southern Bosnia or Herzegovina. Experts' opinions are divided with regard to the extent these texts, especially the Kulin ban parchment, contain contemporary Shtokavian vernacular. Numerous legal and commercial documents from pre-Ottoman 4240:

Ijekavian pronunciation, sometimes called Southern, is spoken in central Croatia, most of Slavonia, southern Dalmatia, most of Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro, as well as some parts of western Serbia. The following are some generic examples:

3719:, in earlier centuries, this subdialect was the independent subdialect of Western Shtokavian dialect. The Dubrovnik dialect has mixed Jekavian and Ikavian pronunciations or mixed Shtokavian and Chakavian vocabulary. Some vocabulary from 4837:

Russian–Serbian language). Although he wrote in Serbian Ijekavian accent, the majority of Serbs have adopted Ekavian accent, which is dominant in Serbia. Serbs in Croatia and Bosnia, as well as Montenegrins, use the Ijekavian accent.

2766:-constructions, and adjectives are compared exclusively with prefixes. The accent in the dialect group is a stress accent, and it falls on any syllable in the word. The old semi-vowel has been retained throughout. The vocalic 1563:

dialects are mostly clear-cut, whereas the differences with the related Serbo-Croatian dialects of Chakavian and Kajkavian are much more fluid, and the mutual influence of various subdialects plays a more prominent role.

2378:) accents, one long and one short, and unstressed syllables, which can be long and short. Both long and short unstressed syllables could precede the stressed syllables. Stress placement is free and mobile in paradigms. 3789:. It is predominately Ekavian (Ikavian forms are of morphophonological origin). In some parts of Vojvodina the old declension is preserved. Most Vojvodina dialects and some dialects in Šumadija have an open 6957: 855: 1453:

is the most spoken Serbo-Croatian dialect today, and why its name is only descriptive of its area of origin. These migrations also played a pivotal role in the spread of Neo-Shtokavian innovations.

517:. The primary subdivisions of Shtokavian are based on three principles: one is different accents whether the subdialect is Old-Shtokavian or Neo-Shtokavian, second is the way the old Slavic phoneme 3059:, Eastern Bosnian dialect has Jekavian pronunciations in the vast majority of local forms and it is spoken by the majority of Bosniaks living in that area, which includes the bigger Bosnian cities 5730: 4870: 6382:. Kenneth E. Naylor memorial lecture series in South Slavic linguistics ; vol. 1. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University, Dept. of Slavic and East European Languages and Literatures. 5868:. Kenneth E. Naylor memorial lecture series in South Slavic linguistics ; vol. 2. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University, Dept. of Slavic and East European Languages and Literatures. 1306:, "the Shtokavian dialect, on the other hand, was from the earliest times very non-unique, with the Western Shtokavian dialects leaning towards Kajkavian, and the Eastern Shtokavian to 1269: 1470: 1474: 2937:). The Slavonian dialect has mixed Ikavian and Ekavian pronunciations. Ikavian accent is predominant in the Posavina, Baranja, Bačka, and in the Slavonian subdialect enclave of 2731:. There is disagreement among linguists whether these dialects belong to the Shtokavian area, because there are many other morphological characteristics apart from rendering of 4499:

is pronounced as a single syllable, , by many Ijekavian speakers, especially in Croatia. However, in Zeta dialect and most of East Herzegovina dialect, it is pronounced as two

2309:

As can be seen from the list, many of these isoglosses are missing from particular Shtokavian idioms, just as many of them are shared with neighboring non-Shtokavian dialects.

5947:

Bunčić, Daniel (2008), "Die (Re-)Nationalisierung der serbokroatischen Standards" [The (Re-)Nationalisation of Serbo-Croatian Standards], in Kempgen, Sebastian (ed.),

1346:, while medieval Serbs spoke two dialects, old East Shtokavian and Torlakian. Many linguists noted a close connection between Chakavian and Western Shtokavian, for example 6894: 2945:. There are enclaves of one accent in the territory of the other, as well as mixed Ekavian–Ikavian and Jekavian–Ikavian areas. In some villages in Hungary, the original 1402:. Migratory waves were particularly strong in the 16th–18th century, bringing about large-scale linguistic and ethnic changes in the Central South Slavic area (see also 4876:

In 2017, numerous prominent writers, scientists, journalists, activists and other public figures from Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia signed the

8397: 6281:

Pohl, Hans-Dieter (1996), "Serbokroatisch – Rückblick und Ausblick" [Serbo-Croatian – Looking backward and forward], in Ohnheiser, Ingeborg (ed.),

7338: 2293: 7333: 1262: 5771: 5837: 7551: 3801:, Bavanište) are as close to the standard as a vernacular can be. The dialect presents a base for the Ekavian variant of the Serbian standard language. 1382:. It was the result of migrations (particularly of Neoshtokavian-Eastern Shtokavian speakers), political-cultural border change and also caused by the 5722: 5509:

P. Ivić, Putevi razvoja srpskohrvatskog vokalizma, Voprosy jazykoznanija VII/1 (1958), revised in Iz istorije srpskohrvatske dijalektologije, Niš 1991

6694:

Kristophson, Jürgen (2000). "Vom Widersinn der Dialektologie: Gedanken zum Štokavischen" [Dialectological Nonsense: Thoughts on Shtokavian].

4814: 1390:

distribution of these three dialects as well as their internal stratification (Shtokavian and Chakavian in particular) is primarily a result of the

1283: 3823:. It encompasses by far the largest area and the number of speakers of all Shtokavian dialects. It is the dialectal basis of the standard literary 1255: 6675: 6529: 8392: 5784: 6887: 6837: 6573: 6356: 6328: 6310: 6272: 6250: 6090: 6058: 5998: 5890: 5681: 5630: 6867: 6338: 6601: 6427: 3288:'sing'). This feature is also present in most vernaculars of East Herzegovinian, and actually almost all Serbian and Croatian vernaculars. 4503:, , which is the Croatian official standard too, but seldom actually practiced. This distinction can be clearly heard in first verses of 4118:) has changed over time, coming to be pronounced differently in different areas. These different reflexes define three "pronunciations" ( 8487: 6126: 3797:. However the vernaculars of western Serbia, and in past to them connected vernaculars of (old) Belgrade and southwestern Banat (Borča, 8252: 5902:

Sprache und Politik : Sprachpolitik und Sprachnationalismus in der Republik Indien und dem sozialistischen Jugoslawien (1945–1991)

2030:

differentiation between two short (in addition to two or three long) accents, rising and falling, though not in all Shtokavian speakers

1567:

The main bundle of isoglosses separates Slovenian and Kajkavian on the one hand from Shtokavian and Chakavian on the other. These are:

7390: 4877: 7102: 6286:, Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft, Slavica aenipontana ; vol. 4 (in German), Innsbruck: Non Lieu, pp. 205–219, 3740: 2652:

As result of this process, the following set of rules emerged, which are still in effect in all standard variants of Serbo-Croatian:

702: 204: 196: 8270: 6501: 6204: 5913: 3696: 3095: 3042: 2743:, typical for Bulgarian), which would place them into a "transitional" group between Shtokavian and Eastern South Slavic languages ( 7210: 781: 711: 2671:

In practice, influx of foreign words and formation of compound words have loosened these rules, especially in spoken idioms (e.g.

8482: 6880: 5906:

Language and Policy: Language Policy and Linguistic Nationalism in the Republic of India and the Socialist Yugoslavia (1945–1991)

994: 6851:[The influence of migrations on the Neoštokavian Ijekavian subdialects in the Neretva region and in lower Herzegovina]. 4932: 7625: 7568: 6772:[Serbo-Croatian (Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, Serbian): from the study of a language to the identity of languages]. 6399: 4595:

aforementioned nations, especially because the Shtokavian dialect cannot be split along ethnic lines in an unequivocal manner.

2401: 1054: 301: 7008: 3511: 3332: 696: 209: 7544: 5144: 3674: 3020: 6769: 3754: 6402:[Post-Yugoslav Official Languages Regulations – Sociolinguistic Arguments Against Consistency of Serbo-Croatian?]. 543: 7088: 6494:

Slavistische Linguistik 2002: Referate des XXVIII. Konstanzer Slavistischen Arbeitstreffens, Bochum 10.-12. September 2002

5457: 3810: 1450: 673: 179: 7236: 7231: 6400:"Postjugoslavische Amtssprachenregelungen - Soziolinguistische Argumente gegen die Einheitlichkeit des Serbokroatischen?" 5432: 2233:

in the plural of most monosyllabic masculine nouns, with many exceptions (e.g. in the area between Neretva and Dubrovnik)

805: 800: 735: 730: 223: 8387: 7517: 7486: 4897: 3991: 1509: 1003: 1508:

are mainly Shtokavian, with elements of Church Slavic. The first major comprehensive vernacular Shtokavian text is the

8382: 8010: 7577: 7471: 7433: 6197:

Hrvatska dijalektologija 1 – Hrvatski dijalekti i govori štokavskog narječja i hrvatski govori torlačkog narječja

3670: 3016: 2866: 2834: 989: 8417: 7855: 7039: 5519: 3659: 3005: 2350:- Schakavian; "Western Shtokavian" including Slavonian, Eastern Bosnian and transitory Western ikavian dialect) and 1409:

By far the most numerous, mobile and expansionist migrations were those of Ijekavian-Shtokavian speakers of eastern

6967: 626: 7510: 7029: 7003: 5987:

Das Serbokroatische zwischen Linguistik und Politik: mit einer Bibliographie zum postjugoslavischen Sprachenstreit

3678: 3663: 3143: 3024: 3009: 2710: 1461:

Proto-Shtokavian, or Church Slavic with elements of nascent Shtokavian, were recorded in legal documents like the

707: 687: 8174: 7537: 7380: 7302: 6625: 5753: 4622:

Generally, the Neo-Shtokavian dialect is divided as follows with regard to the ethnicity of its native speakers:

1141: 1102: 408: 7187: 7172: 7049: 3211:

Some vernaculars have a very open /ɛ/ or /æ/ as their reflex of ь/ъ, very rare in other Shtokavian vernaculars (

8214: 7345: 7044: 5827: 4508: 2303: 2236: 2089: 2000: 1741: 1637:

Other characteristics distinguishing Kajkavian from Shtokavian, beside the demonstrative/interrogatory pronoun

1548: 1375: 1358:

Western Shtokavian covered the major part of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slavonia and part of Southern

1238: 311: 287: 7167: 3753:. It is spoken by Serbs across most of Vojvodina (excluding easternmost parts around Vršac), northern part of 2949:

is preserved. Local variants can widely differ in the degree of Neo-Shtokavian influences. In two villages in

2248:

in genitive and accusative singular of masculine and neuter gender if pronominal-adjectival declension (e.g.,

7223: 7192: 6993: 792: 722: 246: 8275: 8192: 8120: 7911: 7868: 7584: 7476: 7370: 7292: 7069: 4504: 4176: 4167: 4152: 4133: 3528: 1225: 1136: 947: 640: 527:

isogloss (Schakavian or Shtakavian). Modern dialectology generally recognises seven Shtokavian subdialects.

420: 400: 93: 6998: 6770:"Le serbo-croate (bosniaque, croate, monténégrin, serbe): de l'étude d'une langue à l'identité des langues" 5993:]. Lincom Studies in Slavic Linguistics ; vol 34 (in German). Munich: Lincom Europa. p. 451. 692: 547:

Serbo-Croatian dialects prior to the 16th-century migrations, distinguishing Western and Eastern Shtokavian

8112: 8045: 8040: 8005: 7964: 7767: 7735: 7491: 7323: 7177: 7139: 6179:. Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics. Vol. 30. Editions Rodopi B.V., Brill. pp. 215–235. 5991:

Serbo-Croatian Between Linguistics and Politics: With a Bibliography of the Post-Yugoslav Language Dispute

4912: 4530:

traditionally Ikavian areas since the standardization. For example, most people in formerly fully Ikavian

4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3442: 3378: 3240: 3228: 2502: 2484: 2466: 2448: 2430: 1383: 1319: 982: 554: 502: 108: 98: 68: 7034: 6155:. Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics. Vol. 2. Editions Rodopi B.V., Brill. pp. 177–192. 4615:

Slavonian dialect (fluctuating "yat": mainly Ikavian accent, also Ijekavian and Ekavian): vastly Croatian

3180:

from Serbia and Montenegro. Together with the dominant Jekavian pronunciation, mixed pronunciations like

1792:

Characteristics distinguishing Chakavian from Shtokavian, beside the demonstrative/interrogatory pronoun

332:

Area where Shtokavian standard languages are spoken by the majority or plurality of inhabitants (in 2005)

8305: 8259: 8184: 8162: 8077: 8066: 7874: 7846: 7825: 7636: 7591: 6950: 6940: 4907: 4902: 4866: 4833: 4807: 3538: 3264: 3177: 2189:

so-called "new iotation" of dentals and labials, with many exceptions, especially in Slavonia and Bosnia

1403: 758: 432: 164: 6481: 6305:, Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo: Cambridge University Press, 6068: 5649: 7182: 6830:

Ivo Lendić: književnik, novinar, proganik; Četvrti neretvanski književni, znanstveni i kulturni susret

6485: 5485: 8321: 7815: 7785: 7744: 7664: 7423: 7328: 7297: 7149: 7083: 6930: 6395: 5982: 5800: 4881: 4799: 4588: 3836: 3710: 2752: 1766: 1497: 1462: 1379: 1159: 668: 601: 451: 159: 113: 8422: 2858: 8331: 8130: 8097: 7998: 7988: 7957: 7757: 7644: 7607: 7596: 7411: 6945: 6805: 6744: 6667: 5931: 2748: 2114: 1560: 1351: 1220: 1183: 1154: 1023: 975: 923: 753: 5042: 4564: 7993: 7930: 7905: 7752: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7673: 7428: 7416: 7406: 7385: 7202: 7144: 7134: 6849:"Utjecaj migracija na novoštokavske ijekavske govore u Neretvanskoj krajini i Donjoj Hercegovini" 6553: 6180: 6168: 6156: 6144: 5908:]. Beiträge zur Südasienforschung ; vol. 192 (in German). Würzburg: Ergon. p. 200. 5703: 5340: 5315: 5299: 4599:

situation in the 19th century, the following attribution must be treated with necessary caution.

3720: 3346: 3076: 2803: 2744: 2438: 1556: 1299: 1287: 1149: 1062: 1008: 955: 942: 936: 774: 8407: 6230: 5645: 4584: 4576: 4560: 3450: 2059: 1804: 1524: 1303: 6628:[Pluricentric languages, Ausbau languages, Abstand languages and the Serbo-Croatians]. 5615:

Eine Analyse der Metaphern in der kroatischen Linguistikfachzeitschrift Jezik von 1991 bis 1997

4602:

The distribution of Old-Shtokavian speakers along ethnic lines in present times is as follows:

8442: 8432: 8293: 8209: 8147: 8050: 8032: 8015: 7972: 7946: 7892: 7887: 7810: 7775: 7694: 7617: 7375: 7129: 7094: 7015: 6925: 6833: 6797: 6789: 6756: 6703: 6657: 6653: 6645: 6637: 6591: 6587: 6579: 6569: 6561: 6519: 6515: 6507: 6497: 6411: 6383: 6352: 6324: 6306: 6287: 6268: 6246: 6200: 6104: 6096: 6086: 6054: 6012: 6004: 5994: 5971: 5952: 5919: 5909: 5886: 5869: 5763: 5695: 5687: 5677: 5636: 5626: 5140: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4810: 4795: 4580: 4539: 4189: 4062: 4046: 3861: 3824: 3724: 3603:) used to speak this dialect. Exclusively Ikavian accent, Bosnian and Herzegovinian forms use 3165: 2799: 2714: 2330: 2154: 1418: 1018: 883: 679: 654: 596: 455: 443: 328: 149: 6072: 3453:(Clisura Dunării) in Romania, in places where Romanian Serbs live (left bank of the Danube). 8427: 8363: 8167: 7881: 7832: 7820: 7805: 7684: 7679: 7560: 7481: 7307: 7075: 7021: 6935: 6920: 6781: 6662: 6596: 6524: 6467: 6121: 5804: 5669: 4959::506) "The core of the modern literary languages and the major dialect area, is Shtokavian ( 4803: 4791: 3877: 3832: 3828: 3750: 3728: 3624: 3534: 3366: 2760: 1989: 1857: 1540: 1446: 1209: 1193: 1164: 876: 869: 660: 646: 612: 607: 591: 530: 447: 439: 425: 346: 188: 154: 144: 103: 4865:

and Portuguese, among others), but not to a degree which would justify considering them as

8245: 8204: 8197: 7951: 7941: 7916: 7899: 7689: 7657: 7612: 7602: 7350: 6496:. Slavistishe Beiträge ; vol. 434 (in German). Munich: Otto Sagner. pp. 97–148. 6375: 6242: 6112: 6050: 6020: 4885: 4862: 4841:

Neo-Shtokavian dialect, but reflecting their characteristics—from phonetics to semantics.

4572: 4111: 3370: 1947: 1867: 1485: 1391: 1342:, medieval Croats spoke an old West Shtokavian dialect, which, some believe, stemmed from 1188: 919: 184: 85: 8447: 7456: 6451: 6036: 1972: 4074: 2178: 1927: 8462: 8437: 8230: 8152: 8142: 8085: 7863: 7800: 7703: 7461: 7438: 7061: 6985: 6912: 6903: 6260: 5796: 5726: 4880:, which states that in Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro a common 4568: 4531: 3785:

and in predominantly ethnically Serbian villages in eastern Croatia around the town of

3572: 3398: 3255:, and are not Zeta–Raška specific . There is a loss of the /v/ sound apparent, seen in 2918: 2656:

Falling accents may only occur word-initially (otherwise it would have been retracted).

2510: 2375: 1395: 888: 574: 435: 2023: 2017: 279: 8476: 8412: 8402: 8102: 7978: 7723: 7649: 7124: 6298: 6177:

Dutch Contributions to the Thirteenth International Congress of Slavists. Linguistics

5963: 5832: 5758: 5707: 3374: 3342: 3197: 2261:

for the neuter gender in nominative plural of pronominal-adjectival declension (e.g.

2110: 1847: 1610: 1347: 4632:

Eastern Herzegovinian (Ijekavian accent): Serbian, Montenegrin, Croatian and Bosniak

4232:

words (unlike Serbs and Croats), due to elementary religious education based on the

8020: 7794: 7466: 7216: 6626:"Plurizentrische Sprachen, Ausbausprachen, Abstandsprachen und die Serbokroatistik" 4215:'it was') is found in a document from Serbia dated 1289; the first Ikavian reflex ( 4115: 3889: 3430: 3354: 3185: 3079:, etc.). Together with basic Jekavian pronunciation, mixed pronunciations exist in 2720: 2691: 2492: 2474: 2456: 2326: 2068: 1536: 1430: 1335: 1067: 787: 717: 524: 428: 3414: 2925:, in Croatia and Vojvodina, as well as in northern Bosnia. It is divided into two 2886: 6217:[A contribution to the treatise of the beginnings of Croatian dialects]. 5134: 1982: 1413:, who have spread into most of Western Serbia, many areas of eastern and western 8349: 8336: 6755:]. Biblioteka Obrisi moderne (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Golden marketing. 6192: 5661: 5625:]. Studien zur Slavistik ; 41 (in German). Hamburg: Kovač. p. 21. 4034: 3955: 3929: 3869: 3766: 3648: 3564: 3418: 3362: 3263:. The loss of distinction between /ʎ/ and /l/ in some vernaculars is based on a 3251:. However these sounds are known also to many in East Herzegovina like those in 3091: 2994: 2926: 1613: 1410: 17: 6380:

Linguistic emblems and emblematic languages: on language as flag in the Balkans

5666:

Lexical layers of identity: words, meaning, and culture in the Slavic languages

4884:

is used, consisting of several standard varieties, similar to the situation in

4857:

on the standard language has been waxing, not waning, in the past 50–70 years.

3168:

in Serbia, and by descendants of Montenegrin settlers in the single village of

8286: 8265: 6809: 6671: 5699: 5640: 4192:, pronunciation is always Jekavian: when yat is short then it is (written as 3983: 3971: 3847: 3798: 3778: 3758: 3406: 3390: 3386: 3161: 2890: 2878: 2756: 1544: 1371: 960: 514: 498: 72: 6801: 6793: 6707: 6649: 6641: 6583: 6415: 6291: 6108: 6016: 5975: 5956: 5767: 4963:

o 'what'), which covers the rest of the area where Serbo-Croatian is spoken."

8311: 8137: 8125: 7260: 7159: 7116: 6785: 6760: 6728: 6714: 6511: 6387: 6116: 6024: 5923: 5873: 5130: 4038: 3987: 3979: 3943: 3925: 3897: 3632: 3495: 3422: 3410: 3402: 3153: 3102: 2942: 2862: 2854: 2838: 1725: 1519: 1513: 1505: 1343: 1327: 1311: 1307: 1086: 834: 768: 746: 523:

has changed (Ikavian, Ijekavian or Ekavian), and third is presence of Young

475: 471: 272: 256: 238: 3947: 3080: 2830: 2786:

by preferring the latter, postalveolar variants. Some subdialects preserve

2033:

preservation of unaccented length, but not consistently across all speeches

6872: 5673: 3200:

in southern Montenegro. Mrkojevići are also characterised by retention of

2612:

Retraction from long to short syllable → short rising + unstressed length

2239:

of dative, locative and instrumental plural of nouns, with many exceptions

263: 8356: 8280: 8238: 6085:, Rotulus Universitas (in Serbo-Croatian), Zagreb: Durieux, p. 430, 4500: 4228: 4054: 3975: 3959: 3951: 3939: 3921: 3905: 3857: 3782: 3774: 3770: 3628: 3620: 3584: 3580: 3568: 3560: 3499: 3446: 3382: 3358: 3072: 3060: 2950: 2938: 2914: 2910: 2882: 2846: 2826: 2818: 2724: 2382: 2333: 2312:

There exist three main criteria for the division of Shtokavian dialects:

1827: 1501: 1489: 1442: 1434: 1359: 1323: 1315: 1295: 1291: 319: 307: 6868:

Map of Serbo-Croatian dialects according to Brabec, Hraste, and Živković

6319:

Pešikan, Mitar (2007), "III. Akcenat i druga pitanja pravilnog govora",

6184: 6172: 6160: 6148: 5949:

Deutsche Beiträge zum 14. Internationalen Slavistenkongress, Ohrid, 2008

5319: 5303: 4612:

Zeta-Raška dialect (Ijekavian accent): Montenegrin, Bosniak and Serbian.

2790:

at the end of words (where otherwise it has developed into a short o) –

2646:

Retraction from long to long syllable → long rising + unstressed length

2203:

in genitive plural of masculine and feminine nouns, with many exceptions

458:. Its name comes from the form for the interrogative pronoun for "what" 8343: 8299: 7265: 7255: 6617: 6545: 3963: 3909: 3873: 3786: 3762: 3596: 3588: 3556: 3426: 3252: 3157: 2874: 2822: 2728: 2316:

Accentuation ("Old-Shtokavian" and "Neo-Shtokavian"; see section below)

1399: 1363: 1331: 1204: 839: 829: 510: 506: 315: 64: 8090: 6472: 5951:, Welt der Slaven (in German), Munich: Otto Sagner, pp. 89–102, 4058: 4001:

sound that is sometimes not only left out or replaced by more common

3967: 3917: 3901: 3885: 3865: 3853: 3576: 3548: 3394: 3173: 3084: 3068: 2922: 2842: 2518:

The following table shows the examples of Neo-Shtokavian retraction:

2277: 1780: 1552: 1535:

Shtokavian is characterized by a number of characteristic historical

1493: 1466: 1422: 1414: 1367: 1339: 494: 76: 60: 6828:[Ikavian and Ijekavian speeches in the wider Neretva area]. 5883:

Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian - A Grammar with Sociolinguistic Commentary

5723:"Post-Yugoslav 'Common Language' Declaration Challenges Nationalism" 4813:

are all based on the Neo-Shtokavian dialect as it was formalized in

3350: 2850: 7529: 1469:

and Dubrovnik in Croatia, dated 1189, and in liturgical texts like

6100: 6008: 5691: 5086: 5084: 4826: 4233: 4073: 4042: 3935: 3913: 3881: 3600: 3592: 3438: 3434: 3169: 3064: 2906: 2870: 2683:), but they are maintained in standard language and dictionaries. 2132:; the exception is the verbal adjective in the Slavonian southwest 2075: 3341:, is spoken by Serbs, mostly in western and northeastern Kosovo ( 2981:. Both forms are usual in Kajkavian but very rare in Shtokavian. 2280:, which is however missing in some areas (e.g., around Dubrovnik) 1716: 1710: 1704: 1683: 856:

Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian

6825: 6040: 6029: 4629:

Dalmatian-Bosnian dialect (Ikavian accent): Croatian and Bosniak

4618:

Eastern Bosnian dialect (Ijekavian accent): Bosniak and Croatian

4236:, where this phoneme is the carrier of specific semantic value. 4188:, depending on whether the vowel was long or short. In standard 3893: 3552: 3315:), like in other seaside vernaculars. Elsewhere, more common is 1438: 1426: 1350:

saw Chakavian as an arhaic peripheral zone of Shtokavian, while

7533: 6876: 6848: 6732: 6717:(1967). "Uticaj turskog jezika na fonetiku štokavskih govora". 6435: 6214: 5345:"On the relative chronology of Slavic consonantal developments" 5344: 5136:

The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics

3101:(Jekavian–ikavian). In the central area of the subdialect, the 7247: 6455: 5866:

In honor of diversity: the linguistic resources of the Balkans

5046: 4106: 4079: 3938:

east Ijekavian variant groups; East Bosnia, East Herzegovina (

3642: 3176:. The majority of its speakers are Serbs and Montenegrins and 2988: 2319: 1671: 1650: 519: 5304:"On the relative chronology of Slavic accentual developments" 3997:

Its south-eastern form is characterised by the total lack of

3587:, and also in central Bosnia where Croats and Bosniaks (e.g. 2322:

reflex ("Ikavian", "Ijekavian", "Ekavian"; see section below)

364: 6826:"Ikavski i ijekavski govori na širemu neretvanskom području" 6733:"Čakavsko-šćakavski odnosi u zapadnobosanskoj govornoj zoni" 4221:'witnesses') in Bosnia in 1331; and first Ijekavian reflex ( 3460:

is predominantly Ekavian accent even on the end of datives (

2667:

Unstressed length may only appear after a stressed syllable.

27:

Prestige dialect of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language

4554:

Ethnic affiliation of native speakers of Shtokavian dialect

3607:

in verb participle, whereas those in Dalmatia and Lika use

373: 370: 4871:

Differences between standard Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian

3071:, and by most of Croats and Serbs that live in that area ( 2158:"cherry"; some exceptions in Slavonia, Hungary and Romania 2047:(with the exception of central Bosnia where a diphthongal 1370:, easternmost Bosnia and Herzegovina and greater parts of 534:

Distribution of Shtokavian subdialects before 20th century

355: 349: 318:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

2283:

special constructs reflecting old dual for numerals 2–4 (

2210:

in locative singular of masculine and neuter nouns (e.g.

2012:

General characteristics of Shtokavian are the following:

388: 4849:, where, contrary to all expectations, the influence of 3623:

was proposed as the base for the Danubian branch of the

1744:

dative, locative and instrumental plural has the ending

5942:. Berlin-New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 347–380. 5828:"What Language Do People Speak in the Balkans, Anyway?" 4550:

to Ekavian and Ijekavian pronunciations, respectively.

2659:

Rising accents may occur anywhere except word-finally.

2595:

Retraction from short to short syllable → short rising

2392:

The following notation is used for Shtokavian accents:

7303:

Serbian Cyrillic alphabet (or Vuk's Cyrillic alphabet)

6568:(in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Disput. pp. 83–108. 3208:

as in the previously mentioned villages in Podravina.

2662:

thus, monosyllabic words may only have falling accent.

2186:); exceptions in Slavonian and Eastern Bosnian dialect 6351:(in Croatian). Rijeka: Filozofski fakultet u Rijeci. 5668:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 166. 5619:

Analysis of Metaphors in Croatian Linguistic Journal

4832:

Serbian was much faster in standardisation. Although

4045:

have some special Croatian features, influenced from

2719:

The transitional dialects stretch southwest from the

2629:

Retraction from short to long syllable → long rising

2254:), with exceptions on the area of Dubrovnik and Livno 385: 376: 361: 4825:

interdialects "contended" for the Croatian national

4626:Šumadija-Vojvodina dialect (Ekavian accent): Serbian 4478: 4464: 4445: 4431: 4412: 4398: 4379: 4365: 4346: 4332: 4313: 4299: 4280: 4266: 4119: 4024: 4018: 3900:, and is the basis of the Croatian standard. City: ( 3481: 2359: 2345: 2297: 2284: 2268: 2262: 2249: 2243: 2217: 2211: 1731:

genitive plural of masculine nouns has the morpheme

1593: 1587: 485: 479: 465: 459: 391: 367: 352: 46: 40: 38: 8373: 8320: 8229: 8183: 8111: 8076: 8065: 8031: 7929: 7854: 7845: 7784: 7766: 7743: 7734: 7635: 7567: 7449: 7399: 7363: 7316: 7285: 7278: 7245: 7201: 7158: 7115: 7060: 6984: 6975: 6966: 6911: 6456:"O naglasku u staroštokavskom slavonskom dijalektu" 6199:, Zagreb: Golden marketing – Tehnička knjiga, 5970:, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 4547: 4543: 1571:

long falling accent of newer origin (neocircumflex)

1378:(like in the case of Chakavian and Kajkavian), but 382: 358: 286: 270: 254: 236: 231: 173: 135: 82: 56: 32: 3282:All verbs in infinitive finish with "t" (example: 7030:Zeta–Raška (or Zeta–South Sandžak or Zeta–Lovćen) 6488:[Pro and con: "Serbo-Croatian" nowadays] 3950:), Bosnian Krajina, western Serbia and Podrinje ( 3856:western Ijekavian variant micro groups in region 3283: 3279:) because many vernaculars have changed lj to j. 3274: 3268: 4196:), and when yat is long then it is (written as 2039:as the reflex of Common Slavic back nasal vowel 6492:. In Krause, Marion; Sappok, Christian (eds.). 6436:"Zapadna štokavština u djelu Aleksandra Belića" 5037: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 4609:Kosovo-Resava (Ekavian accent) dialect: Serbian 4606:Timok-Prizren (Ekavian accent) dialect: Serbian 4209:(variant). The first undoubted Ekavian reflex ( 3227:). Other phonetic features include sounds like 470:in Eastern Shtokavian). This is in contrast to 6323:(IV ed.), Beogradska knjiga, p. 65, 6239:Comparative and historical grammar of Croatian 6235:Poredbenopovijesna gramatika hrvatskoga jezika 6173:"Early dialectal diversity in South Slavic II" 4956: 3579:in Italy. The minority speakers of it include 3449:). This dialect can be also found in parts of 2302:) or "Orientalisms", i.e. words borrowed from 2086:, with the exception of the Zeta-Raška dialect 1633:) in the instrumental singular of a-declension 7545: 6888: 6753:Voice of the Nation: Language, Nation, Croats 6215:"Prilog raspravi o genezi hrvatskih narječja" 6149:"Early dialectal diversity in South Slavic I" 5125: 5123: 4485: 4471: 4452: 4438: 4419: 4405: 4386: 4372: 4353: 4339: 4320: 4306: 4287: 4273: 4222: 4216: 4210: 3583:in western Bosnia, mostly around the city of 3121: 1800:preservation of polytonic three-accent system 1263: 8: 5936:Serbo-Croatian as Pluricentric Language, u: 5372: 5370: 3108:exists in some words instead of the archaic 1290:and Serbo-Croatian dialects migrated across 6047:History of Croatian Accentuation. Phonetics 3677:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3023:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2961:, has been retained in place of the modern 2941:, whereas Ekavian accent is predominant in 1811:< Common Slavic *mъlinъ; cf. Shtokavian 8073: 7851: 7740: 7552: 7538: 7530: 7282: 6981: 6972: 6895: 6881: 6873: 6566:Jezični varijeteti i nacionalni identiteti 5231: 5229: 5049:[Early development of Kajkavian]. 2755:: declension has all but disappeared, the 2027:as the demonstrative/interrogative pronoun 1270: 1256: 1122: 1043: 913: 567: 550: 29: 6471: 5376: 5286: 5274: 5114: 5102: 5020: 5008: 4996: 4984: 4821:was reinstated in the standard language. 3697:Learn how and when to remove this message 3184:(Jekavian–Ekavian) around Novi Pazar and 3152:, it is spoken in eastern Montenegro, in 3043:Learn how and when to remove this message 1754:in the first-person plural present (e.g. 1531:Relationship towards neighboring dialects 6556:[Polycentric Standard Language] 6486:"Pro und kontra: "Serbokroatisch" heute" 6042:Povijest hrvatske akcentuacije. Fonetika 5540: 5139:. Cornell University Press. p. 47. 4635: 4242: 4162:in Ijekavian or Jekavian pronunciation ( 3192:(Ikavian–Jekavian) around Podgorica and 2751:). The Timok-Prizren group falls to the 2690: 2520: 2394: 2381:In the process known as "Neo-Shtokavian 2003:dative, locative and instrumental plural 1894:) either in free positions or in groups 1728:/č/ and /ć/ to some form of middle value 542: 529: 327: 7232:Svrljig–Zaplanje (or Western Torlakian) 6832:(in Serbo-Croatian). pp. 191–205. 5480: 5478: 5413:Kašić, Zorka (1995). "Govor Konavala". 5400: 5388: 5171: 5090: 4972: 4924: 4903:Language secessionism in Serbo-Croatian 4009:but is replaced as well by less common 3749:, is one of the bases for the standard 2778:), and some dialects don't distinguish 553: 312:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 8393:Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony 7070:Younger Ikavian (or Bosnian–Dalmatian) 5968:The Cambridge encyclopedia of language 5940:. Differing Norms in Different Nations 5600: 5564: 5159: 5075: 4050: 3502:dialects, Ikavian forms can be found ( 2578:No retraction from the first syllable 2561:No retraction from the first syllable 1785:future tense formation in the form of 1523:literature – the first example being " 1334:line) and on the littoral between the 5885:. The University of Wisconsin Press. 5840:from the original on 11 February 2019 5262: 5249: 5236: 5220: 5207: 5195: 5183: 4175: 4166: 4151: 4132: 3974:) and minority Croatian Serbs. City: 3196:(Ekavian–Jekavian) in the village of 2965:. In some villages in the Podravina, 1366:. Eastern Shtokavian was dominant in 419: 172: 7: 7237:Timok–Lužnica (or Eastern Torlakian) 5588: 5576: 5552: 4486: 4453: 4420: 4387: 4354: 4321: 4288: 4223: 3675:adding citations to reliable sources 3571:around Subotica in Serbia and south 3021:adding citations to reliable sources 1874:the appearance of extremely palatal 1457:Earliest texts of Shtokavian dialect 165:Pluricentric Standard Serbo-Croatian 6749:Govor nacije: jezik, nacija, Hrvati 6340:Neocirkumfleks u čakavskom narječju 6153:South Slavic and Balkan Linguistics 4156:), it has conflated into the vowel 3547:. The majority of its speakers are 2109:, with the exception of Slavonian, 1574:development of the consonant group 7391:Declaration on the Common Language 6855:(in Serbo-Croatian) (15): 283–304. 6681:from the original on 4 August 2012 6607:from the original on 4 August 2012 6535:from the original on 4 August 2012 5826:Nosovitz, Dan (11 February 2019). 5774:from the original on 10 April 2017 5733:from the original on 27 April 2017 4878:Declaration on the Common Language 4472: 4439: 4406: 4373: 4340: 4307: 4274: 4211: 4082:pronunciations in Serbo-Croatian: 2969:is preserved instead of the usual 1665:< Common Slavic *pьsъ); closed 1527:" or "Croatian song", dated 1589. 1465:, regulating the commerce between 25: 6739:(in Serbo-Croatian) (5): 137–144. 3850:– spoken south Ijekavian variant. 3273:is a hypercorrection (instead of 3126:, instead of the standard modern 1394:resulting from the spread of the 7016:Slavonian (or Eastern Slavonian) 6958:Comparison of literary languages 6554:"Policentrični standardni jezik" 6132:from the original on 1 June 2012 4180:), it has come to be pronounced 4078:Present-day spread of the three 3647: 2993: 1807:in word-initial syllables (e.g. 1433:, continental parts of northern 345: 6853:Hrvatski dijalektološki zbornik 6737:Hrvatski dijalektološki zbornik 5754:"Is Serbo-Croatian a Language?" 5721:Milekić, Sven (30 March 2017). 5520:"IETF language subtag registry" 2889:ending up with the area around 1765:in the formation of adjectival 1055:Transitional Bulgarian dialects 454:standards. It is a part of the 8253:Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin 5174:, p. 56–57, 645–649, 651. 3090:(Ekavian–Jekavian) and around 1954:word-initial consonant groups 456:South Slavic dialect continuum 438:language and the basis of its 412: 47: 1: 7089:Eastern Herzegovinian dialect 6460:Croatica et Slavica Iadertina 6440:Croatica et Slavica Iadertina 6345:Neocircumflex in the Čakavian 6241:] (in Croatian). Zagreb: 6049:] (in Croatian). Zagreb: 5934:(1992). Michael Clyne (ed.). 5415:Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 5308:Wiener Slavistisches Jahrbuch 4882:polycentric standard language 4579:, the Croat of Slovak origin 4141:has conflated into the vowel 3811:Eastern Herzegovinian dialect 2257:special form with the ending 2051:is also recorded as a reflex) 1996:in the second-person singular 1478: 8388:Slavic second palatalization 7518:Northern Macedonian dialects 7516:also considered part of the 7505:also considered part of the 7487:Vatican Croatian Prayer Book 6696:Zeitschrift für Balkanologie 6630:Zeitschrift für Balkanologie 5801:"Time to Make Four Into One" 4898:Abstand and ausbau languages 3369:and in Župa, in the part of 2953:, Siče and Magića Male, the 2933:) and northern (Podravian / 1941:before consonants (c.f. Čk. 1510:Vatican Croatian Prayer Book 1417:, large swathes of Croatia ( 1050:Serbian–Bulgarian–Macedonian 8383:Slavic first palatalization 6768:Thomas, Paul-Louis (2003). 5864:Alexander, Ronelle (2000). 5047:"Rani razvitak kajkavštine" 4957:Sussex & Cubberly (2006 4808:pluricentric Serbo-Croatian 4542:have assigned the variants 4505:national anthems of Croatia 3486:) in the negative of biti ( 3409:) and northeastern Serbia ( 2072:< Common Slavic *vъnukъ) 1787:bom/bum došel, došla, došlo 1688:, as opposed to Shtokavian 539:Early history of Shtokavian 509:, and the southern part of 464:(Western Shtokavian; it is 404: 41: 8504: 8488:Dialects of Serbo-Croatian 4147:in Ikavian pronunciation ( 4128:In Ekavian pronunciation ( 3808: 3741:Šumadija–Vojvodina dialect 3738: 3708: 3532: 3526: 3330: 3141: 2909:who live in some parts of 2708: 2695:Map of Shtokavian dialects 1661:< Common Slavic *dьnь, 1645:used in Shtokavian), are: 1449:etc.). This is the reason 8456: 8175:Slavic dialects of Greece 7500: 7381:Vienna Literary Agreement 6847:Vidović, Domagoj (2009). 6824:Vidović, Domagoj (2009). 6301:; Cubberly, Paul (2006), 4734: 4658: 2735:(also, some dialects use 2705:Timok–Prizren (Torlakian) 2529: 2526: 2523: 1578:(as opposed to consonant 1103:Slavic dialects of Greece 298: 39: 37: 6321:Srpski jezički priručnik 6079:Language and Nationalism 5752:J., T. (10 April 2017). 2810:has become the syllable 2192:general loss of phoneme 2142:with numerous exceptions 2043:as well as the syllabic 1678:retention of word-final 1286:who later spoke various 1239:Banat Bulgarian alphabet 493:Shtokavian is spoken in 294:53-AAA-gi (-gia to -gii) 8483:Serbo-Croatian language 7040:Bjelopavlići–Vasojevići 6786:10.3406/slave.2002.6801 6774:Revue des études slaves 6624:—— (2009). 6564:; Silić, Josip (eds.). 6552:—— (2009). 6434:Hrnjica, Samra (2018). 5881:—— (2006). 5490:Hrvatski jezični portal 5462:Hrvatski jezični portal 5437:Hrvatski jezični portal 5162:, p. 46–48, 56–62. 5093:, p. 226–227, 235. 4937:Hrvatski jezični portal 4888:, English, or Spanish. 4104:The Proto-Slavic vowel 3529:Younger Ikavian dialect 3518:Neo-Shtokavian dialects 3512:Smederevo–Vršac dialect 3333:Smederevo–Vršac dialect 3284: 3275: 3269: 2929:: southern (Posavian / 2817:Torlakian is spoken in 2700:Old-Shtokavian dialects 2242:preservation of ending 2008:General characteristics 1717: 1711: 1705: 1684: 1437:, some places north of 1314:in the area of today's 409:Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic 292:53-AAA-ga to -gf & 7492:Yugoslav Sign Language 7424:Montenegrin literature 7140:Southeastern Chakavian 6337:Zubčić, Sanja (2017). 5938:Pluricentric Languages 5613:Zanelli, Aldo (2018). 4913:Mutual intelligibility 4479: 4465: 4446: 4432: 4413: 4399: 4380: 4366: 4347: 4333: 4314: 4300: 4281: 4267: 4217: 4120: 4101: 4033:). Local forms in the 4025: 4019: 3482: 3122: 2696: 2360: 2346: 2298: 2286:dva, tri, četiri stola 2285: 2269: 2263: 2250: 2244: 2218: 2212: 2196:, with many exceptions 1625:inflectional morpheme 1594: 1588: 1586:before a vowel (e.g., 1320:Bosnia and Herzegovina 555:South Slavic languages 548: 535: 503:Bosnia and Herzegovina 490:also meaning "what"). 486: 480: 466: 460: 333: 300:This article contains 69:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8306:Taimyr Pidgin Russian 7511:Prizren–Timok dialect 6560:. In Badurina, Lada; 6462:(in Serbo-Croatian). 6442:(in Serbo-Croatian). 6213:Lukežić, Iva (1996). 5900:Blum, Daniel (2002). 5674:10.1017/9781108685795 5057:(1): 80–81, 84–85, 92 4908:Pluricentric language 4834:vernacular literature 4168:[ijěːkaʋskiː] 4077: 3817:Eastern Herzegovinian 3805:Eastern Herzegovinian 3539:Slavomolisano dialect 3160:, around the city of 2711:Prizren–Timok dialect 2694: 2115:Vlah oasis-Burgenland 1724:dephonemicization of 1475:Mihanović's fragments 1451:Eastern Herzegovinian 1404:Great Serb Migrations 1040:Transitional dialects 674:Eastern Herzegovinian 546: 533: 421:[ʃtǒːkaʋskiː] 331: 180:Eastern Herzegovinian 7298:Montenegrin alphabet 7293:Gaj's Latin alphabet 7211:Prizren–South Morava 7150:Southwestern Istrian 6303:The Slavic Languages 6074:Jezik i nacionalizam 5799:(30 November 2017). 4767:Eastern Herzgovinian 4583:, and the Croatians 4177:[jěːkaʋskiː] 4061:are influenced from 3896:), around of region 3711:Dubrovnik subdialect 3671:improve this section 3627:of Bunjevac Croats ( 3476:), in comparatives ( 3017:improve this section 2753:Balkan language area 1904:depalatalization of 1669:appearing also as a 1543:changes, changes in 1463:charter of Ban Kulin 1284:early medieval Slavs 1098:Bulgarian–Macedonian 910:Eastern South Slavic 782:Prizren–South Morava 712:Prizren–South Morava 564:Western South Slavic 401:Serbo-Croatian Latin 217:Prizren–South Morava 114:Western South Slavic 8332:Pan-Slavic language 8131:Burgenland Croatian 8011:Marcho-Magdeburgian 7608:Old Church Slavonic 7472:Serbian manuscripts 7412:Croatian literature 6946:Burgenland Croatian 6723:(in Serbo-Croatian) 6169:Kortlandt, Frederik 6145:Kortlandt, Frederik 5341:Kortlandt, Frederik 5300:Kortlandt, Frederik 4867:different languages 4153:[ǐːkaʋskiː] 4134:[ěːkaʋskiː] 4053:, whereas forms in 4037:enclave and around 3575:of Hungary, and in 3433:) with one part of 2806:); in others, this 2770:has been retained ( 2078:resulting from the 1582:) from former soft 1155:Macedonian Cyrillic 1024:Standard Macedonian 8418:Illič-Svityč's law 8398:Monophthongization 7906:Camaldolese Slovak 7719:Canadian Ukrainian 7585:Up to Proto-Slavic 7578:Proto-Balto-Slavic 7429:Serbian literature 7407:Bosnian literature 7386:Novi Sad Agreement 7188:Turopolje–Posavina 7173:Križevci–Podravina 7145:Southern Chakavian 7135:Northern Chakavian 7103:Šumadija–Vojvodina 7050:Sjenica–Novi Pazar 6913:Literary languages 6396:Gröschel, Bernhard 6030:Inhaltsverzeichnis 5983:Gröschel, Bernhard 5522:. IANA. 2021-08-06 4855:Kajkavian dialects 4738:Šumadija-Vojvodina 4540:IETF language tags 4511:—they're sung as " 4428:to grow gray hairs 4102: 4051:western subdialect 4029:imperfect of verb 3735:Šumadija–Vojvodina 3731:are also present. 3347:Kosovska Mitrovica 3150:Đekavian-Ijekavian 3144:Zeta–Raška dialect 3057:Jekavian-Šćakavian 2905:, it is spoken by 2697: 1828:palatal consonants 1300:Frederik Kortlandt 1150:Bulgarian Cyrillic 1082:Croatian–Slovenian 703:Šumadija–Vojvodina 587:Standard languages 549: 536: 334: 205:Zeta–South Sandžak 197:Šumadija–Vojvodina 8470: 8469: 8463:extinct languages 8294:Solombala English 8225: 8224: 8148:Prekmurje Slovene 8061: 8060: 7841: 7840: 7695:Doukhobor Russian 7618:Glagolitic script 7527: 7526: 7376:Illyrian movement 7371:Illyrian language 7359: 7358: 7274: 7273: 7130:Central Chakavian 7111: 7110: 7045:Ozrinići–Broćanac 6839:978-953-6223-18-3 6745:Škiljan, Dubravko 6575:978-953-260-054-4 6358:978-953-7975-50-0 6330:978-86-7590-169-3 6312:978-0-521-22315-7 6274:978-953-7611-06-4 6267:, SDK Prosvjeta, 6252:978-953-150-840-7 6092:978-953-188-311-5 6060:978-953-150-971-8 6000:978-3-929075-79-3 5932:Brozović, Dalibor 5892:978-0-299-21194-3 5683:978-953-313-086-6 5632:978-3-8300-9773-0 5623:from 1991 to 1997 4811:standard language 4786:Standard language 4783: 4782: 4752:Dalmatian-Bosnian 4516:na-ša do-mo-vi-no 4493: 4492: 4124:) of Shtokavian: 3717:Western Ijekavian 3707: 3706: 3699: 3523:Bosnian–Dalmatian 3053: 3052: 3045: 2973:, for example in 2957:, as in the verb 2903:Archaic Šćakavian 2857:, in the part of 2715:Torlakian dialect 2650: 2649: 2516: 2515: 2331:palatal consonant 2140:⟨đ⟩ 2054:initial group of 1280: 1279: 1245: 1244: 1110: 1109: 1031: 1030: 1019:Spoken Macedonian 901: 900: 884:Prekmurje Slovene 326: 325: 308:rendering support 304:phonetic symbols. 16:(Redirected from 8495: 8364:Slavonic-Serbian 8215:Cieszyn Silesian 8086:Carpathian Rusyn 8074: 7852: 7741: 7626:Modern languages 7561:Slavic languages 7554: 7547: 7540: 7531: 7509:dialect (as the 7482:Slavonic-Serbian 7351:Relative clauses 7308:Yugoslav Braille 7283: 7226: 7219: 7097: 7078: 7024: 6982: 6973: 6897: 6890: 6883: 6874: 6856: 6843: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6780:(2–3): 311–325. 6764: 6740: 6724: 6711: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6680: 6665: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6606: 6599: 6559: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6534: 6527: 6491: 6482:Kordić, Snježana 6477: 6475: 6473:10.15291/csi.414 6447: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6410:(1–2): 135–196. 6391: 6376:Friedman, Victor 6362: 6350: 6333: 6315: 6294: 6277: 6265:Srpski dijalekti 6256: 6231:Matasović, Ranko 6226: 6209: 6188: 6164: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6131: 6124: 6084: 6069:Kordić, Snježana 6064: 6028: 5978: 5959: 5943: 5927: 5896: 5877: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5805:The New European 5793: 5787: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5658: 5652: 5644: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5516: 5510: 5507: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5482: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5454: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5410: 5404: 5398: 5392: 5386: 5380: 5374: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5296: 5290: 5284: 5278: 5272: 5266: 5259: 5253: 5246: 5240: 5233: 5224: 5217: 5211: 5205: 5199: 5193: 5187: 5181: 5175: 5169: 5163: 5157: 5151: 5150: 5127: 5118: 5117:, p. 65–66. 5112: 5106: 5100: 5094: 5088: 5079: 5078:, p. 63–64. 5073: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5039: 5024: 5018: 5012: 5006: 5000: 4994: 4988: 4982: 4976: 4970: 4964: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4929: 4806:variants of the 4636: 4549: 4545: 4526:" respectively. 4489: 4482: 4475: 4468: 4456: 4449: 4442: 4435: 4423: 4416: 4409: 4402: 4390: 4383: 4376: 4369: 4357: 4350: 4343: 4336: 4324: 4317: 4310: 4303: 4291: 4284: 4277: 4270: 4243: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4179: 4170: 4155: 4136: 4123: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4028: 4022: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3878:East Herzegovina 3751:Serbian language 3702: 3695: 3691: 3688: 3682: 3651: 3643: 3625:Bunjevac dialect 3619:. Local form of 3535:Bunjevac dialect 3485: 3468:), in pronouns ( 3456:Substitution of 3451:Banatska Klisura 3349:and also around 3287: 3278: 3272: 3242: 3230: 3125: 3112:and more common 3048: 3041: 3037: 3034: 3028: 2997: 2989: 2901:Also called the 2521: 2504: 2486: 2468: 2450: 2432: 2414:unstressed short 2395: 2363: 2349: 2301: 2292:many so-called " 2288: 2276:preservation of 2272: 2266: 2253: 2247: 2221: 2215: 2141: 1990:conditional mood 1803:vocalization of 1720: 1714: 1708: 1687: 1649:a reflex of old 1597: 1591: 1483: 1480: 1384:Ottoman invasion 1352:Dalibor Brozović 1272: 1265: 1258: 1210:Bosnian Cyrillic 1142:Serbian Cyrillic 1123: 1044: 914: 858: 801:Svrljig–Zaplanje 731:Svrljig–Zaplanje 613:Slavonic-Serbian 568: 551: 489: 483: 469: 463: 423: 418: 414: 398: 397: 394: 393: 390: 387: 384: 379: 378: 375: 372: 369: 366: 363: 360: 357: 354: 351: 282: 266: 259: 250: 249: 241: 220:Svrljig–Zaplanje 88: 52: 51: 50: 49: 44: 30: 21: 18:Ijekavian accent 8503: 8502: 8498: 8497: 8496: 8494: 8493: 8492: 8473: 8472: 8471: 8466: 8452: 8375: 8369: 8323: 8316: 8246:Bohemian Romani 8231:Mixed languages 8221: 8198:Pannonian Rusyn 8179: 8121:Banat Bulgarian 8107: 8069: 8057: 8027: 7925: 7917:Pannonian Rusyn 7837: 7780: 7762: 7730: 7690:Alaskan Russian 7665:Old Novgorodian 7658:Old East Slavic 7631: 7613:Cyrillic script 7603:Church Slavonic 7563: 7558: 7528: 7523: 7522: 7496: 7445: 7395: 7355: 7312: 7270: 7241: 7224:Janjevo–Letnica 7222: 7215: 7197: 7193:Zagor–Međimurje 7154: 7107: 7093: 7074: 7056: 7020: 7009:Smederevo–Vršac 6994:Eastern Bosnian 6962: 6951:Molise Croatian 6907: 6901: 6864: 6859: 6846: 6840: 6823: 6814: 6812: 6767: 6743: 6727: 6722: 6693: 6684: 6682: 6678: 6661: 6623: 6610: 6608: 6604: 6595: 6576: 6562:Pranjković, Ivo 6557: 6551: 6538: 6536: 6532: 6523: 6504: 6489: 6480: 6450: 6433: 6420: 6418: 6394: 6374: 6370: 6368:Further reading 6365: 6359: 6348: 6336: 6331: 6318: 6313: 6297: 6280: 6275: 6259: 6253: 6243:Matica hrvatska 6229: 6225:(1–2): 223–236. 6221:(in Croatian). 6212: 6207: 6191: 6167: 6143: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6120: 6093: 6082: 6067: 6061: 6051:Matica hrvatska 6035: 6001: 5981: 5962: 5946: 5930: 5916: 5899: 5893: 5880: 5863: 5859: 5854: 5853: 5843: 5841: 5825: 5824: 5820: 5810: 5808: 5797:Trudgill, Peter 5795: 5794: 5790: 5777: 5775: 5751: 5750: 5746: 5736: 5734: 5720: 5719: 5715: 5684: 5660: 5659: 5655: 5633: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5599: 5595: 5587: 5583: 5575: 5571: 5563: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5539: 5535: 5525: 5523: 5518: 5517: 5513: 5508: 5504: 5494: 5492: 5484: 5483: 5476: 5466: 5464: 5456: 5455: 5451: 5441: 5439: 5431: 5430: 5426: 5412: 5411: 5407: 5399: 5395: 5387: 5383: 5377:Alexander (2006 5375: 5368: 5358: 5356: 5339: 5338: 5334: 5324: 5322: 5298: 5297: 5293: 5285: 5281: 5273: 5269: 5260: 5256: 5247: 5243: 5234: 5227: 5218: 5214: 5206: 5202: 5194: 5190: 5182: 5178: 5170: 5166: 5158: 5154: 5147: 5129: 5128: 5121: 5113: 5109: 5101: 5097: 5089: 5082: 5074: 5070: 5060: 5058: 5053:(in Croatian). 5041: 5040: 5027: 5019: 5015: 5007: 5003: 4995: 4991: 4985:Alexander (2000 4983: 4979: 4971: 4967: 4955: 4951: 4941: 4939: 4931: 4930: 4926: 4921: 4894: 4788: 4735:Neo-Shtokavian 4720:Eastern Bosnian 4659:Old-Shtokavian 4585:Vatroslav Jagić 4573:Franz Miklosich 4567:, the Slovenes 4561:Josef Dobrovský 4556: 4447:siditi (síditi) 4440:sedeti (sédeti) 4414:siditi (sìditi) 4407:sedeti (sèdeti) 4100: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4088: 4087: Ijekavian 4084: 4072: 3813: 3807: 3747:Younger Ekavian 3743: 3737: 3713: 3703: 3692: 3686: 3683: 3668: 3652: 3641: 3567:, and of north 3545:Western Ikavian 3541: 3531: 3525: 3520: 3335: 3329: 3146: 3140: 3049: 3038: 3032: 3029: 3014: 2998: 2987: 2985:Eastern Bosnian 2899: 2835:Southern Serbia 2833:especially, in 2759:has yielded to 2717: 2709:Main articles: 2707: 2702: 2689: 2427:unstressed long 2371: 2304:Ottoman Turkish 2139: 2010: 1641:(as opposed to 1629:(as opposed to 1533: 1525:Chirvat-türkisi 1500:, and southern 1481: 1459: 1445:, southeastern 1304:Ranko Matasović 1298:. According to 1276: 1247: 1246: 1230: 1214: 1198: 1146: 1120: 1112: 1111: 1072: 1041: 1033: 1032: 1015: 1014: 999: 965: 920:Church Slavonic 911: 903: 902: 895: 894: 854: 844: 812: 811: 797: 793:Janjevo–Letnica 765: 764: 742: 741: 727: 723:Janjevo–Letnica 697:Smederevo–Vršac 684: 665: 651: 641:Younger Ikavian 616: 610: 565: 541: 416: 381: 348: 344: 306:Without proper 293: 278: 262: 255: 245: 244: 237: 210:Smederevo–Vršac 193:Eastern Bosnian 185:Younger Ikavian 169: 138: 131: 89: 86:Language family 84: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8501: 8499: 8491: 8490: 8485: 8475: 8474: 8468: 8467: 8457: 8454: 8453: 8451: 8450: 8445: 8443:Van Wijk's law 8440: 8438:Ruki sound law 8435: 8433:Pedersen's law 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8379: 8377: 8371: 8370: 8368: 8367: 8360: 8353: 8346: 8341: 8340: 8339: 8328: 8326: 8318: 8317: 8315: 8314: 8309: 8302: 8297: 8290: 8283: 8278: 8276:Romano-Serbian 8273: 8268: 8263: 8256: 8249: 8241: 8235: 8233: 8227: 8226: 8223: 8222: 8220: 8219: 8218: 8217: 8207: 8202: 8201: 8200: 8193:Eastern Slovak 8189: 8187: 8181: 8180: 8178: 8177: 8172: 8171: 8170: 8165: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8134: 8133: 8123: 8117: 8115: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8094: 8093: 8082: 8080: 8071: 8067:Microlanguages 8063: 8062: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8055: 8054: 8053: 8043: 8037: 8035: 8029: 8028: 8026: 8025: 8024: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8003: 8002: 8001: 7996: 7986: 7985: 7984: 7983: 7982: 7970: 7969: 7968: 7961: 7954: 7949: 7938:East Lechitic 7935: 7933: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7923: 7922: 7921: 7920: 7919: 7912:Eastern Slovak 7909: 7897: 7896: 7895: 7893:White Croatian 7890: 7885: 7878: 7871: 7869:Biblical Czech 7860: 7858: 7849: 7843: 7842: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7835: 7830: 7829: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7801:Serbo-Croatian 7798: 7790: 7788: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7778: 7772: 7770: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7760: 7755: 7749: 7747: 7738: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7728: 7727: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7706: 7701: 7700: 7699: 7698: 7697: 7692: 7677: 7670: 7669: 7668: 7654: 7653: 7652: 7641: 7639: 7633: 7632: 7630: 7629: 7622: 7621: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7600: 7588: 7581: 7573: 7571: 7565: 7564: 7559: 7557: 7556: 7549: 7542: 7534: 7525: 7524: 7521: 7520: 7514: 7502: 7501: 7498: 7497: 7495: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7477:Romano-Serbian 7474: 7469: 7464: 7462:Codex Marianus 7459: 7453: 7451: 7450:Related topics 7447: 7446: 7444: 7443: 7442: 7441: 7436: 7426: 7421: 7420: 7419: 7409: 7403: 7401: 7397: 7396: 7394: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7367: 7365: 7361: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7342: 7341: 7336: 7326: 7320: 7318: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7289: 7287: 7280: 7276: 7275: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7252: 7250: 7243: 7242: 7240: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7228: 7227: 7220: 7207: 7205: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7164: 7162: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7121: 7119: 7113: 7112: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7105: 7100: 7099: 7098: 7086: 7081: 7080: 7079: 7066: 7064: 7062:Neo-Shtokavian 7058: 7057: 7055: 7054: 7053: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7027: 7026: 7025: 7013: 7012: 7011: 7006: 6996: 6990: 6988: 6986:Old-Shtokavian 6979: 6970: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6960: 6955: 6954: 6953: 6948: 6941:Microlanguages 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6917: 6915: 6909: 6908: 6904:Serbo-Croatian 6902: 6900: 6899: 6892: 6885: 6877: 6871: 6870: 6863: 6862:External links 6860: 6858: 6857: 6844: 6838: 6821: 6765: 6741: 6725: 6712: 6702:(2): 178–186. 6691: 6636:(2): 210–215. 6621: 6574: 6549: 6502: 6478: 6466:(4): 115–147. 6448: 6431: 6392: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6363: 6357: 6334: 6329: 6316: 6311: 6299:Sussex, Roland 6295: 6278: 6273: 6257: 6251: 6227: 6210: 6205: 6189: 6165: 6141: 6091: 6065: 6059: 6033: 5999: 5979: 5964:Crystal, David 5960: 5944: 5928: 5914: 5897: 5891: 5878: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5818: 5788: 5744: 5727:Balkan Insight 5713: 5682: 5653: 5631: 5605: 5593: 5581: 5569: 5557: 5545: 5541:Brozović (1992 5533: 5511: 5502: 5474: 5449: 5424: 5405: 5393: 5381: 5366: 5332: 5291: 5287:Kortlandt 1982 5279: 5275:Kortlandt 1982 5267: 5254: 5241: 5225: 5212: 5200: 5188: 5176: 5164: 5152: 5145: 5119: 5115:Matasović 2008 5107: 5103:Matasović 2008 5095: 5080: 5068: 5043:Lončarić, Mijo 5025: 5021:Matasović 2008 5013: 5011:, p. 215. 5009:Kortlandt 2003 5001: 4997:Kortlandt 1982 4989: 4977: 4965: 4949: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4893: 4890: 4815:SFR Yugoslavia 4787: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4736: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4656: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4643: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4630: 4627: 4620: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4589:Ante Starčević 4581:Bogoslav Šulek 4569:Jernej Kopitar 4555: 4552: 4532:Split, Croatia 4491: 4490: 4483: 4476: 4469: 4462: 4458: 4457: 4450: 4443: 4436: 4429: 4425: 4424: 4417: 4410: 4403: 4396: 4392: 4391: 4384: 4377: 4370: 4363: 4359: 4358: 4351: 4344: 4337: 4330: 4326: 4325: 4318: 4311: 4304: 4297: 4293: 4292: 4285: 4278: 4271: 4264: 4260: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4202: 4201: 4160: 4145: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4071: 4068: 4067: 4066: 3995: 3933: 3851: 3842:Micro groups: 3809:Main article: 3806: 3803: 3755:western Serbia 3745:Also known as 3739:Main article: 3736: 3733: 3715:Also known as 3709:Main article: 3705: 3704: 3655: 3653: 3646: 3640: 3637: 3527:Main article: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3328: 3325: 3148:Also known as 3142:Main article: 3139: 3136: 3051: 3050: 3001: 2999: 2992: 2986: 2983: 2898: 2895: 2867:Eastern Serbia 2859:Toplica Valley 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2688: 2687:Classification 2685: 2669: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2663: 2657: 2648: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2631: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2597: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2580: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2563: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2514: 2513: 2511:Inverted breve 2508: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2495: 2490: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2477: 2472: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2459: 2454: 2451: 2446: 2442: 2441: 2436: 2433: 2428: 2424: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2399: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2365: 2323: 2317: 2307: 2306: 2290: 2281: 2274: 2255: 2240: 2234: 2223: 2204: 2197: 2190: 2187: 2159: 2143: 2133: 2118: 2100: 2087: 2082:merger yields 2073: 2060:weak semivowel 2052: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2004: 1997: 1987: 1952: 1932: 1912: 1902: 1890:(< earlier 1882:(< earlier 1872: 1822:as opposed to 1816: 1801: 1790: 1789: 1783: 1778: 1759: 1748: 1739: 1729: 1722: 1693: 1676: 1635: 1634: 1623: 1599: 1572: 1532: 1529: 1458: 1455: 1396:Ottoman Empire 1278: 1277: 1275: 1274: 1267: 1260: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1243: 1242: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1229: 1228: 1226:Early Cyrillic 1223: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1212: 1207: 1201: 1199: 1197: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1180: 1178: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1144: 1139: 1133: 1131: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1059: 1057: 1052: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1006: 1000: 998: 997: 992: 985: 981: 979: 969: 968: 967: 966: 964: 963: 958: 952: 950: 945: 940: 930: 929: 928: 927: 912: 909: 908: 905: 904: 899: 898: 897: 896: 893: 892: 886: 879: 875: 873: 863: 862: 861: 860: 848: 847: 846: 845: 843: 842: 837: 832: 826: 824: 816: 815: 814: 813: 810: 809: 803: 798: 796: 795: 790: 784: 777: 773: 771: 766: 763: 762: 756: 749: 745: 743: 740: 739: 733: 728: 726: 725: 720: 714: 705: 700: 690: 685: 683: 682: 676: 671: 666: 664: 663: 657: 652: 650: 649: 643: 636: 632: 630: 620: 619: 618: 617: 606: 604: 599: 594: 589: 581: 580: 579: 578: 575:Serbo-Croatian 566: 563: 562: 559: 558: 540: 537: 436:Serbo-Croatian 324: 323: 310:, you may see 296: 295: 290: 284: 283: 276: 268: 267: 260: 252: 251: 242: 234: 233: 232:Language codes 229: 228: 227: 226: 221: 218: 215: 212: 207: 202: 199: 194: 191: 182: 175: 171: 170: 168: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 141: 139: 137:Standard forms 136: 133: 132: 130: 129: 128: 127: 126: 125: 124: 123: 122: 121: 92: 90: 83: 80: 79: 58: 57:Native to 54: 53: 35: 34: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8500: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8480: 8478: 8464: 8460: 8455: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8428:Meillet's law 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8380: 8378: 8372: 8366: 8365: 8361: 8359: 8358: 8354: 8352: 8351: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8338: 8335: 8334: 8333: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8325: 8319: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8307: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8295: 8291: 8289: 8288: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8261: 8257: 8255: 8254: 8250: 8248: 8247: 8244:20th century 8242: 8240: 8237: 8236: 8234: 8232: 8228: 8216: 8213: 8212: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8199: 8196: 8195: 8194: 8191: 8190: 8188: 8186: 8182: 8176: 8173: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8163:Slavomolisano 8161: 8160: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8132: 8129: 8128: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8114: 8110: 8104: 8103:West Polesian 8101: 8099: 8096: 8092: 8089: 8088: 8087: 8084: 8083: 8081: 8079: 8075: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8052: 8049: 8048: 8047: 8046:Lower Sorbian 8044: 8042: 8041:Upper Sorbian 8039: 8038: 8036: 8034: 8030: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8008: 8007: 8006:West Lechitic 8004: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7991: 7990: 7987: 7981: 7980: 7976: 7975: 7974: 7971: 7967: 7966: 7965:Middle Polish 7962: 7960: 7959: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7943: 7940: 7939: 7937: 7936: 7934: 7932: 7928: 7918: 7915: 7914: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7907: 7903: 7902: 7901: 7898: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7883: 7879: 7877: 7876: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7866: 7865: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7844: 7834: 7831: 7827: 7826:Slavomolisano 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7803: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7796: 7795:Alpine Slavic 7792: 7791: 7789: 7787: 7783: 7777: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7769: 7765: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7750: 7748: 7746: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7733: 7725: 7724:Simple speech 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7687: 7686: 7683: 7682: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7666: 7662: 7661: 7660: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7650:Simple speech 7648: 7647: 7646: 7643: 7642: 7640: 7638: 7634: 7628: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7604: 7601: 7598: 7594: 7593: 7589: 7587: 7586: 7582: 7580: 7579: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7555: 7550: 7548: 7543: 7541: 7536: 7535: 7532: 7519: 7515: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7503: 7499: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7454: 7452: 7448: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7418: 7415: 7414: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7398: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7368: 7366: 7362: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7315: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7290: 7288: 7284: 7281: 7277: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7249: 7244: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7225: 7221: 7218: 7214: 7213: 7212: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7204: 7200: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7161: 7157: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7118: 7114: 7104: 7101: 7096: 7092: 7091: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7077: 7073: 7072: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7063: 7059: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7032: 7031: 7028: 7023: 7019: 7018: 7017: 7014: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7004:Prizren–Timok 7002: 7001: 7000: 6999:Kosovo–Resava 6997: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6965: 6959: 6956: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6910: 6905: 6898: 6893: 6891: 6886: 6884: 6879: 6878: 6875: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6861: 6854: 6850: 6845: 6841: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6822: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6776:(in French). 6775: 6771: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6720: 6716: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6698:(in German). 6697: 6692: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6664: 6663:CROSBI 436361 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6632:(in German). 6631: 6627: 6622: 6619: 6603: 6598: 6597:CROSBI 426269 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6555: 6550: 6547: 6531: 6526: 6525:CROSBI 430499 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6503:3-87690-885-X 6499: 6495: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6452:Kapović, Mate 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6432: 6429: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6406:(in German). 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6372: 6367: 6360: 6354: 6346: 6342: 6341: 6335: 6332: 6326: 6322: 6317: 6314: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6279: 6276: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6211: 6208: 6206:953-212-168-4 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6128: 6123: 6122:CROSBI 475567 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6088: 6080: 6076: 6075: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6043: 6038: 6037:Kapović, Mate 6034: 6031: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5915:3-89913-253-X 5911: 5907: 5903: 5898: 5894: 5888: 5884: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5839: 5835: 5834: 5833:Atlas Obscura 5829: 5822: 5819: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5792: 5789: 5786: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5760: 5759:The Economist 5755: 5748: 5745: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5717: 5714: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5657: 5654: 5651: 5647: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5609: 5606: 5602: 5597: 5594: 5590: 5585: 5582: 5578: 5573: 5570: 5566: 5561: 5558: 5554: 5549: 5546: 5542: 5537: 5534: 5521: 5515: 5512: 5506: 5503: 5491: 5487: 5481: 5479: 5475: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5450: 5438: 5434: 5428: 5425: 5420: 5416: 5409: 5406: 5403:, p. 42. 5402: 5397: 5394: 5390: 5389:Pešikan (2007 5385: 5382: 5378: 5373: 5371: 5367: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5336: 5333: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5295: 5292: 5288: 5283: 5280: 5276: 5271: 5268: 5264: 5258: 5255: 5251: 5245: 5242: 5238: 5232: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5216: 5213: 5209: 5204: 5201: 5197: 5192: 5189: 5185: 5180: 5177: 5173: 5168: 5165: 5161: 5156: 5153: 5148: 5142: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5126: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5111: 5108: 5105:, p. 35. 5104: 5099: 5096: 5092: 5087: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5072: 5069: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5023:, p. 66. 5022: 5017: 5014: 5010: 5005: 5002: 4998: 4993: 4990: 4986: 4981: 4978: 4974: 4973:Crystal (1998 4969: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4953: 4950: 4938: 4934: 4928: 4925: 4918: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4895: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4858: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4842: 4838: 4835: 4830: 4828: 4822: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4790:The standard 4785: 4778: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4733: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676:Kosovo-Resava 4675: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662:Timok-Prizren 4661: 4657: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4624: 4623: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4565:Pavel Šafárik 4563:, the Slovak 4562: 4553: 4551: 4541: 4536: 4533: 4527: 4525: 4524:maj-ska zo-ro 4523: 4517: 4515: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4488: 4484: 4481: 4477: 4474: 4470: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4448: 4444: 4441: 4437: 4434: 4430: 4427: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4408: 4404: 4401: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4382: 4378: 4375: 4371: 4368: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4349: 4345: 4342: 4338: 4335: 4331: 4328: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4312: 4309: 4305: 4302: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4283: 4279: 4276: 4272: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4244: 4241: 4237: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4219: 4213: 4208: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4144: 4140: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4108: 4099: Ikavian 4093: Ekavian 4081: 4076: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4021: 3996: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3821:Neo-Ijekavian 3818: 3812: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3742: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3701: 3698: 3690: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3661: 3656:This section 3654: 3650: 3645: 3644: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3540: 3536: 3530: 3522: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3379:Morava Valley 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3343:Kosovo Valley 3340: 3339:Older Ekavian 3334: 3327:Kosovo–Resava 3326: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3286: 3280: 3277: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3047: 3044: 3036: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3012: 3011: 3007: 3002:This section 3000: 2996: 2991: 2990: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2716: 2712: 2704: 2699: 2693: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2681:poljoprȉvreda 2678: 2674: 2666: 2661: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2654: 2653: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2533: 2522: 2519: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2483: 2481:short falling 2480: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2447: 2444: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2384: 2379: 2377: 2368: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2332: 2329:(600–750 AD) 2328: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2313: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2246: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2214: 2209: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2181: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2144: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2007: 2002: 1998: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1859: 1854: 1850: 1849: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1795: 1788: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1713: 1707: 1702: 1698: 1695:word-initial 1694: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1611:Common Slavic 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1537:sound changes 1530: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1515: 1512:, written in 1511: 1507: 1504:, especially 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1273: 1268: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1254: 1253: 1251: 1250: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1216: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1200: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1171: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1116: 1115: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1045: 1037: 1036: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1001: 996: 993: 991: 987: 986: 984: 980: 978: 977: 973: 972: 971: 970: 962: 959: 957: 954: 953: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 938: 934: 933: 932: 931: 925: 921: 918: 917: 916: 915: 907: 906: 890: 887: 885: 881: 880: 878: 874: 872: 871: 867: 866: 865: 864: 859: 857: 852: 851: 850: 849: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 827: 825: 823: 820: 819: 818: 817: 807: 806:Timok–Lužnica 804: 802: 799: 794: 791: 789: 786: 785: 783: 779: 778: 776: 772: 770: 767: 760: 757: 755: 751: 750: 748: 744: 737: 736:Timok–Lužnica 734: 732: 729: 724: 721: 719: 716: 715: 713: 709: 708:Prizren–Timok 706: 704: 701: 698: 694: 693:Kosovo–Resava 691: 689: 686: 681: 678: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 662: 659: 658: 656: 653: 648: 645: 644: 642: 638: 637: 635: 631: 629: 628: 624: 623: 622: 621: 614: 609: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 584: 583: 582: 577: 576: 572: 571: 570: 569: 561: 560: 556: 552: 545: 538: 532: 528: 526: 522: 521: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 491: 488: 482: 477: 473: 468: 462: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 434: 430: 427: 422: 410: 406: 402: 396: 342: 338: 330: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 303: 297: 291: 289: 285: 281: 277: 275: 274: 269: 265: 261: 258: 253: 248: 243: 240: 235: 230: 225: 224:Timok–Lužnica 222: 219: 216: 214:Kosovo–Resava 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 200: 198: 195: 192: 190: 186: 183: 181: 178: 177: 176: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 142: 140: 134: 120: 117: 116: 115: 112: 111: 110: 107: 106: 105: 102: 101: 100: 97: 96: 95: 94:Indo-European 91: 87: 81: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 59: 55: 43: 36: 31: 19: 8458: 8448:Winter's law 8408:Havlík's law 8362: 8355: 8348: 8304: 8292: 8285: 8260:Mednyj Aleut 8258: 8251: 8243: 8157: 8113:South Slavic 8070:and dialects 7977: 7963: 7956: 7904: 7880: 7875:Czechoslovak 7873: 7856:Czech-Slovak 7793: 7768:Transitional 7736:South Slavic 7672: 7663: 7656: 7624: 7592:Proto-Slavic 7590: 7583: 7576: 7506: 7467:Humac tablet 7457:Baška tablet 7246:Reflexes of 7178:Lower Sutlan 6976: 6852: 6829: 6815:23 September 6813:. Retrieved 6777: 6773: 6752: 6748: 6736: 6718: 6699: 6695: 6683:. Retrieved 6633: 6629: 6609:. Retrieved 6565: 6537:. Retrieved 6493: 6463: 6459: 6446:(14): 77–85. 6443: 6439: 6419:. Retrieved 6407: 6404:Srpski Jezik 6403: 6379: 6344: 6339: 6320: 6302: 6282: 6264: 6261:Okuka, Miloš 6238: 6234: 6222: 6218: 6196: 6193:Lisac, Josip 6176: 6152: 6134:, retrieved 6078: 6073: 6046: 6041: 5990: 5986: 5967: 5948: 5939: 5935: 5905: 5901: 5882: 5865: 5842:. Retrieved 5831: 5821: 5809:. Retrieved 5807:. p. 46 5791: 5776:. Retrieved 5757: 5747: 5735:. Retrieved 5716: 5665: 5662:Šipka, Danko 5656: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5608: 5601:Bunčić (2008 5596: 5584: 5572: 5565:Kordić (2010 5560: 5548: 5536: 5526:10 September 5524:. Retrieved 5514: 5505: 5493:. Retrieved 5489: 5465:. Retrieved 5461: 5452: 5440:. Retrieved 5436: 5427: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5401:Kapović 2015 5396: 5384: 5357:. Retrieved 5355:(2): 465–469 5352: 5348: 5335: 5323:. Retrieved 5311: 5307: 5294: 5289:, p. 7. 5282: 5277:, p. 4. 5270: 5261:Cited after 5257: 5248:Cited after 5244: 5235:Cited after 5219:Cited after 5215: 5203: 5191: 5179: 5172:Kapović 2015 5167: 5155: 5135: 5110: 5098: 5091:Lukežić 1996 5071: 5059:. Retrieved 5054: 5050: 5016: 5004: 4999:, p. 3. 4992: 4980: 4968: 4960: 4952: 4940:. Retrieved 4936: 4927: 4875: 4859: 4843: 4839: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4789: 4654:Montenegrin 4621: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4577:Vuk Karadžić 4557: 4537: 4528: 4521: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4496: 4494: 4238: 4206: 4203: 4197: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4172: 4163: 4157: 4148: 4142: 4138: 4129: 4105: 4103: 4070:Yat reflexes 4030: 3841: 3820: 3816: 3815:Also called 3814: 3794: 3790: 3746: 3744: 3716: 3714: 3693: 3684: 3669:Please help 3657: 3617:vidija/vidia 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3551:who live in 3544: 3543:Also called 3542: 3507: 3503: 3491: 3487: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3455: 3431:Velika Plana 3357:Valley with 3338: 3337:Also called 3336: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3290: 3281: 3260: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3193: 3189: 3186:Bijelo Polje 3182:djete–deteta 3181: 3149: 3147: 3131: 3127: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3099:djete–diteta 3098: 3088:dete–djeteta 3087: 3056: 3055:Also called 3054: 3039: 3030: 3015:Please help 3003: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2946: 2934: 2930: 2902: 2900: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2798:, etc. (cf. 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2761:subjunctives 2740: 2736: 2732: 2721:Timok Valley 2718: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2670: 2651: 2517: 2499:long falling 2493:Double grave 2445:short rising 2391: 2387: 2380: 2372: 2369:Accentuation 2355: 2351: 2341: 2337: 2327:Proto-Slavic 2311: 2308: 2270:ove m(j)esta 2264:ova m(j)esta 2258: 2230: 2226: 2207: 2200: 2193: 2183: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2153: 2152:in the word 2149: 2145: 2135: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2093: 2083: 2079: 2067: 2063: 2055: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2022: 2016: 2011: 1993: 1981: 1980: : Št. 1977: 1971: 1970: : Št. 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1946: 1945: : Št. 1942: 1938: 1934: 1926: 1925: : Št. 1922: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1866: 1865: : Št. 1862: 1856: 1855: : Št. 1852: 1846: 1845: : Št. 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1823: 1819: 1812: 1808: 1793: 1791: 1786: 1774: 1770: 1767:comparatives 1762: 1755: 1751: 1745: 1736: 1732: 1700: 1696: 1689: 1679: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1642: 1638: 1636: 1630: 1626: 1620: 1616: 1606: 1602: 1601:reflexes of 1583: 1579: 1575: 1566: 1534: 1518: 1460: 1431:Gorski kotar 1408: 1388: 1357: 1336:Bay of Kotor 1281: 1175: 1128: 1097: 1081: 1049: 995:Southeastern 974: 935: 868: 853: 821: 633: 625: 586: 573: 557:and dialects 525:Proto-Slavic 518: 492: 433:pluricentric 429:supradialect 340: 336: 335: 299: 288:Linguasphere 271: 118: 109:South Slavic 99:Balto-Slavic 8423:Ivšić's law 8350:Army Slavic 8337:Interslavic 8322:Constructed 8185:West Slavic 8078:East Slavic 7847:West Slavic 7816:Montenegrin 7637:East Slavic 7035:Cetinje–Bar 6931:Montenegrin 6428:(COBISS-Sr) 6219:Fluminensia 5486:"ijékavskī" 5359:14 February 5325:14 February 5263:Lisac (2003 5250:Lisac (2003 5237:Okuka (2008 5221:Okuka (2008 5208:Okuka (2008 5196:Okuka (2008 5184:Okuka (2008 5160:Zubčić 2017 5076:Zubčić 2017 5061:14 February 4933:"štókavskī" 4800:Montenegrin 4642:Sub-Dialect 4575:, the Serb 4548:sr-ijekavsk 4249:Predecessor 3839:languages. 3837:Montenegrin 3727:and modern 3573:Bács-Kiskun 3565:Herzegovina 3506:instead of 3490:instead of 3480:instead of 3472:instead of 3464:instead of 3303:instead of 3267:. The word 3247:instead of 3235:instead of 3219:instead of 3204:instead of 3194:dete–đeteta 3190:dite–đeteta 3164:in eastern 2977:instead of 2927:subdialects 2463:long rising 2406:Traditional 2398:Description 2124:changes to 2120:word-final 2001:syncretized 1968:črivo/črevo 1917:instead of 1843:jazik/zajik 1809:malin/melin 1750:the ending 1742:syncretized 1614:nasal vowel 1609:of the old 1482: 1150 1441:, parts of 1429:, parts of 1411:Herzegovina 1160:Montenegrin 1137:Gaj's Latin 602:Montenegrin 452:Montenegrin 314:instead of 160:Montenegrin 8477:Categories 8413:Hirt's law 8403:Dybo's law 8374:Historical 8287:Russenorsk 8266:Ponaschemu 8158:Shtokavian 8098:Podlachian 7999:Slovincian 7989:Pomeranian 7958:Old Polish 7758:Macedonian 7645:Belarusian 7507:Shtokavian 7400:Literature 6977:Shtokavian 6729:Peco, Asim 6715:Peco, Asim 6611:31 January 6101:2011520778 6009:2009473660 5762:. London. 5725:. London: 5700:1061308790 5692:2018048005 5641:1023608613 5589:Blum (2002 5577:Pohl (1996 5553:Blum (2002 5421:: 241–395. 5146:0801416752 5131:Banac, Ivo 4919:References 4690:Zeta-Raška 4522:svi-je-tla 4509:Montenegro 4258:Ijekavian 3984:Banja Luka 3972:Prijepolje 3848:Montenegro 3759:Kragujevac 3635:, Serbia. 3533:See also: 3443:Bela Crkva 3407:Despotovac 3375:Kuršumlija 3331:See also: 3291:The group 3265:substratum 3198:Mrkojevići 3162:Novi Pazar 3138:Zeta–Raška 2879:Soko Banja 2757:infinitive 2749:Macedonian 2727:border to 2527:New stress 2524:Old stress 2409:Diacritic 2361:Štakaviski 2237:syncretism 2219:u m(j)estu 2138:> /dʑ/ 2090:metathesis 1966:(c.f. Čk. 1921:(c.f. Čk. 1841:(e.g. Čk. 1726:affricates 1651:semivowels 1619:, and not 1561:Macedonian 1549:morphology 1545:inflection 1471:Gršković's 1392:migrations 1380:convergent 1372:Montenegro 1348:Pavle Ivić 1221:Glagolitic 1184:Bohoričica 1176:Historical 976:Macedonian 961:Meshterski 754:Burgenland 688:Zeta–Raška 634:Shtokavian 515:Burgenland 505:, much of 499:Montenegro 417:pronounced 337:Shtokavian 119:Shtokavian 73:Montenegro 33:Shtokavian 8461:indicate 8376:phonology 8324:languages 8312:Trasianka 8138:Kajkavian 8126:Chakavian 8051:Schleifer 7994:Kashubian 7776:Torlakian 7753:Bulgarian 7709:Ukrainian 7674:Ruthenian 7417:Vukovians 7346:Phonology 7329:Loanwords 7261:Ijekavian 7203:Torlakian 7160:Kajkavian 7117:Chakavian 7084:Dubrovnik 6802:754204160 6794:0080-2557 6721:, 16, 3. 6719:Naš jezik 6708:0044-2356 6650:680567046 6642:0044-2356 6584:437306433 6539:2 October 6416:0354-9259 6292:243829127 6117:15270636W 6109:729837512 6025:15295665W 6017:428012015 5976:300458429 5966:(1998) , 5957:238795822 5768:0013-0613 5708:150383965 5591::125–126) 5543::347–380) 5458:"íkavskī" 5433:"ékavskī" 4851:Chakavian 4706:Slavonian 4544:sr-ekavsk 4501:syllables 4296:beautiful 4207:recension 4164:ijekavski 4063:Kajkavian 4047:Chakavian 4039:Dubrovnik 3988:Nevesinje 3980:Bijeljina 3944:Nevesinje 3926:Dubrovnik 3898:Dubrovnik 3757:, around 3721:Dalmatian 3687:June 2023 3658:does not 3639:Dubrovnik 3633:Vojvodina 3496:Smederevo 3423:Majdanpek 3415:Požarevac 3411:Smederevo 3403:Svilajnac 3377:) in the 3361:, around 3154:Podgorica 3103:diphthong 3096:Jablanica 3033:June 2023 3004:does not 2943:Podravina 2935:podravski 2897:Slavonian 2887:Knjaževac 2863:Prokuplje 2855:Aleksinac 2839:Bujanovac 2821:, around 2804:Bulgarian 2800:Kajkavian 2745:Bulgarian 2725:Bulgarian 2723:near the 2347:Šćakavski 1973:cr(ij)evo 1805:weak jers 1699:becoming 1557:Bulgarian 1541:accentual 1520:aljamiado 1514:Dubrovnik 1506:Dubrovnik 1376:divergent 1344:Chakavian 1328:Vlasenica 1322:(west of 1312:Ivo Banac 1308:Torlakian 1288:Bulgarian 1237:Includes 1194:Metelčica 1119:Alphabets 1087:Kajkavian 1063:Torlakian 1009:Torlakian 956:Torlakian 937:Bulgarian 835:Ijekavian 775:Torlakian 769:Kajkavian 747:Chakavian 669:Dubrovnik 655:Slavonian 476:Chakavian 472:Kajkavian 424:) is the 413:штокавски 405:štokavski 341:Štokavian 273:Glottolog 257:ISO 639-3 239:ISO 639-1 201:Slavonian 48:штокавски 42:štokavski 8357:Iazychie 8281:Runglish 8239:Balachka 8210:Silesian 8168:Bunjevac 8016:Polabian 7973:Silesian 7952:dialects 7947:Masurian 7931:Lechitic 7888:Moravian 7811:Croatian 7714:dialects 7685:dialects 7434:Medieval 7279:Features 7183:Prigorje 7076:Bunjevac 6968:Dialects 6926:Croatian 6906:language 6810:208723-6 6761:55754615 6747:(2002). 6731:(1981). 6676:Archived 6672:201058-6 6602:Archived 6530:Archived 6512:56198470 6484:(2004). 6454:(2008). 6421:14 April 6398:(2003). 6388:46734277 6378:(1999). 6263:(2008), 6233:(2008). 6195:(2003), 6185:40997749 6171:(2003). 6161:40996889 6147:(1982). 6127:archived 6071:(2010), 6039:(2015). 5985:(2009). 5924:51961066 5874:47186443 5838:Archived 5772:Archived 5731:Archived 5664:(2019). 5621:Language 5567::99–101) 5495:21 March 5467:21 March 5442:21 March 5349:Rasprave 5343:(2016). 5320:24750220 5302:(2006). 5133:(1984). 5051:Rasprave 5045:(1988). 4942:21 March 4892:See also 4847:Croatian 4796:Croatian 4648:Croatian 4454:sijediti 4355:djevojka 4229:Bosniaks 4224:želijemo 4190:Croatian 4173:jekavski 4121:izgovori 4114:or ě in 4112:Cyrillic 4055:Bjelovar 4049:and the 4035:Žumberak 3976:Trebinje 3960:Ivanjica 3940:Trebinje 3930:Metković 3922:Petrinja 3906:Bjelovar 3870:Žumberak 3862:Banovina 3858:Slavonia 3846:western 3825:Croatian 3783:Belgrade 3767:Šumadija 3725:Venetian 3723:, older 3629:Bunjevci 3615:like in 3581:Bosniaks 3561:Dalmatia 3437:(around 3401:Valley ( 3383:Jagodina 3373:Valley ( 3367:Trstenik 3363:Kruševac 3359:Kraljevo 3061:Sarajevo 2951:Posavina 2939:Derventa 2931:posavski 2911:Slavonia 2883:Boljevac 2847:Leskovac 2827:Gnjilane 2819:Metohija 2677:asistȅnt 2673:paradȁjz 2623:prǐːlika 2617:priːlîka 2383:metatony 2334:isogloss 2299:turcizmi 2294:Turkisms 2225:augment 1502:Dalmatia 1443:Slavonia 1435:Dalmatia 1419:Banovina 1360:Dalmatia 1316:Slavonia 1296:Pannonia 1292:Moldavia 1189:Dajnčica 1004:Northern 983:Dialects 943:Dialects 877:Dialects 647:Bunjevac 627:Dialects 597:Croatian 444:Croatian 426:prestige 320:Help:IPA 280:shto1241 189:Bunjevac 174:Dialects 150:Croatian 8459:Italics 8344:Lydnevi 8300:Surzhyk 8033:Sorbian 7882:Knaanic 7833:Slovene 7821:Serbian 7806:Bosnian 7786:Western 7745:Eastern 7680:Russian 7569:History 7364:History 7339:Turkish 7324:Grammar 7286:Writing 7266:Ikavian 7256:Ekavian 6936:Serbian 6921:Bosnian 6658:3439240 6592:3438216 6520:3434516 6136:3 April 5857:Sources 5844:7 April 5785:Alt URL 5314:: 4–6. 5252::17–18) 5223::20–21) 4804:Serbian 4792:Bosnian 4651:Bosnian 4645:Serbian 4518:" and " 4514:L'je-pa 4487:grijati 4480:grijati 4473:grejati 4466:grějati 4461:to heat 4421:sjediti 4348:divojka 4341:devojka 4334:děvojka 4289:vrijeme 4255:Ikavian 4252:Ekavian 4246:English 4218:svidoci 4149:ikavski 4130:ekavski 3964:Loznica 3910:Daruvar 3874:Neretva 3833:Serbian 3829:Bosnian 3799:Pančevo 3787:Vukovar 3779:Bogatić 3773:around 3763:Valjevo 3729:Italian 3679:removed 3664:sources 3597:Bugojno 3589:Travnik 3557:Kvarner 3508:gde si? 3483:dobriji 3427:Negotin 3391:Paraćin 3387:Ćuprija 3371:Toplica 3270:pljesma 3253:Konavle 3249:sjekira 3237:izjesti 3178:Muslims 3158:Cetinje 3025:removed 3010:sources 2919:Baranja 2891:Zaječar 2875:Svrljig 2869:around 2861:around 2837:around 2823:Prizren 2729:Prizren 2640:ʒǐːviːm 2634:ʒīːvîːm 2626:prílika 2620:prīlȉka 2572:prâːvda 2566:prâːvda 2376:dynamic 2267:and no 2251:drugoga 2213:u gradu 2206:ending 2199:ending 2155:trešnja 2117:dialect 2062:yields 1796:, are: 1775:slabeši 1771:debleši 1643:što/šta 1447:Baranya 1400:Balkans 1398:in the 1364:Croatia 1332:Neretva 1205:Arebica 1165:Slovene 990:Western 870:Slovene 840:Ikavian 830:Ekavian 822:Accents 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